telecommunication sector training In Operation and maintenance

1. PREPARED BY-ISHA
11UEC045

2.  INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY
 WHAT IS GSM?
 CDMA
 PRI AND D CHANNEL
 E1 CONCEPT
 SIGNAL TRACE
 ADD HUNDERED GROUP
 CALL DATA RECORD BACKUPS

3.  Founded by Jamsetji Tata in 1868, the Tata group
is a global enterprise, headquartered in India. It
comprises over 100 operating companies in seven
business sectors: communications and
information technology, engineering, materials,
services, energy, consumer products and
chemicals.
 Tata companies have operations in more than
100 countries across six continents, and export
products and services to over 150 countries. The
total revenue of Tata companies, taken together,
was $96.79 billion (around Rs527,047 crore) in
2012-13, with 62.7 percent of this coming from
business outside India.

4.  Global system for mobile communication
(GSM) is a globally accepted standard for
digital cellular communication.
 GSM is the name of a standardization group
established in 1982 to create a common
European mobile telephone standard that
would formulate specifications for a pan -
European mobile cellular radio system
operating at 900 MHz.

5. Year Mobile System
1981 Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)
450
1983 American Mobile Phone System
(AMPS)
1985 Total Access Communication
System (TACS)
1986 Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)
900
1991 American Digital Cellular (ADC)
1991 Global System for Mobile
Communication (GSM)
1992 Digital Cellular System (DCS)
1800
1994 Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)

6. UPLINK 890-915MHZ
DOWNLINK 935-960MHZ
DUPLEX DISTANCE 45MHZ
CARRIER SEPARATION 200KHZ
NUMBER OF CHANNELS 25MHZ/200KHZ=124
CHANNELS DEFINED IN SWITCH 124
ACCCESS METHOD TDMA

8. The switching system (SS) is responsible for
performing call processing and subscriber-related
functions. The switching system
includes the following functional units:
 home location register (HLR)
 mobile services switching center (MSC)
 visitor location register (VLR)
 authentication center (AUC)
 equipment identity register (EIR)

9. The HLR is a database used for storage and
management of subscriptions. The HLR is
considered the most important database, as it
stores permanent data about subscribers,
including a subscriber's service profile, location
information, and activity status. When an
individual buys a subscription from one of the
PCS operators, he or she is registered in
the HLR of that operator.

10. The MSC performs the telephony switching
functions of the system. It controls calls to and
from other telephone and data systems. It also
performs such functions as toll ticketing,
network interfacing, common channel signaling
, and others.

11. The VLR is a database thatcontains temporary
information about subscribers that is needed by
the MSC in order to service visiting subscribers.
The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a
mobile station roams into a new MSC area, the VLR
connected to that MSC will request data about the
mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile
station makes a call, the VLR will have the
information needed for call setup without having
to interrogate the HLR each time.

12. —A unit called the AUC provides authentication
and encryption parameters that verify the
user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of
each call. The AUC protects network
operators from different types of fraud found
in today's cellular world.

13. The EIR is a database that contains information
about the identity of mobile equipment that
prevents calls from stolen, unauthorized, or
defective mobile stations.
The AUC and EIR are implemented as stand-alone
nodes or as a combined AUC/EIR node.

14. 
 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a digital technique
for sharing the frequency spectrum. Multiple users are
assigned radio resources using spread Spectrum
techniques.

 Although all users are transmitting in the same RF band,
individual users are separated from each other via the use
of orthogonal codes. CDMA is based on proven “Spread
Spectrum communications technology”

 There are several CDMA implementations that are
currently deployed or under development. The first
commercial and most widely deployed CDMA
implementation is cdmaOne.


15.  CDMA is an advance digital technology that can offer 7 to
10 times the capacity of analog technologies and up to 6
times the capacity of digital technologies such as TDMA.
The speech quality provided by the CDMA systems is far
superior to any other digital technology particularly in
difficult radio environments such as dense urban areas and
mountainous regions.
 It provides the most cost effective solution for cellular
operators. CDMA Technology is constantly evolving to offer
customers new advanced services. The mobile data speeds
offered through CDMA phones are increasing and new voice
codecs provide speech quality close to wire line. Internet
access is now available through CDMA terminals.
 The CDMA systems and technology have been standardized
under Interim standard-95 (IS-95 A&B).

16. MOBILE STATIONS ISDN NUMBER (MSISDN)
=> Is the mobile number used in a GSM PLMN (Public Land
Mobile Network)
MSISDN = Country Code + National Destination Code +
Subscriber number
e.g. 63 + 0918 + 8889999
Maximum length is 15 digits.
INTERNATIONAL MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (IMSI)
=> Is the subscriber number used over radio path for all
signaling in the GSM PLMN.
This number is stored in SIM (Subscriber Identity Module), HLR
(Home Location Register,
and VLR (Visitor Location Register).
IMSI = MCC + MNC + MSIN
= Mobile Country Code + Mobile Network Code + Mobile
Identification Number
[ 3 digit ] [ 2 digit ]
[ 11 digit ]
e.g. 502 + 19 + 2345451

17. TEMPORARY MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IDENTITY (TMSI)
=> Is used for the subscriber's confidentiality. Since the TMSI has only
local significance
(within MSC/VLR) the structure of the TMSI can be chosen by the
Vendor.
But the size must be 1/2 of the size of IMSI. Each time a mobile
request for location
updating or call setup, MSC/VLR allocates to the IMSI a new TMSI, so
the TMSI
is used on the signaling path, protecting the IMSI identity. Plus since
the TMSI is half
the size of IMSI, we can page twice the amount compared to IMSI.

18.  SIM is used to provide storage on subscriber related
information as following :
• IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity).
• Temporary network data like TMSI, LAI, Location
update status.
• Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki) and Ciphering Key
(Kc) which are used for security purposes.
• BCCH information : List of carrier frequencies to be
used for cell selection.
• Forbidden PLMN.
• Language preference.
• PIN number (Personal Identification Number) and PIN
error counter.
• PUK number (Personal Unlock Key) and PUK error
counter.

19.  The Primary Rate Interface (PRI) is a
standardized telecommunication service level
within the Integrated services digital network
(ISDN) specification for carrying multiple DS0
voice and data transmissions between a network
and a user.
 D channel (delta channel) is a
telecommunication term which refers to the
ISDN channel in which the control and signalling
information is carried.
 The bit rate of the D channel of a basic rate
interface is 16 kbit/s, whereas it amounts to 64
kbit/s on a primary rate interface.

20.  The E carrier system has been created by the
European Conference of Postal and
Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) as a
digital telecommunications carrier scheme for
carrying multiple links.
 The E-carrier system enables the transmission of
several (multiplexed) voice/data channels
simultaneously on the same transmission facility.
 The E1 standard defines the physical
characteristics of a transmission path, and as
such it corresponds to the physical layer (layer
1) in the OSI model.

21.  E1 is any medium that is capable for enabling
32 persons to make calls at a time.
 There are 32 timeslots in an E1.
 The timeslots are numbered from 0 to 31.
 Each time slot has a rate of 64 kbit/s.
 Total bit rate is 2.048 Mbits/s(ie:32*64=2048)

22.  0th slot is used for Synchronization b/w A
party & Bparty.
 16th slot is for signaling (ie to establish call
b/w A party & B party).

 PHYSICAL CONCEPT

 Basically there are 2 E1’s:
 Electrical E1 &
 Optical E1.

23.  Physically an electrical E1 is any twisted pair
of cable having a Transmitter & a Receiver .
 Optical E1’s are defined in terms of STM’s
(Synchronous Transport Module)
 1 STM = 63 E1’s. It is basically an optical
fiber connectivity. In STM E1’s are identified
with the help of KLM’s & port numbers.
 Total bit rate in 1 STM = 63*2.048= 155.52
Mbit/s.

24. 0 1 2 ….. … 15 16 ….. 29 30 31
Synchr
Signalli
onizati
ng
on
:E1 channel Distribution

25.  Click on Database Interface  Service
Manager  User Configuration THEN
Local Office User Configuration (O)

27.  Fill the number & click on Query.
 Check the Call Right Template Number
 Click on other prop. Tab to check call barring
etc.
 To Modify any property
 Click on modify and do the required changes.

 Now to check DChannel Status. Go To Service
Manager  User Conf.  ISDN User Type
Relative Configuration(R)  ISDN User
Config.(P)

28. FIG 11.12: PRI STATUS

29.  Here fill the number as shown & click on query.
Note down the D Channel
 Now go to MML Wizard  type 5600 & select
5600 (Display Information)
 Fill Module Number 3 or 4 , Minimum D
channel ID – (one less then the required Dchannel
i.e. 102) , Maximum DChannel ID – (one more
then the required Dchannel i.e. 102). Click on
Run.
 Check the Status of Required DChannel
 i.e. 102. here its OOS (Out of Service)

31.  Click on signal trace option.
 Click on the type of trace you want to do.
Here Q 931 Trace Is being performed. It can
be done By Module Number, By Node, Or By
SDN Numbers as shown. Then Click Next.

32. CALL TRACE

33.  Centrex is a PBX-like service providing switching at
the central office instead of at the customer's
premises. Typically, the telephone company owns and
manages all the communications equipment and
software necessary to implement the Centrex service
and then sells various services to the customer.
 No switching equipment resides on the customer's
premises, as the service is supplied and managed
directly from the phone company's exchange site
 With a PBX, stations inside the group can call each
other with 3, 4 or 5 digits, depending on how large
the group, instead of an entire telephone number
(unit number).


34.  Go to Service Manager  User Config. 
Local Office Code and DNHM
 Configuration
 Select the desired area code and office code
where the hundred group is
 To be added. Click Add

36.  Fill the zone & das number (same as in other)
and add the hundred group.
 Example: 02 added here. The hundred group
(02) is added.

37. It is important to take backups from time
to time because in case of a sudden system
failure all the data can be lost. So to ensure
secure and data records backups are taken
twice a week.
TYPES OF BACKUPS
CDR
CP
APG
LOGFILE


38.  The call detail record (CDR) feature creates text
records of call related data. The data recorded
includes calling and called numbers, call
origination/connect time, the time the call was
disconnected, the disconnect reason, the DLCI
field to identify the originating PRI, and the
bearer (B) channel used.
 There are CDRs for normal calls, i.e., calls that
were successfully completed and for failed calls.
 All call-related operation failures will also be
recorded in a CDR.
 A call data record (CDR) is kept for billing Yield
historical account of cell phone’s Locations.

39.  Pc Anywhere

41.  A system is presented for logging and recording a
call to a call network. The system comprises a
voice print logic for generating a voice print of a
caller who is making a call to a call network.
 A telecom routing switch generates a correlated
telecom router switch log file by appending the
voice print of the caller to a telecom router
switch log file for the call.
 The voice print is utilized to retrieve and to
consolidate the correlated telecom router switch
log file, the correlated telecom software system
log file, and the correlated contact center agent
log file into a single correlated file for the call.

42. Fig.11.22:Log file generation

43.  MGW(Media Gateway)
 The maintenance terminal is used to interact
with the system software for configuration
changes and maintenance purposes. This is
achieved using a range of MMI (man/machine
interface) and SMI (System Maintenance
Interface) commands.

45.  Proprietary unified packet gateway.
 Can function as a gateway
 Uses:
 Hot swapping and redundancy backup, double power
supplies, and overvoltage and overcurrent protection for
key boards
 Overload control, flow control, resource check, self fault
detection, system software backup, and configure
consistency check for stable and reliable system operation
 CDR cache function for charging reliability
 Hot patch technique for software operation reliability
 Route backup and route load-sharing modes for preventing
single-point failures and ensuring high network reliability