GSM is a digital mobile telephone system used globally. It uses TDMA and operates at frequencies like 900MHz and 1800MHz. GSM allows roaming between countries via agreements between operators. When a call comes in, the gateway MSC pages the location register to find the phone's location and route the call. The system allows features like call forwarding, voicemail, and SMS text messaging. Security and roaming are important aspects of GSM networks.
Operation and mainetainence of switch pptIsha Negi
This document discusses various topics related to telecommunications systems including:
1. An overview of the Tata group, a global conglomerate headquartered in India with over $96 billion in revenue across many industries.
2. Descriptions of GSM and CDMA mobile communication standards including their history, key aspects like frequency bands and access methods.
3. Components of cellular networks including switching systems, HLR, MSC, VLR, and other databases.
4. Concepts like PRI interfaces, E1 carriers, signaling channels, and call tracing tools.
This document provides a report on a 4-week industrial training at Greater Noida Institute of Technology in Basic Telecom at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). The report includes an acknowledgment, preface, table of contents, and 12 chapters that describe BSNL, the workings of telecommunication networks including call setup and exchanges, conventional leased line systems, intranets, wireless technologies like Wi-Fi and GSM, fiber optic transmission, and conclusions. The training covered concepts of leased lines, WiMAX, optical fiber, and an overview of intranets.
This document provides an overview of Vodafone's organizational history and Mumbai network. Vodafone is the largest mobile network operator in the world, operating in 25 countries with over 300 million customers globally. The Mumbai network is one of Vodafone's widest networks in India, divided into 5 zones covering Lower Parel, Santa Cruz, Borivali, Thane, and Vashi. It utilizes Ericsson hardware and has over 2,300 cell sites and 5,900 cells to serve 28 million subscribers in the region.
BSNL SUMMER TRAINING REPORT BY KANAV MANSOTRAKanav Mansotra
This document provides a 3 paragraph summary of a 4 page industrial training report submitted by Kanav Mansotra at the BSNL Exchange in Kathua on basic telecom technologies from 2012-2016. The report discusses the company profile of BSNL and provides an introduction to telecom networks, switching technologies, mobile communication, and transmission. It acknowledges those who assisted with the report and thanks the department of BSNL for guidance and support in completing the project.
This document provides an overview of a summer training report completed by Avaneesh Kumar Rai at BSNL Exchange in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The report includes acknowledgments, an introduction on BSNL and its objectives, and sections covering various telecommunication topics studied during the training, such as broadband, GSM, antennas, CDMA, wireless technologies, and fiber optics. The training aimed to provide practical exposure and understanding of technical aspects involved in the telecommunications industry.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Rajan Meena to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree from Rajasthan Technical University. The report summarizes Rajan's 28-day training with Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. The report provides an overview of BSNL's role in India's telecommunications sector and describes key components of BSNL's basic telecommunications network, including call setup, electronic exchanges, carrier rooms, main distribution frames, and power plants. It also covers topics taught during the training like leased lines, intranets, corporate networks, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and GSM.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is India's largest telecommunications company that provides various telecom services across India. It operates through telephone exchanges that house switching equipment to facilitate call connections. The exchanges have different components like the main distribution frame for fault removal, power plants for electricity supply, and switch rooms containing cabinets for routing calls. BSNL also offers broadband internet through technologies like ADSL that provide high-speed connectivity to customers via the existing telephone network infrastructure.
Operation and mainetainence of switch pptIsha Negi
This document discusses various topics related to telecommunications systems including:
1. An overview of the Tata group, a global conglomerate headquartered in India with over $96 billion in revenue across many industries.
2. Descriptions of GSM and CDMA mobile communication standards including their history, key aspects like frequency bands and access methods.
3. Components of cellular networks including switching systems, HLR, MSC, VLR, and other databases.
4. Concepts like PRI interfaces, E1 carriers, signaling channels, and call tracing tools.
This document provides a report on a 4-week industrial training at Greater Noida Institute of Technology in Basic Telecom at Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). The report includes an acknowledgment, preface, table of contents, and 12 chapters that describe BSNL, the workings of telecommunication networks including call setup and exchanges, conventional leased line systems, intranets, wireless technologies like Wi-Fi and GSM, fiber optic transmission, and conclusions. The training covered concepts of leased lines, WiMAX, optical fiber, and an overview of intranets.
This document provides an overview of Vodafone's organizational history and Mumbai network. Vodafone is the largest mobile network operator in the world, operating in 25 countries with over 300 million customers globally. The Mumbai network is one of Vodafone's widest networks in India, divided into 5 zones covering Lower Parel, Santa Cruz, Borivali, Thane, and Vashi. It utilizes Ericsson hardware and has over 2,300 cell sites and 5,900 cells to serve 28 million subscribers in the region.
BSNL SUMMER TRAINING REPORT BY KANAV MANSOTRAKanav Mansotra
This document provides a 3 paragraph summary of a 4 page industrial training report submitted by Kanav Mansotra at the BSNL Exchange in Kathua on basic telecom technologies from 2012-2016. The report discusses the company profile of BSNL and provides an introduction to telecom networks, switching technologies, mobile communication, and transmission. It acknowledges those who assisted with the report and thanks the department of BSNL for guidance and support in completing the project.
This document provides an overview of a summer training report completed by Avaneesh Kumar Rai at BSNL Exchange in Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. The report includes acknowledgments, an introduction on BSNL and its objectives, and sections covering various telecommunication topics studied during the training, such as broadband, GSM, antennas, CDMA, wireless technologies, and fiber optics. The training aimed to provide practical exposure and understanding of technical aspects involved in the telecommunications industry.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Rajan Meena to fulfill requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree from Rajasthan Technical University. The report summarizes Rajan's 28-day training with Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. The report provides an overview of BSNL's role in India's telecommunications sector and describes key components of BSNL's basic telecommunications network, including call setup, electronic exchanges, carrier rooms, main distribution frames, and power plants. It also covers topics taught during the training like leased lines, intranets, corporate networks, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and GSM.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is India's largest telecommunications company that provides various telecom services across India. It operates through telephone exchanges that house switching equipment to facilitate call connections. The exchanges have different components like the main distribution frame for fault removal, power plants for electricity supply, and switch rooms containing cabinets for routing calls. BSNL also offers broadband internet through technologies like ADSL that provide high-speed connectivity to customers via the existing telephone network infrastructure.
This document is an inplant training report submitted by Aswinkumar.R during his training at BSNL in Chennai from July 24th to August 7th 2014. It includes sections on the company profile of BSNL, an introduction to telecommunication technologies used including exchanges, local and trunk lines, PCM, fibre optics and mobile communication technologies like GSM and CDMA. It provides a high-level overview of the technologies and systems used at BSNL for telecom services.
(1) BSNL provides various telecommunication services across India including landline, cellular, broadband, and enterprise solutions. (2) A telecommunication network consists of exchanges, distribution frames, and switch rooms to connect subscribers and route calls. (3) BSNL offers different internet technologies like leased lines, WiFi, GPRS, and broadband to provide high-speed connectivity to users.
This document provides a summary of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. BSNL offers various communication services across India except Delhi and Mumbai. It discusses BSNL's services, organizational structure, financial information and key departments within the company's exchanges - including mobile, transmission, power and customer care sections. The report aims to introduce the reader to BSNL and provide an overview of its operations.
The document provides an overview of training on basics of telecom provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). It details the various services offered by BSNL including landline, broadband, lease lines, and mobile networks. Statistics on telephone subscribers in 2016 show urban areas had the majority of wireless users while rural areas had more wireline connections. The document also describes BSNL's infrastructure including digital connectivity, signaling systems, handling of long distance calls, billing, power supply, and its transition to next generation networks.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 3G. It provides an overview of 1G analog networks, 2G digital networks including GSM and CDMA, and the transition technologies 2.5G and 2.75G. It then focuses on defining 3G as the next generation mobile standard providing multimedia services and broadband data speeds.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication networks and technologies. It begins with an acknowledgement and certificate, then introduces concepts like leased lines, intranets, corporate networks, and wireless technologies. Leased lines provide dedicated bandwidth between two points and are important for businesses. Managed leased line networks allow for centralized monitoring and control. Intranets allow internal sharing of information over a local area network. Corporate networks connect dispersed local networks and enable secure communication and resource sharing. Wireless technologies discussed include WiFi, WiMAX and GSM for mobile communication.
The document provides an overview of training received at BSNL in Muzaffarpur, India. It discusses BSNL's services including basic telephony using exchanges, distribution frames, and lines. It also covers mobile communication technologies like GSM and CDMA as well as internet and broadband. The training covered company profiles, exchanges, trunk lines, PCM technology, and developments in the Indian telecommunications sector and policies.
This document provides an overview of broadband and wireless communication technologies. It begins with definitions of broadband and a brief history of the development of the Internet. It then discusses GSM technology including its definition, history, and architecture. It also covers antenna types including omni-directional and directional antennas. The document aims to introduce concepts related to broadband networks and wireless communications.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) training presentation, Industrial training completed successfully in BSNL,Hardoi. here studied the infrastructure and working of Telecom Industry.
In B.S.N.L., training is given to Engineering Aspirants to secure future in the dynamic
world of telecommunications. Today telecommunication industry is one of the very
fastest growing industries in the world.
In this order I have taken 60 days BSNL training. In my report I try to introduce
Telephone exchange and its switching system, MDF and Leased line concepts,
Multiplexing and PCM principles, optical fiber communication principles, GSM network
architecture, Broadband and Wi-Fi principles.
This document provides a summary of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. It discusses that BSNL is the world's seventh largest telecom company and its responsibilities include improving existing telecom services, expanding rural services, and building customer confidence. It offers various telecom services across India such as wireless, mobile, internet, broadband, and voice over IP. The document also provides an overview of BSNL's telecommunication network including telephone exchanges, main distribution frames, and switch rooms.
Industrial training report on GSM Techology at BSNLAnshul Joshi
This document is an industrial report submitted by Anshul Joshi towards the partial fulfillment of requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It provides an acknowledgment, declaration, table of contents, and begins discussing the introduction and basic concepts of GSM technology, including definitions, the evolution of mobile telephone systems, and specifications of GSM. It also provides figures and discusses growth in cellular subscribers worldwide.
This document summarizes information about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the seventh largest telecommunications company in the world. It provides an overview of BSNL's services and sections within telephone exchanges, including the main distribution frame room, power room, PCM room, switch room, optical fiber cable section, broadband section, and mobile section. It also describes technologies used like DWDM, signaling, PDH and SDH multiplexing hierarchies, and defines key terms like STM.
The document provides an introduction to CDMA and wireless services offered by MTNL in India. It discusses the differences between CDMA and GSM technologies, including how CDMA allows more space for data transfer by separating data and voice using codes. It also describes some key components of CDMA networks like MSC, BSC, HLR and how a BTS sector can serve multiple users. It defines terms like MEID, IMEI and OTA programming used in mobile communication security.
The document summarizes the key infrastructure and services provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's largest public sector telecommunication company. BSNL owns India's largest optical fiber cable network and digital microwave network. It provides various telecom services including fixed line, broadband, mobile, internet across India. The core infrastructure includes optical fiber cables, digital wavelength division multiplexing network, switching modules, communication modules, administrative modules, batteries, UPS systems, diesel generators, and main distribution frames. BSNL's telecom services portfolio covers voice, mobile, broadband, internet, IPTV, FTTH, 3G and emerging technologies.
The document provides definitions for various telecommunications abbreviations and terms. Some key points:
- 711 refers to the telecommunications relay service number for people with speech or hearing disabilities.
- 802.11 refers to IEEE standards for wireless LAN specifications including speeds of 1Mbps, 2Mbps, 11Mbps, and 24Mbps.
- 1.5-Way Paging and 1.7-Way Paging refer to different levels of messaging capabilities for paging services.
- Mobile wireless technologies are organized into generations (1G to 5G) with increasing data transmission capabilities and use of digital protocols.
This document provides an overview of technologies used in communication and networking at BSNL Jhansi. It discusses BSNL's history and services, including landline, broadband, and mobile services. It describes telephone exchanges and networking infrastructure. It also covers mobile technologies like GSM, GPRS, and 3G, explaining their architectures and data speeds. Finally, it introduces the OSI networking model and its seven layers.
A PRESENTATION DESIGNED BY DESHBANDHU KUMAR.KMNKJKJKJKJKJKJKJKJKJHL;SKFJLKJFELFGHEHG;EJHNSRjLGHNSKLJGFHNLGHNSLVHEHFLWJKFLWKF;NSLJNVDSLVNSklNMLK;VJVJ;LKVJ;KLVJS;VJG
Why do some messages resonate (per Nancy Duarte) and some messages fall flat? This is what I wondered as I watched a recent movement on Facebook go viral. The concept was simple, you changed your profile picture to a cartoon from your childhood and then copied and pasted a statement in your status requesting all your friends do the same. The statement said this movement was to raise awareness of child abuse. And the response was phenomenal.
After two months of research on the psychology of motivation and persuasion I have the answer to my questions.
i wanted to share what I’ve learned with you so I’ve taken this research, selected the theories that I felt were most useful to presenters and made a fully interactive tutorial. Through this tutorial you’ll learn what moves us and how to make your message more persuasive.
Msw logo application user manual for teacherfarah510
This user manual provides instructions for teachers on using an MSWLogo application for teaching LOGO programming lessons. It outlines downloading the application, going through LOGO introduction and basic command tutorials by clicking links on the page, and finding lesson plans, assessments, and additional resources through tabs. Teachers can access slides, student progress reports, and download the application from the Resources tab.
This document is an inplant training report submitted by Aswinkumar.R during his training at BSNL in Chennai from July 24th to August 7th 2014. It includes sections on the company profile of BSNL, an introduction to telecommunication technologies used including exchanges, local and trunk lines, PCM, fibre optics and mobile communication technologies like GSM and CDMA. It provides a high-level overview of the technologies and systems used at BSNL for telecom services.
(1) BSNL provides various telecommunication services across India including landline, cellular, broadband, and enterprise solutions. (2) A telecommunication network consists of exchanges, distribution frames, and switch rooms to connect subscribers and route calls. (3) BSNL offers different internet technologies like leased lines, WiFi, GPRS, and broadband to provide high-speed connectivity to users.
This document provides a summary of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. BSNL offers various communication services across India except Delhi and Mumbai. It discusses BSNL's services, organizational structure, financial information and key departments within the company's exchanges - including mobile, transmission, power and customer care sections. The report aims to introduce the reader to BSNL and provide an overview of its operations.
The document provides an overview of training on basics of telecom provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). It details the various services offered by BSNL including landline, broadband, lease lines, and mobile networks. Statistics on telephone subscribers in 2016 show urban areas had the majority of wireless users while rural areas had more wireline connections. The document also describes BSNL's infrastructure including digital connectivity, signaling systems, handling of long distance calls, billing, power supply, and its transition to next generation networks.
The document discusses the evolution of mobile communication technologies from 1G to 3G. It provides an overview of 1G analog networks, 2G digital networks including GSM and CDMA, and the transition technologies 2.5G and 2.75G. It then focuses on defining 3G as the next generation mobile standard providing multimedia services and broadband data speeds.
This document provides an overview of telecommunication networks and technologies. It begins with an acknowledgement and certificate, then introduces concepts like leased lines, intranets, corporate networks, and wireless technologies. Leased lines provide dedicated bandwidth between two points and are important for businesses. Managed leased line networks allow for centralized monitoring and control. Intranets allow internal sharing of information over a local area network. Corporate networks connect dispersed local networks and enable secure communication and resource sharing. Wireless technologies discussed include WiFi, WiMAX and GSM for mobile communication.
The document provides an overview of training received at BSNL in Muzaffarpur, India. It discusses BSNL's services including basic telephony using exchanges, distribution frames, and lines. It also covers mobile communication technologies like GSM and CDMA as well as internet and broadband. The training covered company profiles, exchanges, trunk lines, PCM technology, and developments in the Indian telecommunications sector and policies.
This document provides an overview of broadband and wireless communication technologies. It begins with definitions of broadband and a brief history of the development of the Internet. It then discusses GSM technology including its definition, history, and architecture. It also covers antenna types including omni-directional and directional antennas. The document aims to introduce concepts related to broadband networks and wireless communications.
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) training presentation, Industrial training completed successfully in BSNL,Hardoi. here studied the infrastructure and working of Telecom Industry.
In B.S.N.L., training is given to Engineering Aspirants to secure future in the dynamic
world of telecommunications. Today telecommunication industry is one of the very
fastest growing industries in the world.
In this order I have taken 60 days BSNL training. In my report I try to introduce
Telephone exchange and its switching system, MDF and Leased line concepts,
Multiplexing and PCM principles, optical fiber communication principles, GSM network
architecture, Broadband and Wi-Fi principles.
This document provides a summary of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecommunications company. It discusses that BSNL is the world's seventh largest telecom company and its responsibilities include improving existing telecom services, expanding rural services, and building customer confidence. It offers various telecom services across India such as wireless, mobile, internet, broadband, and voice over IP. The document also provides an overview of BSNL's telecommunication network including telephone exchanges, main distribution frames, and switch rooms.
Industrial training report on GSM Techology at BSNLAnshul Joshi
This document is an industrial report submitted by Anshul Joshi towards the partial fulfillment of requirements for a Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering. It provides an acknowledgment, declaration, table of contents, and begins discussing the introduction and basic concepts of GSM technology, including definitions, the evolution of mobile telephone systems, and specifications of GSM. It also provides figures and discusses growth in cellular subscribers worldwide.
This document summarizes information about Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the seventh largest telecommunications company in the world. It provides an overview of BSNL's services and sections within telephone exchanges, including the main distribution frame room, power room, PCM room, switch room, optical fiber cable section, broadband section, and mobile section. It also describes technologies used like DWDM, signaling, PDH and SDH multiplexing hierarchies, and defines key terms like STM.
The document provides an introduction to CDMA and wireless services offered by MTNL in India. It discusses the differences between CDMA and GSM technologies, including how CDMA allows more space for data transfer by separating data and voice using codes. It also describes some key components of CDMA networks like MSC, BSC, HLR and how a BTS sector can serve multiple users. It defines terms like MEID, IMEI and OTA programming used in mobile communication security.
The document summarizes the key infrastructure and services provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's largest public sector telecommunication company. BSNL owns India's largest optical fiber cable network and digital microwave network. It provides various telecom services including fixed line, broadband, mobile, internet across India. The core infrastructure includes optical fiber cables, digital wavelength division multiplexing network, switching modules, communication modules, administrative modules, batteries, UPS systems, diesel generators, and main distribution frames. BSNL's telecom services portfolio covers voice, mobile, broadband, internet, IPTV, FTTH, 3G and emerging technologies.
The document provides definitions for various telecommunications abbreviations and terms. Some key points:
- 711 refers to the telecommunications relay service number for people with speech or hearing disabilities.
- 802.11 refers to IEEE standards for wireless LAN specifications including speeds of 1Mbps, 2Mbps, 11Mbps, and 24Mbps.
- 1.5-Way Paging and 1.7-Way Paging refer to different levels of messaging capabilities for paging services.
- Mobile wireless technologies are organized into generations (1G to 5G) with increasing data transmission capabilities and use of digital protocols.
This document provides an overview of technologies used in communication and networking at BSNL Jhansi. It discusses BSNL's history and services, including landline, broadband, and mobile services. It describes telephone exchanges and networking infrastructure. It also covers mobile technologies like GSM, GPRS, and 3G, explaining their architectures and data speeds. Finally, it introduces the OSI networking model and its seven layers.
A PRESENTATION DESIGNED BY DESHBANDHU KUMAR.KMNKJKJKJKJKJKJKJKJKJHL;SKFJLKJFELFGHEHG;EJHNSRjLGHNSKLJGFHNLGHNSLVHEHFLWJKFLWKF;NSLJNVDSLVNSklNMLK;VJVJ;LKVJ;KLVJS;VJG
Why do some messages resonate (per Nancy Duarte) and some messages fall flat? This is what I wondered as I watched a recent movement on Facebook go viral. The concept was simple, you changed your profile picture to a cartoon from your childhood and then copied and pasted a statement in your status requesting all your friends do the same. The statement said this movement was to raise awareness of child abuse. And the response was phenomenal.
After two months of research on the psychology of motivation and persuasion I have the answer to my questions.
i wanted to share what I’ve learned with you so I’ve taken this research, selected the theories that I felt were most useful to presenters and made a fully interactive tutorial. Through this tutorial you’ll learn what moves us and how to make your message more persuasive.
Msw logo application user manual for teacherfarah510
This user manual provides instructions for teachers on using an MSWLogo application for teaching LOGO programming lessons. It outlines downloading the application, going through LOGO introduction and basic command tutorials by clicking links on the page, and finding lesson plans, assessments, and additional resources through tabs. Teachers can access slides, student progress reports, and download the application from the Resources tab.
Master Chef’s are fond of saying, “We eat with our eyes first”, but did you know there’s research to back it up? A study in the late 1970’s showed that, when we find food more appealing, not only do we enjoy it more we also absorb more nutrients from it. Subsequent studies have validated this finding.
Because human beings are holistic entities, it stands to reason that if our bodies absorb more nutrition from foods we find appealing, then our minds are likely to absorb more information from presentations that we find appealing as well.
This tutorial covers all aspects of presenting using a cookbook metaphor.
Thuy Thi Phuong NGO completed a 6 month internship at the Central Hospital for Transport and Communications in Hanoi, Vietnam. As an intern in the finance and accounting department, she assisted with daily transactions and paperwork for insurance and extra patient fees. Through the internship, she learned about the financial systems of state hospitals in Vietnam and gained valuable lessons about workplace culture, priorities, and networking. After the internship, she hopes to continue working in the healthcare sector.
This document provides a tutorial on Gestalt principles of visual perception. It discusses how Gestalt psychologists identified consistent behaviors in how the mind groups visual information. The tutorial is organized into sections on key Gestalt principles like figure/ground organization, proximity, closure, and presents examples to illustrate each principle. It also discusses how understanding these principles can help presenters design effective slides that communicate messages clearly to audiences.
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is the second generation (2G) digital cellular standard developed in Europe in the 1980s. It uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously. The key components of a GSM network are the base station, base station controller, mobile switching center, home location register, and visitor location register. GSM networks operate on various frequency bands and use logical channels to transmit different types of information like voice calls, SMS messages, and signaling data. GSM became the most widely used 2G standard globally due to its widespread adoption in Europe and other regions.
The document summarizes key aspects of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) technology including its history, specifications, network architecture, components, services, and future developments. Specifically, it discusses the RF spectrum used by GSM, its TDMA access method, modulation techniques, network subsystems like the MSC, HLR, VLR, authentication center, radio subsystems including the BSC and BTS. It also covers mobile station components, mobile identification numbers, call origination and termination processes, and developments like 2.5G and 3G technologies.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) digital cellular network. It describes that GSM networks use digital technology and operate across international boundaries in a consistent manner. It then discusses key aspects of GSM including its frequencies, features, network components, and how frequency reuse allows for increased call capacity.
The GSM network is comprised of the following components:
Network Elements
The GSM network incorporates a number of network elements to support mobile equipment. They are listed and described in the GSM network elements section of this chapter.
GSM subsystems
In addition, the network includes subsystems that are not formally recognized as network elements but are necessary for network operation. These are described in the GSM subsystems (non-network elements) section of this chapter.
Standardized Interfaces
GSM specifies standards for interfaces between network elements, which ensure the connectivity of GSM equipment from different manufacturers. These are listed in the Standardized interfaces section of this chapter.
Network Protocols
For most of the network communications on these interfaces, internationally recognized communications protocols have been used
These are identified in the Network protocols section of this chapter.
GSM Frequencies
The frequency allocations for GSM 900, Extended GSM and Digital Communications Systems are identified in the GSM frequencies section of this chapter.
GSM networks are digital and can cater for high system capacities. They are consistent with the world wide digitization of the telephone network, and are an extension of the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), using a digital radio interface between the cellular network and the mobile subscriber equipment
The GSM system provides a greater subscriber capacity than analogue systems. GSM allows 25 kHz. Per user, that is, eight conversations per 200kHz. Channel pair (a pair comprising one transmit channel and one receive channel). Digital channel coding and the modulation used makes the signal resistant to interference from the cells where the same frequencies are re-used (co-channel interference); a Carrier to Interference Ratio (C/I) level of 9 dB is achieved, as opposed to the 18 dB typical with analogue cellular. This allows increased geographic reuse by permitting a reduction in the number of cells in the reuse pattern. Since this number is directly controlled by the amount of interference, the radio transmission design can deliver acceptable performance.
The document provides an introduction to the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). It describes that GSM is a set of recommendations and specifications for a digital cellular telephone network that ensures compatibility between equipment from different manufacturers. It divides the service area into regions called cells, with each cell having equipment to transmit and receive calls within its radio coverage area. The document then discusses various components of the GSM network including the mobile station, SIM card, base station subsystem, mobile switching center, home location register, visitor location register, and authentication center. It also covers frequency bands, handovers, and security features of GSM.
The GSM standard was developed by the Groupe SpecialMobile, which was an initiative of the Conference of European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT) administrations.
The responsibility for GSM standardization now resides with the
Special Mobile Group (SMG) under the European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI).
Fully digital system utilizing the 900MHz frequency band.
TDMA over radiocarriers(200 kHz carrier spacing)
8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier
User/terminal authentication for fraud control
Encryption of speech and data transmissions over the radio path
Full international roaming capability
Low speed data services (upto 9.6kb/s)
Compatibility with ISDN for supplementary services
Support of short message services(SMS)
GSM supports a range of basic and supplementary services, and these services are defined analogous to those for ISDN(i.e.,bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services).
The most important service supported by GSM is Telephony.
Other services derived from telephony included in the GSM specification are emergency calling and voice messaging.
Bearer services supported in GSM include various asynchronous and synchronous data services for information transfer.
Teleservices based on these bearer services include group 3 fax and short message service(SMS)
The data capabilities of GSM have now been enhanced to include high speed circiut-switched data(HSCSD) and general packet radio service (GPRS).
Call offering services call forwarding
Call resrtiction services call barring
Call waiting service
Call hold service
Multi party service tele conferencing
Calling line presentation restriction services
Advice of charge service
Closed user group service
The GSM System comprises of Base Transceiver Station (BTS), Base Station Controllers (BSC), Mobile Switching Centers (MSC), and set of registers (databases) to assist in mobility management and security functions.
All signaling between the MSC and the various registers (databases) as well as between the MSCs takes place using the Signaling System 7(SS7) network, with the application level messages using the Mobile Application Protocol (MAP) designed specifically for GSM.
The MAP protocol utilizes the lower layer functions from the SS7 protocol stack.
Problems on understanding old radiomobile technologies? Do you need something fast and useful for refreshing your knowledgs? Have a look on this document! Very easy and customized for everybody...from beginners to advanced engineers!
This document describes a GSM-based anti-theft system for vehicles. The system uses a microcontroller and GSM modem to send SMS alerts to the vehicle owner's phone if the vehicle alarm is triggered. This provides immediate notification even if the thief gets away with the car, allowing the owner to quickly contact authorities. The system components include a microcontroller, GSM modem, and power supply to integrate wireless features and allow the modem to send SMS messages by serially transferring AT commands.
Mobile computing devices can be categorized as display-only devices, info pad models with limited processing, laptop computers, and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Mobile stations in a mobile network comprise the user equipment and software needed for communication. A GSM network consists of mobile stations, the base station subsystem including base transceiver stations (BTS) and base station controllers (BSC), and the network switching subsystem including mobile switching centers (MSCs) and databases. Mobile stations contain a mobile equipment component and a subscriber identity module (SIM) card. Ad hoc networks allow wireless nodes to connect and communicate without a preexisting infrastructure by forming a temporary network.
This document discusses VoIP in mobile communication. It provides an overview of how VoIP works using packet switching instead of circuit switching. It then discusses mobile communication standards like GSM and 3G. It explores how VoIP can be used with wireless phones and whether VoIP is likely to be adopted by mobile carriers. While mobile VoIP is growing, the document argues that mobile carriers will not adopt VoIP themselves due to bandwidth constraints and lack of technological advantages over existing standards like GSM.
The document concludes that VoIP subscriber growth is entering the mainstream in the US, especially for residential and business use over the next few years, though full migration will take much longer as traditional phone networks still dominate mobile communication globally.
The main aim of the project will be to design a SMS driven automatic display toolkit which can replace the currently used programmable electronic display.
.
This document describes a GSM-based anti-theft system for vehicles. The system uses a microcontroller and GSM modem to send SMS alerts to the vehicle owner's phone if the vehicle security is triggered. When the vehicle alarm is activated by forced entry or a motion sensor, the in-vehicle phone will send an SMS to the owner's mobile phone to immediately notify them in case the thief gets away with the car. The system aims to reduce vehicle theft by providing quicker alerts to owners when the security is breached even if the owner is far from the vehicle. The key components are a microcontroller, GSM modem, and power supply to allow wireless SMS communication between the in-vehicle device and the owner's mobile
CDMA allows multiple signals to occupy the same frequency channel by using unique codes to distinguish each signal. It works by converting analog voice signals to digital, encoding and channelizing the signals using codes, and transmitting the coded digital signals simultaneously over the same frequency. The receiving device uses the same codes to extract the intended signal from the multiple signals in the channel. CDMA provides advantages like increased capacity, better call quality, and lower radiation compared to other technologies.
GSM is a second generation cellular standard developed to provide both voice services and data delivery using digital modulation. It has a network subsystem, radio subsystem and operation and maintenance subsystem. The network subsystem includes components like the MSC, HLR, VLR, AUC and EIR which perform functions like call processing, subscriber authentication and location management. The radio subsystem consists of the BSC and BTS and handles functions related to the air interface. The operation and maintenance subsystem handles network monitoring, configuration and fault management. GSM provides advantages like improved spectrum efficiency, international roaming, support for new services and high quality speech.
GSM is a digital cellular technology used worldwide for mobile voice and data services. It was developed to create a common European mobile standard and uses TDMA to allow multiple users to access the network simultaneously over the same frequency channel. The key components of GSM are the mobile station (phone), base station subsystem (base transceiver station and base station controller), and the network switching subsystem (including the home and visitor location registers). GSM provides services like voice calls, text messaging, and data transmission and allows international roaming between compatible networks.
The document provides information on the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). It discusses the evolution and standards of GSM, the architecture including components like the BSS, NSS and interfaces. It describes the radio interface technology used in GSM, call flow, and different types of handovers between network elements.
This document provides an overview of mobile telecommunication systems including GSM, GPRS, and UMTS. It describes:
- The key components and architecture of GSM networks including the radio subsystem (mobile station and base station), networking and switching subsystem (MSC, HLR, VLR), and operation subsystem.
- The services provided by GSM like bearer services, teleservices, and supplementary services.
- Enhancements to GSM like GPRS which improved data transfer rates and UMTS which supported higher speech quality and data rates.
- How the transition from GSM to UMTS involved upgrades to network elements like the BTS, BSC, and addition of new
This presentation covers:
How evolution has happened from First Generation Mobile Communication Systems to present day 3G/UMTS/WCMDA systems
Brief introduction of each Generation: GSM - 2G, 2.5 G - GPRS, 2.75G - EDGE, 3G and then LTE/4G
The document discusses location management for roaming mobile subscribers in 2G and 3G cellular networks. It describes how in 2G networks, location is managed using home and visitor location registers (HLR and VLR). In 3G networks, an additional node called the gateway location register (GLR) is introduced, which acts as an HLR in the visited network to reduce signaling costs associated with location updates of roaming subscribers between the visited and home networks. The GLR downloads subscriber data from the HLR and handles location updates from the VLR without involving the HLR directly.
1. Pakdo Life Ka Har Signal
Nayan Shah (082141)
Amit B. Shah (082101)
Deepak (082123)
Ashish Sidiquuie (082107)
Videocon Group
Videocon Industries Limited is an India-based company. The Company's business comprises two
core businesses: the manufacturing, assembly, marketing and distribution of consumer electronic
2. products and home appliances, and oil and gas exploration and production. It manufactures and
assembles and/or distributes a range of consumer electronic products and home appliances,
including color televisions, home entertainment systems, liquid crystal display televisions,
refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, small appliances, glass shells (panels and
funnels), compressors/motors and other components. Its subsidiaries include Paramount Global
Ltd., Global Energy Inc., Sky Billion Trading Ltd., Videocon Global Ltd., Venus Corporation
Ltd. and Powerking Corporation Ltd., among others. In March 2010, Videocon Industries Ltd.'s
unit, Videocon Telecommunications Ltd., launched mobile services based on the global system
for mobile platform.
The Videocon group has constantly leveraged a culture of innovation to develop a range of
market re-defining products. The Group has several manufacturing facilities globally and R&D
centers spread across Americas, Europe and Australasia that are creating global quality products
deploying the most up-to-date technology.
Videocon has one of the largest distribution networks in India with a nation-wide presence.
Apart from having a stronghold in the domestic market, the company has a significant market
share in the global arena as well. Videocon exports consumer electronics and home appliances to
markets in the Middle East and Europe, West Asia, Latin America and South East Asia.
Videocon has also present in Stock Exchange.
Officers and directors
Venugopal N. Dhoot Executive Chairman of the Board, Managing Director
K. R. Kim Chief Executive Officer
3. Shekhar Jyoti Vice President - Corporate Human Resources
Vinod Kumar Bohra Company Secretary, Compliance Officer
Pradipkumar N. Dhoot Whole Time Director
Birgit Gunilla Antonio
Nordstrom
Non-Executive Non-Independent Director - Nominee of AB Electrolux
(Publ)
S. Padmanabhan Independent Director
Satya Pal Talwar Non-Executive Independent Director
Technology and Cellular Service Providers in India
Mobile phones were introduced in India a decade ago but within small period of time it has
become an essential thing in our life. Today in India almost all cities, towns and many
villages are covered by major mobile phone operators.
4. Technology
Mobile phone service providers divide each city into small cells and install a mobile phone
tower in each cells so it is also called cellular phones. In cellular service there are two main
technologies – GSM and CDMA. GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communications
and CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access.
GSM
GSM service is available in more than 200 countries and is used by around 2 billion people
worldwide. Normally GSM networks operate in 900 MHz or 1800 MHz. Another important
feature of GSM is Subscriber Identity Module or SIM Card. It is a small smartcard which
contains subscriber information and phonebook. For higher speed data transmission either
GPRS or EDGE can be used in GSM phones.
user needs three things to access GSM network
A billing relationship with a mobile phone operator. This is usually either where services are paid
for in advance of them being consumed (prepaid), or where bills are issued and settled after the
service has been consumed (postpaid).
A mobile phone which is GSM compliant and operates at the same frequency as the operator.
Most phone companies sell phones from third-party manufacturers.
A SIM ("Subscriber Identity Module") card which is activated by the operator once the billing
relationship is established. After activation the card is then programmed with the subscriber's
MSISDN ("Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network Number") (the telephone
number). Personal information such as contact numbers of friends and family can also be stored
on the SIM by the subscriber.
CDMA
CDMA is a form of multiplexing which divide signals by random pseudo codes instead of
conventional multiplexing methods like dividing by time or frequency. CDMA is widely used
in cellular networks and global positioning systems (GPS).
GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used
in all parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most
widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes
5. and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own
time slot. It operates at either the 900 MHz or 1,800 MHz frequency band.
GSM is the de facto wireless telephone standard in Europe in 1982. GSM has over one billion users
worldwide and is available in more than 190 countries. Since many GSM network operators have roaming
agreements with foreign operators, users can often continue to use their mobile phones when they travel
to other countries.
Mobile Frequency Range Rx: 925-960; Tx: 880-915
Multiple Access Method TDMA/FDM
Duplex Method FDD
Number of Channels 124 (8 users per channel)
Channel Spacing 200kHz
Modulation GMSK (0.3 Gaussian Filter)
Channel Bit Rate 270.833Kb
The Future of GSM
GSM together with other technologies is part of an evolution of wireless mobile telecommunication that
includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced
Data rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS).
GSM Network Operators
T-Mobile and Cingular operate GSM networks in the United States on the 1,900 MHz band. GSM
networks in other countries operate at 900, 1,800, or 1,900 Mhz.
GSM Security
GSM security issues such as theft of service, privacy, and legal interception continue to raise significant
interest in the GSM community.
Books on GSM
The digital standard known as the Global
System for Mobile (GSM) has captured a
large share of the global cellular market. This
book aims to bridge the gap between a
reader's basic knowledge of
telecommunications and the complexities of
the 5000-page GSM technical specification. It
describes the system as a whole, covering all
aspects of the standard, including mobile
stations, switching equipment, the radio
interface, infrastructure, transmission
methods, and signaling protocols. System
architects involved in the design of personal communications systems will find the book to be a complete
description of the GSM communications system. It also may serve as a general introduction to digital
cellular systems.
6. Physical Channels, Logical Channels, Network, and Operation explains the basic components,
technologies used, and operation of GSM systems. You will discover why mobile telephone service
providers have upgraded from 1st generation analog systems to more efficient and feature rich 2nd
generation GSM systems. You will also discover how 2nd generation systems are gradually evolving into
3rd generation broadband multimedia systems.
Features Benefits
Visitor Location Register (VLR) The key feature of a mobile phone is the ability
7. to receive and make calls in any area where
coverage is available. This is generally called
roaming from a customer perspective.
Paging The current cellular location of the phone (i.e.
which BTS it is at) is entered into the VLR
record and will be used during a process called
paging when the GSM network wishes to locate
the mobile phone.
Outgoing
calls may be made from the phone to any other
phone on the global through Public Switched
Telephone Network.
Incoming
someone places a call to a mobile phone, they
dial the telephone number (also called a
MSISDN) associated with the phone user and
the call is routed to the mobile phone operator's
Gateway Mobile Switching Centre. The
Gateway MSC, as the name suggests, acts as
the "entrance" from exterior portions of the
Public Switched Telephone Network onto the
provider's network.
Gateway MSC contact the phone is free to roam anywhere in the
operator's network or on the networks of
roaming partners, including in other
countries. So the first job of the Gateway
MSC is to determine the current location of
the mobile phone in order to connect the
call. It does this by consulting the Home
Location Register (HLR)
Routing the call
If the owner of the phone has
previously requested that all incoming
calls be diverted to another number,
known as the Call Forward
Unconditional (CFU) Number, then this
number is stored in the Home Location
Register. CFU number is returned to
the Gateway MSC for immediate
routing to that destination.
Ringing the phone call arrives at the Visiting MSC, the MSRN is
used to determine which phone is being called.
The MSC then pages all the mobile phone
masts in the area in order to inform the phone
that there is an incoming call for it. If the
8. subscriber answers, a speech path is created
through the Visiting MSC and Gateway MSC
back to the network of the person making the
call, and a normal telephone call follows.
Call forwarding. This service gives the subscriber the ability to
forward incoming calls to another number if
the called mobile unit is not reachable, if it is
busy, if there is no reply, or if call forwarding is
allowed unconditionally.
voice mail the operator may decide to set this value by
default to the voice mail of the mobile so that
callers can leave a message.
Short Message Service (SMS)
SMS text messages may be sent by mobile
phone users to other mobile users or external
services that accept SMS. The messages are
usually sent from mobile devices via the Short
Message Service Centre using the MAP
protocol.
International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI). IMEI may be checked against the Equipment
Identity Register to locate stolen phones and
facilitate monitoring.
GPRS General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a
packet-switched data transmission protocol.
Routing The SMSC is a central routing hubs for Short
Messages. Many mobile service operators use
their SMSCs as gateways to external systems,
including the Internet, incoming SMS news
feeds, and other mobile operators
Videocon Mobile Service
9. Videocon Group announced the launch of its GSM mobile services in the country, through the group
company, Videocon Telecommunications Ltd. Videocon group company offers GSM mobile
services GSM service under the brand name Videocon.
GSM
Videocon has PAN India license for setting up GSM services. Videocon group started GSM mobile
services from March 27, 2010. The service will be available in Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, Tamilnadu and
other telecom circles in India.
The company would also roll out services in key cities across States like Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat,
Kerala, Madhya Pradesh and Mumbai.
Videocon mobile launched GSM services in India
Videocon mobile
It would roll out its services in 100 cities in the next 100 days. Videocon would also invest close to Rs
14,000 crore in Videocon Mobile Services over the next three years. It provide its services to
prominent cities like Lucknow, Meerut, Allahabad, Varanasi, Pune, Nagpur, Aurangabad, Hyderabad
and Visakhapatnam are also among the 100 cities in which Videocon would roll out services in the
next 100 days. It proposed to target 10 crore subscribers in three years.
EDGE
Videocon will launch future ready 2.75 G network with EDGE facility. They will also participate in
upcoming 3G auctions, for license in 20 areas. Videocon Mobile Services offers subscribers innovative
Value-Added Services (VAS) and superior customer service.