Pakistan Studies

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Topic:
The basis of creation of Pakistan (report)
Submitted to:
Brig. Muhammad Saleem
Submitted by:
 Aiman Pervaiz
 Saira Rustum Khan
 Mudaseera Muhammad
Submission Date:
24-10-17
Class:
BBA III
Discipline:
Management Sciences
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGES

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TABLE OF CONTENT
 Preface (1)
 History of Hindus and Muslims living in the subcontinent (2)
Basis of creation of Pakistan (3)
a. Enforcement of sovereignty belongs to ALLAH
b. Establishment of Islamic democracy
c. Revival of Muslim image and identity
d. Protection of Muslim culture and civilization
e. Two nation theory
f. Emancipation from the prejudicial Hindu majority
g. Establishment of a balanced economic system
 Goals of basis of creation of Pakistan (4)

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PREFACE
This report is about centuries-old animosity between the Hindus and Muslims of South Asian
Subcontinent. Their animosity is deep rooted rightly believed to be unbridgeable. Ever since
the partition of British India into Pakistan and Bharat, the Hindus have unfortunately failed to
reconcile to the creation of Pakistan. They are still against Pakistan as they were in the pre-
partition days. Their venomous propaganda speaks for itself. The Two-Nation Theory thus
appears to be as alive as ever. In the following pages, the whole narration of Hindu Muslim
confrontation revolves round the Two Nation Theory which throws ample light on the
conflicting attitude of the two major nations inhibiting South Asia. Suffice it to say, the
Hindus and Muslims could never live side by side with wide divergent views and sharp
political animosity. To yoke them together with different cultures, heritage and religions was
totally unthinkable and unjustifiable. Their forcible coexistence led to frustration and gave
birth to numerable politico-religious problems. The result was that Muslim India voiced for a
separate homeland where they could live an honourable life in accordance with the
injunctions of Islam.

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HISTORY OF HINDUS AND MUSLIMS LIVING IN THE
SUBCONTIENENT
The era in which Muslims came to the South Asian sub-continent as conquerors, their glory
and superiority was occasionally vituperated by the non-Muslims in one way or the other.
Communalism even before the advent of the Muslims in the sub-continent existed. When the
British era began it did subside. Natural relationship between the Hindus and Muslims had
been altogether communal and not national. The presence of the past memories of
communalism running in the arteries of the two communities is enough to prove that they
have never been a single nation. They were two separate nations with remarkably different
entities, different episodes, culture, language, literature, customs and traditions. Both have
been striving hard to subjugate each other in all fields of life. The defeats of one have been
the victories of the other, what one has registered as a wrong against the other, the other has
recorded it as its brilliant success.

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BASIS OF THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN
The idea of Pakistan was based on the fact that Muslims were a separate nation having their
own culture, civilization, customs, literature, religion and way of life. They cannot be merged
in any other nation because their philosophy of life based on the principles of Islam. As the
Indian Muslims found it difficult to live according to principles of Islam in United India.
They were forced to demand a separate homeland to safeguard their vested interested,
religious, economic and political. Because Muslims of India were surrounded by the inimical
alien rulers and well organized Hindus. Therefore Muslim worked day and night to achieve
the goal of Pakistan and the supervision of Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. To attain
this great purpose Muslims sacrificed their lives. Their efforts became fruitful and Pakistan
became the first country on the world by the name of religion.

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FACTORS THAT LEAD TO THE CREATION OF PAKISTAN:
Following factors can be said to be aims and objectives for the establishment of Pakistan:
 Enforcement of “sovereignty belongs to Almighty Allah”.
 Establishment of Islamic democracy.
 Revival of Muslim image and identity.
 Protection of Muslim Culture and Civilization
 Two Nation Theory
 Emancipation from the Prejudicial Hindu Majority
 Establishment of a Balanced Economic System

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(a) ENFORCEMENT OF SOVEREIGNTY BELONGS TO AL ALLAH
 Sovereignty:
Based on the Concept of Tauheed (Oneness of Allah) Muslim belief in the Creator of the
universe Allah) is based on the following premises:
 Allah alone is the Lord of all, is unique and peerless.
 He alone is the Master, all powerful and everything is under His disposal and sway.
 He alone is the Worshipped One and all worship is directed towards Him. No one else
is His associate in worship in any form or shape.
 All the concealed and mystified matters which were revealed to the
Prophet (P.B.U.H) for example ,the angles, prophets and messengers, the Day of
Judgment and preordination of good or evil, are incontrovertible facts of Islam.
 Islam:
The creation of Pakistan was unique in the sense that it was based on the ideological
commitments in the light of the religion Islam. The term ‘ideology’ means science of ideas. It
contains those ideas that a nation strives to accomplish in order to bring stability to its
nationhood. The ideology grows amongst the dissatisfied group of society as a challenge to
the prevailing social set up. Pakistani ideology is based on the ideals of Islamic system and it
was a reaction to the Hindu and British exploitation of the Muslims. It was a revolt against
the prevailing system of India where the Hindu culture was forcibly imposed on the Muslims
of sub-continent and their culture. Pakistani ideology is based on the fact that the Muslims are
a separate nation, having their own civilization, their own customs, their own culture, their

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own religion and a totally different way of life from Hindus. Muslims cannot be merged in
any other nation because their philosophy of life is based on the principles of Islam. So,
Muslims of India found it extremely difficult to spend their lives according to the principles
of Islam in the United India. They were forced to demand separate homeland to keep their
religious as well as national identity. They could not amalgamate in each other’s way of life
to become one nation. The main reason for this difference between cultures, civilizations and
lifestyle of Muslims and Hindus was the religion of Islam that cannot be merged in any other
system. In Islam there is no one who could share the sovereignty of the Almighty God and to
consider any one equal to God is the biggest sin. While, on the other hand Hinduism is based
on the concept of multiple Gods. This is the main difference between Hindus and Muslims,
how a nation who believes in oneness of God lives together with a nation who believes in
multiplicity of God. There was a vast gulf of ideas between Hindus and Muslims, which
could not be bridged. As far as meaning and definition of Pakistan ideology is concerned, it
basically means that Pakistan should be a state, where the Muslims should have an
opportunity to live according to their faith and creed based on principles of Islam.

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(b) Establishment of Islamic democracy:
From the very beginning of Pakistan Movement
there was an agreement that the state will have
close relationship with Islam. Muslims defined their
national identity with reference to Islam and its
heritage. Some opposition came from the Congress members of the Constituent Assembly,
and a few secularists. There was a broad agreement that the state will identify itself with
Islam. The Constituent Assembly took time to define the precise relationship between the
state and Islam.
Accepting that Islam is a complete code of life, pioneers started their struggles for emerging
Islamic democratic system for the Muslims of the subcontinent under the ethics of “Deen e
Ilahi”.
In March 1949, Liaqat Ali Khan, first prime minister of Pakistan, moved a resolution that:
“Sovereignty belonged to God, and that the authority He had delegated to the state of
Pakistan, ‘through its people’ would be exercised ‘within the limits prescribed by Him”.
That the state would fully observe the principles of democracy, freedom, equality, tolerance,
and social justice as enunciated by Islam; and that it would enable Muslims to order their
individual and collective lives according to the teachings and requirements of Islam as set
forth in the Quran and Sunnah... Pakistan was created for the Muslims to live by Islamic
teachings and traditions”, this statement was a clear cut explanation of role of Islam in the
affairs of the state and society.

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(C) Revival of Muslims Nation and Identity:
Muslims were a separate nation, declared by Allah in Quran, but they were dragged back by
the British and Hindus to ruin their identity. Muslims were excluded from high positions and
were despised, despite their intelligence, ability, and integrity. The high administrative jobs
were given to the Britain and Hindus. They suggested that Muslims should not be allowed to
acquire higher education as that would make them arrogant. The theory of racial superiority
served to reserve the limited available resources of the kingdom for the benefit of the
privileged elite who did not want to share them with others.
Muslim community of the sub-continent rooted in their religio-cultural historical identity and
a shared perspective on their future against the backdrop of the political experience gained
during the British rule. He guided the Muslims of the sub-continent in their search for identity
and a secure future in the transformed political and economic environment of the 20th
Century.
Jinnah's main goal was the protection and advancement of the Muslim identity, rights and
interests. Jinnah worked towards promoting Hindu-Muslim harmony and co-operation. His

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support to Hindu-Muslim unity was contingent on provision of safeguards and constitutional
guarantees for the protection of Muslim’s identity, nationality and interests. In March 1929,
Jinnah delivered his famous address to the Muslim League, popularly known as Jinnah's
Fourteen Points, as the charter of the demands of the Muslims for any constitutional and
political framework for India. It was a rejoinder to the Nehru Report and a manifestation of
Jinnah's efforts to secure safeguards and guarantees for the identity, rights and interests of the
Muslim in British India. He repeated these demands on several occasions during 1929-34.
 Muslims-as a Nation:
Sir Syed used the word ‘nation’ for the Muslims. Some writers criticize that he declared
Hindus and Muslims one nation. But as a matter of fact, he advocated the Hindu-Muslim
unity that meant ‘the working relationship’ between the two nations as once he said:
“Hindus and Muslims should try to be of one mind in matters which affected their
progress”.
He favored separate electorate for the Muslims in 1883 saying that the majority would
override the interests of the minority.
(d) PROTECTION OF MUSLIM CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION:
Jinnah used the term NATION for the Muslims of India in Feb 1935 (Legislative Assembly).
He argued that the combination of religion, culture, race, arts, music and so forth make a
minority as separate identity. In March 1936 Bombay, he stated that the Muslims could arrive
at a settlement with Hindus as TWO Nations. In 1937, he asserted that there is also a third
party in India, the Muslims. In 1939, he roared that the Muslims and Hindus are two nations
and they are going to live as a nation and playing part as a nation: We are a nation with our
own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, names and nomenclature,

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sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, custom and calendar, history and
tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in 3 short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and
of life. By all cannons of international law, we are a nation.
 Islamic cultural aspects.
 Islamic civilization.
The Muslim nationalism is manifested with the sublime principles to implement like:
1. Rule of Law, socio-economic justice, equity and fair play.
2. Equality of opportunity to all citizens irrespective of caste, sect, religion or region.
3. Religious and Cultural tolerance.
4. Respect for human dignity and rights.
5. Protection of the rights and interests of non-Muslims and freedom to practice their
beliefs and religions.

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(e) TWO NATION THEORY:
Concept of Muslims as a Nation developed
before the establishment of Pakistan.
Pakistan was the product of this concept
of nationhood rather than Pakistan creating
a concept of nationhood. Retrospectively the
Muslim nationalism emerged with the advent of Islam that introduced new principles
pertinent to every sphere of life. It pledged the redemption of the humankind establishing a
benign society based on Qur’anic teachings. The beginning of the Muslim nationalism in the
Sub-Continent may be attributed to the first Indian who accepted Islam. The Arab traders had
introduced the new religion, Islam, in the Indian coastal areas. Muhammad bin Qasim was
the first Muslim invader who conquered some part of India and after that, Mahmud of
Ghazna launched 17 attacks and opened the gate to preach Islam. The Muslim Sufi (saints)
like Ali Hajveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etc. entered Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the vices
in the Indian society, presented the pure practical picture of the teachings of Islam and got
huge conversions. Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk permanently established Muslim dynasty in India
that followed Sultanate and Mughal dynasties. Thus a strong Muslim community had
emerged in India who had its own way of life, traditions, heroes, history and culture. Islam
could not be absorbed in Hinduism. Deen-e-Ilahi, Bakhti movements, etc. created reaction
amongst the Muslim ulama to preserve the pure Islamic character and save it from external
onslaught. Role of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and others is noteworthy. Equality and social
justice inspired conversions to Islam. The British won over the Muslim rulers due to the
industrial and scientific developments and modern war strategy. The War of Independence

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(1857) was a shattering setback to the Indian Muslims who were held responsible for the
rebellion by the British. The Muslims were put 1 into the backwardness with the help of
Hindus.
In 1885 the Indian National Congress was founded to indicate the beginning of the Indian
nationalist movement under the British. The Congress worked and helped the British rule. Sir
Syed advised the Muslims not to join it because, he thought, the Muslims were not in position
to involve into the anti-government activities. It has been argued that Sir Syed's fear of Hindu
domination sowed the seeds for the "Two Nations Theory" later espoused by the All-India
Muslim League, founded in 1906 and led to its demand for a separate state for the Muslims of
India. Sir Syed argued that modern education and non-political activities might be the key to
Muslim advancement. The Ali-Garh movement produced educated leadership who could
protect the Muslims’ rights on the Western political lines. All India Muslim League had been
founded in Dhaka to promote loyalty to the British and to protect and advance the political
rights and interests of the Muslims of India. Thus the concept of ‘separate electorates’ was
put forward to dawn a new day for the Indian Muslims.
 Served as basis of Pakistan:
The Two-Nation Theory served as the basis of demand for Pakistan by the Muslims in
British India. There are two major nations in British India. The Muslims are not a
community but a nation with a distinctive history, heritage, culture, civilization, and
future aspirations. The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity
and advance their interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with
their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic
majority. Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal
system of government with powers to the provinces for protection and advancement of
their heritage, identity and interests. Later, they demanded a separate state when neither

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the British nor the Hindu majority community was willing to offer those guarantees and
safeguards.
 Jinnah’s statement:
In 1939, Jinnah roared that the Muslims and Hindus
are two nations and they are going to live as a nation
and playing part as a nation: We are a nation with our
own distinctive culture and civilization, language
and literature, names and nomenclature, sense of values
and proportion, legal laws and moral code, custom and calendar, history and tradition,
aptitudes and ambitions; in 3 short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life.
By all cannons of international law, we are a nation.
(f) EMANCIPATION FROM PREJUDICIAL HINDU MAJORITY:
Hindus were in majority while Muslims were in minority, both nation were suffering from
conflicts and in justice to the Muslims who were in minority. While British was ruling the
subcontinent.
The British soon learned that the only way they could hold
on to power was by a policy of divide and rule. Creating
communal tensions, polarized the population and created this divide. This was, by no means,
sudden. In fact it was a gradual process that slowly infected and corrupted the very roots of

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the independence movement. Muslims came to form one fourth ¼ of the population of the
subcontinent.
(g) ESTABLISHMENT OF A BALANCED ECONOMIC SYSTEM:
The Muslims of sub-continent were facing
financial crises because of injustice and
non-balanced economic system to lead
both of the nations on a common track.
Economic conditions of Muslims were worst at that time they made the transition to modern
economic life more slowly than the region’s Hindus. In the first half of the twentieth century,
they were relatively less likely to use large-scale and long-living economic organizations, and
less likely to serve on corporate boards. Providing evidence, this paper also explores the
institutional roots of the difference in communal trajectories. Whereas Hindu inheritance
practices favored capital accumulation within families and the preservation of family fortunes
across generations, the Islamic inheritance system, which the British helped to enforce,
tended to fragment family wealth.

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GOALS OF BASIS OF CREATION OF PAKISTAN
 To promote friendly relationship and unanimity of purpose among physical therapists in
Pakistan and throughout the world.
 To promote right understanding and unanimity among its member in particular and
community in general on all subjects involving their common goods and safe gaud their
interest.
 To consider and deal with all administrative matters concerning capacity building and
skill enhancement of members and devise ways and means to overcome any difficulties
or problems arising in connection therewith.
 To advance, develop, protect, safeguard and promote the right, interest and privileges of
physical therapists in Pakistan.
 To stimulate the spirit of mutual self-help on principle of co-operation among the
members of the association.

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 To disseminate information among the members and to collect, print, publish, circulate
information, which may be deemed conductive to the objective of association.
 To attempt for settlement or compromise or arbitration of any disputes at arising among
members if agreed upon by aggrieved parties.
 To work for eradication of unethical business practices from the field of physical therapy
in particular and treatment/rehabilitation of persons with disabilities in general.
 To make a presentation to the local and provincial authorities on any matter concerned
with the field of physical therapy.
 To appoint the delegation to present the case of members before the authorities on any
matter concerned as well as council formation at Govt. level.
 To elect or nominate the members to represent the association on any local or public
body.
 To buy, acquire, take on lease or by way of transfer, movable or immovable property of
the association.
 To file, prosecute or defend any action, suit, application appeals for or conductive to the
objectives of the association.
 To subscribe, secure affiliation with Govt. of Pakistan and develop resources, career
opportunities for the physical therapists in the public as well as in the private sector.
 To carry out all such other lawful functions as may be incidental or conductive to
attainment of above aims & objective.

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 To create sense of good relation, respect and morality among the seniors and junior
members of the council and to motivate juniors to take professional advantages of
knowledge of seniors to regulate the conduct of members of the association to be in
accordance with the norms of good ethics and morality.
 To nominate delegates for participation in national and international
seminars/exhibitions/forums.
 To promote technical education and training of all associated with Physical Therapy
including EBP, CPD and Research.

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REFRENCES
 Dawnblog
 Pdf (e-books)
 Subcride
 Slideshare
 PakistanStudies by M.R Kazmi
 Jinnah Indian Partition-Independence by JaswatSingh

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