pakistan_studies_book.pdf

STUDIES
CO PULSORY
For
BS-4 Year
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1/{l{fi P11ki.>tta11 St11Jies or (BS-4 ••ear�)
Chapter-3
Chapter-4
2. I 6 General Election ( 1945-46)
�. l 7 Cabinet Mission Plan ( I <J46)
2.18 Interim Government (1946)
2.19 3rd
June Plan ( 1947)
2.20 The India independence act of ( 1947)
2.21 The Early Problems of Pakistan
Exercise No.2
People and Land
3. l Indus valley civilization
3.2 The Muslims Advent in Sub-Continent
3.J Muslim rule in the sub-continent
3.4 Rise of the British Rule and after Affects
3.5 The war of independence (1857)
3.6 Decline of Muslim rule in the sub-continent
3 7 Geo strategic importance of Pakistan
3.8 Physical features of Pakistan
Exercise No. 3
(FINAL TERMS)
Political and Constitutional Development of Pakistan
47
49
52
56
58
59
63-68
69
73
76
77
79
81
83
86
92-93
4.1 Failure of Parliamentary Democracy in Pakistan. 94
4.2 Quaid-e-Azam as the first Governor General of Pakistan 99
(August 1947 to September 1948), Liaquat Ali Khan as the First
Prime Minister of Pakistan (August 1947 to October 1951)
4.3 Khawaja Nazimuddin as the Governor General of I 00
Pakistan (September 1948 to October 195 I )
VI

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Hudi Pakistan Studies for (BS-4 years)
Chapter-5
4.4 Malik Ghulam Muhammad As the Governor General of I04
Pakistan (October 1991 to August 1955) Khawaja Nazm-
ud-Din as the Prime Minister of Pakislan (October 1951
to April 1953)
4.5 Sikandar Mriza as the Governor General of Pakistan 111
(October 1955 to March 1956)
4.6 Sikandar Mirza as the First of Presic:Jent of Pakistan 115
(March 1956 to October 1958)
4.7 Muhammad Ayoub Khan as the President of Pakistan 11 7
(October 1956 to March 1969)
4.8 General Yahya Khan as the President of Pakistan (March 127
1969 to December 1971)
4.9 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as the President of Pakistan 138
(December 1971 to August 1973)
4.10 The Constitution of 1973 138
4.1 1 General Zia-ul-Haq's Reign ( I977-1988) 149
4.12 Benazir Bhutto as Prime Minister of Pakislan 155
(1988-1990) -.6
,.
4.13 General Pervaiz Musharafas the Chief Executive of I61
Pakistan (October 1999 to June 200 I)
4. 14 Amendments in the Constitution of Pakistan l 973 166
Exercise No. 4 172-178
Economic and Social Issues in Pakistan
5.1 Industrialization Development and Problems 179
5.2 Agriculture Development and Problems 189
5.3 Population Growth 197
5.4 Unemployment 202
5.5 Poverty 207
Exercise No. 5 214-217
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Hadi Pakistan Studiesfor (BS-4 years)
Chapter-6 Relations with Neighbors and Supper power country
6.1 Pakistan - China Relations 218
6.2 Pakistan -India Relations 219
63 Pakistan -Iran Relations 221
6.4 Pakistan -Afghanistan Relations 223
6.5 Pakistan -Turkey Relations 224
6.6 Pakistan -Saudi Arabia Relations 226
6.7 Pakistan -.Bangladesh Relations 227
6.8 Pakistan -Indonesia Relations 228
Exercise No.6 230-232
APPENDIX 233-251
1. Society and its structure 233
2. Features of Pakistani society and culture 236
3. Natural Resources of Pakistan 240
4. Illiteracy
243
5. Foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Pakistan 246
6. Pakistan as an Islamic welfare state 250
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Old Papers 2S3-256
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CHAPTER-I
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1.1 Ideological rationale with special reference to:
Definition of Ideology
The social. political and religious programme of a moveme�t that be�omes
a collective objective of a nation 1s called Ideology. It means the aim according to
which human beings plan about their future. It i5 the body of ideas on which a
particular political. economic. social. or religious system is based. According to
George Brass ·.·any plan or programme of common life based upon thinking and
philosophy is called ideology.''
Ideology of Pakistan
Pakistan is an ideological state and its ideology is based on Islam that'
guides the Muslims in all fields of life. Ideology of Pakistan basically means that
Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have an opportunity to live
according to the faith and creed on the Islamic principles. They should have all the
resources at their disposal to enhance the Islamic culture and civilization. It is clear
that Ideology of rakistan is the practical shape of teaching of Islam and it would
not be womg to say that Islam is the centre of ideology of Pakistan.
Ideology of Pakistan and different scholars
Ideology of Pakistan is defined by the different scholars as:
Allama Alloud-Din-Siddiqui defined ideology of Pakistan as:
''Ideology of Pakistan is the name of implementation of Islamic principles
on persons, on groups and on government, and Islam should be stronger than the
strongest forces, here.''
Syed Ali Abbas former professor of history defi11ed ideology of Pakistan as:
'"Ideology of Pakistan and ideology of Islam have same meaning. Actually
ideology of Pakistan is the practical shape of the teaching of Islam''.
Dr. Asian, Syed Defined the Ideology of Pakisf(lll as;
--Ideology of Pakistan is the name of moulding of indi idual and collecti.e
lives according to Islam and also ofsaving them from conflicting ideologies."
I
·,..

Hadi Pakistan Studiesfor (BS-4years)
Origion of Two Nations Theory and Ideology of Paki�tan
In the perspective of the sub-continent. two-nation theory means tha� to
major nations. the Muslims and the Hindus, were settled there. It was forn1e� 1n the
sub-continent when Hindu Raja Samri of Kadanga Noor accepted Islam. It 1s clear
from the words of the Quaid-e-Azam, "'Pakistan had come into being when the first
H.indu became a Muslim." Ideology of Pakistan is based on the two nation theory.
It was also the basis of the struggle for the creation of Pakistan which maintained
that the Hindus and the Muslims were two Separate-nations. They, inspite of living
together for centuries, could not forget their individual cultures. civilizations,
literatures, religions and ways of life. So, they cannot be n1erged in any other nation
because their philosophy of life i!:> based on the principles of their separate
religions.
The Muslims of India found it difficult to live according to the principles of
Islam in the united India. The Muslin1s apprehended that the Hindus would
dominate them being in majority after the British quite India. So, after great
consideration. they decided to establish a Muslim state consisting of those areas
where they were in majority. This was the way out of shedding the slaver) and
achieving a piece of land to develop an Islamic system of government. The idea
became popular among the Muslims and became their objective. In this way the
Quid-e-Azam changed the destiny of the sub-continent. He faced the Hindus and
the British and acquired a separate hoineland for the MusJims. Al-Beruni writs in
his famous book ·'Kitabul Hind" ·The Hindus society 1naintained this peculiar
character over the centuries. The two societies. Hind·. and Muslims, Jike two
streains have sometimes touched but never merged, each following its separate
course'·.
1.2 SIR SYED AHMAD KHAN AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Biography
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in Delhi on 17th October I817. He started his
career as a Naib Munshi in Agra, and promoted to Naib An1in (Sharishtadar or reader)
in Delhi 1838. He qualified three year later as a sub-judge and sen,ed in the judicial
department at various places. The independence war of 1857 was one of the turning
points of Sir Syed Ahmed's life. So he devoted himself to the welfare of the Indians
irrespective of their race and religion. But the communal attitude of the Hindus towards
the Muslims compelled him to change his view about them. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
was a great lover of Islam. He felt very sorry for the pitiful condition of the Muslim
nation. His earnest desire was that the Muslims should regain their lost glory and live
in the sub-continent with great dignity.
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Hadi Pakifitan Studiesfor (BS-4years)
Pioneer of Two Nation Theory
Sir Syed Ahmed was the pioneer of 1 wo ation Theory in the sub-
continent. He used the word HTwo Nation theory" due to Hindi Urdu Controversy
in Banaras in 1867. So he declared the Muslims, a eparate Nation. He convinced
the government that there were at least two nations settled in the sub-continant. one
of them was Muslims and the other was Hindus. According to him the Muslims
were a separate nation in every respect because their civilization, culture. language.
customs literature. religion and way of life are different from those of the Hindus.
This theory infused a political spirit and pushed them to the freedom movement. So
India was partitioned because of Two-Nation Theory.
Concept of Muslims as a Nation
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first person who used the word "Nation'' for
the Muslims of the sub-continent. In the sub-continant the concept of Muslims as a
Nation developed before the creation of Pakistan. Pakistan was the product of this
concept ofNation hood.
Father of Pakistan Movement
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan never, struggled for a separate homeland for the
Muslims and never used the word '"Pakistan" in any shape, because the word
·'Pakistan" was created after his death and Pakistan becan1e an independent state
after his death. But his services for the Muslims of the sub-continent are considered
as first brick laid in the foundation of Pakistan. So he can be regarded as the father
of Pakistan Movement. Maulvi Abdul Haque appreciated the role played by Sir
Syed and said that the first stone of the foundation of Pakistan was laid dovm by
this old man.
Political Services
The political career of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan began after 1857. He wrote
tarikh-i-Sarkashi Binjnore in 1858 and the same year he wrote another book
entitled Asbab-i-Baghawat Hind. He advised the Muslims not to join All India
Congress because it was a communal party of the Hindus and the Muslims were not
in position, to involve into the anti-government activities. But he himself took
important political steps in this regard. He proved the Muslims a separate nation.
On the basis of Two Nation Theory, he demanded for special seats for the Muslims
in the local councils. He started a movement against the open competitive
examinations for superior services. In 1883 he alsQ favoured "Separate electorate'·
for the Muslims. In l864� he founded the British Indian Association. In 1888, he set
up the "Patriotic Association" to meet the propaganda of the Congress. Many
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1/udi Pakila11 Stu<iie.jor (BS-4years) -
1lindus and the Musli1ns joined that Asc::,oc1ation. In Dcc�inber 189� he founded
..Muhammadan Defense Association··. All these lssociations advol:..ttcd the
Muslim·s emotions.
Educational Serv ices
ir Syed Ahn1ed Khan was very anxious to help the Mu.sJ!in.s become
educated. especially in n,odern sciences. He argued that n1odcrn education and non
political activities 1night be the key towards Muslim advancement. So he launcht!d
the Aligarh Move111ent which produced educated leadership. 24'" May l 875 JS an
in1portant date in our struggle for a separate Homeland. lt was the day wh�n the
first brick of the foundation of Pakistan was laid by ir Syed Ahmed Khan. in the
shape of M.A.0 High School in Aligarh.
Conclusion
No doubt Sir Syed Ahn1ed Khan was a great patron of the Muslims His
educational. literary, religious and social services created political awakening
among the Muslims. They were enabled to participate fully in the country's
politics. Sar Syed Ahmed Khan's fear of Hindus domination sowed the seed of the
··Two Nation Theory". On this basis the All-India Muslin1 League demanded a
separate state for the Muslims of India. Its main purpose was to protect the
political, religious and social rights of the Muslims. Sir Syed was the great man
because he contributed greatly to the Muslims struggle for their identity. He died
on 27th March 1898 and was buried in Aligarh. He was the man who for nearly
11alf a century led the Muslims and took them out fron1 the abyss of disintegration.
1.3 ALLAMA MUHAMMAD IQBAL AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKJSTAN
Allama Iqbal was one of the Muslim Jead�rs who for the first time gave the
concept of a separate state for the Muslims keeping in view the two nation theof}.
But he never used the �ord of Pakistan in his speeches. His demand for separate
homeland for the �ush�s of the sub-continent is considered as the demand for
p
�
stan and all his sayings and addresses are considered as the ideology of
Pakistan.
. 1. Ideology of Islam
In 1930, Allama Iqbal explained the Ideology of I I d
.
d h ·dea
·
H d d h
s am an reJecte t e 1
of one nation.
h
.
e
h
a
I l
vocate
fi
t at �e Muslims had a separate nationhood He said.
"The lesson w 1c earnt rom history is that Isla 1
· . 1
· f d"ffi I b M 1· m a v,ays helped the Muls1ms a
the time o 1 1cu ty ut us 1ms did not save I 1 E f
Islam can save your being from destruction by .
t
.
s aill. v�n
.
to day, Ideology 0
uni ing your d1v1ded powers."
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f/11di Pukisra11 Studiesfor (BS-4 years)
2. Reality of Islamic Ideology
In 1937, Allama Iqbal clearly said: ·'To me capitalism, communism and
other isms of this world have no importance. Islam is the only reality which is the
source of salvation. To have a contract with any other ism is just like to be out of
Islam.,.
3. Islam is a lively power
Allama Iqbal said in his Allahabad address: ··Islam is a lively power which
frees human mind from thought of country and race. If we understand this thing,
� e can be the leaders of prominent Indian civilization:·
4. Islam is a complete code of life
Allama Iqbal declared in his presidential address: "Islam encompasses not
only the life of an individual but also the political state tor the Muslims as it is
complete code of life. The idea of Islam transcends one beyond the limits of race.
colour or country. He said that Islam guides the people with respect to every aspect
of life and I am fully convinced that the Muslin1s of India will ultimately have to
establish a separate state as they cannot live with Hindus•in the United India."'
S. Muslims are one Nation
Allama Iqbal explained in his presidential address in 1930, "Islam is not the
name of some beliefs and customs but it is a complete code of life. In Europe,
religion is every one's personal matter which divides the human oneness into two
opposite parts i.e. body and soul. In contrast that in Islam, God, Universe, soul.
matter, state and religious places are bound to each other or in other words Muslims
, are one nation''.
6. Concept of Two Nation Theory
Allama Iqbal said in his address of Allahabad on 29th
December 1930 that
the Hindus and the Muslims are two separate nations. They have no common
values. The Muslims have kept their separate status .in India for the last one
thousand years. There is a prominent difference between the ideologies of two
nations. Hindus want to have political and economic freedom while Muslims are
fighting for their religious freedom. So the only solution of the differences and
problems of both the nations is the creation of new Islamic State by joining of the
north -western Muslims majority areas, Punjab, N.W.F.P. Sindh and Balochistan."
't'
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Hudi Pakbitan Studiesfor (BS-4 year.)
7. Concept of a Separate Mu,lim Stat�
In l 930. 1llan1a lqbal gnH! the concept of an indepcndc.::nl stale for the
... ,1uslin1s. I le said that the Hindus and the Muslims ,,f the sub-continent could not
live together 1n one state. Hance. sooner or later. tht: Muslirns would succeed in
inning their separate state. He turned down the idea that only one nation exists in
the sub-continent.
8. Demand of a Separate Muslim State
As a pern1anent solution to the Hindu Mu,;;litn problc1ns. Allama fqbal said.
··1 Ould likt! to �ec the Punjab, NWFP. S1ndh and Balochistan amalgamated into a
single state. �elf governn1cnt Vvithin or �ithout the British Empire. Consolidated
formation of north-west Indian Muslims state appears to me the final dt:stiny of
�1uslin1s. at least of north-west India."
9. Prime duty of all Civilized Nations
Allan1a Iqbal clearly .said that India is a continent of human groups
belonging to different races, speaking different languages and professing different
religions. It "vas the prime duty of all civilized nations to show utmost regard and
reverence for the religions, principles, cultural and social values of other nations.··
10. Unity of the Muslim Nation
Allama Iqbal considered that all the Muslims living in any part of the .orld
from one Nation. Therefore, he gave the message to the Muslims living from the
shore of Nile to the land of Kashghar to be for the protection of Haram. He further
gave the message to the Nation of unity, equality fraternity and discrimination on
the base of colour, caste and creed in Islam. The message of unity of the Muslim
world can be seen in his poetry.
t.4 QUAID-E-AZAM AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a great leader of the Muslims of
the sub-continent. He started his political career in 1906 by joining the Indian
National Congress. He was elected to the Legislative Council in 1909. He also
joined the All India �u5li� League in 1?13. Now he was 1nember of both the
political parties. Having dis��eement wit� Gandhi on the issue of self-rule.
complete freedom from the 1:lntish and on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah
resigned from the Congress 111 1?20..He �anted to implement Islamic Ideology in
Pakistan because the Ide�logy of _Pakistan 1s lsla1nic Ideology. So. he delivered his
ideas 00 different occasions which clearly reflect the Ideology of Pakistan. His
some quotations are as follows.
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Hudi Pakistall Studiesfor (BS-4years)
1. Foundation of Muslim Nation in India
Quaid-e-Azan1 said that Pakistan came into being when the first Hindu
became a Musli1n. He used the term "·Nation'" for the Muslims of India in February
1935 in Legislative Assembly. He said that the Muslims are a nation by every
defirution of the nation. They can adopt any means to pro1note and protect their
spiritual. moraL econon1ic, social, political and cultural interests.
2. Pakistan existed for centuries
In his address in Ahmadabad on 29th
December 1940 Quid-e-Azam said that
Pakistan existed for centuries and north-west remained a homeland of Muslims.
lndependent states of Muslims should be established in these areas. so that they
, might live according to the teachings of Islam.
3. Base of democracy
On the February 1942, he declared, we should base O!Jr democracy on the
principles and concepts of Islam. He also said, ·'Islam teaches equality, justice and
fairness to every one.'' He further said: ..In reality we had learnt democracy 1300
) ears ago. So when you talk about democracy, I doubt that you have not studied
Islam."
4. Relation of Pakistan and Islam
Quaid-e-Azam considered the Islamic systen1 fully applicable. He wanted to
establish the system of the country on the basis of Quran. In the annual meeting of
Muslim league at Karachi in 1943, He said while clarifying the relation of Pakistan
and Islam, ·'What is that relation which has made Muslim a single body? What is
that rock on which the structure of millat is restored? What is that base vhich has
secured the safety of the boat of this millat? That relation, rock and base is the Holy
Quran''
5. Islam is a complete code of life
While addressing the students in March 1944, Quaid-e-Azam said: "Islam is
our guide and is a complete code of life." In his speech at Karachi in January 1948
he said: "Islam guides us in both the spheres, politics and economics. Basic
principles of Islam· are founded on human dignity. liberty and justice. Those who
are propagating that there would be no constitution based on Islamic Shariat.
should know that Shariat Law are still practicable today as they had been thirteen
hundred years ago."
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1/adi Pakistan Studie.�for (BS-4years)
6. Ideology of Pakistan
While explaining the Ideology of Pakistan in 1946 at Islamia College
Peshawar. Quaid-e-Azam said. ··we do not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece
of land but e want a laboratory here we could make experiment on Islamic
principles:· While addressing at Aligarh he clarified the ideology of Pakistan in
these words: ·'What was the motive of demand for Pakistan and what was the
rt!ason of separate state for the Muslims? Why was the need felt to divide India? Its
reason is neither the narrow mindedness of the Hindus nor tactics of the British. It
is the fundamental demand of Islam?"
7. Minorities will be fully safeguarded
In a press conference in New Dehli on 14th July, I947 the Quaid-e-Azam
said. "'Minorities which ever community they may belong, will be fully
:5afeguarded-their religion or faith or belief will be secure. There will be no
interferenc! of any kind with their freedom of vOrship. They will have full
protection with regard to their religion, their faith. their life and culture. They will
be in all respects the citizens of Pakistan without any distinction of the caste and
creed.''
8. Ahn to the creation of Pakistan
The Quaid-e-Azam said while addressing to the Pakistani Officers in
October, 1947. "Our objective was to create such a state where we could live as
free people. when! our culture and civilization could flourish and where Islamic
concept of �ocial justice can be implemented."
9. .National Identity of the Muslims
In the light of the history of the sub-continent Quaid-e-Azam arg!Jed that
The Musl_ims are a nation by every definition of the word nation. They have every
right to establish their separate homeland. They can adopt any means to promote
and protect their economic, social. political and cultural interests.
tO. Elimination ofdifferences
On 21st March 1948 Quaid-e-Azam addressed the people in Dhaka and said.
•·1 want not to see you to talk as a Sindhi, Balochi. Punjabi and Bengali.What is the
fun of saying that we are Punjabi. Sindhi or Pathan? We are only Muslims."
1 t. Criticism of the Western Economic system
On J st July. 1948 Quaid ALam inaugurated the. tate Bank of Pakistan On this
occasion, he said: ·•If we adopt western economic system .-e shall face hurdles in
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Hadi Pakista11 Studiesfor (BS-4years)
bringing prosperity for the masses. We shall have to carve our own destiny in a
different and unique manner. We shall have to present such an ideal economic
system before the world as is established on the true Islamic Principles of human
equality and social justice."
12. Muslim Unity
Quaid-e-Azam believed in the force of Islam as he said that Islam is a
dynamic force that can unite the Muslims. On 15th
June, 1948 Quaid Azam said to
the people of Pakistan "So long as we are united we will emerge victorious and
slrong. lf we are not united we shall become weak and disgraced. We are all
Pakistanis. None of us is Punjabi. Sindhi, Balochi and Pathan or Bengali, every one
of us should think feel and act as a Pakistani and we would feel proud of being
Pakistani alone.
Importance of Ideology of Pakistan
The Muslims of the sub-continent had become a minority due to the Western
democracy. But Ideology of Pakistan saved the Muslims of the sub-continent and
became the cause of independence. The Muslims of India got freedom and social
betterment. Owing to Ideology of Pakistan, the people of Pakistan are able to
establish the Islamic society in Pakistan. It created the courage, honesty, tolerance,
bravery equality, fraternity and character building among the people in Pakistan.
1.5 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan is an ideological state. Ideology of Pakistan means ideology of
Islam. No doubt, the Islamic ideology is the foundation of the ideology of Pakistan.
The Muslims of the sub-continent put up the demand for Pakistan because they
wanted to lead their lives in accordance with their beliefs. They also wanted to
worship almighty Allah without any obstruction. Basic points of ideology of
Pakistan are as under:
l. Belief and Prayers
The Muslim believe in Tauheed (Oneness of God) prophethood. angels.
revealed books and day of judgment. Oneness of God means that Allah is the
creator and Master of the entire universe. Faith in prophethood means to believe
that Allah sent messengers·for the guidance of mankind. To believe in the onenc'-S
of Allah and the finality of the prophethood of Hazrat Muhammad (S.A.W) is the
first Pillar of Islam.
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,,_. r-l+me- 5lllraafor f&S-4[tUS)
rtie S<ConJ pillar is Samaz whose performance for the Mus�ims five times
a day is compulso�. Performance of Namaz is a show_Df �e p�chce of_religion.
· The same system of submission to Allah sl)ould be ":1atntruned_ �n the socie�. The
third pillar of Islam is fasting. Like other prayers, it al�o trains �e Mµsltms to
"'orship Allah. Zakat is the founh Pillar of Islam. Zakat is an offenng of a pan of
one·s wealth. It strengthens the economic system and does not allow accµmulation
of wealth in the hands of onlv a few people. It is circulated and goes to the poor
people of the society. Hajj is the fifth Pillar of Jslam, which is made compulsory for
a man of means. In Islam Jihad is very important. H means to sacrifice one·s life or
wealth for the sake of truth. All the submissions train a Muslim to adopt the path of
Allah. and to live for him. They are helpful in developing the character and pave
the way for the establishment of an exemplary Islamic �late. ..
2. · Supremacy of Law
The supremacy of law is the distinguished feature of the whole lsl�oic
system. It is based on the concept that Allah is the absolute source or" law. The
fo�dation of law is the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Everyone including the rulers are
equal in the eyes of law. Democracy must be COO;Sidered as the spirit of the whole
system o� Islam. Moreover. the rulers are bound to act upon the decision made after
consultation to ensure democracy. Every dec.ision should be made in the light ofthe
Q.uran and Sunnah.
3. Fraternity and Equ�lity .
Islam is a religion of peace and securi·ty· and t 1·ty d
. . , promo es equa i an
fraternity among the Muslims. In Islamic soc1
·ety a J t f · h be
·
• . � . o o 1mponance as en given
to the pnnc1ples of fraternity and equality The be t I f th · · · I
. . · s examp e o ese pnnc1p es
was 'Set by the Islamic society formed in Madi' · The H I p h • H t
Muh d (SAW) d
. na. o y rop et azra ·
amma a vised the Muslims to be kind t .
poor He provided a code of 11
·c. c. th
O the orphans, wtdows and the
· ,e aor e people to .fi II tha th Id r
together ha.ppily. He gave a system of charit d
a: ow so t ey cou ive
. Islam is not in favour of e�ploiting people. Y an
at �d banned usury because
Fraternity emphasizes that brother) 1 • ·
the Muslims. Islam does not allow d ' . � re_ations should be develope1 among
colour of the skin. Islam has laid
1
1
�
n
�•�ho� on the basis of clasc, creed �d
everyone rich or poor is equal. No O
e_ oun��on of such a socie�' in �..v�ch
brothers. One's grief is the grief of al�
e
�� :��n
�r t� others. All the �1udims are
.These exceJlent virtues strengthen the 1 1 . ne 5 Joy 1s the joy of a!I tt: I ,1uslims.
5 amac state.
·
10 ,.____________ -
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4. Social Justice and Equality
Islam teaches peace, equality and fratemtt) Equity is the soul of society
based on justice. No society can progress without practicing justice. lslan1ic societ)
is formed on the basis ofjustice. It ensures that the people's rights are not snatched
and they are not maltreated by others. Justice must be exercised in evel) field of
life. It is the responsibility of the system of courts to make the practice ofjustice in
the society possible. For this purpose, the courts should be independent.
The Holy Prophet (SAW) said that deviation of a nation from justice leads
to doom and destruction. He set many examples of justice, which served as the
beacon of light for the society. Once a woman belonging to an influential family
Banu M�zoom committed theft. The H-oly Prophet (SIW) ordered to cut her
hands. When the plea for leniency was made, he said that 1f his daughter Fatima
had committed this crime, he would have awarded the same punishment. It is
mandatory for the government to provide justice of all sorts to every person.
Because a society progresses a lot if it believes in the supremacy of law.
5. Islamic concept ofsovereignty
Islamic concept of sovereignty means that power and authority exercised by
the ruling class is from Allah. Man is not the absolute power. He can frame laws
within the limits laid down by Allah. The law, which is contrary to Quran and
Sunnah, is not valid in the.Islamic society.
EXERCISE-1
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
' Q.1: Encircle the correct options.
1 . Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born on
(A)1817 (B)1818
2. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was died on
(A) 1896 (B)1897
(C)18I 9 ' (D)1820
(C)1898 (D)1899
3. Who said in1930 "'Islam is still the living force in the world".
(A)Allama Iqbal (B) Quaid-e-Azam
(C) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (D) Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar
4. Sir Syed Ahmed Khsn was the great lover of
(A) Islam (B) Mus!i1ns (C) United India (D) Hindus
1 1

5. Who promoted the two nation theory in the sub-continent?
(A) Allama Iqbal (B) Quaid-e-Azam
(C) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (D) Sir Augha Khan
6. The first person who used the word '"Nation.. for the Muslims of the sub
continent was
(A) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (B) Quaid-e-Azam (C) Allama Iqbal (D) Gandhi
7. Who can be regarded as the father of Pakistan movement?
(A) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (B) Allama Iqbal
(C) Sir Augha Khan (D) Quaid-e-Azam
8. Who gave the concept of a separate homeland for the Muslims of the sub
continent?
(A) Allama Iqbal
(C) Quaid-e-Azam
(B) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
(D) Maulana Shoukat Ali
9. Who said that it was nessory for the Muslims of sub-continent to have their
own state. if they were to live as a separate culture force?
(A) Quaid-e-Azam (B) Allama Iqbal
(C) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (D) Sir Augha Khan
10. Ideology of Pakistan is based on:
(A) Collective System (B) Programme (C) Progressivism (D) Islamic Ideology
. 11. The word "Pakistan" was coined by:
�
(A) Allama Iqbal (B) Sir Agha Khan
(C) Chaudhary Rehmat Ali (D) SirSyed Ahmed Khan .
12. Quaid-Azam used the word "nation" for the Mislims if India in:
(A) 1933 (B) 1934 (C) 1935 (D) 1936
13. Quaid-e-Azam started his political career in:
(A) 1906 (B) 1905 (C) 1904 " (D) I886
14. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan favered "separate electorate" for the Muslin1s in:
(A) 188
_
3
" _
(B_) 1884 (C) 1885 (D) I886
l 5. Who said Our gmd 1s Islam and this is the conlplete d f 1.c.
. co e o our 11e.
(A) Qua1d-e-Azam (B) Allama Iqbal
(C) Sir Syed Ahmed �an (D) Sir Agha Khan
t2
I

HadJ Palston $,udlesfor (BS-4ye11rs)·
Q.2: Tick the True; and False..
l. Ideology of Pakistan is based on the Two Nation theory. True/False
2. The Muslim of India found it difficult to live _according to the principles of Islam
in the United India. True./False
·-
3._The Muslim.of India demanded a separate homeland to saf�g�d the�r national
and religious identity. True/ False
4. Quaid-e-Azam promoted the two.nation theory on the sub-continent.
True/False
5. Sir Syed Ahmed K.h� was the great lover of slam. True/ False
6. Ailama lqbal was the first person who used the word 44nation" for the Muslims of
the Sub-Continent. ·
True/ False
7. Sir Syed Ahmed Kh� can be regarded by his services as the father of Pakistan
.movement.· True/ False
8. Sir Syed A�ed � laid the first bri_ck in the foundation of Pakistan in the
. shape of M.A.O. High·SchOQl Aligarh in 1975. True (False
9. Allama Iqbal gave the concept- of a separa�e homeland for the Muslims of the
sub-continent. · · · True/False
10. Allama Iqbal said in 1930/�Jslam is still the living force in the world.
·True/ False
,.
11. Quaid-�-Azam advised the Muslims of sub-continent not to join All India
Congress. True/False ·
12. Cangress was the commqnal party of HindU&. True/False
· 13_ Quaid-e-Azam was elected to the legislative council in 1909. True/ False
14. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was bu_ried in Aligarh.' True /False
16. Quaid-e-Azam said "Our guide is Islam and this is the complete code of our
life'': · True/False
. .
13

Iladi Pakistan Studiesfor (BS-�years)
Q.3: Fill in the Blanks.
I. ------- said ..Islam 1s still the living force in the world,..
2. Ideology means such a proc�durc und�r which ------------- live their physical
lnes.
J. lhe base of ideology of Pakistan is on the-------------
4. ldeolog� of Pakistan and Ideology of Islam have ------------ meaning.
-; ldcolog) of Pakistan is the prnctical shape of teaching of----------
6 ------------ promoted the two nation theory in the Sub- Continent.
7. ------------ as the first person who used the word ··nation" for the Muslims of
sub-continent.
8. -------------- said that it was necessary for the Muslims of sub-continent to have
their own state, if they were to live as a separate culture force.
9. Allama Iqbal gave the idea of a separate ------------- to the Muslims of sub-
continent in his address at Allahabad 1930.
10. Hindi Urdu Controversy started in ---------------
1 l. --------- adiscd the Muslims ofsub-continent not to join Congress.
12. All India Congress was the communal party- of-----------
13. ----------------- set up the "Patriotic Association" in 1888.
14. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan fo_unded Muhammadan defense association in --------�--
15. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was buried in ----------
ANSWER KEY
Q No. 1: Encircle the correct options.
1_ (a) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. {a) 9. (b) I 0. (d) 11. (c) I 2. (c)
13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (a)
Q No. 2: Tick Mark the correct choice.
1. (T) 2. (T) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (T) 6. (F) 7. (T) 8. (T) 9. (T) I 0. (T) 11. (F) 12
(T) 13. (T) 14. (T) 15. (T) 16. (T)
14

Q No. 3: Fill in the Blanks.
(1). Allama Iqbal (2). People and Nation (3). Two nation theory (4). Same (5).
Islam (6). Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (7). Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (8). Allan1a Iqbal (9).
Homeland (10). 18 I 7 (11). Sir Syed Ahmed Khan (12). Hindus ( 13). Sir Syed
Ahmed Khan (14). 1893 (l 5). Aligarh.
SHORT QUESTION
1. Define Ideology.
Define ideo!ogy of Pakistan.
3. Wnte dovn one quotation of Quajd-e-Azam relating to ideology of Pakistan.
4. What did Quaid-e-Azam said while addressing to Pakistani Officers in October
1947?
5. What did Qauid-e-Azam say at annual meeting of Muslim League in 1943?
6. What did Quaid-e-Azam say in Islamia College Peshawar in 1940?
7. What did Allan1a Iqbal say in his presidential address of Muslim League in
1930?
8. What did Allan1a Iqbal say about the ideology of Islam?
9. Who pron1oted the Two Nation Theory in Subcontinent?
10. Define the Two Nation Theory.
11. Who put the first brike of Pakistan? Discuss.
LONG QUESTIONS
I. Explain ideology of Pakistan in the light of the sayings of the Quaid-e-Azam?
2. Explain ideology of Pakistan in the light ofthe sayings of Allama Iqbal.
3. Describe that Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was the founder of Ideology of Pakistan.
15
j

lladi PaAislan Sllldiesfor (BS-4years)
CHAPTER-2
FACTORS LEADING TO MUSLIM SEPARATISM
2.1 Factors and Objectives of Creation of Pa�stan .
With the help of Allah almighty, Islamic repubhc of Pakistan came mto
being on 14lh August J 947. The detail of the factors and objectives of creation of
Pakistan arc as under·
I. Peaceful atm�-�phere
A large number of inhabitants of sub-continent used to be the victims of
communal roits every year. The Muslims were massacred by the Hindu militabts
time and gain, in an organized way. As Hindus were in majority, it looked evident
· that the Hindus could monopolise the politics after the departure of Britishers. The
lives of Muslims could never be safe in the united India. The Hindu organizations
had again and again assisted that Hindu Raj would be imposed on India after the
independences. The future apprehension of the atrocious rule of Hindus more sever
than that of the congress rule compelled the Muslims· to have a separate state.
2. Social Environment .
·
The Muslims were scared of the Hindu Samaj in which the cast system and
other discriminations could make the Muslims second rate citizens. Where they
could enjoy neither political nor social liberties. Therefore, they preferred to have a
separate homeland in which they .could live according to the teaching. of Islan1.
3. Protection of Urdu Language
The Hindu did their best to replace_ Urdu by Hindi but they did not succeed
during British period. If South Asia had got .freedom without partition, the Hindu
· niajority could very easily declare Hindi, the official and national language. The
Hindu government could wipe out all signs of Muslim culture; therefore, the
Muslims had no choice except to put a demand for Pakistan.
4. Tortures of Congress Ministries
. The congress ran the government in a number of provinces from 1937 to
- t 939. During congress Ministtjes the Muslims were maltreated and deprived of
their rights. Hindu did every �ng to crush the Muslims in all spheres. The
humiliating attitude _of Hindus f�rced the Muslims to strive for a separate homeland
for themselves; They had �xpe�•enced the rule
.of majority government of Hindus,
who were in majority and 10 this way the Muslims bec�c the permanent salves of
Hindus.
. 16

5. T·wo Nation Theory
The Muslims claimed separate nationhood for themselves, and
_
they �ere
determined to maintain a separate entity for all times to come. The Muslims believe
in separate religion. practice different. traditions, have their own history and their
cultural heritage. Their claim was absolutely true. It was their right to keep their
separate entity alive and to enjoy all human rights. This was not possible in
undivided India.
6. Protection of Muslim Culture
The Muslin1s were always a separate nation because of their distinctive
cultural values. But the Hindus ahvays desired to crush the Muslims as a nation and
ultin1ately to 1nerge them into Hindu society. Several attempts ,vere made by the
Hindus to eras€ the Muslim culture. The main objectives of the creation of Pakistan
was the protection of Mu_5lin1 culture and to save it from Hindu domination.
7. Implementation of Islamic System
Islrun is a complete code of life. The Muslims wantt!d to implen1ent the
systetn practically. This cuuld not be att3ine<l in ··United India··. Therefore. they
passed a resolution and den1ande<l an Islamic state in the North East and North
West of South Asia. They Vanled to establish an Islamic stale, Pakistan. a model
for the entire Musli1n world.
2.2 ALIGARll MOVEMENT
Background
After the war of independence 1857, the Musli1ns of India were the target of
the revengeful activities of the British Govern1nent. The British put t� �le
responsibility of the war on the shoulders of the Muslims. The British a1id the
Hindus jointly victimized the Muslin1s politically. socially and economically. In
those days, this status of the Muslims as a nation "''as changed and they bcca1ne
minority in the same couutry. In such conditions, Sir Syed ;hmed Khan steppl'I
forward to help the Muslims.
Sta11ing of the Aligarh 1'/foYcmcnt
After the Muslim rule, the British Governn1cnt in1ple1nente.I �l ne,,
educational policy ,vith drastic changes. The policy restricted ArJbic, Pr�sian and
rdigious education in school and made English as the only n1cdimn of in�:ru.:ti,,.
as well as the official language. Sir Syed Ahn1ed Khan launched th� /li!..,:.
Movement. Ali Garh Move1nent focused lhe educational backwar
d11e•:--, of...tut:
tv1r.sliins of sub-cm1tincnt. l le t!Stablished schools and colleg� for the ; h,�lnn!, tu
1

d k·11 ·n English along with Persian
aid them with contemporary knowledge an s 1 5 1
and Arabic.
Objectives of the Aligarh Movement,
1. To build confidence between the British Government and the Muslims
2. To motivate the Muslims to learn English Education
3. To Persuade the Muslims to abstain from politics of agitation
4. To produce an intellectual class from amongst the Muslim Community
Educational Services of Aligarh Movement,
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan advised the Muslims to get the most modern Western
education of science, literature, and social sciences. He declared English Education
as a ladder of success for the Muslims, so that they might come up to the level of
Hindus soci�lly and economically. He established educational institution for this
purpose.
Persian School in Moradabad (1859)
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established the educational institute in Muradabad in
1859. This was a Persian school.
Victoria School in Ghazipur (1862)
He established the educational institute in Ghc1zipur in 1862. He introduced
the study of the English language, and modem science along with Persian in this
school.
The M.A.O. High School Aligar�1 and College (1875-1877)
In 1875, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan setup the Muhammadan AnoJo Oriental
(MAO) School in Aligarh on the pattern of English public school. Afte� two years.
it was upgraded to college in 1877 and was affiliated with the Calcata University.
The Muslim youth started graduatil}g from here and getting high ranking jobs in
government service.
MuslimUniversity Ali Garb (1920)
j�
-
M.A.O.College Aligarh became Muslim University Aligarh in 1920. The
� �1 •services of versatile English teachers like Arnold, Morrison and Archibold were
. hired for this university. This university was being the representative body of the
18
r

upwardly mobile middle class. lndian Muslims created a significant impact on
Muslim politics in India.
Scientific Society (1863)
In 1863. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established a scientific society in Ghazipur.
The purp�se of its establishment was to acquire the book in other language, and to
transla�e 1n Urdu. The office of the society was shifted to Aligarh in 1876. In a
short time, a great treasure of Western literature and scien·ce was transferred in
Urdu.
Ali Garb Institute Gazettee (1866)
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan started publishing a journal entitled "Aligarh
Institute Gazettee" in 1866. It was published in both English and Urdu languages.
The main purpose of this journal was to arouse the sentiments of good-will
amongst the British for the Muslims.
Muhammadan Educational Conference (1886)
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan established Muhammadan Educational Conference
in 18-86. The conference helped in making the arrangement of finance to meet the
educational needs of the Muslim Nation. The main aim of this organization was to
inspire the Muslims to work in the field of education. The conference held its
meetings at various places for the educational uplift of the Muslims of India. Sub
committees were also established at other places in India. This organization served
the Muslim community in all the fields i.e. social, political. and religious.
Muhammadan Educational Conference Proved a great forum for the Muslims.
Later on it became the centre of all Muslim's Political activities.
, .
Conclusion
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan uplift�d th� _education of �he Muslims. Aligarh
movement played a significan� role 1n
.
bn?1n? about an intellectual revolution
among the Indian Muslims. M�y other tnstltutlons were �lso found following the
Aligarh movement in various �1t1e� of the country. The �hgarh mo�ement was t�e
pioneer in bringing a revolut10� 1n the fi�ld of education. Thus,
.
1t succeeded 1n
achieving its major objectives, 1.e. educatio�al progress and social reforms. Hjs
efforts earned Sir Syed Ahmed Khan the ttt�e. of "Prophet of Education''. The
Aligarh Movement produced politi_cal leadership who protected the political rights
and interests of the Muslims of India.
'
19

llut/1' Pa1'i.lU/l Studiefor (BS-4J't!Of,)
2.3 ALL I l)IA MUSLIM LEAG E (I Y06)
On 301
" of Dec�mher I 906. All India rv1usli111 League wa� forn1all� founded
in Dhaka here an annual sesswn of 1uhammadan Educntionnl ·onfcn:nce ,,a
hdd In the final session. awab 5,c.1Jeem l lllah Klrnn requestt::d the participants to
hold a special n1cet1ng to <l1scu'>s exclus1vel) the political issue.!. �o. atier the final
session of luhammadan I?ducatton'"1l Confen.:ncc. a special meeting l,as held
under the prcsidc.!ntshinp ofNaab Wiqar-ul-Mulk In the mt.:cting, all the delegates
agreed to fon11 a pennanent political party to look alter the political interests ofthe
Muslims. av.ah alimullah proposed Muslim Ll!aguc and I fakccm Ajmal Khan
and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan seconded. All the participants supported the proposaJ.
In December 1907, at Karachi its constitution was approved and in March 1908 at
Aligarh, Sir Agha Khan was formally elected as the president and Waqar ul Mulk
as elected as the secretary of the All India Muslim League. The main office ofAll
India Muslim League was established in Aligarh.
In 1908, Syed Ameer Ali organized a branch of Muslim League at London and
responded effectively to the misunderstandings and conspiracies of the Hindus
against the Muslims. Syed Ameer Ali was also appointed president of this Branch.
The provincial Branches of AJl India Muslim League were also launched in all the
provinces.
Causes of the Establishment of All Inctia Muslim League
The causes of the establishment of all India Muslim League are as under:
1. Establishment of Indian National Congress
All India National Congress was founded in I 885 at Bombay by Allan
Octavio Hume (A.O.Hume). Although Indian National Congress, representing all
natives, and was taking an active part in the political affairs of the country. yet it
was not a national party. Because it worked for the interests of Hindus only. So the
Muslim leaders seriously felt the need of a separate Muslim organization.
2. Hindu Extremists Sectarian Parties
The Hindu extremist organizations like sanghtan, Shudhi, Arya Samaj and
Hindu Mahasaba endangered the lives of Muslims. The slogan of the Hindu
sectarian Parties was: "India is only for Hindus, all others are foreigners. There are
only two choices for them that they should either accept Hinduism or leave India."
20

1/udi Pakista11 Studiesfor (BS-,1years)
The Muslims were frightened to all their activities and they decided to fom1 a
political party for the Muslims of India.
3. Partition of Bengal (1905-1911)
The government divided the province of Bengal into two parts on
administrative grounds in 1905. The Muslims were in majority in the new
established province of East Bengal which was created by that divi54on. The
partition of Bengal created new situation in politics. The partition proved a blessing
for the Muslims. The betterment of the Muslims was not tolerable for the Hindus.
Therefore. Hindus strongly opposed the partition and asked for its annuln1ent. The
British Government cancelled the partition of Bengal on 1911. That event became
the cause of the establishment of a political party of the Muslims.
4. Urdu-Hindi Conflict (1867)
The Urdu-Hindi controversy began in the year 1867 in Banaras. The Hindus
demanded Hindi as the official language replacing Urdu. The Muslims were
extremely disappointed to see the Hindus' attitude. So, it was the main reason for
the formation of Muslim League.
5. Problem of Slaughtering Cow
··Arya Samaj" which was a Hindu sectarian organization formed a ··Gao
Raksha Sabah'' for the protection of cows in 1881. The goal of Gao Raksha Sabah''
was to stop the Muslims from sacrificing Cows. Under these circumstances unity of
the Muslims was unavoidable to stop the intrusion of Hindus in religious affairs
and it was necessary to form a representative party of the Muslims.
6. To Save Muslims Identity
The Muslims believed that Hindus and Muslims were two separate-nations.
The divergences between the two communities were not confined in religious
belief, but were also involved other factors, for instance, mode of life, traditions.
civilization and culture that could be called an ingredient of a nation. Therefore, in
order to save their identity, it became essential for the Muslims to establish their
separate organization.
7. Political Reforms
The Liberal Party won the elections in England and announced the
i1nplementation of certain political reforms. The chances of the reformation of
,.
21

Hadi Pakistafl Studiesfor (BS-4 years)
political institution provided an opportunity for the Muslims to form a political
party to protect their representation.
8. Separate Electorate
The Muslims should be given the authority to elect their representatives in
the election of the councils. Hindu and Muslim constituencies should be separated.
Muslim voters could vote for Muslim representatives and Hindu voters for Hindu
representatives. But the congress opposed the demand of separate electorate for the
Muslims. So it was necessary to form a representative party of the Muslims.
9. Success Simla Delegation ·1906
On 1 st
October 1906. a deputation of about thirty-five selected Muslim
leaders, led by Sir Agha Khan, met the viceroy of India Lord Minto in Simla. The
delegation presented their demands to the Viceroy. The viceroy gave a hopeful
answer to the delegation which created a feeling of confidence, unity and political
awareness in the Muslims. The member of delegation seriously felt the need of a
tvtuslim political party.
The Demands of Simla Delegation
1. Representation more than their population would be given to the Muslims of
India
2. Separate electorate would be approved for the Muslims of India
3. Reservations of Muslim seats in government jobs
4. Special share for the Muslims in Municipal or district boards, universities,
senates and syndicates
S. Muslim's representation in Viceroy Executive Council
6. Cooperation for the establisliment of the Muslim University at Aligarh
Objectives of All India Muslim Leagues
The main objectives of the Muslim League were as follows:
To promote, the feelings of loyalt_y among_the Muslims of India to the British
1 .
Gover
nment and to remove any misconception that may arise as to the intention
of the Governn1ent with regard to any of its measures
To protect and advance the politic�! rights and interests of the Muslims of
2.
I d
. and to respectfully present their needs and aspirations to the Government
n 1a,
22

Hlldi Pakistan Studiesfor (BS-4years)
3. Cooperation with other communicates, without prejudice to the other afore
mentioned objects of the League.
Change in the Goal of the Muslim League 1913
In I 913, two further developments caused a great deal of frustration among
the Muslims against the British Government, and thus, paved the way for a closer
collaboration with the Congress. 1. The government refused to raise the status of
the Aligarh College to a University. 2. A portion of a Mosque in Kanpur was
demolished by the municipality. Thus the Muslim Leaders thought to amend the
constitution of Muslim League at its Lucknow session held on 23rd
March 1913. It
adopted its ne.v objective as' the attainment, under the aegis of British Crown, of a
system of self-government suitable to India. This change was welcomed all over
the Country. Now the Muslim League was moving ·away from its traditional path.
The 'Liberal·' forces were also becoming influential in Muslim Politics.
2.4 THE LUCKNOW PACT 1916
The formation of the All India Muslim League provided a sense of Pride to
the Muslims and they started . gathering under its flag. The Quaid-e-Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Joined the All India Muslim League in I 913. In those days,
he was the member of both political parties Muslim League and Congress.
After joining the All India Muslim League he started clearing the path for
Hindu Muslim Unity. In December 1915, the annual meeting of congress and
Muslim League were held together at Bombay. Both had fully realized the need of
a closer cooperation. So, for this purpose, both the parties set up form committee
for making a scheme for constitutional changes in consultation with other political
parties. The meeting of this committee Vas held in November 1916 at Calcatta.
After a long discussion a scheme was prepared. Both the organizations held a joint
1neeting at Lucknow in December 1916. In this meeting the scheme was approved
- and an agreement was signed between the two parties. This agreement was called
the "Lucknow pact".
The Provisions of Lucknow Pact
The important provisions of the Pact are as follows:
1. The congress accepted separate electorates for the Muslims
23

1-ladi Pakistan Studiesfor (BS-4years)
2. The Hindus and the tv1uslims were to have weightage in the provinces
where they formed minorities
3. Muslin1s should be elected one-third of the elected members to the central
legislature through separate election
. 4. Any private resolution, affecting a particular community, should require
three fourth ¾ majority of the members of that community for its
advancement in any council
5. The Executive and the judiciary should remain separate from each other and
should not interfere with the affairs of the others
6. Half the members of the central and the provincial governments should be
elected by the member of their respective legislative councils
7. Four fifth of the total members of the provincial legislative councils should
be elected and the rest should be nominated
8. Commissioned rank of the army should be given to the Indian
Conclusion
The Lucknow Pact is considered a landmark in the political history of the sub
continent. Both the communities were now in position to demand for self
government thro':-1gh the co�stitu�ional means fro1n t�e British Government. But,
unfortunately, this cooperation did not last long. This cooperation continued till
Khilafat Moven1ent.
2_5 KHILAFATMOVEMENT
Background
In l 914, when the First World War started, Turkey joined the alliance of
Germany against the Britis�. The Muslims o1- India wanted to help Britain but not
at the cost of Ottoman K.h1lafat. Because T.ur�ey was the centre of islamic world
and
the Caliph of Turkey was owned as a Caliph of the whole Islamic world. The
d
.
5 of Turkey were extended to the whole of North Africa th M"ddl E t
boun ane
E H
... , e 1 e as
and in large areas of Eastern urope. IJJaz-e-Muqqadas was also in Turkish
domain.
Khilafat Committee 1919
At the end of the First World War, the�l_li�s proposed to divide the Turkish
Empire into many pieces. In case of the d1v1s1on of the Turkey' both of the
......
24

Muqqadas cities Makkah and Madina, could go in the possession of Christian allied
forces. That plan was greatly opposed in the sub-continent. Keeping all the
apprehensions in view, the Indian Muslims formed a Khilafat Committee at
Bombay in July, 1919 and the Muslims of sub-continent started a movement under
the banner of "Khilafat Movement." Its head office was formed in Bombay. In
November 1919, the first Khilafat Confemce was arranged in Dehli. The prominent
congress leaders also participated in the conference. In this way, the major political
parties joined hands to assault the injustice with the community. These steps were
announced.
1. No participation in victory celebrations
2. Boycott of the Brutish goods
3. Non-coopration with the government . ,
Objectives of the Khilafat Movement
The objectives of the Khilafat movement are as under:
I . Turkish K.hilafat should remain intact
2. The Holy places of the Muslims should remain in the protection of the Turks
3. Tl-s.e Turkish boundaries should remain the same as they were before the war
Delegations of the Movement
Delega�ions were sent to Britain and other European countries to convey the
feelings of the Muslims to the Government. One delegation met to the viceroy of
India under the leadership of M.A. Ansari in January 1920, while another under the
leadership of Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar met the prime Minister of Britain for
the protection of the office of the Turkish Caliphate. Their demands were rejected.
Activities of Khailfat Movement
Financial and Medical aids to Turkey
A large amount of money, gold and silver was collected in the general
meetings to give financial aid to Turkey. Doctors, nurses were sent and medicines
were dispatched to Turkey for the treatment of .wounded Turkish soldiers.
Non Cooperative Movement 1920
In May 1920, the khilafat committee decided to start non-cooperatio1' in
collaboration with the congress. In December 1920, the Nagpur session of tb1:
-------------------�--��==-···
25

1/adi Paxistun Studie.ft>r (B.S-4 rear)
congress also uppnn cu nnn coopration with the govcrnn1cnl. but �in�ah opposed
and left the congress becaus� he was against the use or extra-con ututional rncan1.:
of protests. Detail i� given as follows.
l. Surrender the titles awarded h) the goermncnt
2 The educational institutions and cou11s of British government were boycotted
3. The Lawyers quit their profession
4. Resignations we1e given in the civil administration. police and military jobs
5. Refusal to pay taxes
fhe Protest n1eetings were held and strikes were observed in all big and small cities
in the sub-continent. The large processions were arranged. The Muslim volunteers
presented themselves to the police for arrests. All leaders .Vere sent to Jail but the
momentum of movement could not be diminished.
Role of Journalism
The role of Muslim journalism was tremendous, Zarnindar of Zafar Ali
Khan, Al-Hilal of Azad and Comrade and Hamdard of Molana Muhammad Ali
Joauhar played vital Roles in the movement. They inculcated a sense of sacrifice
mnong the Muslims.
Role of Gandhi
The famous Hindu leaders like Pandit Mohanci::t:. ·,i, Pandit 1 Ioti Lal
Nehru and many others participated in the first meeting of Khilafat committee.
Gandi came forward with his full support for the Khilafat movement. He anted to
use it as a weapon for establishing his �eadership and uniting Hindus and Muslims
against the British. By supporting the Khilafat moven1ent, he secured cooperation
of the emotional Muslims for his own purposes. He advised Muslims to surrender
the titles awarded by the government, resign from the government jobs and come
on the streets against the government. Present themselves for arrests, refrain from
paying the taxes. Gandhi becrune popular leader in congress and all over the areas
of sub-continent during this period.
Ilijrat Movement 1920
In July 1920, Mulaana Azad and several other scholars, declared India
· Dar-uJ-Harab'' and �ed ..the Muslims to migrate to '"Dar-ul-Salam" that Vas
Afghanistan.There was an impression that king of Afghanistan would welcome
26

them.So, millions of Muslim families migrated to Afghanistan -after selling their
properties to the Hindus. Initially Afghans welcomed them. Later they closed the
borders and refused entry to them. On their return, poverty, helplessness, shortage
of food and humiliation troubled them.
Mutiny of Mopala 1921
Mopalas settled on the coast of Malabar near Kalicut.They started mutiny
on the caliphate problem. The involvement of Mopalas in Khilafat Movement led
to arrests of Mopalas leaders. The Mopalas strongly protested against these actions
of the British Government. The government opened the fire on them and 400
Mopalas were martyred. This event flared up the Mopalas. So. they declared open
mutiny.
They destroyed government assets, pulled out railway lines and also killed
the officers. They snatched hand cuffs from police. broke pnsons and set the
prisoners free. The government imposed marshalla and thousands of Mopalas 'ere
killed. The Hindus became the tools 1n the hands of British government. They
started spying against of the Mopalas and infom1ed the British about their rallies
and meetings. In those circumstances, the Hindu-Muslin1 unity was not sustained
and Mopalas also started to kill the Hindus and to loot their assets.
Incident of Chora Chori (1922)
The Muslim leaders were in jail and Gandhi was the head of Khilafat
movernent. Gandhi began his civil disobedience movement in the beginning of
1922 from a small town of Chora Chori. The people of Chora Chori demonstrated
in a form -0f procession on 5th
February 1922. The police tried to disperse the
procession but a clash too} place between the police and the demonstrating
procession.The hostile mob set fire to the police station. As a result twenty two (22)
policemen were burnt alive. This violent incident shocked Gandhi and he
immediately called off the non-cooperation movement with out consulting other
leaders. Gandhi v1as arrested after the Chora Chori incident. The concept of I-Iindu
Muslim unity and all the desired goals were shattered.
Ending of the institution of caliphate
When Turkey was about to lose the battle, the Turkish Grand ·ational
Assembly abolished the Ottoman Sultanate and deposed Sultan wahid-ud-Din 111
November 1922. Afterthen Abdul Majid became the new caliph. But on 1
rJ
1arch
1924, Mustafa Kamal presented a bill to parian1ent. secularizing the state and
27

1/udl Pakl:.ta11 St11die!,for (BS-4 years)
abolishing the caliphate. This ceaused a widespread resentment among the Indian
Muslims. They begged the Turks to maintain the khilafat. but failed. S.0 the khilafat
was abolished and the movement finally collapsed.
Achievements of the Khilafat Movement
Some achiecmcnts arc as follow:
l. Mak.kah and Madina remained under Muslim control and the allied armies
did not step in that sacred area
2. Turkey as a country remained intact, though some of its regions· got
separated in the shape ofnew Muslim countries
3. Turks themselves abolished the institutions of Khilafat
4. The feeling of confidence and political awareness was created among the
Muslims oflndia due to Khilafat Movement
5. The Muslims of lndia started their own struggle to get their constitutional
and political rights. So they got prominent success in the shape ofPakistan.
2.6 THE SIMON COMMISSION 1927
Background
According to the Montagu Chemsford reforms 1919, after ten years, new
refonnations were to be implemented. On that perspective, the British government
started working on it before time. The government decided to send a constitutional
commission to India, to evaluate the political situation and propose a constitution
for India. On 8th
November 1927, the government announced, a commission of six
members headed by Sir John Simon. That commission is known as Simon
Commission.
All the members of that committee were Britishers. There was no Indian
member in the commission. So, it was boycotted both by the Congress and the
Muslim League. While, Sir Muhammad Shafi cooperated with it. Because at that
time of Simon Commission, Muslim League bad already been divided into two
parts i.e. Jinnah League and Shafi League due to Dehli Muslim Suggestions. The
Commission published its report in 1930 which contained several constitutional
proposals, which are as fallows.
Suggestions of Simon Commission
1. Federal system ofgovernment should be implemented in the Sub-Continent.
2. In the provinces, the dual system would be finished and autonomy would be
given.
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Had/ Pakistatt Studiesfor (BS-4years)
3. Sind would be separated from Bombay
4• In N.W.F.P, same constitutional refonnation should be implemented.
5. The system of separate electorate would be continued.
6. In the Muslim Minority provinces, Muslims would be given more
representation than their population.
7. No reserved seats would be their in Punjab and Bengal.
8. The demand of 1/3 Muslim representations in the central council should be
rejected b) giving him representation according to their population
9. In the province ministries would be given proportional representation.
10. The status of central administration should be continued and it should not be
changed.
2.7 THE NEHRU REPORT (1928)
When political parties had launched a prntest against the Simon commission
and its report, Lord Birkenhead, the Secretary of state for India, challenged the
Indian leaders to draw up a constitution which would be acceptable to all the
political parties and sections in India and present it to us. We will implement it.
To answer the chaJlenge of Lord Birkenhead, the Congress caJled all parties
conference in 1928. This conference appointed a committee consisting of seven
members. The committee also included two members, Sir Imam Ali and Shoaib
Qureshi as the representatives of the Muslim community. Sir Imam Ali did not
participate in the meetings of the committee and only Shoib Qureshi represented
the Muslims. This committee was headed by Pandit Moti Lal Nehru. Jawahar Lal
Nehru was the secretary of that committee. The report prepared by this committee
is generally known as "Nehru Report".
Suggestions of Nehru Report
Dc-..ail of this report are given below:
1. India should be given the dominion status on•a unity basis with parliamentary
fonn of government.
2. Separate electorates were abolished.
3. Residuary powers should be vested in the centre.
4. The principle of reserved-seat for the Muslims in Bengal and the Punjab was
,·
rejected.
s. The Muslims should not be given l/3 representation in the central Assembly.
29

fludi Pakistu11 Sllldie!ifor (BS-4year)
6. In Hindu majority provinces. the Muslims should be given representation
according to their populatin.
7. Hindi would be the official language of India.
8. It agreed the demand of Mushms for the separation of Sindh from Bombay
--
9. Constitutional reforms should be implemented in N W.F.P Balochistan was not
mentioned in this suggestion. The justification was given that ll was not
mentioned b, mistake.
Conclusion
The Report completely ignored the Muslim demands. It ·as totally against
the Muslims �o. Muslim leaders refused to accept 1t. Quaid Ai.am tried to get
amendments in the report in all parties· conference in Culcutta but did not succeed
Jinnah described it as 'the parting of ways'. So. he presented the famous fourteen
points to counter the Nehru report.
2.8 FOURTEEN POINTS OF JINNAH 1929
In March 1929 Sir Muhammad Shafi and 1uhammad Ali Jinnah met at
Delhi and agreed to unite the two groups of the Muslim League Quaid-e-Azarn
prepared a draft of the minimum demand of the Muslims and called a meeting of
the Muslim League in 1929 in Delhi. He issued a statement to the League Council
that Nehru Report .as not acceptable to the Muslims. Then he presented his
fonnula of fourteen points· which proided a programme of political action for the
Muslims. This was the united demand of all the Muslims. The fourteen pomts of
Quaid-e- Azam are as follows.
L The fonn of the future constitution should be federal with the powers vested to
the provinces.
2. All provinces should have equal right of self-determination.
3. The electro) system should be established with proper safeguard for minority
representation within ever) province.
4. In the Central Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be less than l/3(one
third).
S. Representation of communal groups shall continue to be means of separate
electorate as at present, provided it shall be open to an, commumt), at an) time
to abandon its separate electorate in favor of a joint dectoratc.
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1/atli Pak.i.ltm Studiefor (BS-4year)
6. An) territorial distribution that migl: a1 an)' time he inc ituhlc shall nu1 in an)
affect. the l1uslim maJorit) the Punjab, Bengal and N.W.F.P.
7. Full religions i c 'ibert) ot hdicf. worship and observance. propaganda.
association anti education shall be guarantectl 10 all the communities
8. A sectarian hill should h,nc approcd through 3
/4 majorit, of the members ol
that particular
sect. No Im. will be passed if tlm.:e-fourth eh:ctctl memb,:rs of a
communit, tl1.:clared that 1t is against their interest.
9. Sindh should he separated from the Bomba).
I 0. Constitutional Rdorms should be introduced in the North West rrontier
Province (1'!WFP) and Balochistan on the same footing as in the other
provinces.
I I. Provinces should be made in the constitution giving Muslims a sufficient share
along with the other Indians, in all the services of the state and in local self
governing botlies having due regard to the requirements of efficicnc).
12. Safguards for protectin1:, the culture. language. education and welfare
institutions of Muslims must be included in the constitution.
11. No cabinet. either central or provincial should be formed without there being a
proportion of at least one-third Musltm mmistcrs.
14. The central assembly should not amend the constitution without the sanction of
the federating units.
( onclusion
rhcse points reflected the aspirations of every Muslim living in India. In these
points. the Quaid-e-Azam not only protected 1he political rights of the Muslims. but
also provided the structure of the constitutional rcfom1s in India. lf Hindu leaders
had admitted the fourteen points of Quaid-e-Azam. then perhaps the histol) of the
Sub-Continent would ha'e been difkrent Some congn..ss leaders appeared to be
""illing to accept these points but fanatic l)pe Hindu leaders rejected these
recommendations.
2.9 ALLAHABAD ADDRESS (1930)
The annual session of All India Muslim League 'was held at Allahabad on
29th
December 1930 when most of the Muslim leaders were busy in London at
Round Table Conference. This was presided over b, Allama Muhammad Iqbal. It
was at this session that Allama Muhammad Iqbal presented his historic presidential
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Had/ Pakista11 Studiesfor (BS-4year!t)
address in whic.h he proposed and promoted the destiny of Indian Muslims. He had
deeply studied Islam as a religion and system of life and believed that Hindus and
Muslims were two separate and distinct Nations who could never become one
ation. He expressed his views while delivering his presidential address.
1. Political Situation of sub-continent
In his address, Allama Iqbal discussed the political situation of the sub-continent at
length and clearly expressed his view on Two Nation theory. He said that the only
solution to resolve the communal problem of India was that the Muslims should be
ensured full freedom to spend their lives according to their tradition culture and its
feasible form was to create Muslim India within the Sub-continent. It is the only
form, he asserted under which the Muslim can wage full struggle for the
Independence of India. He explained in length with the force of logic that the
Hindu and Muslims are two separate Nations which do not share any common
value and have preserved their distinction.
2. Concept ofTllo Nation Theory
Allama Iqbal said in his address of Allaabad on 29th December 1930 that Hindus
and Muslims are two separate nations. They have no common value. Muslims have
kept their separate status in India for the last one thousand years. There is a
prominent difference between the independence ideologies of two nations. Hindus
want to have political and economic freedom while Muslims are fighting for their
religious freedom. So. the only solution ofthe differences and problems of both the
nations is the creation of new Islamic State by joining of the north -western Muslim
majority areas. Punjab, N W.F P. Sind and Balochistan."
3. Muslims of India as a Nation
Allama Iqbal defined the Muslims of India as a nation and suggested that there
could be no possibility of peace in the country unless and until they were
recognized as a nation. He claimed that the only way for the Muslims and Hindus
to prosper in accordance with their respective cultural values was under a federal
system where the Muslim majority units were given the same privileges that were
to be given to the Hindu majority units.
4. Islam as binding force
Allama Iqbal explained in his address that Islam offers an ethical order.
socio-political structure, legal framework, code of life, culture and civilization. It is
a living, dynamic force that had a profound impact on the lives of Indian Muslim!;.
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lladi Pakistan Studiesfor (BS-4 yearl)
With the force of Islam the scattered and disorganized people have been turned into
an organized force.
5. Ialam is a complete code of life
Alla.ma Iqbal declared in his presidential address that Islam is still the living
force in the world. It encompasses not only the life of an indiitdual but also the
political state for the Muslim as it is complete code of life. The idea of Islam
transcends one be)'ond the limits of race. colour or country. He said that Islam
guides the people with respect to every aspect of life and I am fully convinced that
the Muslims of India will ultimately have to establish a separate state as they
cannot live with Hindus in the United India.
6. Criticism on European democracy
The principle of European democracy can not be applied to India, without
recognizing the fact of communal groups. He said: The units of Indian society were
not territorial as in European countries. India is a continent of human groups
belonging to different languages and professing different religions. He also stressed
that the model of British democrac> cannot be of any use in a land of many nation.
lherefore, the Muslim demand for the creation of a Muslim India with in India is
perfectly justified.
7. Demand for a Separate State
As a permanent solution to the Hindu Muslim problems, Allama Iqbal
proposed that I would like to see the Punjab. North-West Frontier Province
(N.W.P.F), Baluchistan and Sindh should be converted into one province and
declared that the North-West province part of the country was destined to unite,
Self -Government within the British Empire without the British Empire: this he
suggested was the only way to do away with the communal riots and bring peace in
the sub-continent. The formation of a consoltdatcd North-West Indian Muslim
state, appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims at least of North-West
India.
8. Rejection of United Nationality
He declared, "India is a continent of human beings belonging to different languages
and professing different religions. A constitution based on the conception of
homogeneous India is to prepare her for civil war. Therefore, the demand of
consolidated Musiim state is in the best interest ofthe Muslims of India and Islam...
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lladi Pakistan Stud/�for (BS-4ytars)
Salient Features
1. Allama Iqbal proved that lslam is still the livmg force in the world.
2. Muslims are a Nation according to any definition ofthe tenn "Nation"
3. Allama Iqbal clarified that Islam is a complete code oflife.
4. Allama Iqbal argued that the Muslims of India needed a separate state on
behalfof a separate Nation.
S. Alama Iqbal advised the Muslims to be united for the demand of a separate
Nation.
6. There is no doubt that the Allahabad address was based on Pakistan
movement.
Importance of Allahabad address (1930)
It was the first occasion when a demand for a separate homeland was made from
the Muslim League Platfonn. Allama Iqbal also made important correspondence
with Quaid-e-Azam in 1937 and requested him to accept the leadership of Muslim
League and to set up a1 independent and Free State comprising of areas .hich are
now the part of Pakistan.
Allama Iqbal's address is a forceful and iogi<'al presentation ofthe Muslim cause m
India. Territorial adjustments will enable the 1ud1 n·..; 1'1 develop themselves m
accordance with their ideals and serve the cau,r of Ummah redistribution of
territory developed later on concept. of Muslim homeland. It is his Allahabad
Address that Allama Iqbal is kno�n as the dreamer of Pakistan. His address proved
to be a milestone in the history c!'tlie sub-continent and the creation of Pakistan
2.10 ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE
Background
The object of the Simon Commission was to revie the �orkmg constitution of
1919 and to make recommendations for 'a new constitution for the sub-continent.
But all the political parties of the sub-continent bycotted this commission.
However, the commission compiled its report. ln this report it was also
recommended that the problem of the constitution for the sub-continent should be
discussed in a Round Table Conference. So, the vicerv: f India announced the
plan of Round Table Conference in order to resolve the constitutional deadlock.
•••• I
,_ j
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Hadi Pakistan Studiesfor (BS-#years)
The First Round Table Conference
The first round table conference was held on November 12, 1930. In the
first round table conference, a number of prominent Muslim leaders i.e. Quaid
Azam, Sir Mh
hammad Shafi, Maulana Muhammad Ali Jauhar and Zafarullah Khan
participated. Sir Agha Khan led the Muslim delegation. The members of Congress
were absent because most of them were in jail and the rest busy in civil
disobedience campaign. The British Prime Minister explained the government
policy toward resolving the Indian constitutional problem, In the conference, the
Muslim leaders emphasized federalism, self-government, safe grounds for
minorities, separate etectorate, preferential representation in central legislature,
secure majorities in Punjab and Bengal Thus, the basic principle of the future
constitution of India was laid down quite·smoothly and it was a great success of the
conference.
Second Round Tabel Conference
The second round tc:1ble conference started in September 1931. Maulana
Muhammad Ali Jauhar had rued ofter the first conference. This time A.llama Iqbal
was also invited Lo attend the conference. Quaid-e-Azam, Allama Iqbal and others
participated in the second conference. Mr Gandhi represented the Indian NationaJ
Congress. However, his participation in the conference did not contribute alot. The
conference failed to make any progress either, because Gandhi refused to
accommodate the Muslim demand and interests. He even opposed the already
settled issue of separate electorates for the Muslims. At last, the British government
declared its own scheme on 16th.
August 1932, known as the 'Communal Award'.
The Communal Award 1932
On I6th
August 1932 the Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced
the Communal Award. Important points of this Award are as follows.
1. Separate electorate for all minorities of India.
.
2. Principal of weightage was maintained to minorities.
3. No Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bengal as was followed in Lucknow pact.
4. One-third representation of Muslims in central legislature.
5. On-fourth representation for Muslims in services.
6. Sindh to be made a province.
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· �ludi Pakistan Studiesfor (8S-4years)
Reaction of the Muslim League
The award reduced the Muslim majorities in Punjab and Bangal to
minorities. So the Muslim League rejected this Award. Because the Muslim
population in Bangal was 55% but they were allocated onl} 47% seats. sim1lary in
the Punjab were 56% but they were given only 49% seats in the legislature.
Pona Pact (1932)
The Congress expressed strong reaction against the right of separate
electorate to the Indian minorities, especially to low caste. And Gandi in protest
undertook a fast unto death. So, Dr.Umbedker the leader of low caste Hindus could
not face this pressure and agreed to leave the right of separate electorate. A pact
.'as signed between Congress and Leader of low caste at Pona in September 1932.
This pact is called 'Pona Pact'.
Third Round Table Conference
This conference was held in November, 1932. The congress was once again
absent from the conference. Quaid-e-Azam did not participate despite living in
London. The main issues had been discussed in the first two conferences and no
the rest of them were to be discussed. The reports of the various committees came
under consideration and the conference ended on the eve of Christmas. In the light
of the deliberations of this conference, the British government issued a White Paper
on the constitutional proposals. And the above mentioned proposals were passed by
both the houses of the assembly and assented by the king on August, I 935. It is
known as the Government India Act 1935.
2.11 CONGRESS MINISTRIES (1937.t939)
Background
Under the government of lndia Act 1935, the first general elections of
provincial legislative assemblies were held in February, March 1937. There were
1771 seats of the provincial assemblies which were to be filled by the elections.
Both the Muslim League and the Congress decided to contest the elections. The
congress, as compared to the Muslim League, had achieved un-expected success
and was able to form government in seven out of eleven provinces. After one year.
one more province was brought under the Congress control.
MANIFESTOES OF DIFFERENT P�TIES
Both the political parties Mushm League and Congress issued their
manifestoes, which are as follows.
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I/ad/ Pakistan Studie<;for (BS-4year.)
Manifestocs of the Muslim League.
The Muslim League laid down two main pnnc,ples on which its elected
representatives would work:
1. The present provincial Constitution and proposed central constitution should be
replaced by a system of selfgovernment.
2. The
. representatives of Muslim League would sincerely work ·10 get the
maximum benefits out of the present constitution till the formation of new
Constitution.
Manifestoes of the Congress
The Congress too, came forward with somewhat similar slogans of public welfare.
freedom and for the release ofthe political prisoners.
Result of the Elections
The final results of the elections were declared in Febrllar} 1937. The
Congress, as compared to the Muslim League, had achieved un-expected success
and was able to form government in eight out of eleven provinces. The Muslim
League managed to get few seats in the Muslims minorit, provinces but failed in
the Muslim majority areas.
Formation of Congress Ministries
The Congress adopted rigid attitude after winning elections in majority. When the
Governors of the Muslim minority provinces invited the leaders of the congress
parliamentary groups in their respective provinces to form ministries. In reply to
these invitations, the Congress leaders put a condition on the government to give
assurance, the governor would not use their special powers ofinterference granted
by the constitution for the protection of the Minorities rights. The Viceroy Lord
Linlithgow declared that the Governor would use their special powers in matters of
utmost urgency and that the Ministers would be allowed to work freely. After this
assurance, Congress took office in July 1937. The Congress formed its government
in eight out of eleven provinces i.e Madras, Bom�y, U.P, Bihar, Orissa, C.P,
N.W.F.P. and Assam. In Punjab the Unionist party of Sir Sikander Hayat formed
ministry. In Sindh, Sindh United Party formed Muslim minislr). A Coalition was
formed in Bengel with Molvi Fazal-uJ-Haq of Kirshak Praja party as the leader of
the coalition. Muslim League could not form Ministry in any province.
Congress Atrocities on the Muslims
Congress had formed its ministries in eight provinces. The Congress had
adopted an un-constitutional method to rule the provinces. The ministers of the
congress were not accountable to the parliament. They received all instructions
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Hadi Puki!>la11 Stu,liesfor (BS-4years)
from the Congress high Command and were answerable to it for al
_
l matters.
_
So,
with the instructions of Congress ministries, the Hindus came �ut to
_
rmp?se �mdu
Nationalism on the Muslims. The Congress began its rule by 1mposmg its will on
the Muslim minorities in the provinces under its rule. Details of anti-Muslim
activities of the congress government are given below:-
1. Three Colour Flag
Congress Ministries immediately ordered for the hoisting of the three
coloured Congress flag on the government buildings alongside the Union Jack. The
Congress wanted to prove that there were only two powers, the British and the
congress. Muslims showed their resentment against the three colour flag because it
became the cause of Hindu Muslim Riots.
2. Bande-E-Matram Anthem
It was a National Anthem of the Hindus. Bande-E-Matram was a song in
which degrading verses were used against the Muslims and their religion i.e. Islam.
The song was written by a Bengali novelist Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1892. It
was a famous novel and its name was Anand Math. In this novel, Anand Math
urged all the non-Muslims to wage war against the Muslims in order to expel them
from India which meant for the Hindus only. Congress Ministries declared it as the
National Anthem. It was compulsory to sing it in the legic;lat;ve assemblies and
educational institutions and at aJl official occasions.
3. Hindi as a �ational Language
Urdu language was the con,mon language of the Hindus and the Muslims. It
was promoted during Muslim rule in the India and was introduced as an official
language in 1825. Congress Ministr�es opposed the Urdu language as an official
language because it was considered as the language of the Muslims. During the
Congress Ministries, Hindi was enforced as the official language in all the
provinces which were under the�Congress rule. It was introduced in schools and
colleges
4. Waddia Maodir Scheme
It was an educational policy which was introduced in the congress
provinces for the students belonging to all sects and religions. It was totally agai�t
the Muslim culture and civiliz.aticm. The young pupils were compelled to fold their
hands in front of Gandhi's picture and sing his praise while bowing down in the
way of Hindu worship. This action was very painful for the Muslims.
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S. Wardha Educational Scheme
The v.ardha scheme was Gandhi's philosoph}. fhis scheme aimed to
develop a high respect among the youth about the IIindu heroes and religious
leaders. This scheme sought to isolate the young generation of the Muslims from
their religion, culture and civilization. The main objective of this scheme was to
destrO} the Muslim culture and wanted to promote the Hindu culture.
6. Slaughter of the Cow
Slaughter or the cow was prohibited. Use c•f beef was prohibited in areas
where it had the sanction of tradition and custom. If a Muslim slaughtered a cow
for sacrifice, he was killed. his house was burnt, and his wife and children were
assaulted. Fines and punishments were imposed on Muslims for slaughtering the
cow and eating beef. The organized attempts were made to provoke the Muslim
masses who were given no protection against any kind of high handedness
7. Disturbance in Religious Matter
Where Muslims were in minorities during Congress Ministries Azan was
forbidden and organized attacks were made on the Muslim worshippers who were
busy in their prayers in Mosques. Noisy processions were organized to pass near
the Mosques at prayer time.
8. Hindu Muslim Riots
The Hindu Muslim Riots were usual during the Congress rule throughout
the country. The Hindus were free to make the Muslims victimize of their high
bandedness in whatever area they liked. The houses of Muslims were set on fire
under this government. Hindus were innocent and no inquiry was launched against
any Hindu, thus the Hindu Muslim riots had spread through out the country.
Muslim lodged the complaints against these incident but no action was taken by the
government.
Resignation of Congress Ministries 1939
The Second World War b,oke out in I939. The Congress demanded a
promise for independence before helping the British in his critical hour of need. Its
leaders threatened to go out of the. provincial ministries if the British authorities <lid
not surrender. British government refused to accept this demand. Hence the
Congress resigned in November, 1939.
Day of Deliverance
With the resignation of the congress ministries, the Muslims of India were
relieved of the mo�t dreadful domination of the Congress and Hindu majority. It
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I/ad/ Pakista11 Studlelfor (BS--4yeaN)
. . the real Hindu mentality. After
was painful for the Muslims o� l�dt� who h
�1 !
e
�� called upon the Muslims of
the resignation of Congress Mtm5mes, Quru
- f d rverance Public meetings were
India to celebrate December��• 1939 as a
ffi
day
d
0.
e � onsc 10 this appeal by Quaid
held and prayers of than.ks-g1vmg were o ere tn resp
e-Azam.
Role of Muslim League . .
1.
•
f th congress and
The Muslim League protested against anu-musltm po tcies O e
.
openly condemned its various steps. The Muslim League expressed its gnevance
concerning the communal riots in the U.P, Bihar, C.P �d Bom_bay. Quatd-e-Azam
criticized the Congress rule and declared it as Hindu RaJ. He said that the Congress
rule was an authoritative set up which uprooted all norms of democracy.
2.12 LAHORE RESOLUTION 1940
Background
The Muslims of the Sub-Continent were worried about their national future
ever since they lost the war of independence 1857. The Hindus were in majorit) in
India and they were constantly trying to merge Islam into it like other issues.
µispite of the presence of the British Rule, the blood of the Muslims was shed
merciless!)' in sectarian riots. The Muslims could not lead a dignified and graceful
life in the Hindu society that believes in caste system, clolour and cread and the
Hindus could never agree to give the Muslims equal social status. The rights of the
Muslims will be unsafe in an undivided India. In these circumstances, the Muslims
of Indfa wanted to establish a state in the name of Islam where they could lead their
individual as well as collective lives freely in accordance with the principles laid b)
Islam. In different periods, different visionaries gave the signs about the partition of
the sub-continent.
Suggestions about the Partition of the Sub-Continent
The detail of the suggestions of different leaders are given as follows:
1. Muhammad Abdul Qadir Bilgrarni suggested for the diision of India.
2. Sardar Gui Muhammad Khan proposed for the partition of India, by giving the
idea that the area between Agra and Peshwar would belong to the Muslims.
3. In 1934. Lala Lajpat Rai also advocated for the division of India between
Muslims and Hindus.
4. In 1980, Moulana Abdul Halim Sharar suggested that India should be divided
into two Hindu and Muslim states.
40

( Khn11')
.
Bm1hc" flr ,bdul JJbbar Kh/111') and Pr,,1 Ahdul s..t1u, 1-:hair) !Jre»<d
on G,loln� �lf•rult: lo ('·er} ••""lmmhtrul1c un11111th1.· �ub-l'rmtinc01.
" Dr Sir Muhammo.tl lql'<II. •• the Mw,hm kawuc ..,,,ion ,r Alloh.NJ, ,Lru:d that
he ""uld l1le tn ,cc '-WfP Puni•t>. SinJh and Baludu""'1 a., ooc>lalc
7 In 1933. Ch.,udh') Rehmar ·Ii «•1ncd the ""Id ·Palu•11n" "luch i.:ecam, 1
slogan and >Jmhol for the lu,lims ofrhc .,uJ>..:nntill<'nl
� Tlic 1.ka or lhc prtnmon of the ,u1H:on11ncnt Ihctccn the Hind"' Md rhc
1u.,hm,,1 m mu states """ •rrrecia1cd !> the Bnll,h uucll«tuals ltl.c Blunt
.md Jhnn llngln
'I Joseph Swhnc or Ru..io ulso :muc,prucd ui., d,,;,..,n oflntlio
ID Jamal-ul-<lm ·fi,:hum propo,,cJ 1<> mnkc rhc nonhcrn pun of ,he 5Ul><onuncnr
as nn mdcpcnJcn1 !>.1uslim •13�. Ile pen:q,tcd ,,f •n mJcpcnJrnt Muillm
republic compmmg ofthe present Pflkiswn. Afgh,mis1nn. ,,nd Ccnm,I A>lll.
11 In 1938. Sindh Mushm league p-1 • rewlu1ion ,n •�•·our ofPakis1'1n
12 The clJ:mnnd of the :1.1uslitm li>r a 5eJ10mto country i$ not unhmorical Ireland
,0l lieed!m from l'nglond, Spam wld Ponu�I bcalmc sepanart sutes,
C1.cchoslo,ukio got u separate wdcnhlicuion 1.s • result of !he punition I
he
prublem 1n Indio Is n01 or an inlcH-Omrnunal duar""lcr bu1 rnaruti:sli) u1 an
intcmaltonaJ wx nnd JI mu!;.t be tmah::d as such
I, Qua1J-<:-Azu111 ,luhummrul Ali Jin11!1h "1iJ. -1nJ10 ,s • sul>-conuncnL II i no1 a
c�untry ur homeland c,f u notii>n !any No1101U ato h•int here ond thcrr lnt..-re>1,
11r� separ.1h! from one anotbtru
r,..,,idtntilal Addreslo orQuald-e-A,a.m Muh1mm1d Ali Jinnah
On .!2'"'
larch 1940. m o huge i:,alhcrini; of the Muslims from all o,cr
India. Qu;iid...-•A�m dc.licrd his hi,1onc11Irresidcnu:u address Ik highhghtcd 1hr
-..:p.iralc anJ d1stlnc1 oauon.&I cllllrnc1er or thc iushm• <1f lnd,a. He ..aid 111'11 the
llind11> und lh< Mu,lims t>cloll!! 10 IWO d11Tcrcr11 philo,ophi<'. sociul eu<10ms and
hll!llllutt. Thev n<ithcr imcnn� nor intcrdinc t0gc1hcr and mdccd, lht) bclona lu
""' dillc:rent • aivtl.uation� ...h,ch are based truttuly on conll1ctlng uka• and
con«puons. 11,oir eonccp1s on lif< ore dlITercnl Th•� b:ivc dilTcrtnt •ptcs.
ilillcrenl horocs and Lliflcleot epl� Very often the hero of one is the fnc of 1hc
01hcr and, llk<ise, tl1clr vie1orios and dcftots o,crlap. 1'o yo�• togc1hcr IO such
nations under u single ,1atc, one 1<> • numerical minority and 1hc olh<'r ;i.s ll
maioril)', must lead 10 growin11 discontent .Muslamnn. arc tt ?3tion 11<cordlr1c t�
an) definition ufnn1ion. 11nd !hey must ha,c !Mir hom<land. their tcrntul') mJ 1hci1
Sl31t.
41

Hadt Pakista11 Studiesfor (BS-4years)
He also discussed the political situation of the sub-continent at large and
suggested remedies to the political problems. Quaid-e-Azam said that the Muslims
of the sub-continent would never accept any S) stem which would establish the
Hindu domination over the Muslims.
Contents of the Resolution
On 23rd
March, 1940. All India Muslim League held its historical Annual
Session in Minto Park (now Iqbal Park) Lahort:. In this session, Mr. A.K. Fazal-e
Haq, (Chief Minister, Bengal) moved a Resolution of the demand for independent
State for the Muslims of India. It was seconded by Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman.
The contents ofthe resolution are under:
"No constitutional plan would be workable in this country or acceptable to
the Muslims unless it is designed on the following basic principles name!} that the
geographically contiguous units are demarcated into regions which should be so
constituted with such territorial readjustments as may be necessaI), that the areas in
which the Muslims are numerically in a maJorit). as in the orth-Westem and
Eastern Zone of India, should ht: grouped to constitutt! ••independent states" in
which the constituent units shat! be autonomous and sovereign.··
The resolution was unanimously passed by the participants of the Muslim
League session from all over the country. The Muslims acclaimed the resolution
enthusiastically. With the passing of the Pakistan Resoluuon, the Muslim League
Policy was clear and unmistakable. India must be di"ided and there was no
alternative. The Muslims wanted this and would not be satisfied by anything.
Replacement of the word "States"
In Pakistan resolution word "States" was written that was to be corrected on 9th
of
April 1946. The Muslim members of all central and provincial Assemblies held a
meeting where the word "states" was replaced b} the word "State'·.
Reaction to the Resolution
Immediately after the passing of the Resolution. the Hindu journalists and
leaders expressed their resentment. The Hindu press published leading news that
the Muslim League had a dangerous design to disintegrate the country by the
creation of Pakistan. The Hindu Newspapers "The Hindustan Times" "the Modem
revi��" and ..the Amrita Bazar Patrika" wrote editorials against the plan of
part1t1on.
42

Had/ Pakistan Studiesfor (BS-4year,{)
The Hindu leaders began to express their views against the resolution.
Gandhi and Nehru criticized it and turned it down in harsh words. Gandhi called it
the ''vivisection of mother land, cutting up a baby into two halves and the cutting of
another cow". The Muslim League called it the Lahore Resolution, but the Hindu
press ridiculously began to write it as ·'Pakistan Resolution.'' The Muslim leaders
adopted this new term and today it is called "Pakistan Resolution. The British press
did not pay much attention.
The Hindus were of the view that the proposal for the partition will be
rejected. But the Muslims of the sub-continent had decided their future. As a result
of great struggle. they succeeded in getting Pakistan after seven years only.
2.13 CRIPPS MISSION 1942
Background
Second World War started in 1939. In this war, Japan was fighting against
Britain and its allies. In the beginning of the war, the position of British Army was
very poor. On every sector, the Great Britain and its allied forces were being
defeated by opponent forces. While on the other side, Japan's Army was near to
win the position and it seemed that Japan's Army would defeat the British Army in
the coming few days. In those circumstances, the congress leaders were closely
reviewing the situation and were confident that Japanese would hand over the
power to the Indians after Britain's defeat. On that occasion, Gandhi threatened to
start civil disobedience campaign. Under this critical situation, the British
Government thought it essential to find a solution acceptable to both the Muslim
league and the congress.
Cripps Mission
In 1942, Mr. Churchil, the British Prime Minister, sent a mission headed by
Sir Stafford Cripps to find a constitutional solution. The mission reached New
Delhi on 23 March 1942 to hold discussions with Indian leaders. He held meetings
with the Indian Leaders, and discussed a whole range of issues of immediate
concern. But the Indian leaders did not cooperate with the mission. The Cripps
Mission, submitted its own proposals to the government for constitutional reforms
on 30th
of March I942. These proposals are known as Cripps proposals.
Proposals
Detail of the recommended Cripps Mission proposals are given as follow:
43

Had/ Pakista11 Studiesfor (BS-4years)
l. The sub-continent will be given the status of a dominion after the war.
2. All government departments will be handed over to the Indian. including
Defence. Foreign Affairs and Communications miniatries.
3. A central constituent assembly will be formed to formulate a constitution. It
will be elected by the members of the provincial assemblies and will
nominate persons from the states as soon as the war was over.
4. After the constitution is made, it will be sent to all the provinces for
confirmation. The provinces which would not approve the constitution
would have the authority to establish their independent status.
5. Special steps will be taken to safeguard the rights ofminorities
Reaction of the Political Parties
The Cripps also stated that their suggestions had to be accepted or rejected
completely as no amendments would be considered. These recommendations
would be implemented only if the congress and Muslim League accepted them
unanimously.
Reaction of the Muslims
All India Muslim League expressed thanks to Crips. Because the British
Government promised to the Muslim majority provinces for a free and independent
status and proposed steps for the protection of the rights of minorities. But when
the Muslim league, discussed the proposals in the meeting then, it decided not to
approve the Cripps proposals as they did not concede Pakistan in clear terms.
Reaction of Indian National Congress
The Congress absolutely rejected the Cripp's Proposals. They dema'lded for
the transfer of power and immediate withdrawal ofthe British rule from India. The
Hindu leaders criticized them as a post-dated cheque on a failing Bank.
The congress criticized the right ofveto, given to the provinces and opposed
the idea of Pakistan. Hindu leaders expressed their displeasure for providing
protection to the minorities. The Cripps proposals failed Sir Stafford Cripps took
the responsibility on his own and blamed no one.
2.14 QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT
After the failure of Cripps Mission, Sir Stafford Cripps returned to England
in 1942. While the second world war ( 1939-1945) seemed to be going in favour of
Japan. So, Congress leaders were confident that Japenese would hand over the
44

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