1. The document discusses the family of S.P. Nair, including details about his career and children. 2. S.P. Nair had a long career working in government service before retiring. He and his wife currently live in Azhikode. 3. They have two sons and a daughter. The sons have also pursued higher education and government jobs.

1. aqhm-‰p-]pg
113

2. 114

3. 115

4. 116

5. 117

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16. 128

17. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 129
tgvknwKv hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm°n Xriq¿ Nnd-bn¬ ho´n¬
sP≥ks hnhmlw sNbvXv Xriq-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. _m_p
F≥Pn-o-b-dnwKv hnZym-`ymkw Ign™v _mwKvfq-cn¬ F≥Pn-o-b-
dmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. h≈n-∏md ]dºv hoXw In´n-b-Xn¬ hoSp
]Wn-bn®v Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ HuX-°p´n AXv hn‰v awKew Uman¬
hf∏pw hoSpw d_¿tØm-´-ßfpw hmßn. Ct∏mƒ _mw•q-cn¬ Xma-
kn-°p∂ {]nb˛P≥k¨ Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v tPmb≥ (4 hb-€v), {InÃo
(9 amkw) F∂ c≠p- I p- ´ n- I - f p- ≠ v . Cfb aIƒ Pqen- b ‰v
A¬t^m≥km tImtfPv hnZym¿∞n-n-bm-Wv. 1997 ncym-X-mb
HuX-°p-´nsb sk‚ v tkthygvkv s^mtdm N¿®v awKew Uman¬
kwkvI-cn-®p. Ip™q™pw IpSpw-_hpw awKew Uman¬ Xma-kn-
°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse A∂-Ωbpw Nn∂-Ωbpw Hcp-an®v awKew
Uman¬Xs∂ Xma-kn-°p-∂p.
Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬
aqhm-‰p-]pg D]-imJ
h≈n- ∏ md adnbw C´n- s F- ∏ p- a m- c psS c≠m- a sØ aI≥
sslkvIq-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ ]Tw n¿Øn ]´m-f-Øn¬ tN¿∂p.
sskn-tI-h--Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Idp-Ip‰n ss]m-SØv At{]w ˛
A∂-°p´n aIƒ ¢mcsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]´m-fw-hn´p Ipd-®p-
mƒ Im™n-c-∏pg henb C©n-°p∂p tXm´-Øn¬ klm-bn-®n-
cp∂p. Hcm≠p Ign™v Ahn-Sw-hn´v t]m∂v h≈n-∏md hoXw In´nb
hkvXp-hn¬ hoSp ]Wn-bn®p Xma-kn®p. AXv hn‰v ae-∏pdw Pn√-
bn¬ aWn-aq-fn°p IpSn-tbdn. aq∂p-mev B≠p-Iƒ Ign™v AXpw
hn‰p.
aqhm-‰p-]pg ]´-W-Øn¬ F´mw hm¿Un¬ hoSp hmßn ]cn-
jvI-cn®p ]Wn-bn®v Xma-kn®p. 1990 sabv 17˛mw XobXn Icƒkw-
_-‘-amb Akp-J-Øm¬ acn®p. hnb-∂-bnepw bp.Fkv.Fbnepw
D≠m-bn-cp∂ a°ƒ h∂-tijw arX-tZlw aqhm-‰p-]pg tlmfn amKn
]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ AS°n. 1986¬ ASpØv Bn-°m-´n¬ Btd-
°¿ ]dºp hmßn. kmº-Øn-I-ambn ]s‰ XI¿∂ ]m∏-®≥ ]®-
]n-Sn-°m≥ hntZ-iØp tPmen-bp≈ a°ƒ Ab® XpI-Iƒ D]-I-
cn®p. hoSn-tmSv tN¿Øv Iptd apdn-Ifpw c≠mw-n-ebpw ]Wn-bn®v
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

18. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 130
`mcy ¢mc-Ω Xma-kn-°p∂p. ]m∏-®s kw_-‘n®v H∂v {]tXyIw
]d-bm-p-≈Xv, At±lw AXym-hiy-Im-eØv hmßnb IS-ßsf√mw
- -
a°ƒ hntZ-iØv tPmen-I-fn-embn ]Ww Ab-®-t∏mƒ Bcpw Bh-
iy-s∏-SmsX Ah-c-h-cpsS hoSp-I-fn¬ sIm≠p-sN∂p sImSp-Ø-
XmWv. AXn¬ Atßcpw a°fpw A`n--µ-a¿ln-°p-∂p. ]e DØ-
a¿Æcpw In´m-°-S-ß-fmbn Fgp-Xn-Ø-≈n-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ch. hnb-
∂-bn¬ C‚¿m-j-W¬ At‰m-anIv Du¿÷-tI-{µ-Øn¬ tPmen
sNbvXn-cp∂ sI.F^v.tPmkv BWv aqØ-a-I≥. tPmkv XpS-ß-
mSv, F¬.]n., bp.]n, sslkvIq-fp-Ifn¬ ]Tn®v Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn
-
Pbn®v Nß-m-t»cn sk‚ v _¿°p-sa≥kn¬n∂v _n.Fkvkn,
Fw.Fkvkn _ncp-Z-߃ tSn.
hnb-∂-bn¬ FØn-b-Xn-p-tijw yq¢n-b¿ ^nkn-Ivkn¬
Fw.FUv _ncpZw hnb-∂-bn¬ bqWn-th-gvÃn-bn¬n∂pw ]q¿Øn-
bm- ° p- I bpw XpS¿∂v hnb∂ bqWn- t h- g v k n- ‰ n- b n¬ Xs∂
]n.F®v.Unbpw ]q¿Øn-bm°n. hnZym¿∞n Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂
Adn-bs∏-Sp∂ Hcp kmaqly {]h¿Ø-Im-bn-cp∂p. tPmknv 1970¬
- -
Nß-m-t»cn apn-kn-∏m-en‰n G‰hpw √ kmaqly {]h¿Ø-I-
p≈ ]pc-kvImcw ¬In BZ-cn-®n-cp∂p. tImf-Pn¬ ]Tn-®Xv tPmkv
kzbw kmº- Ø nIw Is≠- Ø n- b m- b n- c p∂p. Xn°pw Ap-
P≥am¿°pw hntZ-iØv tPmen-Iƒ kºm-Zn-®Xv tPmkmWv. AXn¬
At±lw A-y-amb Ignhpw Iqdpw sXfn-bn®p. hnb-∂bn¬ FØn--
b-Xn-p-tijw At±-l-Øns‚ Iem˛ kmwkvIm-cnI ˛ kmaqly aX
Imbn-I-cw-K-ß-fn-ep≈ {]h¿Ø-߃ XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. {][m-
-a{¥n hmPvt]-bn-bpsS `c-W-Im-eØv G‰hpw √ kmaqly
{]h¿Ø--Øn-p≈ Ahm¿Unp tPmkv Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p.
Xriq¿ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ B‚Wn ˛ sIm®∂w Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ
sIm®p-t{Xkym Fw.Fkvkn-bmWv `mcy. hnhm-l-k-a-bØv sIm®p-
t{Xky hnae tImtfPv Xriq-cn¬ ck-X-{¥-hn-`mKw eIvN-d-dmbn
{]h¿Øn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. 2007 hsc tPmkv hnb∂ bqWn-th-gvÃn-
bnepw bp.F∂n-ep-ambn {]h¿Øn®p. sIm®p-t{Xkym Hmkv{Sn-b≥
Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Iogn¬ Kth-jW et_m-d-´-dn-bn¬ imkv{X-⁄-
bmbn {]h¿Øn®v c≠p-t]cpw 2007¬ tPmen-bn¬n∂v hnc-an®v m´n-
seØn. m´n-se-Ønb tPmkv n¿Ωe ]ªnIv kvIqfnepw hna-e-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

19. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 131
Kncn ]ªnIv kv I qfnepw A≤ym- ] - I - mbn {]h¿Øn- ® - t ijw
Ct∏mƒ tImX-aw-Kew kn_n.FkvC kvIqfn¬ {]n≥kn-∏-embn
{]h¿Øn-°p∂p. m´n¬ h∂-Xn-p-tijw _n.FUv ]co£ {]i-
kvX-ambn ]mkm-b-Xn-p-tijw Ct∏mƒ Fw.FUv hnZym¿Yn-Iq-Sn-
bmWv . tPmkv ˛ sIm®p- t {Xkym Zº- X n- I ƒ°v {^m≥kokv
ssl≥dnIv tXmakv (sStPm), B‚Wn entbm-t]mƒUv Fa-dnIv
(kmtPm) F∂o c≠m¨a-°fpw sS€n ¢mcokv A∂ (sS€n) F∂
s]¨Ip-´n-bp-am-Wp-≈Xv. AXn¬ sStPm F≥Pn-o-bcnwKv ]mkmbn
-
tkmfn (F-en-k-_-Øv) Fs∂mcp Hmkv{Sn-b≥ s]¨Ip-´nsb
hnhmlw sNbvXv hnb-∂bn¬ A¥¿tZ-iob ÿm]-Øn¬ F≥Pn-
- -
o-b-dmbn tPmen tm°p∂p. Ah¿°v {^m≥kokv PqWn-b¿
Fs∂mcp B¨Ip-´n-bp≠v. c≠m-asØ aI≥ kmsPm saUn-°¬
hnZym- ` ym- k - Ø n- p- t ijw hnb- ∂ - b n¬ tUmIv S - d mbn tPmen
sNøp∂p. aIƒ sS€n Fw.F.bpw Fw.Fknbpw {]i-kvXamb coXn- -
bn¬ ]m€mbn Xe-tbm-e-∏-dºv s]mXn-bn¬ ]∂n-t°m-´n¬ Ipcy≥
˛ X¶Ω Zº- X n- I - f psS ]p{X≥ dn¶p- h ns hnhmlw sNbv X v
kzn‰v k ¿e- ≠ n¬ F≥Pn- o- b - d mbn tPmen sNøp∂p. dn¶p
kzn‰v k ¿e≠v Kh¨sa‚ ns‚ Btcm- K y- h - I p- ∏ n¬ tkhw
sNøp∂p. Ah¿°v oen Fs∂mcp s]¨Ip-´n-bp-≠v.
tPmkv hnb-∂bv°v t]mIpw-apºv Fgp-ØpIpØv aptJ Ap-
P≥ At{]w _n.Fkvkn°v ssPo-cn-bm-bn¬ A≤ym-]I tPmen
tSn Ab®p. At{]w Ah-[n-bn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ Rmd-bv°¬ hmfq-
cm≥ tPmk^v ˛ adnbw aIƒ tacn-°p´n _n.Fkvkn, _n.FUns
IeymWw Ign®p. Ahcpw AhnsS A[ym-]n-Ibmbn. At{]w Iw]yq-
-
´-dn¬ Fw.Fk.v ]Tn-°m≥ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ t]mbn. IqsS-t∏mb tacn-
°p´n tgv k nwKpw ]Tn®v Pbn®v AhnsS tgv k mbn tPmen
sNøp∂p. Ah¿°v {^m≥kokv At{]w (]ms©), ¢mc At{]w
F∂o c≠p Ip´n-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. Hlmtbm tÉv Bjve‚ v Iayq-
Wn‰n tImtf-Pn¬ A≤ym-]-I-m-bn-cns° Un{Kn ]m€mb aIƒ
Ap-hn-tm-sSm∏w saUn-°¬ F≥{S≥kv ]co£ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw
A∏pw aIƒ°pw dmt¶m-Sp-IqSn AUvan-j≥ In´n-b-t∏mƒ c≠p-
t]cpw Hcp-an®v Htc ¢mkn¬ ]Tn®v 2001¬ c≠p-t]cpw tUmIvS¿am-
cmbn. tUmIvS¿ At{]w Ct∏mƒ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tUmIvS-dmbn
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

20. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 132
tkhw sNøp∂p. aIƒ tUmIvS¿ Ap-hns tUmIvS¿ tlmUvPv
F∂ Ata-cn-°≥ tUmIvS¿ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ah¿°v aq∂p
sIm®p- I p- ´ n- I - f m- W p- ≈ Xv . At{]- a ns‚ GI- a ≥ {^m≥kokv
(]ms©) {]i-kvXamb coXn-bn¬ F≥Pn-o-bdnwKpw Fw._n.Fbpw
- -
]m€mbn ]t£, Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Pp-hcn F´mw-Xo-bXn 2004¬ Hcp
Imd-]-I-S-Øn¬ ac-W-s∏´p. ¢mc ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aq∂m-
asØ aI≥ Ip™p-a-Ømbn (sI.F^v.amXyp) XpS-ß-mSv sk‚ v
tXmakv sslkvIq-fn¬n∂pw Fkv.Fkv.F¬.knbpw tImgn-t°mSv
sSIvn-°¬ C≥Ãn-‰yq-´n¬n∂pw Untπm-abpw ]m€mbn hnb-∂-
bn¬ tPmen-bn-emb At±lw søm-‰n≥Ic amXyp ˛adnbw aIƒ
¢mcsb hnhmlw Ign®p. ]n∂oSv Ata-cn-°-bn¬ t]mbn Iw]yq-´¿
kb≥kn¬ Un{Kn kºm-Zn®v amXyp IpSpw-_-k-taXw hnb-∂-bn¬
FØn Hmkv{Sn-b≥ Iº-n-bn¬ Iw]yq-´¿ F≥Pn-o-b-dmbn tPmen
sNøp∂p. Ah¿°v kvanX, knsPm F∂ c≠v a°-fm-Wp-≈Xv.
kvanX F∂ aIƒ Fw._n.F. ]m€mbn hnb-∂-bn-semcp Iº-n-
bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. knsPm Ata-cn-°-bn¬ D]-cn-]-Tw SØn
Cdnm Fs∂mcp djy≥ s]¨Ip-´nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ata-cn-
°-bn¬ tPmen-sNbvXv IpSpw-_-k-taXw Xma-kn-°p∂p. amXyp
Hmkv{Sn-bbnse Adn-bs∏-Sp∂ Hcp Iem ˛ kmwkvIm-cnI ˛ kmaqly
- -
{]h¿Ø-I-mWv.
]m∏-®≥ ˛ ¢mc Zº-Xn-I-fpsS mem-asØ Ip´n tacn-sb∂
aI-fmWv. tacn-°p´n 1973¬ Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn.Pbn®v I¿Ω-eoØm
kym-knn k`-bpsS Xe-t»cn cq]-X-bnse sk‚ v tPmk^v
t{]mhn≥kn¬ tN¿∂p. k`-hI tX°pw-Ip-‰n-bn-ep≈ ]T--tI-{µ-
Øn¬ ]cn-io-ew SØn. 1974 Unkw-_¿ 28p {]Ya {hX-hm-
KvZmw SØn. k`m-h-kv{Xhpw knÿ Pb F∂ t]cpw kzoI-
cn®p. ]n∂oSv ]me-°mSv tagvkn tImtf-Pn¬ {]oUn{Kn ]Tw SØn.
et_m-d-´dn sSIvo-jy≥ tImgvkpw Pbn®p. 1978 apX¬ 1983 hsc
sk‚ v tPmk^v anjy≥ Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ tkhw SØn. 1983¬
I¿Æm-S-I-Ønse c-knwl cmP-]pcw CS-h-I-bn-ep≈ k`-hI
]pjv]m-ip-]-{Xn-bn-te°v amdn. 1986 apX¬ DUp∏n temw_m¿Uv
kvamcI Bip-]{Xn-bn¬ tgvknwKv ]Tn®v H∂mw-¢m-kn¬ ]m€mbn.
-
1990 apX¬ am-¥-hmSn {]hn-iymw-K-ambn ]pjv]m-ip-]-{Xn-bn¬
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

21. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 133
tkhw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cnt° P¿Ω-n-bn-te°v t]mIp-Ibpw P¿Ω-
n-bn¬ 13 h¿jsØ tkh-Øn-p-tijw 2007¬ ´n¬ Xncn-s®Øn
-
Xe-t»cn t{]mhn≥kn¬ tkhw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°bm-Wn-t∏mƒ.
-
¢mc ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS a°-fn¬ A©m-asØ Bƒ
tXmakv (Ip™n-sXm-Ω≥) F∂ ]p{X-mWv. XpS-ß-mSv, aWn-aqfn,
aqhm-‰p-]pg F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ sslkvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-
bm°n. XpS¿∂v ]nd-hØv emt_m-d-´dn hnZym-`ym-khpw ]q¿Øn-
bm°n hnb-∂-bn-seØn tPmen-bn¬ {]th-in®p. Ip™n-sXm-Ω≥
XpS-ß-mSv hmg-Nm-cn-°¬ tPm¨ ˛ adn-b-°p´n aIƒ Bn-b-Ωsb
hnhmlw Ign®p. Ch¿°v ¢mcnkv, {^m≥knkv (Ip´-∏mbn) F∂
c≠p a°-fm-Wp-≈Xv. AXn¬ ¢mcnkv kvIqƒ Hm^v _mk-en¬
_tbm saUn-°¬ Am-en-knkv hnZym¿Yn-n-bmWv. {^m≥kokv
(Ip´- ∏ mbn) kqdn®v bqWn- t h- g v k n- ‰ n- b n¬ F°- t Wm- a nIv k v
hnZym¿∞n-bmWv. Ch-cn-t∏mƒ kzn‰vk¿e-≠n¬ _mk-en-emWv
tPmen sNøp-∂Xv. Bn-b-Ωbv°v hnb-∂-bn¬ tPmen tSn-s°m-
Sp-ØXv tPmkmWv. IqSmsX kmº-ØnI hnj-a-X-bn-em-bn-cp∂ XpS-
ß-mSv hmg-Nm-cn-°¬ IpSpw-_-Ønse aq∂p Ap-P-Øn-am-scbpw
Ip™n-sXm-Ωpw Bn-b-Ωbpw IqSn hnb-∂-bn¬ tPmen-bn-em°n.
¢mcΩ ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS a°-fn¬ Bdm-a-sØ-bmƒ
t{Xkym-°p-´n-sb∂ aI-fmWv t{Xkym-°p´n _n.Fkvkn, _n.FUv
]mkmbn sIm´-°mSv sNd-bØv Xm©≥ sIm®p-h-doXv ˛ A∂w-
Ip´n Ia≥ hn≥sk‚ v Fw.F€nsb hnhmlw Ign®p. `¿Øm-hp-
samØv Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. ¢mcΩ ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-
I-fpsS a°-fn¬ Ggm-a-sØ-bmƒ tPm¿PvIp´n F∂ ]p{X-mWv
(sI.F^v.tPm¿Pv). n¿Ωem tImtf-Pn¬n∂pw _n.F _ncp-Z-sa-
SpØ tPm¿Pp-Ip´n sXmSp-]pg Be-t°mSv ºym-]-d-ºn¬ ]pXp-
t»cn tPm¨ ˛ adn-bmΩ aIƒ emen (tacn)sb hnhmlw Ign®p.
amXm-]n-Xm-°sf kwc-£n®v aqhm-‰p-]pg ho´n¬ 2007 hsc Ign-bp-
I-bm-bn-cp∂p. emen ˛ tPm¿÷vIp´n Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v anp ¢mc, Ap-
a-cnb F∂ c≠v s]¨a-°fpw {^m≥kokv (DÆn-Ip-´≥) F∂
]p{X-p-am-Wp-≈Xv. anp _n.Fkvkn tgvknwKv ]mkmbn sIm´nbw
Bip-]{Xn-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. At{]w IpSpw-_mw-K߃s°√mw
- -
Ata-cn-°≥ hnkbv°pw {Ko≥ Im¿Unpw At]-£n-®n-cp∂p.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

22. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 134
AXn≥{]-Imcw tPm¿PvIp-´nbpw emenbpw _n.Fkvkn tgvknwKv
]mkmb Ap-a-dn-bbpw kvIq¬ hnZym¿Yn-bmb DÆn-Ip-´-p-samØv
2007 apX¬ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ Xma-kn®v tPmen sNøp∂p. ¢mcΩ ˛
]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS a°-fn¬ F´m-asØ Bƒ sk_m-Ãy≥
{^m≥kokv F∂ ]p{X-mWv. At±lw _n.F.bpw Fw.F.bpw {]i-
kvX-amb coXn-bn¬ ]m€mbn saUn-°¬ hnZym¿Yn-bmbn hnb-∂-
bn-seØn. Ahn-sS-n∂pw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ t]mbn {]i-kvXam coXn-
bn¬ tgvknwKpw AXns XpS¿∂v saUn-kn≥ ]Tn®v saUn-°¬
tUmIvS-dmbn. sk_m-Ãy≥ Im™mWn Xm≠Ω ˛ ]utemkv Zº-
Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ joe Fw.F€nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. joe Ata-
cn-°-bn-seØn kn.F.]Tn®v Ata-cn-°≥ Akw-ªn-bn¬ A°u-
≠‚mbn tPmen sNøp∂p. tUmIvS-dmbn tPmen sNøp∂ sk_m-
Ãypw joebv°pw kmap-sh¬ F∂ ]p{X-mWv (kmap) D≈Xv.
kmap kvIqƒ hnZym¿Yn-bmWv.
¢mc ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]Xn-mep a°fn¬ Hº-Xm-
asØ Bƒ Beokv (Beokv {^m≥kokv) _n.Fkvkn, _n.FUv
aWn-a-e-bn¬n∂pw Xncp-h-ºm-Sn°v IpSn-tb-dnb Be-∏m´p tXmakv
adnbw aI≥ tXmakv Fw.F hnhmlw sNbvXp. hnZym¿Yn-I-fmb
aq∂p a°-tfm-sSmØv Ct∏mƒ Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXv Xma-
kn-°p∂p.
¢mcΩ ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]Xn-∂m-ep-a-°-fn¬ ]Øm-a-
sØ-bmƒ t]mfn (t]mƒ {^m≥kokv) BWv. t]mfn aWn-aqfn, aqhm-
‰p-]pg F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkw ]q¿Øn-bm°n. aqhm-
‰p-]pg n¿Ωem tImtf-Pn¬n∂pw _n.tImapw ]m€mbn. 1991¬
hnb-∂-bn-seØn. t]mfn tN¿Øe Ip∂p-Xd tPmk^v ˛ {_nPoØ
aIƒ nΩnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch-cpsS hnhmlw hnb-∂-bn¬
h®p S∂p. Ah¿°v ]m{Sn°v (tamp), km≥{Z (tamfp) F∂o
c≠p kvIqƒ Ip´n-I-fm-Wp-≈Xv. hnb-∂-bn-seØn hnb∂ bqWn-
th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ XpS¿∂p ]Tn® nΩnbpw t]mfnbpw a°-tfm-sSmØv
hnb-∂-bn¬ Xma-kn®v tPmen sNøp∂p.
¢mc ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]Xn-sm-∂m-asØ Bƒ
^nen∏v tcn Pn®v A[n-I-mƒ Ign-bp-∂-Xn-p-aptº acn®p.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

23. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 135
¢mc ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS a°-fn¬ ]{¥-≠m-asØ Bƒ
A∂-°p´n (A∂-Ip´n {^m≥kokv) {]oUn{Kn ]Tn-®-tijw 1986¬
I¿Ω-eoØm kym-kn-o-k-`-bn¬ tN¿∂p A∞n-n-bmbn B≥kv
acnb F∂ t]¿ kzoI-cn®p. k`-hI tX°pw-Ip‰n ]T--tI-{µ-Øn¬
]cn-io-ew SØn. 1989¬ Ccn-ßm-e-°pS ISp-ßm-®nd enkyq aTw
hI s{Sbn-nwKv kvIqfn¬ tN¿∂v 1991¬ Untπma tSn. Ct∏mƒ
ae-∏pdw Pn√-bn¬ Icp-hm-c-°p-≠n--SpØv sk‚ v tacokv aTw-hI
kvIqfn¬ A≤ym-]n-I-bmWv. ¢mc ˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS ]Xn-aq-
∂m-a-sØ Bƒ sken≥ (sken≥ {^m≥kokv) F∂ aI-fmWv.
aqhm-‰p-]pg n¿Ωem tImf-Pn¬ _n.Fkvknbpw aWn-∏m-en¬ _n.-
FUpw ]Tn®v Bc-°pg kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. 1995¬
Bc- ° pg πmtØm- ´ - Ø n¬ entbm- W ≥ F∂ AUz- t °- ‰ ns
hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ah¿°v {^m≥¶n-en≥, Unssh≥ F∂o c≠p
B¨Ip-´n-I-fmWv. 2010¬ Ah¿ Ata-cn-°-bn-te°v IpSn-tbdn. ¢mc
˛ ]m∏-®≥ Zº-Xn-IfpsS ]Xn-∂mep a°-fn¬ ]Xn-m-em-asØ Bƒ
-
sUman-nIv kmhntbm BWv. aµ-_p-≤n-bmb kmhntbm ]Sn-™msd
tImSn-°p-fØv ^mZ¿ sPbnwkv hS-t°-ens‚ tXr-Xz-Øn¬ S-
Ø-s∏-Sp∂ kvtl-`hn¬ Ign-bp∂p. Ahp-[n-kabØpw {]tXyI
- - - -
hnti-j-Zn--ß-fnepw aqhm-‰p-]pg ho´n¬ h∂v Nne-h-gn-°p∂p. F√m
Ap-P-∑m-scbpw hnb-∂-bn¬ FØn-®Xpw AhnsS tPmen-bp≈
{kmWn bph-Xn-I-sf-s°m≠v hnhmlw Ign-∏n-®Xpw tPmkmWv.
tPmkpw IpSpw-_hpw Ct∏mƒ hb-€mb AΩ-bp-tSbpw aµ-_p-≤n-
bmb kmhn-tbm-bp-sSbpw kwc-£Ww Gs‰-SpØv aqhm-‰p-]pg ho´n¬
Ign-bp∂p. s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø-I-m-bn-cp∂ ]m∏-®s‚ a°ƒ {]tXy-
In®v tPmkv, amXyp, tXmakv, t]mfn F∂n-h¿ Iem˛kmwkvIm-
cnI ˛ kmaqly kwL-S--I-fn¬ {]apJ ÿm-߃ hln®v bqtdm-
∏n¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-p. Ah-sc√mw Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-Øns‚
bi€v h¿[n-∏n-°p∂p.
h≈n-∏md adnbw ˛ C´n-sF-∏p-am-cpsS GI-a-Iƒ Gen-°p´n
XpS- ß - mSv F¬]n, bp.]n, sslkvIq- f p- I - f n¬n∂pw
Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn. Pbn®p. 1948 Pqsse 15p Nß-m-t»cn cq]-X-
bn-em-bn-cp∂ I¿Ω-eoØm k∂ym-kn-o-k-`-bpsS XpS-ß-mSv imJ-
bn¬ BZyw tN¿∂ A¿∞n-n-I-fn¬ Hcm-fmbn. skdm-^nb F∂
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

24. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 136
t]¿ kzoI-cn®p. k`-hI B¿∏q-°c `h-Øn¬ ]cn-io-ew SØn
-
1950 sabv 18p {]Ya {hX-hm-KvZmw SØn. 1950¬ Xs∂ Nß-m-
t»cn sk‚ v _¿°p-am≥kn¬ tN¿∂p 1955¬ _n.Fkvkn _ncpZw
tSn. 1953 sabn¬ nXy-{h-X-hm-KvZmw sNbvXp. 1955 apX¬ 1956
Pqsse hsc cma-]pcw tk{IUv lm¿´v sslkvIq-fn¬ A≤ym-]n-
I-bm-bn-cp∂p. ae-_m¿ IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿°p-th≠n Xe-t»cn cq]X
ÿm]n-Xam-bt∏mƒ Xncp-hºm-Sn-bn¬ aTw ÿm]n-°m≥ 1956 Pqsse
- - -
]Ønv AhnsS FØn. aTw ÿm]n®p. Pqsse 11 apX¬ 1980 hsc
Xncp-h-ºmSn tk{IUv lm¿´v sslkvIq-fn¬ A≤ym-]n-I-bmbn
tkhw SØn. 1957¬ ]mem-bn¬ Bcw-`n® s{Sbn-nwKv tImtf-
Pn¬ BZy-hn-Zym¿Yn-I-fn¬ Hcm-fmbn. IW°v, Cw•ojv hnj-b-ß-
fn¬ _n.FUv tSn-bn-cp∂p. 1963 apX¬ 1967 hsc Xncp-h-ºmSn aT-
Øns‚ t{ijvTØn, sk‚ v tPmk^v t{]mhn≥kns‚ doP-W¬
kp∏o-cn-b¿ F∂o Npa-X-e-Iƒ hln®p. 1980¬ FSq¿ sk‚ v {Sokm
aT-Øn-te°v amdn AhnsS sslkvIqƒ A≤ym-]n-I-bmbn. 1986¬
k`-bpsS P-d¬ Nm]v‰-dn¬ Hcp P-d¬ Iu¨kn-e-dmbn Xnc-
s™-Sp-°s∏´p. 1986¬ A≤ym-]nI tPmen-bn¬n∂p s]≥j≥ ]‰n-
-
b-Xn-p-tijw k`-bpsS Bephm Xmbn-°m-´p-I-c-bn-ep≈ au≠v
Im¿Ω¬ P-d-te-‰n-em-bn-cp∂p. 1991¬ S∂ sXc-s™-Sp-∏n¬
skdm- ^ n- b m- Ω sb ho≠pw Xe- t »cn sk‚ v tPmk^v
t{]mhn≥kns‚ s{]mhn≥jym-fmbn Xnc-s™-SpØp. Ct∏mƒ
Bÿmw Xncp-h-ºm-Sn-bn-emWv. Ch¿ tdmapw ]me-kvXo≥m-Sp-
Ifpw kµ¿in-®n-´p≠v. Ct∏mƒ Xncp-h-ºmSn aT-Øn¬ hn{ia
PohnXw bn-°p-∂p.
Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ sImt®en ˛ C´n-sF-∏p-am-cpsS
c≠m-asØ aI≥ aØmbn ]mem Su¨ k¿°m¿ ae-bmfw ]≈n-
°q-SØn¬ memw-Xcw Pbn®p. ]mem henb ]≈n-hI sk‚ v tXma-
-
kn¬n∂pw tX¿Uv t^mdhpw Nß- m- t »cn sk‚ v _¿°p-
am≥kn¬n∂pw C.Fkv.F¬.kn.bpw tSn. 1921¬ aØmbn Nß-
m-t»cn s]‰n skan-m-cn-bn¬ tN¿∂p. kpdn-bmn, eØo≥ `mj-
Iƒ ]Tn®v 1923¬ hcm-∏pg skan-m-cn-bn¬ ]´-Ønp ]Tw XpSßn.
A∂p Nß-m-t»-cn-bnepw Xriqcpw am{Xta kpdn-bmn tdma≥
ItØm-en°m sa{Xm-∑m-cp≈q. At∂ aØmbn siΩm-»p ^en-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

25. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 137
X-kn-≤n-bp≠v. klr-Z-b-mb Imfm-t»-cn-]n-Xmhv skan-mcn Ah-
[n-°m-eØv kc-k-mb aØm-bn-s»-Ωm-»-s-IqsS Xma-kn-∏n-®n-
cp∂p. ]d-™p-tI´ A∂sØ Hcp IY tN¿s°s´; ]nXmhpw
siΩm-»pw hnko-Øbv°v hn√p-h-≠n-bn¬ t]mIp-I-bmWv. ]nXmhv
Hcp ^enXw ]d™p. ""Ing-t°-°c Cu Ic-sb√mw Imf-h-≠n-bn¬
a≠p-∂t√m.'' Ccp-hcpw Nncn®p. XpS¿∂v siΩm-»≥ Aa¿Øn-b-
a¿Øn Nncn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p. ""F¥m, Xm≥ Cnbpw Nncn AS-°m≥
hnj-an-°p-∂Xv?'' ""AXp ]d-™m¬ ]nXmhp tZjy-s∏-Sptam?; t]Sn-
bp≠v.'' ""Bcv? Rmtm? Xm≥ `b-s∏-SmsX ]d; Nncn-°m≥ Rmpw
IqSmw'' ""Cu Imf Imfm-t»-cnsb hen-°p-∂t√m Ft∂m¿ØmWv.''
]nXmhv, "_te t`jv' ]d™p. Ccp-hcpw H∂n®v B¿Ø-´-l-kn®p.
h≠n-°m-c≥ F¥p sNbvtXm! Ah¿ hgn-hn-j-a-X-b-dn-bmsX ]≈n-
bn-seØn.
1928 Unkw-_¿ 23˛mwp At±lw Iio»m ]´w G‰p. aØm-
bn-b-®s‚ kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ 24 t]cp-IqsS At±-l-tØm-sSm∏w Kpcp-
∏´w kzoI-cn®p. F√m-hcp-tSbpw ]pØ≥ Ip¿_m H∂n®v BtLm-
-
j-ambn hcm-∏p-g-bn¬h®v SØn. A®s‚ AΩ-b-∏-∑mcpw AΩm-
bn-b-Ωm-h-∑mcpw tN´pw `mcybpw Ip™p-ßfpw Ap-Ppw thm-
Ubpw Ab¬°m-cp-sams° hf-h-c-bp≈ Hcp sI´p-h≈w ndsb
Bfp-Iƒ ]mem tXmWn-°-S-hn¬n∂p Ibdn. aq∂mw-mƒ Ah¿
hcm-∏p-g-sbØn. CSn-®-Ω-¥nbpw (th∏n-e-°´n) De-Øp-I-dn-Ifpw
tamcp-Im-®n-bXpw Ah¿ FSp-Øn-cp∂p. Nq≠-I-fn¬ [mcm-f-ambn
In´nb ao≥ hdpØpw Idn-sh®pw Ah¿ Bkz-Zn®p. tNmdp h≈-
Øn¬ h®p. {]Ir-Xn-bpsS hnfn-Iƒ AXnp kuI-cy-ap≈ ÿe-
ß-fn¬ h≈w ASp-∏n®p SØn. A∂v C∂-sØ-t∏mse ASp-∏n-®-
Sp-∏n®v BƒØm-a-k-an-√t√m. hcm-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-k-Ønp hosS-
SpØp. `£Ww skan-m-cn-°m¿ sImSpØp. 25 t{XmtWm-kp-I-fn¬
h-ssh-Zn-I¿ {]Ya Znhy-_-en-b¿∏n®p. Hmtcm ]´-°m-c-t‚bpw
_‘p-an-{Xm-Zn-Isf Atß¿ Ip¿_m sNm√p∂ AƒØm-cbv°p
tsc n¿Øpw. A∂v Aysc ]≈n-bn¬ Ib-‰n√. aS-°-bm{X
ssh°w-hsc h≈-Ønepw XpS¿∂v _€nepw SØn. Aßs
bm{Xm-t¢-i-a-dn-bmsX aµ-am-cp-X-t‰v {]Ir-Xn-c-a-Wo-b-Xbpw ]®-
aopw btYjvSw `£n®v hnip≤ I¿Ω-Øn¬ kw_-‘n®v a-»m¥n
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

26. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 138
tSn hntm-Z-bm{X S-Ønb kwXr-]vXn-tbmsS Ah¿ aS-ßn-
sbØn. hoSpw ASp-°-f-bp-ambn Ign-™n-cp∂ kv{XoIƒ ∂mbn
BÀm-Zn-®n-cn-°Ww.
Ing-t°-°c sIm®-®≥ IS-mSv, cma-]pcw s^mtdm-m-]-≈n-
I-fn¬ AkvtX-¥n-bmbn CS-h-I-`-cWw ]cn-io-en®p. siΩm-»-m-
bn-cnt° Xs∂ kp]-cn-Nn-X-mb Ing-t°-°c aØmbn A®s
Imfm-t»cn ]nXmhv Atß-cpsS kz¥w CS-hI Cf-t¥m´w hnIm-cn-
bm°n. hnko-Øbv°v h∂-t∏mƒ kzmK-X-Ønp adp-]Sn ]d-bth
]nXmhv, Cßs {]kw-Kn®p. ""Hcp-Im-eØv I¬Zmb k`m-hn-`m-K-
Øns‚ ]pem-Øn-bm-bn-cp∂ Cf-t¥m-´-Øns‚ A[n-]s hnIm-cn-
b-®-s-∂√, Xncp-ta-n-b-®≥ F∂p hnfn-°-W-sa∂p ap°v Xm¬∏-
cy-ap≠v.'' ]n∂oSv F√m-hcpw Atßsc "Xncp-ta-n-b®≥' F∂p hnfn-
-
®p-Xp-Sßn. Ing-t°-°c aØm-bn-b-®s Adn-bm-Ø-h¿IqSn Xncp-
ta-n-b-®s Adn-™n-cp∂p. A®s‚ A∏s‚ AΩbpw ]mem cq]-
X-bpsS BZy sa{Xm≥ am¿ sk_m-Ãy≥ hb-en-ens‚ A∏pw
Bß-f-s]-ß-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p. {]mb-°q-Sp-X¬ A®-m-bn-cp∂p. amWn-
°p´n Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ apX¬ A®p am¿ hb-en-ens √ ]cn-
N-b-amWv. Atß¿ BZy-Ip¿_m A¿∏n-®-t∏mƒ t{]c-I≥ Xncp-
ta-n-b-®-m-bn-cp∂p. amWn-°p-´n-b-®≥ tdman¬n∂p sa{Xm-mbn
h∂-t∏mƒ Xncp-ta-n-b-®≥ c≠mw-h´w Cf-t¥m´w hnIm-cn-bmWv.
]e ssIa-Wn-°mcpw sa{Xms sN∂p-I≠p ssIapØn, Xncp-ta-
n-b-®p t]mbn ImWm≥ kuI-cy-s∏-´n√. Aß-s-bn-cns° Hcp
kmbm-l--Øn¬ AXm, sa{Xm--®s‚ Im¿ ]≈n-ap-‰Øv! hmXn¬
Xpd∂p S-∂-Sp-°p∂ sa{Xms‚ ssIapØn A®≥ Cßs kzmK-
a-cpfn: ""Atßm-´n-d-ßtWm Ctßm´p...'' hmNIw apgp-an-∏n-°m≥
sa{Xm--®≥ kΩ-Xn-®n√. ""AXt√ ]gb amWn-°p´n Ctßm-´p-h-
∂Xv Xncp-tao'' am¿ hb-enepw kµ¿`m-p-k-cWw Db¿∂p. Cf-
t¥m´w, B¿∏q-°c, ]qh-cWn, hnf-°p-amSw, IS-πm-a‰w, sNΩ-e-
a‰w (ChnsS aT-ÿm-]w SØn) ho≠pw Cf-t¥m´w Ch-bmWv
A®≥ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ CS-h-I-Iƒ. aq∂mw-h´w Cf-t¥m´w hnIm-
cn-]Zw Zo¿L-mƒ hln-®-tijw sa{Xms‚ Ap-hmZw hmßn CS-
h-I`cWw Dt]-£n®v AhnsS ]≈n-ap-dn-bn¬ hn{i-aPo-hnXw bn®p.
- - -
ho≠pw sa{Xms‚ Ap-hmZw hmßn Xma-khpw nXy _en-b¿∏-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

27. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 139
Whpw kz¥w hoSp ssItXm-en-em°n. Aßs Ign-bp-tºmƒ aptº
_m[n-®n-cp∂ {]talw aq¿—n®p. `c-W-ßmw tacn-Kncn Bip-]-
{Xn-bn¬ ]ptcm-ln-X¿°p am{X-amb apdn-bn¬ Hcp amk-Øn-e-[nIw
InS∂p. B Ime-ØmWv GI ktlm-Zcn Ip™mΩ ap≠-°-bØv
acn-®Xv. A®≥ AS-°np t]mbn Bip-]-{Xn-bn-te°p aSßn.
{]talw nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bXpw ssItXm-en-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m∂p.
c≠p Znhkw Ign™v s^{_p-hcn 23˛mwp cm{Xn lrt{Zm-K-_m-[-
bp-≠mbn. AXpw aptº D≠m-bn-cp∂p. ho≠pw tacn-Kn-cn-bn-em°n.
]nt‰∂p cmhnse, s^{_p-hcn 24p 8.15p kz¥-°m-cp-tSbpw kplr-
Øp-°-fp-tSbpw a≤y-Øn¬n∂v Xncp-ta-n-b-®≥ nXy-n-{Z-bn-te°v
Du¿∂n-dßn. am¿ hb-en-ens‚ {][m Im¿Ωn-IXz-Øn¬ Cf-t¥m´w
-
]≈n-b-IØv I_-d-S°n. ap∏-Xmw-mƒ …m_n-So-enpw sa{Xm--®≥
h∂n-cp∂p.
I£n-h-g-°p-Iƒ A®≥ `cn-®n-cp∂ CS-h-I-Isf Xo≠n-bn-cp-
-n√. `n∂n-∏n®p `cn-°p∂ bw A®≥ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂n√. DNnX
D]-a-Iƒ kµ¿`m-p-k-cWw Dƒs°m-≈n®v ^en-X-k-Ωn-{i-amb
sNdp-`m-jWßfn-eqsS Adnhpw sFI-aXyhpw hnX®pw hnizm-khpw
- - - -
kvtlhpw sImbvXpw A®≥ CS-h-I-Iƒ `cn®p. `n∂n-®n-cp-∂-hsb
hnf°n tbmPn-∏n®p. CXm-bn-cp∂p A®s‚ `c-W-ssien. B efn-
X-Po-hn-Xt{]an B¿`mSw B{K-ln-®n√. ]qh-cWn-bn¬n∂pw A®p
- -
hnf-°p-am-S-Øn-m-bn-cp∂p am‰w. ]qh-c-Wn-°m¿ Imdp-I-fpsS AI-
º-Sn-tbmsS hf-™-h-gn°v A®s hnf-°p-am-S-sØ-Øn-°m≥ ]cn-
]m-Sn-bn-´n-cp∂p. sshIp-t∂-csØ bm{X-b-b∏v tbmK-Øn¬ µn
Adn-bn®v A®≥ {]kw-Kn®p. '' Cu tbmKw Xo¿∂m-ep-S≥ Rm≥
]Xnhp sshIp-t∂c SØw XpS-ßp-I-bmbn.
{]nb-s∏-´-h¿ F√m-hcpw Ft∂m-sSm∏w h∂p Fs∂ Fs‚
]pXnb CS-h-I-bn-em-°m≥ {]tXyIw Xmev]-cy-s∏-Sp∂p. ""Ah¿
F√m-hcpw ^en-X-߃ ]d™pw Hm¿Ω-Iƒ Ab-hn-d-°nbpw Ipdp-
°np S∂v hnf-°p-am-S-sØØn. Atßm´p ]pd-∏-Spw-apºv A®s‚
s]´n-Ifpw InS-°bpw X´p-ap´p kmam--ßfpw Imf-h-≠n-bn¬ Ib-
‰n-bn-cp∂p. I´n¬, tai, Itk-cm-Zn-Iƒ CS-h-I-°m¿ ]≈n-ap-dn-bn¬
Icp-Xn-bn-cn-°pI ]Xn-hm-Wt√m. I£n-h-g°v IØn-n¬°p-tºm-
gmWv A®≥ hnf-°p-am-S-sØ-Øn-bXv. ]≈n ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bm-bn-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

28. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 140
cp∂p {]ivw. BbnsS ]pØ≥Ip¿_m sNm√nb ]mem cq]-X-
bnse GI F≥Pn-o-bm-d-®s, ]t≠ Adn-bp∂ sa{Xm-tmSv
]d™v A®≥ AkvtX-¥n-bm°n. Ap-Kr-loX Kmb-Ipw Nn{X-
Im-c-pw-Iq-Sn-bmb s√n-t°m´p tImgn-sIm-Øn-°-e-®≥ hc® `mhn
]≈n πm≥ F√m-hcpw CjvS-s∏´p. A®≥ H∂n-∏n-°-ens‚ H∂mw-
]Sn Ibdn. Cßs Icp-X-temsS b-Øn¬ oßn CS-h-I-bnse
I£n-h-g°pw atm-l-c-amb ]≈n-∏-Wnbpw A®≥ Xo¿Øp. 1958
apX¬ 1968 hsc siΩmipw AkvtX-¥n-bp-ambn A®s‚ At¥-
hm-kn-bm-bn-cp∂ s√n-t°m´p tImgn-sIm-Øn-°-e-®≥ kZbw tiJ-
cn-®p-X∂ Xncp-ta-n-b-®s‚ ^en-X-ß-fnepw Imcy-am{X {]`m-j-W-
ß-fnepw NneXv tN¿°s´.
s√n-t°m-Ss‚ A∏≥ acn-®-Xn¬ Ap-tim-Nw Adn-bn®v
A®s‚ IsØØn. AXn¬ ""F√m kwkvIm-c-th-f-I-fnepw Cº-
Øn¬ CuW- Ø n¬ apg- ß m- d p≈ sIm®ns‚ i_v Z - Ø np
ImtXm¿Øp; (At±lw Fs∂ hm’-ey-]q¿∆w Hma-t∏-cmWv hnfn-
-
®n-cp-∂Xv) tI´n√. ImcWw, Fn-°-dnbmw. kz¥w ]nXm-hns‚ ac-
W-Øn-ep≈ Zp:Jw. sIm®p Zp:Jnt°≠. Pohn-X-Ønse Hcp XØzw
FgpXmw. Pn-®p-hoW inip-hnv H∂pw sNøm≥ høm. hf-cp-tºmƒ
Ian-gp∂p. ssII-fn¬ s]mßp∂p. mep Imen-t∑¬ o¥p∂p. Ccn-
°p∂p, ]nSn-s®-Wo-°p∂p. BcmWv ]cn-N-cn®v ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂-
h¿? amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ. Ing-h-cmbn Ign-bp-tºmgpw Ah¿°v inip-°-
sf-t∏mse H∂pw Xnsb sNøm≥ hø. At∏mƒ AΩ-b-∏-∑m-cpsS
]cn-N-cWw kvacn-°p∂p. sImXn-°p∂p. Ah¿ ]c-tem-I-ØmWv;
Ahsc Ap-K-an-°p∂p; AXmWv acWw.""
hm¿jnI [ymm-h-kmw A®s‚ {]kwKw: ""C∂p ΩpsS
[ymw kam-]n-°p-I-bmWv. √ Ipº-kmcw SØn hn.Ip¿_m
ssIs°m≠v F√m-hcpw hoSp-I-fn-te°p t]mIpw. ]gb Pohn-X-ta-
J-e-I-fn-te°v ]pXnb {]Xn-⁄-I-fp-ambn. t_m¿Unw-Kn-te°v/
tlmÃ-en-te°v aIs/aIsf bm{X-bm-°p∂ AΩ-sb-t∏mse Xncp-
k` nßsf bm{X-bm-°p∂p. AΩ ]dbpw: ""AhnsS sN∂m¬
IØ-bbv°Ww, h√-t∏mgpw FÆ tX®p-Ip-fn-°Ww, ]mepw ap´bpw
-
kvs]jy¬ hmßn Ign-°Ww.'' Xncp-k`m amXmhv Hm¿Ωn-∏n-°p∂p:
FgpØv {]m¿∞ apS-°-cpXv, tX®p-Ipfn Ipº-kmcw S-ØWw,
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

29. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 141
kvs]jy¬ Znhy-Im-cpWyw kzoI-cn-°Ww.""
B Rmb-dmgvN Gh≥tKm-en-tbm≥ hmb-bpw {]kw-Khpw
im_-Øm-NcWsØ-°p-dn-®m-bn-cp∂p. nß-fpsS BtSm amtSm Ipgn-
- - -
bn¬ hoWm¬ Ab¬°m-tcbpw kvtln-X-tcbpw hcpØn Ib-‰p-
I-bnt√ F∂ `mKw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-h∂ A®≥ "tIma' I≠-t]mse
n¿Øn ]Xps° ]d™p. ""Ω-fm-sW-¶n¬ Imcym-¶s hcpØn
F¥p-Xcpw F∂p Xnc°pw.'' ÿew ÿncw Cd-®n-sh-´p-Im-c≥
"Imcym-¶≥' ]≈n-bn-ep≠v. Pw Aa¿Øn-®n-cn®p. A®≥ H∂pw
Adn-bm-Ø-t]mse {]kwKw XpS¿∂p.
hnf-°p-amSw ]≈n-°-Sp-Øp≈ Hcp ho´nse Znh-k-°q-en-°m-
c≥ IpSpw-_-m-Y≥ ]Wn-I-gn™p º-dn¬ Ibdn Uok-e-Sn®v
hosSØn sXdn hnfn-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp∂p. ]≈n-ap-‰Øv Ifn-°p∂
B ho´nse Ip´n-Isf hnfn®v A®≥ ]d™p: ""nß-fpsS Nm®≥
Htc sXdn-bm-Wt√m Znh-khpw ]d-bpI: Cn ]pXn-bh ]d-bWw.
R߃°pw A®pw ]Tn-°m-at√m F∂v A®≥ ]d-™-Xmbn ]d-
bWw. msf cmhnse Nm®≥ ]Wn-°p-t]m-Ipw-apºv, Ah¿ Aßs
sNbvXp. sXdn-hnfn ]ns∂ tI´n√. Ip´n-Iƒ ]Tn-®m-h¿Øn°pw,
A®≥ {i≤n-°p∂p F∂ Nn¥ Abm-fpsS AI-°Æp Xpd-∏n-®n-cn-
°Ww.
""Xncp-ta-n-b®≥ hnf-°p-am-SØn-cn-°p-tºmƒ AkvtX-¥n-bmb
- -
Rmpw Hcp-an®v ]e Ing-t°-°c hoSp-Ifpw kµ¿in®p. A∂v F√m-
hcpw Xs∂ [cn-°m-dp≈ sh¥nßm Imip-cq-]-߃ Bcp-tSbpw
Igp-Øn¬ I≠n√. Fs∂ hmcm-dp≈ A®s H∂p sIm®m-°-W-
sa∂v Fn°v IpkrXn tXm∂n. A®s‚ IpSpw-_mw-KßfpsS hnizm-
- -
k-cm-lnXyw Rm≥ ^en-X-a-b-ambn kqNn-∏n®p. ""Fs‚ sImt®,
then NmSp∂ Imen-I-fpsS Igp-Øn-emWv sIm´n (ac-aWn) sIt´-
≠Xv. Ing-t°-°-c-°m¿ acym-Z-°m-cmWv; sIm´n sIt´-≠-Xn√.''
A®s‚ ¿Ωw F∂ sIm®m°n.""
lrt{Zm-Kn-bmb A®≥ Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ InS∂p NnIn-’-bn-
emWv. t£am-tz-j-W-Ønp ]e-cp-saØn. F√m-hcpw "Fßs,
Ipd-hpt≠m?'' F∂p Xnc°n. A®≥ ""D≠v'' XpS¿∂v o≠ auw.
A®≥ AXv `RvPn®p. ""F¥m Ipd-sh∂p Bcpw tNmZn-®n-√t√m?
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

30. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 142
tfml Ducn Xq°n-bn-cp∂p. Ioi-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ A™q-dp-cq]m
ImWm-n√; AXm Ipdhv'' F√m-hcpw IqsS A®pw B¿Øp-Nn-
cn®p. GXv n¿`m-Kyhpw ^en-X-Øn¬ Ae-bn®v Nncn-°mpw Nncn-
∏n-°mpw A®p hi-am-bn-cp∂p.
A®≥ sNΩ-e-a-‰-sØØn me©p amk-߃ Ign™v Ahn-
SsØ Ipcn-ip-]≈n ]Wn-Xo¿∂p. aXn-ep-IqsS ]qcvØn-bm-b-t∏mƒ
aq∂n¬ Hcp sIm®p-ap‰w. ]Xn-hmbn ]≈n-ap-dn-bn¬ hcp∂ sNdp-∏-
°mcpw A®pw ]qs®-Sn-°-ºp-Ifpw hnØp-I-fp-ambn h∂v, ´p--
®p. hf¿∂-t∏mƒ sNdp-∏-°m¿°v AXn-smcp t]cn-SWw. Km‘n
]m¿°v, slvdp ]m¿°v, Xncp-tan ]m¿°v, ]e t]cp-Ifpw n¿tZ-
in-°s∏´p. HSp-hn¬ A®s‚ A`n-{]mbw: ""]n.F¬.Un.tam≥ ]m¿°v'
-
A®s Hcp sXΩmSn, "]pe-bm-Sn-tam≥' F∂p hnfn-®Xv Ah¿°pw
Adnbmw. AXns‚ a[p-c-ambn {]Xo-I-cWw Ahcpw AwKo-I-cn®p.
`c-W-ßmw tacn-Kncn ]cn-Nm-cn-I-am¿ saUn-°¬ kntÃgvkv
A®s‚ `mj-bn¬ "taSn-°¬ kntÃgvkm"Wv. A®s‚ _n√n¬ c‡-
]-cn-tim-[ ]Øp-cq]m. A®≥: ""At∏mƒ, n߃°pw Hm¥v tNmc
IpSn-°pw-t]mse tNmc-sb-Sp-°mpw Adnbmw, At√?'' knÿ:
""AsX¥m At®m?'' ""Bcpw kndn-©p-sIm≠v Fs‚ tNmc FSp-
Øn-√t√m.'' B ]Øp-cq] Ipdhp sNøm≥ A®≥ Bh-iy-s∏-tS-
≠n-h-∂n√.
CS-h-Imw-K-ß-fn¬ A®s‚ kzm[ow sXfn-bn-°p∂ Hcp
kw`hw: IpSn-In-S-∏p-Im-c≥ ]pXp-{In-kvXym-n°v A¥y-Iq-Zm-ibv°v
]d-ºp-Sa hn[-hbpsS aI≥ tImtf-Pp-Ip-am-c≥ ]mXn-cmbv°v A®s
-
X´n-ap´n DW¿Øn Cd°n. ""Ahp s]s´-∂mtWm AkpJw h∂Xv?
sshIo´v mw XΩn¬ I≠t√m; Ft¥ ]d-™n√''˛ A®≥ Xnc°n.
""At∏m-g-hp tcnb ]ntb D≠m-bn-cp-∂p≈q. A®m.'' ""]ns∂
s]s´∂p IqSn, Du¿≤≥ hen-®p-Xp-S-ßntbm?'' ""F∂m¬, Fn°v
Atß-tem-I-Øp-n∂p Adn-bn∏v In´n-bn-√®m''. A®≥ kwkmcw
n¿Øn Hcp-ßn-bn-dßn. AS°p Ign™v Ahs‚ AΩ A®s‚
ASp-Øp-h∂p. A®≥ Ifn-bm-sb-t∂mWw ]d™p: "aI≥ anSp-°-
m-Wt√m! A¥y-Iq-Zm-ibv°v Fs∂ hnfn-°m≥ h∂-t∏mƒ F¥m
hnhcw Ft∂mSp tcsØ ]d-™n√ F∂p tNmZn®p. Ahv
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

31. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 143
Atß-tem-I-Øp-n∂v Adn-bn∏v In´n-bn-s√∂p ]d™v Fs∂
tXmev]n®p.'' AΩ ho´n¬ sN∂ DS≥ aIs hnfn®v, ""o F¥mSm
A®-tmSv [n°mcw ]d-™Xv; A®s‚ apºn¬ ap´p-IpØn £a
]d-™n-s√-¶n¬ taen¬ o Fn°v aIpw Rm≥ n°v AΩ-
bp-a√''˛ AΩ-bpsS A¥y-im-kw! B amXr-`‡≥ hnj-an®p. hncp-
-
X≥ F∂mepw hn´n√. A®≥ ap‰Øv a‰v c≠v A®-∑m-tcm-Sp-IqSn
n¬°p-tºmƒ mS-Io-b-ambn ap´p-IpØn £am-]Ww XpSßn.
A®≥ Ahs FWo-∏n®p: ""sk_mÃym, n°v tZjyw h∂p;
Rmpw NqSmbn, ap-°Xv ad°mw: B ¿Ω {]nb≥ DZm-c-a--kvI-
p-am-bn-cp∂p.
]pXp-°n-∏Wn-bn® hnf-°p-amSw ]≈n-°q-Zm-ibv°v IqSn-bhsc
- -
kzmKXw sNbvXv A®≥ sNbvX {]kwKw IqSn FgpXn, Gsd
Fgp-Xm≥ hI-bp≈ CXv n¿Øs´. kzmK-X-a-cp-fn-b-tijw. A®≥
Hcp IY-bn-te°p IS∂p ˛ ""aIpw AΩbpw √ hcn-°-®° NX-
bmsX Cd-°n-sh®v ]gp-∏n-°m≥, Ib-dp-ambn Cdßn. Akm-amy
hen-∏-ap≈ B N°-Xm-bvØ-Sn-bn¬ Ipd®v Db-c-Øn-emWv InS∏v.
apI-fnepw Xmsgbpw Ih-c-߃ D≠v. kuI-cy-am-bn-cp∂p sR´np
sI´n-Smpw apdn-°mpw ASp-Øn-S-an√. aI≥ Ib-dns‚ A‰-hp-ambn
apI-fn-esØ Ih-c-bn-eqsS Ib-dn´v sR´n¬ Hcp hn[-Øn¬ `{Z-
ambn sI´n-bp-d-∏n®p. at‰-b‰w ssIbn¬n∂p Du¿∂p-t]m-ImsX
Np‰n _e-ambn ]nSn-°m≥ AΩsb Hm¿Ωn-∏n®p. Du¿∂n-dßn Hcp-
hn-[-Øn¬ sR´p I≠n®p. N° ]Xps° Xmtgm-´n-dßn AΩ-bpsS
ne-hn-fn-tI´ aI≥ ]cn-{`-an®p Iotgm´p tm°n. AhnsS Ib-dns‚
A‰Øv AΩ Rm∂p InS-°p∂p. {]mbm-[n-Iy-Øm¬ £oWn-®p-W-
ßnb AΩbv°pw N°bv°pw Iw ka-am-bn-cp∂p. ΩpsS ]≈n-
∏-Wn-bpsS hc-hp-Nn-ehpw CXp-t]mse ka-amWv. AXn-m-emWv
]≈n-b¶w samssk-°n-SmsX aW¬ hncn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. AXn¬ ap´p-
Ip-Øp-tºmƒ Xcn-Iƒ Xpf-®p-I-bdpw. thZ, Ipd-®p-IqsS kw`m-
h Xcm≥ nßsf Hm¿Ωn-∏n°pw. F√m-hcpw Ign-hp-t]mse X∂n-
´p≠v. Cnbpw ]ncn-hn-n-dßn hnImcn nßsf _p≤n-ap-´n-°-bn√.
F√m-h¿°pw Fs‚ µn; Rm≥ n¿Øp∂p.""
]{X-ta-n°v I√-S]qX hmd-≠p-]dºv hn¬t°-≠n-h∂p. sIm‰-
- -
t¶m´v A©c G°¿ Rc-f-°m-´p-]-dºv A®≥ kz¥w t]cn¬
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

32. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 144
hmßn. sNdp-∏w-ap-X¬ hfsc h¿j-߃ IqsS Xma-kn®p ]cn-N-
cn® hmen-b-°m-c≥ sNº-fn-bn¬ {]n©p-hnp Rc-f-°m-Sn--SpØv
I√-d-bv°¬ ]m∏-bpsS Xd-hm-Sp-hoSpw, ]dºv c≠c G°dpw hmßn
kΩm-n®p. Ahs‚ hnhm-lhpw S-Øn-s°m-SpØp. 17.3.1898 ¬
Pn® aØmbn A®≥ (Xn-cp-ta-n) hm¿≤-Iy-Im-eØv Xd-hm-´n¬
Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw 21.2.1982-˛¬ ac-W-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ASpØ Znhkw Cf-
t¥m´w ]≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ sImt®en ˛ C´n-sF-∏p-am-cpsS
memw k¥mw, aq∂mw ]p{X≥ sXmΩ-®≥ ]mem ]´Ww ae-
bmfw ]≈n-°qSw, ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ ]Tn®v
C.Fkv.F¬.kn Pbn®p. Nß- m- t icn sk‚ v _¿°p-
am≥kn¬n∂pw F^v.F.Pbn®p. B{‘-an-jy-n¬ tN¿∂p. s√q¿
taP¿ skan-m-cn-bn¬ ]utcm-lnXy ]Tw SØn. 1938 Unkw-
_¿ 13p a{Zmkv ssaem-∏q¿ aØn-bmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bn¬n∂v
]´-ta‰p. s√q-cnepw kz¥w CS-hI Cf-t¥m-´-Ønepw ]pØ≥
Ip¿_m BtLm-jn®p. A∂v tN´≥ aØm-bn-b®≥ AhnsS BZy-
-
X-hW hnIm-cn-bmWv. B{‘m anjy≥ A∂p U®p-an-jy--dn-am-cpsS
Npa-Xebn-emWv. ]m°me, s]cp-ap√, Nndme, s√q¿, IS∏ Cßs
- -
]e CS-h-I-I-fnepw ^m. tXmakv Ing-t°-°c hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p.
c≠p-h-´-ambn Ccp-]Xv B≠p-I-fn-e-[nIw At±lw ]m°mem hnIm-
cn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-´p≠v. BZy-X-hW AhnsS hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ
IeymWw Ign-∏n® ]e-cp-tSbpw a°sf c≠mw-h´w hnIm-cn-bm-b-
t∏mƒ hnhm-ln-X-cm°n. ]m°me sk‚ v tPmk^v aTw ÿm]n-
®Xv At±-lamWv. AhnsS Bbn-cn-s°-bmWv At±-lØns‚ ]utcm-
- -
lnXy cP-X-Pq-_nen BtLm-jn-®Xv. c≠m≠v At±lw s√q¿
IØo-{U¬ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂p. A°m-eØv aZ¿ sXtc-k-bpsS D]-
hn-bpsS ktlm-Z-cn-am-cpsS aTw s√q-cn¬ ÿm]n-°m≥ tXrXzw
¬In. hnIm-cn-ÿmw Hgn-™-tijw At±lw Cu aT-Øns‚
Nmtπ--bn-cp∂p. hnImcn P-dmƒ ÿmw At±lw nc-kn®p.
tam¨kn-t™m¿ ]Zhn Atß¿°p e`n®p. c≠p sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS
D]-tZ-i-Ipw cq]Xm Iu¨kn-e-dp-ambn At±lw tkhw SØn.
A®s‚ ]utcm-lnXy kph¿Æ-Pq-_nen s√q-cnepw 1988 Unkw-
_¿ 15p kz¥w CS-hI Cf-t¥m-´-Ønepw BtLm-jn®p. acn-°p-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

33. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 145
∂-Xnp c≠m-≠p-apºp apX¬ A®≥ s√q¿ sF.Sn.sF amt-P-
cm-bn-cp∂p. hfsc h¿j-߃ (hnhm-l-ti-jhpw) A®s‚ hmen-b-
°m- c - m- b n- c p∂ Nn∂- ø - b psS aI≥ tPmkv sIm≠sb
Fkv.Fkv.F¬.kn.bpw Sn.Sn.kn..bpw ]Tn-∏n®v At±lw A≤ym-]-
I-m°n. {]mb-am-b-tijw m´n-te-bv°p≈ bm{X-I-fn¬ tPmkv
sIm≠ A®s Ap-Kan-®n-cp∂p. aptº D≠m-bn-cp∂ lrt{Zm-Khpw
-
c‡-k-Ω¿Zhpw h¿≤n®v A®≥ 45 Znh-k-߃ s√q¿ Bip-]-
{Xn-bn¬ InS∂p NnIn-’n®p. At∏mgpw "sIm≠' ip{iq-jbvs°Øn.
-
1989 G{]n¬ 23p A®≥ s√q-cn¬ A¥-cn®p. A¥y-m-fp-I-fn¬
Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ s√q¿ sF.Sn.sF hf-∏n¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏´p. h{I-
X-bn-√mØ Xpd∂ {]Ir-X-am-bn-cp∂p Atß¿°v. kXyw BtcmSpw
apJw tm°msX Xpd-∂p-]-dbpw; Imepjyw hbv°n√. ho≠pw
ImWp-tºmƒ hnS¿∂ Nncnbpw o´nb Ic-ß-fp-ambn kzmKXw
sNøpw. sXep¶v, Xan-gvm-Sp-I-fn¬ ]ptcm-ln-Xsc "kman-bm¿'
F∂mWv hnfn-°pI. AXn-m-emImw A®≥ ho´nepw m´nepw "kman-
bm-c-®≥ "F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv. 8.6.1906 ¬ Pn®
A®≥ hm¿≤Iy kl-P-amb Akp-J-Øm¬ 23.04.1989-˛¬ ac-W-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw ASpØ Znhkw Zo¿L-Imew tkhw sNbvX s√q¿
]≈n-bn¬ AS°w sNø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬
ap´w Ip‰n-°m´v D]-imJ
Ing-t°-°c ssItXm-en¬ C´n-sF∏v ˛ sImt®-en-am-cpsS
mem-asØ aI≥ sIm®v (sI.sF.tZhky) sRm≠n-am-°¬ Ih-
e-bn¬ Ifcn S-Øn-bn-cp∂ hmcym-cm-i-s‚-IqsS aq∂p-mep amkw
]Tn®p. At∏mƒ Nn≠-Ønp ka-bambn. Nn≠-Ønp Bim≥ Ip´n-
-
I-sf-s°m≠v mcmbw hngp-ßn-∏n°pw F∂p klm-]m-Tn-Iƒ
]m™p `b-s∏-SpØn. t]Sn®v If-co-t∏m°p n¿Øn. If-cn-bn¬
tN¿°p-∂-Xnp ne-sØ-gp-Øn-n-cp-ØpI F∂mWv ]d-bmdv. c£m-
I¿Ømhv A∂p Ip´nbpw Adn-bp-ambn If-cn-bn¬ sN√pw. Acn
ne-Øp-hn-cn®v Ip´nsb aSn-bn-en-cpØn Bim≥ AXnp ap∂n-en-
cn°pw. Ip´n-bpsS Nq≠m-Wn-hn-c¬ ]nSn®v "lcn{io KW-]-Xmsb
a: Ahn-Lv-akvXp'' F∂v Fgp-Xn°pw. {km-Wn-°p-´n-I-fm-sW-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

34. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 146
¶n¬ ""Xºp-cm≥ XpW'' F∂p IqSn Fgp-Xn°pw. ]nt‰∂p apX¬
IpSp-°-bn¬ s]mXp-a-W-ep-ambn Ip´n-Iƒ If-cn-bn¬ hcpw. AXv
hncn®v Bim≥ A£-cßfpw A°-ßfpw Ah-bpsS s]cp-°ßfpw
- -
Fgp-Xn-∏n°pw. AXn-mWv "Nn≠w' F∂p ]d-bpI. A∂v Bimv
Ahepw tXßmbpw ]ghpw i¿°-cbpw Z£nW sImSp-°Ww. [-
ÿn-Xn-bp-≈-h¿ A∂p kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ°v Ah¬ -®Xpw ]ghpw
a‰pw sImSp°pw. Ct∏mƒ Nn≠-Øns‚ A∂v Fgp-Xnb Hmebpw
H∂mw ]mT-]p-kvX-Ihpw kvtf‰pw I√p-tImepw Ap-{K-ln®p sImSp-
°p-I-bmWv ]nXhv. B¨s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ°v A∂v H‰-ap-≠mWv
thjw. {kmWn s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ AXv sRmdn™p ASp-°n´v
DSp°pw. Ah-cpsS B¨Ip-´n-I-fpsS Xe sam´-b-Snt®m A∏tam
]nn-ktam sh´n-bn-cn°pw. lnµp-Ip-´n-I-fpsS Xe-bn¬ IpSp-abpw
ImXn¬ IpSp-°pw ImWpw. kº-∂-cpsS s]¨Ip-´n-I-fpsS Igp-
Øn¬ Ig-h® X¶-°mtim ]Ømt°m [cn-®n-cn°pw. F√m-hcpw
Hme-°p-S-bmWv sIm≠p-h-cnI. "oXn-kmc"hpw "Aa-tci"hpw
{InkvXym-n-°p-´n-Isf "pjvIm-chpw' Bim≥ ]Tn-∏n°pw.
tZhkym Ifcn ]Tw Ign™p Imm-´p-]md memw Xcw
Pbn®v ]mem sk‚ v tXma-kn¬ t^m¿Øn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ {]hn-
Ømw aWn-b-Ωm-°¬ Ign-™m-en¬ CØm°v ˛ adnbw aIƒ
Nm®n (A∂)bpambn Ieym-Wm-tem-N h∂p. Dd-∏n®p. a-€-aXw
{]hn-Ømw ]≈n-bnepw hnhmlw ap≠m-¶epw SØn. Xe-®nd
aØm-bn-b-®≥ sI´n®p. sIm®v, IeymWw Ign™v Ipd-®p-m-fp-
IƒIqSn ¢mkn¬ t]mbn. ]ns∂ ]Tw n¿Øn. Irjn-Im-cy-ß-
fn¬ ]nXm-hns klm-bn®p Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-kn®p. Cu Zº-Xn-am¿°v
1932˛¬ A®mΩ, tacn F∂o Cc´ s]¨Ip-´n-Iƒ Pn®p. Ah-
cpsS Ap-P-Øn-am¿ Bn (A∂Ω)bpw Ip™mΩ (t{Xkym)bpw
]nd∂p. Ap-P≥ h¿°n-bpsS c≠mw hnhm-lhpw Ign-™mWv
tZhkym ˛ Nm®n-am¿ ap´w CS-∏≈n Ip‰n-°m-´p-]-d-ºn-te°v amdn-
Øm-akn-®Xv. Ch¿°v ]n∂oSv Ip™q™n (¢mcΩ) tdmkΩ F∂o
-
c≠p ]p{Xn-am¿IqSn Pn®p. Ip‰n-°m-´n¬ Xmakw XpS-ßn-bXv ]oSn-
I-a-´n¬ aS-°p-X-´n-I-fp-ambn ]Wn-bn-®n-cp∂ ]pc-bn-emWv. c≠m-≠p-
Iƒ Ign™v 1942¬ X´n-Iƒ am‰n hmXn¬ ˛ P-ep-Iƒ h®p. H‰-ap-
dn-bmbn InS-∂n-cp∂ AIw `nØn-sI´n apdn Xncn®p. IqsS ASp-°-
f-s°´pw ]Øm-b-ap-dnbpw mep-h-i-tØ°v Nm¿Øp-Ifpw o´n-∏n-
Sn-∏n®p. 1951¬ sX°p-h-iØv NmhSn ]Wn-bn-∏n®p. Xmbv]p-c-bpsS
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

35. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 147
ta¬°qSv Db¿Øn-bXv 1968˛emWv. Ct∏mƒ Ip‰n-°m´v hoSns‚ apºn-
eqsS Iym-a-ebv°v Sm¿ tdmUp≠v. ap´w ˛ Icn-¶p∂w tdmUn¬
]c-∏m≥tXm-Sn-¶¬ h∂p-tN-cp∂ a¨]mX ]Sn-°¬h®v Sm¿tdm-
Up-ambn tbmPn-°p∂p. tZhkym ÿew apgp-h≥ tZl-WvUn®p.
Ipd®p ÿeØv d_¿ hbv]n®p AXv ]p:Irjnbpw SØn. Ipd-
®p- ÿ ew I≠- s a- S pØp. ]Sn- ° ¬ Ipd®v I≠w- I qSn hmßn.
GXmpw B≠p-Iƒ tXßm-°-®-h-Shpw sIm{]-sh´pw S-Øn-bn-
cp∂p. ]©m-bØv tI{µ-amb ap´w Ih-ebn¬ ]oSn-IØdIƒ hmßn
- - - -
c≠p ]oSn-I-Ifpw ]Wn-bn®p.
i¶-c-∏n≈n ˛ kn_n-Kncn ]≈n-°-Ωn-‰n-bw-Khpw ssI°m-c-p-
am-bmWv tZhky s]mXp-{]-h¿Øw XpS-ßn-bXv. ]≈n ]pXp-°n-
]-Wn-bn-®Xv 1943˛emWv. A∂p-ap-X¬ 1951 hsc Atßm¿ ssI°m-
c-m-bn-cp∂p. ]n∂oSv ]≈n-apdn (hnIm-cn-h-kXn) ]Wn-bn-®-t∏mgpw
sIm®m-bn-cp∂p ssI°m-c≥. ]e-X-hW ]≈n-°-‰n-bw-K-am-bn-´p≠v.
kz¥w tPyjvT≥ h≈n-∏md C´n-sF∏pw a‰pw tN¿∂v XpS-ßnb
"ap´w ]c-kv]c klmb kwLw' {]h¿Ø--c-ln-X-am-bn-cp∂p.
Ab¬°m- c ≥ N{µ≥Ip- t ∂¬ Ipcym- t °mkpw a‰pw tN¿∂v
tZhkym AXv ]p-cp-≤-cn®p. 1950¬ AXns‚ {]kn-U‚mbn.. 1963
hsc kwLw Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp∂p. A°m-e-ØmWv kwLw kz¥w
sI´nSw H∂mw-ne ]Wn-bn-®Xv. 1963¬ tZhkym ap´w ]©m-bØv
aq∂mw-hm¿Uv saw_-dmbn Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´p. XpS¿∂v 15 B≠p-
Iƒ sshkv {]kn-U‚m-bn-cp∂p. A°m-eØv ]©m-bØv B∏okv,
ap´w k¿°m¿ Bip-]{Xn, sl¬Øv sk‚¿, ]e ]©m-bØv
tdmUp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS ]Wn-bn¬ kl-I-cn®p. ap´w aWvUew
tIm¨{Kkv {]kn-U‚mbpw tZhky {]h¿Øn-®n-´p≠v.
tZhky ˛ Nm®n-am-cpsS aqØ Cc´ s]¨a-°ƒ A®m-Ωbpw
tacnbpw Xd-hm´v ]mem ssItXm-en¬ Xma-kn®v Imm-´p-]m-d-bn¬
]Tn®v memw-Xcw hnP-bn®p. XpS¿∂v XpS-ß-mSv sk‚ v tXmakv
sslkvIq-fn¬ ]Øp-hsc ]Tn®v ]Tw ndpØn. XpS¿∂v ]Tn-°p-
hmpw hnhm-ln-X-cm-Ip-hmpw B{K-ln-®n√. aT-Øn¬ tNcm-m-bn-
cp∂p Xm¬∏cyw. XpS-ß-mSv aT-°m¿ ]{Xtan kwJy-sIm≠v
ASp-Øn√. Nß-m-ticn ¢mc aT-°m¿ Ah-cpsS Hcp imJ s]cp-
h-¥m-Øv XpS-ßm≥ ÿew hmßn-s°m-Sp-Øm¬ tN¿°m-sa∂v
kΩ-Xn®p. tZhky hS-t°¬ kvIdnb aptJ ÿew hmßn-s°m-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

36. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 148
SpØp. 1942¬ A®mΩ s_o-ksb∂pw tacn Uman≥ Fvpw t]cp-
-
Iƒ kzoI-cn®v Nß-m-t»cn ¢mc aT-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. BZy {hX-hm-
KvZm-hpw tmhn-jn-tb‰w Nß-m-t»-cn-bn¬ SØn. 1945¬ nXy-
{h-X-hm-KvZmw SØn. s]cp-h-¥mw, I´-∏, AW-°c, shfn-®n-
bmn aT-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ Hcp-an-®m-bn-cp∂p. AXn-p-tijw _ok
Im™n-c-∏≈n s]mSn-a‰w aT-Ønepw Uman≥ ]ºm-hen aT-Ønepw
tkhw Ap-jvTn®p. Ct∏mƒ c≠p-t]cpw s]cp-h-¥mw ¢mc-a-T-
Øn¬ hn{i-a-Po-hnXw bn-°p∂p.
Ch-cpsS Ap-PØn-am¿ Bnbpw Ip™mΩ(t{XkymΩ)bpw
-
Hcp-an-®m-bn-cp∂p ]Tw. Ah¿ Imm-´p-]md memw Xchpw XpS-
ß-mSv sk‚ v tXma-€n¬n∂pw Fkv.Fkv.F¬.knbpw Pbn®p.
ASp-Ø-bm-≠n¬ Bn XpS-ß-mSv ]qh-Øn-¶¬ Im-Øpw-
Im-´n¬ aØmbn ˛ I{Xo aI≥ aØm-bnsb hnhmlw Ign-®p.
Bn aØmbn Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v km_p, kmen, kn_n, kn¬hn,
k¨Pp F∂o A©p-a-°-fm-Wp-≈Xv. AXn¬ km_p sslkvIqƒ
hnZym-`ymkw Ign™v _nkn-kv S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cns° ncym-X-
mbn. kmensb Ip‰n-bm-Sn-bn¬ IZ-fn-°mSv AUz. tm_nƒ
hnhmlw sNbv X p. tm_nƒ ]n∂oSv ncym- X - mbn. AUz.
kn¬hnsb ]mem Imcym-¶¬ AUz. tXma-kp-Ip´n hnhmlw Ign®p.
Bnbpw aØm-bnbpw Ct∏mƒ B¨a-°-fmb kn_nbpw k¨Pp-
hp-samØv Ie-b-¥m-n-b-Sp-Øp≈ Nne-hn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
Ip™mΩ (t{XkymΩ) aphm-‰p-]pg n¿Ωem tImf-Pn¬
]Tn®v _n.Fkvknbpw ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv s{Sbn-nwKv tImtf-
Pn¬n∂pw _n.FUpw tSn. Hcp h¿jw tXm´-bv°m´v sslkvIq-
fn¬ A≤ym-]n-Ibm-bn-cp∂p. ASp-Øbm-≠n¬ sXmSp-]pg hmg-°pfw
- -
od- º pg ho´n¬ h¿°n ˛ adnbw aI≥ sFk°v tPm¿Pv
_nFkvkn, _n.FUns hnhmlw sNbvXp. hnhn[ kvIqfp-I-fn¬
A≤ym- ] - I - mbpw ]n∂oSv FCH Bbn sFk°v tPm¿Pv
{]h¿Øn®p. Ct∏mƒ Ccp-hcpw od-ºpg ho´n¬ hn{i-a-Po-hnXw
bn-°p∂p. Ip™mΩ ˛ sFk°v Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v mep a°-fm-Wp-
≈Xv. AXn¬ _nPp sFk°v Z¥-tUm-IvS-dmbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂p.
c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn Fw.F, _n.FUv hnhm-l-tijw B{‘-bn¬
A≤ym-]n-Ibmbn tPmen sNøp∂p. aq∂m-a≥ c≥Pn hmg-°pfw hniz-
-
tPymXn F≥Pn-o-b-dnwKv tImf-Pn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. mem-a-ØXv
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

37. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 149
Zo]-sb∂ ]p{Xn-bmWv. Nß-m-t»cn hmg-∏-≈n-bn¬ hnhmlw
sNbvX-b®p.
Ch-cpsS Ap-PØn am¿ ¢mc-Ωbpw tdmk-Ωbpw ap´w
kwkvIrX hnZym-ebw k¿°m¿ ]≈n-°q-Sam-bt∏mƒ AXn¬ ]Tn®v
- -
memw-Xcw Pbn®p. XpS-ß-mSv sk‚ v tXmakv sslkvIq-fn¬n-
∂mWv Ccp-hcpw Fkv-F-kv-F¬kn hnP-bn-®Xv. ¢mcΩ XpS¿∂v
aqhm-‰p-]pg n¿Ω-e-bn¬n∂pw _n.Fkvkn _ncp-Zhpw lnµn-bn¬
Fw.F.bpw FSpØp. ap´w CS-∏≈n N{µ≥Ip-t∂¬ Ipcym-t°mkv
˛ I{Xn- ° p´n tem- ® ≥ Fw.Fkvkn, F¬.F¬._n,
sF.B¿.F€ns IeymWw Ign®p. C≥Iw SmIvkv Hm^o-k-dmbn
k¿ho-kn¬ {]th-in® Ipcym-t°mkv tIc-f-Øns‚ No^v C≥Iw
SmIvkv IΩo-j-W¿ ]Z-hn-bn-seØn {]ikvX Pohn-X-Øn-p-tijw
Ct∏mƒ Fd-Wm-Ipfw IS-h-{¥-bn¬ hn{i-a-Po-hnXw bn-°p∂p.
Ah-cpsS sP∂n F∂ ]p{Xn kn.F.]mkm-b-Xn-p-tijw B™n-
e-°¬ em¬ tkhy-dns hnhmlw Ign®p. Xºn-sb∂ ]p{X≥
(sI.kn.tPmkv) ae-bmf atm-cabn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. aq∂m-asØ
- -
Bƒ sen F∂ ]p{Xn-bmWv. Snap F∂-dn-bs∏-Sp∂ sen bp.F.C.
-
tÃm°v FIv k v t N- © n¬ Fw._n.F. _ncp- Z m- - ¥ cw tPmen
sNøp∂p.
tdmkΩ ]Tw ndpØn ho´n¬ Xma-kn®p. 1971¬ ap´w Ih-
f-°m-´n¬ BKkvXn ˛ tdmkΩ aI≥ tPm¿PvIp-´nsb hnhmlw
sNbvXv Ip‰n-°m´p Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v t_m_n, tdmkvtacn
F∂ c≠p-a-°-fm-Wp-≈Xv. t_m_n apcn-°m-t»cn ]Xn-°m-´n¬
enPnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm-sSmØv Ip‰n-°m´v Xma-
-
kn-°p∂p. tdmkv tacn cma-]pcw tat®-cn¬ tPmbnsb hnhmlw
sNbvXv cma-]p-cØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm¿PvIp-´n°v ap´-Øn¬ aq∂p
I®-h-S-ÿm-]--ß-fp≠v. ap´w kl-I-cW kwLw Ub-d-IvS-dmbpw
tPm¿÷p-Ip´n tkhw Ap-jvTn-®n-´p≠v. tZh-ky-bpsS `mcy Nm®n
hm¿≤-Iy-k-l-P-amb Akp-J-ß-fm¬ Ah-i-X-bm-bn-cp∂p. 1991
Pqsse Ah-km BgvN hoWv Imsem-Sn™p. Hcp amk-Øn-e[nIw -
sXmSp-]pg apX-e-t°mSw ¢mc aTw hI Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ InS∂p
NnIn-’n®p. ho´n¬ aS-ßn-sbØn IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw sdUv
t{Imkv kwL-S ASp-Øp-n∂v ip{iq-jn-°m≥ Ab® tgvkn-
s‚bpw ]cn-N-c-W-Øn¬ Ign-bp-tºmƒ 1991 sk]vXw-_¿ c≠np
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

38. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 150
acn®p. i¶-c-∏≈n kn_n-Kncn tZhm-eb skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-
cn-°-s∏´p. ap´w ]©m-bØv sshkv {]kn-U‚mbpw a‰pw {]h¿Øn-
®n-´p≈ tZhky 1994 hw-_¿ 24p ncym-X-mbn. hw-_¿ 25p
i¶-c-∏≈n kn_n-Kncn tZhm-eb skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-
s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
D). ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Xd-hmSv
]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ aØmbn
Bdmw Xe-apd ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ aØmbn ]Sn-™m-td-°c
imJ-bn¬s∏´ Nocmw-Ip-gn-bn¬ sXmΩs‚ aIƒ A∂sb hnhmlw
sNbvXv Sp-hnse sISp-º≥]p-c-bn-S-Øn¬ ]pØ≥]p-c-bv°¬ Xma-
k-am°n. ]nXr-kz-Ønp ]pdta At±lw a-bv°¬I-≠-Ønepw
aqe-a-‰Øpw tNcn-°¬hmßn tZl-WvUn-°p-Ibpw Nq≠-t®-cn-∏p-
c-bn-S-ßfpw ne-ßfpw hmßn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A≤zm--io-e-mb
Hcp Irjo-h-e-mWv At±lw. sIm√-h¿jw 1092˛¬ Bcw-`n® Ing-
t°-°c IpSpw-_tbmKw cq]o-Icn-°p-∂Xnpw AXnp Ipc-ß≥ae
- - -
]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Hcp sI´n-S-Øn-p-th≠ ÿew kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xnpw ap≥ssI-sb-Sp-Ø-h-cn¬ Hcm-fmWv {io. aØmbn.
At±-l-Ønp Cu∏≥, sXmΩ≥, Hutk∏v, aØmbn, h¿°n
F∂ A©p-]p-{X-∑mcpw, Gen, {_nPoØm F∂o c≠p ]p{Xn-am-cp-
ap-≠mbn. Hutk∏pw {_nPo-Ømbpw Cc´ ktlm-Z-c-ß-fmWv. aqØ-
]p{Xn Gensb ]mem CS-hI amS-∏m´p ]Xp-∏-≈n¬ Nmt°m-bpsS
aI≥ Ipcy≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn {_nPo-Ømsb
Ing-X-Sn-bq¿I-c-bn¬ aÆq-cmw-]-d-ºn¬ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp.
Cu∏≥
aØm-bn-bpsS {]Ya ]p{X≥ Cu∏≥ ]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-
bn¬s∏´ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ sXmΩs‚ aIƒ adn-b-Øns (Ip™p-
s]Æv) hnhmlw sNbvXv ]nXr-{K-l-Øn¬Øs∂ Xma-kam°n.
Cu∏≥ s]mXp-P--k-Ω-Xpw [¿Ωn-jvTpw ]tcm-]-Imc Xev]-c-
p-amb Hcp tXm-hmWv. At±-lØnp aØmbn, Hutk∏v, sXmΩ≥
-
F∂o aq∂p ]p{X-∑mcpw A®mΩ, A∂Ω F∂o c≠p ]p{Xn-amcpw
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

39. 151

40. 152

41. 153

42. 154

43. 155

44. 156

45. 157

46. 158

47. 159

48. 160

49. 161

50. 162

51. 163

52. 164

53. 165

54. 166

55. 167

56. 168

57. 169

58. 170

59. 171

60. 172

61. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 173
D≠v. aqØ-]p{Xn A®m-Ωsb Ihn-°p∂p ]≈n-bn-S-hI IZ-fn-°m-
´n¬ sNdn-bms‚ aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp.
c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn A∂Ω (Nn∂Ω)sb ]mem hcn-°-am-°¬
Ipcym-®s‚ aI≥ tXma€v hnhmlw sNbvXv ]g-b-∂qcn¬ Xma-kn-
°p∂p.
amXyp (amΩ≥)
Cu∏s‚ aqØ-]p-{X≥ amΩ≥ (amXyp) ]mem-bn¬ ]Sn-™m-
td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´ ]tgm¿ ssIX-h-b-en¬ Ipcym-t°m-kns‚
aIƒ A∂-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ae-_m-dn¬ aÆm¿°mSv Ccp-
º-I-t®m-e-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. amΩv tPmk^v (Ip´n-®≥), Ipcym-
t°mkv (tPmbn- ® ≥), tXma€v (tSman- ® ≥) amXyp (amØ-
®≥),temd≥kv F∂o A©p ]p{X-∑mcpw tacn (emen), A∂Ω
(tamfn) F∂o c≠p ]p{Xn-am-cp-amWv a°ƒ.
amΩs‚ aqØ-]p-{X≥ tPmk^v (Ip´n-®≥) `c-W-ßmw XI-
Sn-tb¬ tXma€n(A∏-®≥)s‚ aIƒ A∂ (h’Ω)sb hnhmlw
sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ip´n-®v oXp (A∂‰v)
F∂ ]p{Xnbpw Inc¨ (amXyp), tSmw F∂o c≠p ]p{X-∑m-cp-amWv.
]p{Xn oXp (A∂‰v) hns Xfn-∏-d-ºn¬ ºym-]-d-ºn¬
tPmWn aI≥ tXma€v (knPp) hnhmlw Ign®p. Ccp-hcpw Ct∏mƒ
Ata-cn-°-bn-emWv.
Ip´n-®s‚ aqØ-]p-{X≥ Inc¨ Fw._n.F Ign™v Fd-Wm-
Ip-fØv tPmen sNøp∂p. Cfb ]p{X≥ tSmw Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv F≥Pn-
o-b-dnw-Knp ]Tn-°p∂p.
amΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ Ipcym-t°mkv (tPmbn-®≥)
aÆm¿°m´v hm®m-]-d-ºn¬ tXma-€ns‚ aIƒ A∂ (Bn)sb
hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPmbn-®p
Zo]p, Acp¨, Cu∏≥ F∂o aq∂p ]p{X-∑m-cmWv a°ƒ.
aqØ-]p-{X≥ Zo]p njsb hnhm-lw-sNbvXv Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv
Xma-kn-°p∂p. Zo]p-hnp tPml≥ Fs∂mcp ]p{X-p≠v. c≠m-
asØ ]p{X≥ Acp¨ Fw._n.F Ign™v Xncp-h--¥-]p-cØv
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

62. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 174
tPmen sNøp∂p.
Cf-b-]p-{X≥ Cu∏≥ _n.tImanp ]Tn-°p∂p. amΩs‚ aq∂m-
asØ ]p{X≥ tXma€v (tSman-®≥) CS-a-‰Øv aWvU-]-Øn¬ Ip´n-
®s‚ (Fw.hn.tXma€v) aIƒ Po (tdmknen)sb hnhmlw sNbvXv
Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tSman°p A∂p F∂ ]p{Xnbpw
amΩ-®≥, A`n-tjIv F∂o c≠p ]p{X-∑m-cp-amWv.
]p{Xn A∂p ^pUv sSIv t m- f - P n°v tImb- º - Ø qcn¬
]Tn-°p∂p. ]p{X-∑m¿ c≠p-t]cpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.
amΩs‚ mem-asØ ]p{X≥ amXyp (amØ-®≥) Ipcy-mSv
a‰-Øn¬ tPmbn, Ip™q-™Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ _np-hns
hnhmlw sNbvXv Ccp-º-I-t®m-e-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. amØ-®v
Ao‰m F∂ s]¨Ip-´nbpw AanØv F∂ B¨Ip-´n-bp-ap≠v.
c≠p-t]cpw ]Tn-°p∂p.
amΩs‚ A©m-asØ ]p{X≥ temd≥kv tImX-aw-Kew Ce-
™n-°¬ ho´n¬ kÆn, Nn∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ kpn-Xsb
hnhmlw sNbvXv s]m≈m-®n-bn¬, IpSpw_w hI tXm´hpw NIn-cn-
t®m¿ ^mIvSdnbpw tm°n S-Øp∂p. temd≥knp Smnb (B≥a-
-
cnb) F∂ s]¨Ip-´nbpw Xcp¨, tSmtPm F∂o c≠p B¨a-°-
fp-amWv. Ch¿ hnZym¿∞nIfmWv.
amΩs‚ aqØ-a-Iƒ tacn (emen)sb sh≈n-°p-f-ßc πm°q-
´-Øn¬ tZh€y, adn-bmΩ Zº-Xn-IfpsS aI≥ tUm. ]n.Un.tPmk^v
-
hnhmlw sNbvXv ]me-°mSv Icn-º-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tUm.
]n.Un.tPmk^v t{X-tcmK hnZ-Kv[-mWv. amΩs‚ Cf-b-]p{Xn
A∂Ω(tamfn)sb Cucm-‰p-t]´ ]pfn-°¬ ]n.Fw.tXmakv, tacn
Zº-Xn-fpsS aI≥ AUz. tPm¿÷v ]pfn-°≥ (h°-®≥) hnhmlw
sNbvXv Acp-hn-Øp-d-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. amΩ≥ 1991 HIvtSm-_¿
30p hml-m-]-I-S-Øn¬ acn®p. Ccp-º-I-t®me ]≈n skan-tØ-
cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.
tPmk^v (Ipt™∏v)
Cu∏s‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ tPmk^v (Ipt™∏v) ]me-
∏≈n CS-hI Iq´n-bm-n-bn¬ tZh-kym-bpsS aIƒ cmP-Ωsb
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

63. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 175
hnhmlw sNbv X v Im™n- c - ∏ p- g - b n¬ Xma- k n- ° p∂p. Ch¿°v
tPmk^v (kÆn), sk_m-Ãy≥ (kn_n), amXyp (sPΩn) F∂o
aq∂p ]p{X-∑mcpw hnae, Fanen F∂o c≠p ]p{Xn-am-cp-amWv a°ƒ.
Ipt™∏n(tPmk^v)s‚ aqØ-]p-{X≥ kÆn (tPmk^v) Fcp-
taen Ccp-∏-°m´v C.]n.^nen-∏ns‚ aIƒ adn-b-Ωsb hnhmlw
sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn-ep≈ ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
kÆn°v sIhn≥ F∂ B¨Ip-´nbpw sFdn≥, sadn≥ F∂ c≠p
s]¨Ip-´n-I-fp-amWv a°ƒ. aq∂p-t]cpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv. kÆn
Ccp-ºIt®m-ebn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {Ko≥hmen Hmbn¬kns‚ amt-
- - -
PnwKv ]m¿´-W-dmWv.
Ipt™-∏ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ kn_n dm∂n B-Ømw
amXyp aIƒ ]n¶nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Nß-m-t»-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-
°p∂p. kn_n Nß-m-t»cn Fkv._n. tImf-Pn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p.
kn_n°v ‰nb F∂ s]¨Ip-´nbpw tPm F∂ B¨Ip-´n-bp-amWv
a°ƒ.
Ipt™-∏ns‚ aq∂m-asØ ]p{X≥ sPΩn tImgn-t°mSv hmcyw-
]-d-ºn¬ ]tc-X-mb amXyp aIƒ caysb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-
hcpw Zp_m-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v Cj F∂ s]¨Ip-
´nbpw tPmk^v F∂ B¨Ip- ´ n- b p- a p≠v . Cj H∂mw- ¢ mkv
hnZym¿Yn-nbmWv.
Ipt™-∏ns‚ aqØ-]p{Xn hna-esb sSp-¶p-∂w Im´q¿ ho´n¬
tPm¨ aI≥ {^m≥kokv (hmh-®≥) hnhmlw sNbvXv sSp-¶p-
∂Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p.
Ipt™-∏ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn Fan-ensb Im™n-c-∏≈n
Ipcn-ipw-aq-´n¬ sUman-nIv aI≥ sk_m-Ãy≥ (tZh-kym-®≥)
hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏≈n shfn-®n-bm-n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
Ipt™∏v 1989 Unkw-_-dn¬ ac-W-a-S™p. Im™n-c-∏pg
]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.
tXma€v (tXmam-®≥)
Cu∏s‚ aq∂m- a sØ ]p{X≥ tXma€v (tXmam- ® ≥)
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

64. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 176
]me∏n≈n CS-hI Iq´n-bm-n-bn¬ Nmt°m-®≥ ˛ tdmkΩ aIƒ
tkm^nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]mem-bn-ep≈ ]pØ≥]p-cbv°¬ Xd-
-
hm-´n¬ Xma-kn®p. tXmam-®≥ 20˛03˛2008¬ acWw {]m]n®p. ]mem
IØo-{U¬ ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. tXmam-®v
Cu∏≥, tXmakv, tP°_v tXmakv, tSmw tXmakv F∂o aq∂p
]p{X-∑mcpw aRvPp tacn tXmakv, tdmjnn (s]m∂n) F∂o c≠p
s]¨a-°-fp-amWv a°ƒ.
tXmΩm-®s‚ aqØ-a-I≥ Cu∏≥ tXma€v Fw.Un.Fkv
]mkmbn tIm´-bØv I™n-°p-gn-bn¬ Z¥m-ip-]{Xn S-Øp∂p.
Cu∏≥ t_mws_ eqbnk, tImdnb aIƒ tUm. sP∂n- ^ ¿
_n.Un.Fkns hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v dnb, Znb F∂o c≠p
s]¨a-°-fmWv. c≠p-t]cpw hnZym¿∞n-I-fmWv. t^m¨: 9447157317.
tXmam-®s‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ tP°_v tXmakv Fw.kn.F
]mkmbn t_mws_ F≥.kn.Bdn¬ sF.Sn.taJ-e-bn¬ tPmen
sNøp∂p. Sn tP°_v Ab¿°p-∂Øv IpS-I-t»-cn¬ tPmkv, en√n-
°p´n aIƒ dmWnsb hnhmlw sNbvXv t_mws_-bn¬ Xma-kn-
°p∂p. tP°-_np tl F∂ ]p{Xn-bp≠v. ]Tn-°p∂p. t^m¨:
09619339010.
tXmam-®s‚ aq∂m-asØ ]p{X≥ tSmw tXmakv Fw.F€n.
(sF.Sn) ]mkmbn Ata-cn-°-bn¬ yqtbm¿°n¬ tPmen sNøp∂p.
tSmw Fd-Wm-Ipfw Ing-t°-Ø-e-°¬ C´n-cm-®≥ ˛ h’Ω aIƒ
enk tSmans hnhmlw sNbvXp. t^m¨: 0015164247634.
tXmam-®s‚ aqØ ]p{Xn aRvPp tacn tXma-kns Fd-Wm-
Ip-fØv IÆn-Im´v tPmkv ˛ sUbvkn Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ _nPp
hnhmlw sNbvXv Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv Xma-kn-°p∂p. t^m¨: 0484 ˛
2356259.
tXmam-®s‚ Cfb ]p{Xn tdmjvn (s]m∂n)sb CS-a‰w Ipcp-
hn-m-°p-t∂¬ amØ-®≥ ˛ I{Xn-°p´n aI≥ amØ≥ hnhmlw
sNbvXv CS-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. t^m¨: 09944155079.
sXmΩ≥ (Ggmw Xe-apd)
Bdmw Xe-apd ]pØ≥]p-c-°¬ aØm-bn-bpsS c≠m-asØ
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

65. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 177
]p{X≥ sXmΩ≥ {]hn-Ømw ]≈n CS-hI Ce-hp-¶¬ ]m∏s‚
aIƒ A∂sb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ing-t°-°c Itcm-´p-ho-´n¬ Xma-
kn®p. Cu hnhm-l-Øn¬ amXyp F∂ ]p{Xpw tdmk, Gen F∂o
c≠p ]p{Xn-amcpw D≠mbn. At∏mƒ `mcy ac-W-a-S™p. AXn-m¬
aptØmen ]≈n CS-hI mK-q-en¬ Ip∂pw-]p-dØv Nmt°m-bpsS
aIƒ Gensb ]p¿hn-hmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v Cu∏≥, Nmt°m,
tPm¿÷v, {^m≥knkv F∂o A©p ]p{X-∑mcpw Gen-bmΩ F∂
]p{Xnbpw Pn®p.
sXmΩs‚ H∂m-asØ ]p{Xn tdmk `c-W-ßmw tacn-Kncn
saUn-°¬ anj-n¬ tN¿∂p Ah-cmWv knÿ B¬a.
c≠m-a-sØ-]p{Xn Gen fmew ¢mc-a-T-Øn¬ tN¿∂p knÿ
_∂‰v F∂ t]cn¬ Iym-kv{Xo-bmbn.
aq∂m-asØ ]p{Xn Gen-bmΩ (Ip™mΩ) _n.Fkvknsb
Xncp-h--¥-]p-cØv ]q¥pd A¬t^m≥kv aI≥ hnP-b≥ hnhmlw
sNbvXv Xncp-h--¥-]p-cØv Bim--K-dn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
sI.Sn.amXyp (sIm®p-aØ) F´mw Xe-apd
Ggmw Xe-apd sXmΩs‚ aqØ-]p-{X≥ amXyp ]mem ]≈n-bn-
S-hI Iq´n-bm-n-bn¬ sk_m-Ãys‚ aIƒ tamfnsb hnhmlw
sNbvXv ]mem-bn-ep≈ Itcm-t´-ho-´n¬ Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-kn®p. ]n∂oSv
ae-_m-dn¬ Ccp-ºIt®m-ebv°v Xmakw am‰n. Sn amXyp-hnv tXmakv,
- -
kn_n F∂o c≠m¨a-°fpw A∂Ω, s_‰n, tdmk F∂o aq∂p
s]¨Ip-´n-I-fp-ap≠v.
amXyp-hns‚ aqØ-]p-{X≥ tXmakv (tXmam-®≥) Ipcy-mSv a‰-
Øn¬ Idn-bm-®≥ aIƒ m≥knsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Ccp-º-I-
t®m-e-bn-ep≈ ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tXmakv Ccp-º-I-
t®me {Ko≥hmen Hmb¬kns‚ ]m¿´vW-dmWv. k®n≥ F∂
]p{Xpw KoXp, nbm F∂o c≠p s]¨a-°-fp-amWv.
]p{X≥ k®n≥ F≥Pn-o-b-dnw-Knp sNtºcn hna¬ tImf-
Pn¬ ]Tn-°p∂p.
tXma-kns‚ aqØ-]p{Xn KoXp sIm®n≥ cmP-Kncn tImf-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

66. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 178
Pn¬n∂pw Fw.sSIv ]mkmbn KoXp-hns aqe-a-‰Øv hmg-Nm-cn-
°¬ Hutk-∏-®≥ (tPmkv hn. tPmk^v) ˛ Beokv Zº-Xn-I-fpsS
aI≥ t{]w hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]p{Xn nbm ]Tn-°p∂p.
amXyp-hns‚ aqØ-]p{Xn A∂Ω (B≥kn)sb CS-a-dpIv Iq´p-
¶¬ Ip™-∏≥ (tPmk^v)s‚ aI≥ tPmk^v k°dn-bmkv (Idn-
bm-®≥) hnhmlw sNbvXp CS-a-dp-In¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
amXyp-hns‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn s_‰vknsb tImX-aw-K-eØv
]me-Ød tPmWns‚ aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw Ign®v ]co-°-Æn-bn¬
Xma-kn-°p∂p.
aq∂m-asØ ]p{Xn tdmk (dn≥kn)sb A¶-amen a™{] hS-
°pw-tN-cn-bn¬ h¿°nbpsS aI≥ tPmkv hnhmlw sNbvXv Xh-f-
∏mdbn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
amXyp-hns‚ Cf-b-]p-{X≥ kn_n hb-m-´n¬ ap≈w-sIm-√n-
bn¬ Xd-∏Øv tPmkns‚ aIƒ kn‘p-hns hnhmlw sNbvXv
_mwKv f q- c n¬ Xma- k n- ° p∂p. Ccp- h cpw _mwKv f q- c n¬ tPmen
sNøp∂p. kn_n°v tdmkn‰, Ao‰ F∂o c≠p s]¨a-°-fmWv.
Ccp-hcpw ]Tn-°p∂p.
Cu∏≥ tXmakv (Cu∏-®≥) ˛ F´mw Xe-apd
Ggmw Xe-apd sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ Cu∏≥ Im™n-
c-∏pg awKen C´o-c-bpsS aIƒ tdmkn-en‚ns hnhmlw sNbvXv
Im™n- c - ∏ p- g - b n¬ Xma- k n- ° p∂p. Cu∏≥ s√mcp πm‚dpw
cmjv{Sob kmaq-ly-cw-K-ß-fn¬ kPo-h-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h-p-
amWv. Cu∏v Hcp s]¨Ip-´nbpw aq∂p B¨a-°-fp-amWv. Zo]m
F∂ ]p{Xnbpw {]Zo]v, {]im¥v, {]Xm]v F∂o ]p{X-∑m-cp-amWv
a°ƒ.
]p{Xn Zo]sb Ccn-ßm-e-°pS ssXh-f-∏n¬ eqbnkv aI≥
PnPp hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw Ata-cn-°bn¬ lqÃ-Wn¬ tPmen
-
sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v Pm°v, sdbv®¬ F∂o c≠p a°-fp≠v. Ch¿
]Tn-°p∂p.
Cu∏s‚ aqØ-]p-{X≥ {]Zo]v, hmbm-´p-]-dºv Icp-h≥Nm¬
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

67. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 179
Ag-IØv (tahnS) tXma-kp-Ip-´n-bpsS aIƒ oXp-hns hnhmlw
sNbvXv ]me-°mSv Xma-kn-°p∂p. C-h¿°v Chm≥ Fs∂mcp ]p{X-
p≠v.
Cu∏s‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ {]im¥v ]≈n-°tØmSv (aqgq¿)
-
aqßm-am-°¬ ]tc-X-mb tPmkns‚ aIƒ Pnjsb hnhmlw
sNbvXv _mwKvfq-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. {]im-¥np antj¬, tdmj≥
F∂o c≠p ]p{Xn-am-cp≠v.
Cu∏s‚ Cfb ]p{X≥ {]Xm]v gvknwKv Ign™v Cw•-≠n¬
tPmen sNøp∂p.
Nmt°m (Nmt°m-®≥)
sXmΩs‚ aq∂m-asØ ]p{X≥ Nmt°m kpJ-an-√mØ Bfm-
bn-cp∂p. 2006 hw-_dn¬ ac-WaS™p. Ccp-ºIt®me ]≈n skan-
- - - - -
tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.
tPm¿÷v (tPm¿÷p-Ip´n)
sXmΩs‚ mem-asØ ]p{X≥ tPm¿÷v (tPm¿÷p-Ip´n)
Fen-hmen Iq¥m-Øv Ip™-∏≥ ˛ GeΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ
en€-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-c∏pg Ccp-ºIt®m-ebn¬ Xma-
- - - -
kn-°p∂p. tPm¿÷np aq∂p s]¨a-°-fmWv. hnoX, kwKoX,
hnX F∂n-h-cmWv a°ƒ.
tPm¿÷ns‚ aqØ-]p{Xn hno-Xsb sIm√w XS-Øn¬ ho´n¬
{]^. temd≥kv ssa°n-fns‚ aI≥ ssa°nƒ hnhmlw sNbvXp.
Ch¿ _mwKvfq-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v Hcp Ip´n-bp≠v.
c≠m-asØ aIƒ kwKo-Xsb I√-Sn-t°mSv ]q≠n-°p-fØv
t__n-®≥ aI≥ Zo]p hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿ _mwKvfq-cn¬ Xma-
kn-°p∂p. aq∂m-asØ ]p{Xn anX _n.sSIv ]Tn-°p∂p.
AUz. sI.Sn.tXmakv (tSman)
Ggmw Xe-apd sXmΩs‚ A©m-asØ aI≥ tXmakv (tSman)
hnf-°p-amSw sNº-I-t»-cn¬ amXyp-hns‚ aIƒ Gen (emen)sb
hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏pg Ccp-º-I-t®m-e-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

68. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 180
cmtJjv, cRvPnXv F∂o c≠m¨a-°fpw aocm, Xmcm F∂o c≠p
s]¨a-°-fp-amWv. cmtJjv _n.sSIv Ign™v _mwKvfq-cn¬ tPmen
sNøp∂p. cRv P nXv _n.tImanp ]Tn- ° p∂p. ]p{Xn aocm
Bbp¿thZw Un{Kn Ign™v lukv k¿P≥kn sNøp∂p. Xmc
saUn-knp ]Tn-°p∂p.
{^m≥kn€v (tSmWn)
sXmΩs‚ Cfb ]p{X-mb {^m≥kn€v (tSmWn) ]md-tØm´v
Ipcn-ipw-aq-´n¬ (]pfn-am-°¬) tXma-kns‚ aIƒ acn-b-tKm-tcØn
(Pm≥kn)sb hnhmlw sNbvXp Ccp-º-I-t®m-e-bn-ep≈ ]nXr-Kr-
l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. tSmWn ]e kmaqly kwL-S--I-fp-tSbpw
Xe-∏Øv {]h¿Øn-°p∂p Ccp-ºIt®me {Ko≥hmen Hmbn¬kns‚
- -
]m¿´vW-dmWv. tSmWn°v aq∂p s]¨a-°-fmWv. en‚p, anen, b
F∂n-h-cmWv ]p{Xn-am¿.
aqØ-]p{Xn en‚p Fw._n.F ]mkmbn.en‚p-hns aWn-ae
πm°m´v sken≥ ˛ ]tc-X-mb amXyp ]n.tPmk^v aI≥ Ipcy≥
hnhmlw sNbvXp. anenbpw b-bpw hnZym¿∞n-I-fmWv.
sXmΩ≥ 1998 Pp-hcn 11p acWw {]m]n®p. Ccp-º-I-t®me
]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.
Hutk∏v (HuX) Ggmw Xe-apd ˛ Ipdp-aÆv
Bdmw Xe-apd aØm-bn-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]p{X≥ Hutk∏v
(HuX) `c-W-ßmw ]≈n-bn-S-hI ]d-ap-≠-bn¬ Ipcys‚ aIƒ
adn-b-Øns hnhmlw sNbvXv Ipdp-aÆv a-bv°-°-≠-Øn¬ Xma-
kn-°p∂p. Hutk-∏np amXyp, Ipcy≥, tPmk^v, tXmakv F∂o
mep ]p{X∑m-cp≠v.
sI.sP.amXyp (amØ-∏≥) ˛ F´mw Xe-apd
Ggmw Xe-apd Hutk-∏ns‚ aqØ-a-I≥ amXyp (sI.sP.amXyp
Fw.F) ]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´ taep-Im-hn¬ sXt°-°-
≠-Øn¬ Cu∏s‚ aIƒ tacn-°p-´nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-
c-∏pg Xma-kn-°p∂p. amXyp-hnp Cu∏≥ F∂ ]p{Xpw ann, nΩn
F∂o c≠p ]p{Xn-am-cp-amWv.
]p{X≥ Cu∏≥ Acp-hn-Øpd πmtØm-´-Øn¬ h¿°n-bpsS
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

69. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 181
aIƒ dosb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw Ata-cn-°-bn¬ tPmen
sNøp∂p. Cu∏v {InÃo F∂ ]p{Xn-bp≠v. ]Tn-°p∂p. amXyp-
hns‚ aqØ-]p{Xn annsb Bc-°pg tN¿t°m´v Hutk-∏®s‚ aI≥
-
tSman hnhmlw sNbvXv Fd-Wm-Ipfw If-at»-cn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
-
Cfb ]p{Xn nΩn Fw._n._n.Fkv Ign-™p-n¬°p-∂p.
sI.sP.Ipcy≥ (Ipcym-®≥)
Hutk-∏ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ Ipcy≥ ]mem I∏mSv
CS-hI Nqc-m´v Nm≠n-bpsS aIƒ s]Æ-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv
a-°°≠Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ipcyp tPmkv (tPmbn-®≥) F∂
- - -
]p{Xpw tacn (tamfn) F∂ ]p{Xn-bp-ap≠v.
Ipcys‚ ]p{X≥ tPmbn-®≥ XnS-mSv Rmb¿Ip-fØv tUm.
h°-®≥, tagvkn-bΩ aIƒ kntm-ansb hnhmlw sNbvXv a-°-
°-≠-Øn-ep≈ ]nXr-Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-p. tPmbn-®v n∂p
s¢b¿, dn∂p acnb F∂o c≠p ]p{Xnam-cp≠v. Ch¿ hnZym¿∞n-I-
fmWv. ]p{Xn tamfnsb hmI-°mSv aÆq¿ Ipt™∏v, tdmkΩ aI≥
km_p hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ipcy≥ 19˛5˛2001¬ acn®p. Ipdp-aÆv ]≈n
skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.
dh. ^m. tPmk^v
Hutk- ∏ ns‚ aq∂m- a sØ ]p{X≥ tPmk^v (dh. ^m.
tPmk^v Ing-t°-°c) ]mem cq]-X-bn¬ CS-hI sshZn-I-mbn
1969¬ h-]qP A¿∏n®p. Ct∏mƒ XpS-ß-mSv sk‚ v tXmakv
s^mtdm-m-]≈n hnIm-cn-bmbn tkh--a-p-jvTn-°p∂p.
sI.sP.tXma€v (tXmam®≥)
Hutk-∏ns‚ mem-asØ ]p{X≥ tXmakv ]mem ]≈n-bn-S-
hI Iq´n-bm-n-bn¬ sk_m-Ãy≥, Gen-°p´n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ
eqknsb hnhmlw sNbvXv a-bv°°≠Øn-ep≈ ]nXr-`hØn¬
- - - - - -
Xma-kn-°p∂p. tXma-€np tPmkv, kn_n, amXyp F∂o aq∂p ]p{X-
∑mcpw acnb F∂ ]p{Xn-bp-ap≠v.
tXma-kns‚ aqØ-]p-{X≥ tPmkv Acp-hn-Øpd hmfn-πm-°¬
tPmk^v, Benkv aIƒ kn≥kp-hns hnhmlw sNbvXp a-°-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

70. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 182
°- ≠ - Ø n¬ Xma- k n- ° p∂p. tPmknp A¬t^m≥km F∂
]p{Xnbpw tSmw F∂ ]p{X-p-ap≠v. Ch¿ Ip™p-ß-fmWv.
tXma-kns‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ kn_n Fen-hmen ssaem-
Sq¿ tPmk^v ˛ {Sok Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ tkmWnsb hnhmlw
sNbvXv a-°-°-≠-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. kn_n°v tXmakv F∂
]p{Xpw Smnb F∂ ]p{Xn-bp-ap≠v. tXma-€ns‚ ]p{Xn acnb
Fw.tImw Ign-™p-n¬°p-∂p.
sI.Fw.amXyp (Ggmw Xe-apd)
Bdmw Xe-apd ]pØ≥]p-c-°¬ aØm-bn-bpsS mem-asØ
]p{X≥ amXyp (sI.Fw.amXyp _n.Fkvkn) Im™n-c-∏-≈n¬ Icn-
∏m-∏dºn¬ sNdn-bms‚ aIƒ s]ÆΩ _n.F.sb hnhmlw sNbvXv
- -
Im™n-c-∏pgbn¬ Xma-k-am-°n. Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn-ep≈ Zn mj-W¬
πmt‚-j≥ Iº-n-bpsS amt-PnwKv ]m¿´vWdm-bn-cp∂p. Sn amXyphpw
-
ktlm-Z-c-∑mcpw IqSn Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn¬ Hcp ]≈nbpw tlmkv]n-
‰epw ]Wn-bn®v s]mXp-P--߃°mbn hn´p-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p≠v. amXyp
1986 HIvtSm-_¿ 24p ac-W-a-S™p. Im™n-c∏pg skan-tØ-cn-bn¬
kwkvI-cn®p. amXyp-hnp amXyp Fs∂mcp ]p{Xpw A°Ω F∂
Hcp ]p{Xn-bp-ap≠v.
amXyp-hns‚ ]p{X≥ tUm. amXyp amXyp Fw._n._n.Fkv
ssX°m-´p-t»cn Aø-mSv ]mdm-bn¬ ]n.sI.tPm¿Pv Xc-I≥ aIƒ
tdmk-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn-ep≈ ]nXr-`-h--
Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Sn amXyp √ Hcp Irjn-°m-c-mWv. B[p-
nI coXn-bn¬ F√m-hn[ Irjn-Ifpw S-Øp∂p. amXyp-hnv hnthIv
tPm¿÷v amXyp F∂ ]p{Xpw tdmjvn, tdmkn F∂o c≠p ]p{Xn-
am-cp-ap≠v. amXyp-hns‚ ]p{X≥ hnthIv Be-∏p-g-bn¬ A°-c-Ifw
tXma-kns‚ aIƒ Sosb hnhmlw sNbvXp.
amXyp-hns‚ aqØ-]p{Xn tdmjvnsb Nß-m-t»-cn¬ tImt®-
cn¬ sk_m-Ãy≥ aI≥ c≥P≥ hnhmlw sNbvXv apwss_-bn¬
Xma-kn-°p∂p.
c≠m- a sØ ]p{Xn tdmknsb Xº- e - ° mSv IX- b - m´v
]utemkv aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXv sNss∂-bn¬ Xma-kn-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

71. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 183
°p∂p. sI.Fw.amXyp-hns‚ ]p{Xn A°-Ωsb Nme-°pSn ]cn-bmcw
IÆw-]n-≈n¬ tem-°p™v aI≥ t]mƒ hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿
Im™n-c-∏p-g-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
sI.Fw.h¿°n aqe-a‰w (Ggmw Xe-apd)
Xot°mbn CS-bmSn sXmΩ≥ ˛ adnbw aIƒ adn-bsØ
hnhmlw sNbvXp. A©p a°ƒ. aq∂p s]Æpw c≠v BWpw. `mcy
acn-°p-I-bm¬ ]p¿hn-hmlw sNbvXp. h[p sXmSp-]pg Ieq¿ Imc-
°p-t∂¬ A∂ aØmbn aIƒ t{Xkym. c≠mw hnhm-l-Øn¬
acnb F∂ s]¨Ip´n D≠v. acn-bsb FS-bm-Sn-bn¬ the-Øp-t»-
cn-bn¬ (Xot°mbn) amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. Xot°m-bn¬ Xma-
kn-°p-∂p.
sI.Fw.h¿°n-bpsS aqØ aIƒ tacn h¿°nsb tahnS amfn-
tb-°¬ tPmk^v ˛ t{Xkym aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXv
tahnSbn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn Ip™m-Ωsb Bc-
°pg amtX-°¬ Ipcym-t°mkv ˛ A∂ aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw
sNbvXp Bc-°pgbn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
aq∂m-asØ ]p{Xn kn. A∂‰v `c-W-ßmw tacn-Kncn anj-
n¬ tN¿∂p.
aqØ-]p-{X≥ sI.hn.amXyp CS-a-dpIv Nocm-¶pgn amWn ˛ A∂
aIƒ tdmk-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv ]pc-bn-S-Øns‚ Ing-°p-h-iØv
{]tXyI sI´n-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®n-cp∂p. Sn amXyp 13˛3˛98¬ acn®p.
Sn amXyp-hnv Bdp-a-°ƒ c≠mWpw mep s]Æpw aqØ-a-
Iƒ tamfn F∂p hnfn-°p∂ tacnsb hnhmlw Ign-®n√. ]nXr-Kr-
l-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
aqØ-a-I≥ s_∂n-sb∂p hnfn-°p-∂ sI.Fw.tPm¿÷v Ipf-
amhv F.Sn.tPm¨ ˛tacn aIƒ tagvknsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Xd-hm-
´n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. c≠p a°ƒ. HcmWpw Hcp s]Æpw. F√m-hcpw
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ 1. tdmkv acnb tPm¿÷v, 2. amXyqkv tPm¿÷v.
c≠m-asØ aIƒ tUmfn (A∂) 18.09.1989¬ AIme arXyp
{]m]n®p. aq∂m-asØ ]p{Xn tdmk-Ωsb D∏p-Xd ISp-t¥mSv
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

72. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 184
tPmk^v ˛ tacn-°p´n aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXv D∏p-X-d-
bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ _ntmbn (amp-h¬)
4˛6˛98¬ AIme arXyp {]m]n®p. aq∂m-asØ ]p{Xn dmWn F∂p
hnfn-°p∂ sIm®p-t{Xky kntÃgvkv Hm^v sk‚ v tPmk^v Hm^v
sk‚ v tacn (Fkv.sP.Fkv.Fw) kymk kaq-l-Ønse AwK-
amWv.
5. Ggmw Xe-apd h¿°n-bpsS Cfb aI≥ tPm∏n-sb∂p hnfn-
°p∂ sI.hn. tPmk^v Cf-ßpfw apdn-™m-e-°¬ aØmbn A∂
aIƒ t{Xkymsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Cfßp-fØv `mcym-Kr-l-Øn¬
Xma-kn-°p∂p. Sn tPm∏n°v mep a°ƒ. c≠mWpw c≠p s]Æpw.
aqØ-]p-{X≥ km_p F∂p hnfn-°p∂ tPm¿÷v hmg-°pfw ]p∂-
°-∏Shn¬ (Sp-°c) tPm¨ ˛ A∂-°p´n aIƒ euensb hnhmlw
- -
sNbvXv aqe-a-‰Øv Xma-kn-°p∂p. Sn km_p-hnv mep Ip´n-Iƒ
F√m-hcpw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ.
1. sS€ 2. B≥ 3. tPmk^v 4. tPm¨kv. c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥
kÆn-sb∂p hnfn-°p∂ tPmk^v aWn-b-©nd kvIdnbm eqkn
aIƒ sd‰nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Cf-ßp-fØv ]nXm-hns‚ IqsS
Xma-kn-°p∂p. aq∂p Ip´n-Iƒ. tPm∏n, dmWn, dqWn (hnZym¿Yn-
Iƒ). aqØ-]p{Xn tacnsb ]b-∏m¿ HmS-°¬ ssa°nƒ ˛ sXømΩ
aI≥ tPmbn hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn tkmWnb F∂p
hnfn-°p∂ t{Xkymsb sNdp-tXm-´-Øn¬ (Ing-°≥ a‰w) t{Xkym
˛ B‚Wn aI≥ Idn-bm-®≥ hnhmlw sNbvXv Ing-°≥ a‰-Øn¬
Xma-kn-°p∂p.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

73. 185

74. 186

75. 187

76. 188

77. 189

78. 190

79. 191

80. 192

81. 193

82. 194

83. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 195
]oSn-I-bn¬ IpSpw_w
]oSn-I-bn¬ C´n sF∏v (memw Xe-ap-d)
Ing-t°-°c Itcm-t´-ho-´n¬ C´n-bbv]ns‚ ZznXo-b]p-{X≥ C´n-
- -
bbv]v ImWn-tb-°m-´p-I-c-bn¬ ]mem-∏≈n CS-hI IpSp-ºp-Im-´n¬
N¥n-c-°m-cs‚ aIƒ adn-b-Øns hnhmlw Ign®v hS-s°-s°-Sp-
º≥ ]pcn-bn-S-Øn¬ Ccn-°p∂ ]oSn-I-bn¬ Xma-kn®p. ]nXm-hmb
aq∂mw Xe-apd Ing-t°-°c Itcm-t´-ho-´n¬ C´n-bbv]v 1029˛m-am≠v
[p-am-k-Øn¬ acn®v ]mem hen-b-]-≈n-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏´p.
]oSn-I-bn¬ C´n-bbv]v I®-hSw S-Øp∂ ImeØv Xncp-hn-
Xmw-Iq-dnse Znhm≥ t]jv°m¿ apX-emb {][m DtZym-K-ÿ-∑m¿
ao-®n¬ kµ¿in-°m≥ hcp-tºmƒ ]cn-N-c-W-Øn-mbpw a‰pw taep-
Im-hn-ep≈ ae-b-c-b-∑msc hf-sc-b-[nIw ]oUn-∏n-®n-cp∂p. Ah¿
So. C´n-bbv]ns‚ ]°¬ ]cm-Xn-s∏-´Xns‚ ^e-ambn At±lw tIm´-
- -
b-Øp-n∂pw ]≈-Øp-km-bv]ns hcp-Øp-Ibpw kmbv]v taep-Im-
hn¬ Hcp N¿®p-an-j≥ ]≈n ÿm]n®v Ahsc kn.Fw.F€n¬
tN¿Øv D≤-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu hnhcw taeq-Im-hp-]-≈n-bn¬
Hcp {]am-W-tc-J-bmbn kq£n-®n-´p≠v. memw Xe-ap-d-°m-cpw ISp-
ºp-Im-´n¬n∂p hnhmlw sNbvX-bm-fp-amb C´n-bbv]v 1052˛mam≠p
acWw {]m]n®p. memw Xe-apd ]oSn-I-bn¬ C´n-b-bv]np C´n-
bbv]v, Nmt°m, sXmΩ≥ F∂p aq∂p ]p{X-∑m-cp-≠mbn. Nmt°m
Ahn-hm-ln-X-m-bn-cp∂p; Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ k¿∏-Zw-i-ta‰p acn®p.
]oSn-I-bn¬ Xd-hmSv
]oSn-I-bn¬ C´n- sF∏v (A©mw Xe-ap-d)
]oSn-I-bn¬ C´n- sF-∏ns‚ aI≥ ]oSn-I-bn¬ C´n- sFbv]v
Nß-m-ticn Xmeq-°n¬ Im¿Øn-I-∏≈n IpSpw-_-amb sh´nØp-
cp-tج IÆp-ssh-Zys‚ aIƒ Gensb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]nXr-
Kr-l-Øn¬ Xma-kn®p. Sn. C´n- sF∏np butk∏v, C´n- sF∏v
F∂p c≠p ]p{X-∑mcpw adnbw, A®mΩ, Gen, t{Xkym F∂p
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

84. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 196
mep ]p{Xn-am-cp-ap-≠mbn. H∂m-asØ ]p{Xn adn-b-Øns `c-W-
ßmw ]≈n-bn-S-hI "B°n-am-∏nf'bmb amdm-a-‰-Øn¬ Hutk∏p
hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn A®m-Ωsb hmg-°pfw Ic-
bn¬ sNm≈m-a-T-Øn¬ hnhmlw sNbvX-b®p. Hcp sIm√w Ign™v
k¥m-an-√msX hn[h-bm-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw ]nXr-Kr-lØn¬ Xma-kn®v
- -
1957˛ s^. 22˛mw XobXn acn®v Cfw-tXm-´w-]-≈n-bpsS ih-t°m-´-
bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp aq∂m-asØ ]p{Xn Gensb
Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sp-]-≈n-bn-S-hI ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-amb tIm´-bn¬
Be-∏m´p hnhmlw sNbvX-b®p. mem-asØ ]p{Xn t{Xkysb
]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´ taS-bv°¬ C´n-b-hncm hnhmlw
sNbvXp.
dh. ^m. Hutk∏v IØ-m¿ (Bdmw Xe-ap-d)
A©mw Xe-apd C´n- sF∏ns‚ ]p{X≥ Hutk-∏ns (dh.
^m. tPmk^v) Xncp-h√m-bn¬ tImhq¿ IpSpw-_°m-cp-am-bp≈ _‘-
- -
Øm¬ Ah¿ "ssm≥' F∂pw kwt_m-[ sNbvXn-cp∂p. Sn.
Hutk∏v memw Xe-apd Itcm-t´-ho-´n¬ h¿°n-bpsS XrXo-b-]p-
{X≥ tbml-∂m-p-sam-∂n®v fmew ]pØ≥∏-≈n-bn-S-hI IWn-bm-
cm-IØp s]._.amWn-a-ev]ms‚ IqsS taeqkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-
bpsS Iogn¬ sshZnI ]Tw XpSßn. s]._.Gen-bm-ta-eqkp
sa{Xm-tmSp (_mt_¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Iogn¬) ]´hpw kzoI-
cn®p. sIm√-h¿jw 1053˛mam≠v hr›n-I-amkw 8˛mw XobXn BWv
Cfw-tXm-´w-]≈n ÿm]w. taeqkp aev]m-mb IWn-bm-cm-IØp
amWn aev]ms‚ t{]c-Wbm¬ memw Xe-apd Itcm-t´-ho-´n¬ h¿°n-
-
bpsS ]cn-{i-a-^-e-ambn ÿm]n-®-Xm-WnXv. CS-a-‰Øp sXm≠-m´v
At¥m-n-b-®-mWv am¿ A_vZntim sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm BbXv.
At±lw 1069˛mam-≠n-Sbv°v Xr»n-h-t]-cq¿h®v Ncaw {]m]n®p. ]oSn-
I-bn¬ Hutk∏p siΩm-»pw Itcm-t´-ho-´n¬ tbml-∂m≥ siΩm-
»pw am¿ A_vZotim sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ n∂pw ]´w kzoI-
cn®p Ip¿_m sNm√p- I - b p- ≠ mbn. _. Hutk- ∏ - ® ≥ am¿
A_vZotim sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS ac-Wm-¥cw Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n-
-
bn¬ Xma-kn®v AXns‚ `cWw S-Øp-Ibpw ]n∂oSv ]≈nbpw
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

85. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 197
kzØp-°fpw tdma≥ ItØm-en-°m-k`bv°p hn´p-sIm-Sp-Øp-sIm≠v
-
B k`-bp-ambn sFIy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. R≠p-]md, sh´n-ap-
Iƒ, oeq¿, Ihn-°p∂p apX-emb ]≈n-I-fn¬ hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-
´p-≠-t±lw. At±lw 1944 am¿®v amkw 17˛mw XobXn 79˛masØ
hb-€n¬ ncym-Xmbn. ]mem henb ]≈n-bn¬ kwkvIcn-°s∏´p.
- - -
Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n-bpsS ÿm]w Ign™ L´-Øn-emWp,
]Sn-™m-td-°c imJ-bn¬s∏´ sh´p-Im-´n¬ _. Cu∏-®s‚ ]cn-
{i-a-Øm¬ Ihn-°p-∂p-]-≈nbpw sIm´m-c-Øn¬ _. butk-∏-®s‚
]cn-{i-a-Øm¬ ap≠m-¶¬∏-≈nbpw ]Wn Ign-°-s∏-´Xv.
]oSn-I-bn¬ C´n- sF∏v (Bdmw Xe-ap-d)
]oSn-I-bn¬ C´n- sF∏ns‚ ZznXob ]p{X≥ C´n sF∏vv "Fd-
tIm∂n am∏nf'bmb aptØmen Ic-bn¬ søqcp tImbn-∏p-d-Ømb
If-∏p-c-bv°¬ De-l-∂s‚ aIƒ t{Xkym (Nm®n)sb hnhmlw
sNbv X v ]oSn- I - Ø - d - h m- ´ n¬ Xma- k n®p. Ct±- l - a mWp sIm.h.
1087˛mam≠v Nnß-amkw H∂mw-Xo-bXn FgpXn 1088˛mam≠v Nnß-
amkw H∂mw-Xo-bXn cPn-Ã-dm-°nb "Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-]-cn-]m-
e DS-ºSn"bpsS ImcW `qXpw, 1092˛mam≠v apX¬ S-Øn-t∏m-
cp∂ Sn IpSpw-_-tbm-K-Øns‚ P-bn-Xmhpw sIm.h¿jw 1106 Ipw`-
am- k - Ø n¬ Fgp- X nb "Fd- t Im∂n ]pØ≥]pc IpSpw- _ - N -
cn{X"Øns‚ I¿Ømhpw At±-l-amWv. AXns‚ ssIsb-gp-Øp-{]-
Xn-bn¬ n∂mWv Fd-tIm∂n ]pØ≥]pc IpSpw-_-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-
te-J--Imew hsc-bp≈ ]q¿∆-N-cn-{X-sØ-∏-‰nbpw AtXm-S-p-_-
‘n® kam-¥c kw`-h-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw {]kvXmh tbmKy-amb hn[-
Øn-ep≈ hnhcw e`n-®n-´p-≈Xv. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ A-¥c Xe-ap-
d-°m¿ At±-l-tØmSv hf-sc-b-[nIw IS-s∏-´-h-cmWv. k`m-N-cn{X
kw_-‘-ambpw tImSXn hyh-lm-c-kw-_-‘-ambpw Ay km[m-
c-W-amb ]mWvUnXyw kn≤n-®-hpw Hcp S--I-em-n-]p-W-p-am-
bn-cp∂p At±lw. Hcp S-Iem-kanXn Xs∂ At±-lØns‚ amt-
- - - -
Pvsa‚n¬ {]h¿Øn-®n-cp∂p. At±-l-Ønp C´n-bbv]v, sXmΩ≥,
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

86. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 198
De-l-∂≥, h¿°n F∂ mep ]p{X-∑m-cp-≠mbn. {]i-kvX-mb
Bdmw-X-e-apd C´n-bbv]v 1961 G{]n¬ 27˛mw XobXn 88˛masØ hb-
kn¬ acn®v Cfw-tXm-´w-]-≈n-bpsS ih-t°m-´-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-°-
s∏´p. At±-l-Øns‚ `mcy t{Xkym 1955 am¿®v amkw 9˛mw XobXn
acn®v Sn.ih-t°m-´-bn¬ Xs∂ kwkvI-cn-°-s∏´p.
sI.-sF. C´n- sF∏v (Ggmw Xe-ap-d)
C´n-b-bv∏ns‚ aqØ-]p-{X≥ Ggmw Xe-apd C´n-bbv∏v ]mem-
bn¬ IpS-°-®n-d-°p-Spw-_-Øn¬s∏´ ]Xp-∏-≈n¬ Nmt°m-bpsS
aIƒ Gensb hnhm-lw-sNbvXv oeq¿ ISphm A≈p-]p-cbn-SØn¬
- -
Xma-k-am°n. Sn.C´n-b-bv∏np C´n-bbv∏v, sXmΩ≥ F∂ c≠p ]p{X-
∑mcpw t{Xkym, A∂, adnbw F∂ aq∂p ]p{Xn-amcpw Pn®p. aqØ-
]p{Xn t{Xkymsb ]mem-∏-≈n-bn-S-hI "Xd-bn¬ am∏nf"bmb Rmh-
≈n¬ ]tg-S-Øp-ho-´n¬n∂pw sXmSp-]pg ap´w-]-≈n-bn-S-h-I-bn¬
Xma-kn-°p∂ Ipcp-hn-f-bpsS aI≥ h¿°n hnhmlw sNbvXp. c≠m-
a-Ø-hƒ A∂ (A®mΩ)sb ]mem CS-hI "hb-e-s°m-ºn¬
am∏nf""bmb ]p√m-´p-n∂pw hmgq¿ Xma-kn-°p∂ amWn-bpsS aI≥
tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]p{Xn adn-bsØ cma-]p-
cØp hf-h-m´v IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ sImX-º-m-n-bn¬ ]pt≈m-
en¬ Ipcym-t°m-bpsS aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp.
C´n sF∏v
aqØ-]p-{X≥ F´mw Xe-apd C´n- sF∏v IS-m-´n¬ ]me-Øpw-
Xe IpSpw- _ - Ø n¬s∏´ ]qh- Ø p- ¶ ¬ tZh- k ym- b psS aIƒ
t{Xkymsb hnhmlw sNbvXv oeqcv Xma-kn-°p-∂p. t{Xkym 2010
sk]vXw-_¿ 30-˛p acWw {]m]n®v oeq¿ ]≈n-Ip-Spw-_-°-√-d-
bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. Ch¿°v k¥m--ß-fn-√.
sI.-sF. tXmakv
ZzoXn-b-]p-{X≥ sXmΩ≥ sNßfw ]≈n-bn-S-hI tIme-Sn-°p-
Spw-_-Øn¬s∏´ `K-h-Xn-]-d-ºn¬ Ip´n-b-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXp.
oeq¿ Xma-kn-°p∂p. sXmΩp am¿´n≥ (kmPp), tPmk^v (kn_n),
kvIdnbm (kPn) F∂ aq∂p ]p{X-∑mcpw Gen (s_‰n), jo_m
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

87. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 199
F∂o c≠p ]p{Xn-amcpw D≠mbn.
sXmΩs‚ BZy-`mcy Ip´n-bΩ acn-®p-t]m-b-Xn-m¬ c≠m-aXv
Im™n-c-∏≈n A©n-en∏ ]p¬t]¬ tPmk^v aIƒ t{Xkysb
hnhmlw sNbvXp. Cu hnhm-l-Øn¬ t{Xky (enkv) F∂ Hcp
]p{Xn-bp≠v. enkv Fw.F hnZym¿Yn-bmWv.
sXmΩs‚ H∂m-asØ ]p{X≥ am¿´n≥ (kmPp) Nnd-°-Shv
Ip∂-∏-≈n¬ kme-€ns‚ aIƒ kn€nsb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-
hcpw t_mws_-bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v {InÃo, Ap
({Sok) F∂o c≠p ]p{Xn-am-cp≠v. Ccp-hcpw hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.
sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ kn_n ]q™m¿ sNdp-h-≈n¬
tPmkv aIƒ sSknsb hnhmlw sNbvXv neq¿ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
Ch¿°v tPmk^v, tXmakv F∂o c≠p ]p{X-∑m-cp≠v. Ccp-hcpw
]Tn-°p∂p.
sXmΩs‚ aq∂m-asØ ]p{X≥ kvIdnb (kPn) Ad-°pfw
ssaem-Sq¿ A{_m-l-Øns‚ aIƒ tdmjs hnhmlw sNbvXp.
oeq¿ Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v tXmakv (sUn≥) F∂ ]p{Xpw
Uom tacn F∂ ]p{Xn-bp-ap≠v. Ccp-hcpw Ip™p-ß-fmWv.
sXmΩs‚ aqØ-]p{Xn s_‰n ico-c-kp-J-an-√msX ]nXm-hns‚
IqsS Xma-kn-°p∂p. c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn jo_sb Ad-°p-fØv Ipf-
Øn-m¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aI≥ jnPn hnhmlw Ign®p. Ch¿ Nme-
°pSn sN´n-Ip-fØv Xma-kn-°p∂p.
sI.-sF. sXmΩ≥ (Ggmw Xe-ap-d)
]oSn-I-bn¬ C´n- sF∏ns‚ ZzoXnb ]p{X≥ sXmΩ≥ tIm´bw
Ab¿°p∂w Ic-bn¬ ""Fd-tIm∂n am∏nf""bmb IpS-I-t»-cn¬ ]Sn-
™m-td-°c ^nen-t∏mkn(t]mØ≥)s‚ aIƒ A∂Ωsb hnhmlw
sNbvXp. s]mcp-t∂m-en-emb ]pXp-a aØmbn t]mØs‚ hI-bm-
bn-cp-∂Xpw ]nXr-hn-ln-X-ambn In´n-b-Xp-amb ]ø-∏-Xn-°¬ ]pc-bn-
S- Ø n¬ Xma- k n- ° p∂p. A°m- e Øp Ing- t °- ° c IpSpw- _ -
Øn¬n∂pw k¿-h-I-em-imem hnZym-`ymkw kn≤n® Npcp°w t]cn-
sem-cm-fmWv At±lw. Ing-X-Sn-bq¿ kl-I-cW kwL-Øns‚ P-
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

88. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 200
bn-Xmhv At±-l-amWv. B kwL-Øns‚ BZysØ sk{I-´dn At±-
l-am-bn-cp∂p. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-tbmK sI´n-S-Øns‚ n¿Ωm-
W-Øn-mbn D’m-ln-®-h-cn¬ {]ap-J-m-t±lw. sXmΩ≥ 1983 hw-
_¿ amkw 14-˛mw XobXn acn®v 15-˛mw XobXn Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n
skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-I-√-d-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p. sXmΩs‚
`mcy A∂Ω 1984 Unkw-_¿ 21 v acn®v Cfw-tXm-´-]-≈n-bn-ep≈
IpSpw-_-I-√-d-bn¬ kwkvI-cn-®p. Sn. sXmΩv tPmk^v (Ip™v)
tXmakv F∂ c≠p ]p{X-∑m-cp≠v.
sI.‰n tPmk^v (Ip-™v)
aqØ-]p-{X≥ tPmk^v Fw.F _ncp-Z-[m-cn-bmWv. sXmΩs‚
aqØ-]p-{X≥ tPmk^v (Ip-™v) `c-W-ßmw Aºmd Ie-b-Øn-
m¬ sI.-Fw. tPmk-^ns‚ aIƒ kme-Ωsb hnhmlw sNbvXv
]nXr-{K-l-amb ]ø-]-Xn-°¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. kmeΩ
Fw.-F-kv.-kn. _ncp-Z-[m-cn-Wn-bm-Wv. tPmk-^nv B≥en, knØmc,
aoc, tcmlnX F∂o mep ]p{Xn-am-cp-≠v. aqØ-]p{Xn B≥ensb
(Fw.-F-kv.-kn.) Fd-Wm-Ipfw Fkv.-B¿.-Fw. tdmUn¬ Cucm-‰p∏pg
s{]m^. h¿Ko-kns‚ aI≥ tPm¨kv Fw.-_n.-F. hnhmlw sNbvXp.
Ch¿°v sPdn F∂ ]p{X-p-≠v. Ch¿ _l-dn-n¬ tPmen sNøp-
∂p. tPmk-^ns‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn kn-Ømcsb (Fw.-F-kv.-kn.,
Fw.-^n¬) IqØm-´p-Ipfw C©-°p-gn-bn¬ kJ-dnbmbpsS aI≥
kndnƒ kvIdnb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch¿°v ¢n≥kv Fs∂mcp ]p{X-
p-≠v. Ccp-hcpw KpP-dm-Øn¬ tPmen sNøp-∂p. tPmk-^ns‚ aq∂m-
asØ ]p{Xn aoc Fw.-_n.-F. Ign™v _mw•q-cn¬ Fw.-^n-env ]Tn-
°p-∂p. mem-asØ ]p{Xn tcmlnX sIm√w ‰n.-sI.-Fw. F©n-o-
b-dnwKv tImtf-Pn¬ n∂v knhn¬ F©n-o-b-dnw-Kv ]m€m-bn.
sI.-‰n. tXmakv
sXmΩs‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{X≥ tXmakv (tXmam-®≥) `c-W-
ßm-Øp-n∂pw ]q™m-‰n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ ]me-a‰Øn-emb Bem-
- - -
n-°¬ A{_m-l-Øns‚ aIƒ tacn (s]ÆΩ)sb hnhmlw
sNbvXp. sXmSp-]pg Ie-b-¥m-n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

89. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 201
tXma- k np sP€n Fs∂mcp ]p{Xn am{X- a m- W p- ≈ Xv .
sP€nsb tN¿∏p-¶¬ a‰-Øn-emb aW-ep-¶¬ sIm®p-a-‰-Øn¬ho-
´n¬ Ipcy≥ ˛ Nn∂Ω Zº-Xn-IfpsS aI≥ kÆn kndn-b°v hnhmlw
-
Ign®p Ie-b-¥m-n-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p. kÆn Fw.F. Fw_nF
_ncp-Z-[m-cn-bmWv. kÆn hnZypXv sa‰m-enIv enan-‰Uv Iº-n-bpsS
tIcf doPn-b-W¬ skbn¬kv amt-P-cmbn tPmen sNøp∂p.
Ch¿°v sIhn≥ F∂ ]p{Xpw tmhnb, tdmWnb F∂o c≠p
]p{Xn-am-cp-ap≠v. Ch¿ hnZym¿Yn-I-fmWv.
tXmakv 2000 apX¬ IpSpw-_-tbmKw sk{I-´-dn-bmbn h¿°v
sNøp∂p. 2001¬ IpSpw-_-tbmKw A{Ukv _p°v A®-Sn®p ]pd-
Øn-d-°n-bXv tXma-kns‚ A{im¥ ]cn-{i-a-Øm-emWv. sXmSp-]pg
sFFwF ªUv _m¶v 2004¬ XpS-ßp-hm≥ ]cn-{i-an-®-h-cn¬ apJy-
]-¶p-h-ln-®n-´p≠v. Ct∏mgpw ªUv _m¶ns‚ amt-PnwKv IΩn‰n
saw_-dmWv. 2000¬ IpSpw-_-tbmK sI´n-S-Øns‚ Np‰p-a-Xn¬ sI´p-
∂-Xnpw sI´nSw s]mfn-®p-ta-bp-∂-Xnpw ∂m-°p-∂-Xnpw A{im-
¥-]-cn-{iaw S-Øn-bn-´p≠v. Ct∏mƒ IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw ]cn-jvI-cn®v
]pd-Øn-d-°p-∂Xv tXma-kns‚ ta¬tm-´-Ønepw ]cn-{i-a-Øm-ep-
amWv. Ie-b-¥m-n-bn¬ ]e kmaqly kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S--I-
fp-sSbpw ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ tXma-kp≠v.
sI.-sF. tPm¨ (Ip-™n-tem)
C´n- sF∏ns‚ XrXob ]p{X≥ De-l-∂≥ (Ip™ntem) IS-
m-´n¬ ]mtd-Ωm-°¬ IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ hmfn-πm-°¬ tPmk-
^ns‚ aIƒ adn-b-Øns hnhm-lw-sNbvXv sh≈n-bm-am-‰Øv ]∂n-
a‰w CS-hIbn¬ Imcn-t°m´p tNcn-°en¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv
- - -
AhnSw hn‰v Nme-°pSn sh≈n-°p-f-ßc Xma-kn®p.
De-l∂p tPmk^v (sIm®v), sXmΩ≥, De-l∂≥ (t__n),
- -
tZhky (tPmbn), tPm¿Pv F∂o A©p ]p{X-∑mcpw adnbw (amΩn),
A∂ (A®mΩ), t{Xkym, Ip´n-bΩ, s]ÆΩ, ^ntem-anm (h’Ω)
F∂o Bdp ]p{Xn-amcpw Pn®p. aqØ-]p{Xn adnbw (knÿ tacn
saemn) am¿Øm-WvUØv tUmt´gvkv Hm^v tacn F∂ aT-Øn¬
tN¿∂p Iym-kv{Xo-bmbn. c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn A∂ (A®mΩ)sb
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

90. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 202
ssae-s°mºp ]≈n-bn-S-hI Iocn-°m´v ho-´n¬ amWn-bpsS aI≥
amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. aq∂m-asØ ]p{Xn t{Xkymsb Ipdhn-f-
ßm-´p-]-≈n-bn-S-hI Ipcn-bmSv I-c-bn¬ ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-
Øn¬s∏´ a‰-Øn¬ Hutk-∏ns‚ aI≥ amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp.
mem-asØ ]p{Xn Ip´n-bΩ sIm√w Xmeq-°n¬ sIm´n-bØp aT-
Øn¬ tN¿∂p Iym-kv{Xo-bmbn. A©m-asØ ]p{Xn s]ÆΩ
(knÿ sa¿en) aqhm-‰p-]pg hmg-∏≈n-aTØn¬ tN¿∂p Iym-kv{Xo-
- - -
bmbn. Bdm-asØ ]p{Xn ^ntem-an (h-’-Ω-sb) ]md-°m-t´¬
h¿Kokv A∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ hn≥k‚ v hnhmlw sNbvXp.
Ip©ntem 1997 Pp-hcn 18p acn®p, Aº-tmfn ]≈n skan-
tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.
De-l-∂ms‚ `mcy adnbw 1971 Pqsse menp acn®p ]∂n-
a‰w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.
tPmk^v(sIm-®v)
Ip©n-tem-bpsS aqØ-]p-{X≥ tPmk^v (sIm®v) ssae-s°mºv
hdp-ß-e-°pSn Nmt°m ˛ A∂Ω Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aIƒ A∂-°p-´nsb
hnhmlw sNbvXv alm-cm-jv{S-bn¬ mkn-°n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
Ch¿°v AtPjv F∂ Hcp ]p{X-p≠v. AtPjv _n.Fkvkn
gvknwKv Ign™v _mwKvfq-cn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. tPmk^v 2004
Unkw-_-dn¬ acWw {]m]n®p. Nme-°pSn Aº-tmfn ]≈n skan-
tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-°-√-d-bn¬ arX-tZlw kwkvI-cn®p. tPmk-
^ns‚ `mcy A∂-°p´n 2008 sabv 14p acn®v mkn-°n¬ kwkvI-
cn®p.
tXmakv (tXmam-®≥)
De-l-∂ms‚ ]p{X-∑m-cn¬ c≠m-a≥ tXmakv sXmSp-]pg I√m-
n-°¬ ]≈n CS-hI ap≠-bv°¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aIƒ tacn (t__n-
°p´n)sb hnhmlw sNbvXv Nme-°pSn sh≈n-°p-f-ßc Xma-kn-
°p∂p. tXma-knp tacn (sskv), nΩn F∂ c≠p ]p{Xn-amcpw
ssPp F∂ ]p{X-p-ap≠v. aqØ ]p{Xn sskns Ccn-ßm-e-°pS
]p√q¿ Nn‰n-e-∏n≈n tIm°m´v ss]e-∏≥ aI≥ sPbn≥ hnhmlw
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

91. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 203
Ign®p. sskns‚ hnhmlw Ign™v 37˛mw Znhkw s]s´-s∂mcp
AkpJw h∂v 1997 Pqsse 31p acWw {]m]n®p. Aº-tmfn ]≈n-
bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.
tXma-kns‚ c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn nΩnsb Ipdp-∏-¥d If-cn-∏-
d-ºn¬ t]mƒ aI≥ kp_n≥ hnhmlw Ign®p. Ccp-hcpw hnb-∂-
bn¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. nΩn°p sUbnkv F∂ ]p{X-p≠v.
tXma-kns‚ ]p{X≥ ssPp Bº-√q¿ aÆw-t]´ Nn‰n-e-∏≈n
tIm°m´v d∏mbn aIƒ tjm^nsb hnhm-lw-sNbvXv ]nXm-hns‚
IqsS Xma-kn-°p∂p. Ch¿°v Ae≥ F∂ ]p{Xpw Akn≥ F∂
]p{Xn-bp-ap≠v. Ccp-hcpw Ip™p-ß-fmWv.
De-l-∂≥ (t_-_n)
Ip™n-tem-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]p{X≥ De-l-∂m≥ (t__n)
Ggm-t®cn sN´n-bm-Ip-t∂¬ AK-Ãn≥, A∂-°p´n Zº-Xn-I-fpsS
aIƒ sUbn-knsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Xncp-∏q-cn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
t__nbv°v tacn (Pn€v), Pnp (Bn), {Sok (Nn©p) F∂o aq∂p
]p{Xn-am-cm-Wp-≈Xv. aqØ ]p{Xn Pn€ns hS-°m-t©cn N°m-e-
°¬ tPm¿Pv, kmdmΩ Zº-Xn-I-fpsS aI≥ tPm¿Pv (PnØp)
hnhmlw Ign®p. c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn Pnp-hns Ccn-´n-bn¬ ]md-
bn¬ Gen-°p-´n-bpsS aI≥ kn≤p hnhmlw Ign®p. Pnp dnbm-
Zn¬ gvkv Bbn tPmen sNøp∂p. kn≤p sslZ-cm-_m-Zn¬ tPmen
sNøp∂p. t__n-bpsS Cfb aIƒ Nn©p _n.Fkv.kn. gvknwKv
]Tw Ign-™p-n¬°p∂p.
tZhkym (tPmbn)
Ip©n-tem-bpsS mem-asØ ]p{X≥ tZhkym (tPmbn) sXmSp-
]pg Be-t°mSv amfn-tb-°¬ ss]en-°p´n, t{Xky Zº-Xn-I-fpsS
aIƒ tdmkn-ensb hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ccp-hcpw kzn‰vk¿e≥Un¬
tPmen sNøp∂p. Ch¿°v Zo]m, Zom F∂o c≠p ]p{Xn-amcpw
Znn¬ F∂ ]p{X-p-ap≠v. aqØ-]p{Xn Zo]m gvknwKv D]-cn-]-Tw
Ign™v kzn‰vk¿e≥Un¬ tPmen sNøp∂p. ]p{Xn Zombpw ]p{X≥
Znnepw ]Tn-°p-∂p.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

92. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 204
tPm¿÷v
Ip©n-tem-bpsS A©m-asØ ]p{X≥ tPm¿Pv s∑md Ip‰n-
bd B‚-Wn-bpsS aIƒ en√nsb hnhmlw sNbvXv Nme-°pSn
sh≈n-°p-f-ßc Xma-kn-°p∂p. tPm¿Pnv tPm_n, tPman≥ F∂o
c≠p ]p{X-∑m-cp≠v. tPm¿Pv 1995 Pp-hcn 14p AkpJw aqew
acn®p. Aº-tmfn ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-°-√-d-bn¬
kwkvI-cn®p. aqØ-]p-{X≥ tPm_n _n.Fkv.kn. gvknwKv ]Tw
Ign™v tPmen sNøp∂p.
sI.-sF. h¿°n (Ggmw Xe-ap-d)
C´n- sF∏ns‚ mem-asØ ]p{X≥ h¿°n (sI.sF.h¿°n
_n.Fkvkn, _n.FUv) `c-Wßmw CS-hI B°n-am-∏n-fbmb amdm-
- -
a-‰-Øn¬n∂pw scn-b-ßmw Ic-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ amWn-bpsS
aIƒ adn-b-Øns hnhmlw sNbvXp Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-k-am°n.
1935˛¬ A[ym- ] - I - h rØn Bcw- ` n®p. ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv
F¬.]n.kvIqƒ, oeq¿ sk‚ v tPmk^vkv F¬.]n.kvIqƒ, Ad-
°pfw sk‚ v tXmakv anUn¬ kvIqƒ, ]mem sk‚ v tXmakv
sslkvIqƒ F∂o hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬°qSn IS∂v {]hn-Ømw
sk‚ v ssa°nƒ sslkvIq-fn¬ n∂pw dn´-b¿ sNbvXp. 1953˛¬
_n.Fkvkn _ncp-Zhpw 1969¬ _n.FUv _ncp-Zhpw tSn. 1952˛57
Ime-L-´-Øn¬ At±lw ]mem apn-kn-∏¬ Iu¨kn¬ AwK-am-
bn-cp∂p. A°m-e-Øn¬ B¿.hn.tXmΩkv tdmUv, Cfw-tXm-´w-]≈n
tdmUv, ]pen-a-e-°p∂p tdmUv apX-emb apn-kn-∏¬ tdmUp-Iƒ
s]mXp-P--k-l-I-c-W-tØmsS sh´n®v hml--K-Xm-K-X-tbm-Ky-am-
°p-Ibpw ]pen-a-e-°∂p tdmUn¬ Ce-{Œn-kn‰n k¿hokv ssepw
hgn-hn-f-°p-Ifpw AXXv Npa-X-e-°m¿ aptJ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Sn. Ggmw Xe-apd ]oSn-I-bn¬ C´n sF∏v h¿°n-bmWv
kz]n-Xm-hn-m¬ enJn-X-amb Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_-N-cn{Xw ho-I-
cn®v Fd-tIm∂n ]pØ≥]pc IpSpw-_-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ c≠mw-`mKw
(Ing-t°-°c imJ-bpsS Ncn{Xw) Xbm-dm-°n-bXv. At±lw n¿∆-
ln® tkhw Fd-tIm∂n ]pØ≥]pc IpSpw_w F°m-ehpw IrX-
⁄-Xm-]q¿hw kvacn-°p-∂-XmWv. Sn. h¿°n°v tPmk^v tPm¿Pv
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

93. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 205
(Ip™q™v), amWn (amWn-®≥) F∂ c≠p ]p{X≥amcpw t{Xkym
(eoemΩ), A∂ (A®mΩ), adnbw (tamfn), ^ntem-anm (t__n-
°p´n) F∂ mep ]p{Xn-am-cp-ap≠v.
sI.sF h¿°n 2010 am¿®v 15˛mw XobXn acWw {]m]n®p.
16˛mw XobXn Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-°-√-
d-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p. h¿°n-bpsS `mcy adnbw (tacn) 2010 HIvtSm-
_¿ 16p acn®v Cfw-tXm´w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈ IpSpw-_-°-
√-d-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.
h¿°n-bpsS aqØ-]p{Xn t{Xky (eoemΩ)sb aÆbv-°-mSv
]≈n CS-h-I-bn¬ sImSI-mSn IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´ ]me-bv°-Ø-d-
∏n¬ aØm-bn-bpsS aI≥ Pbnwkv hnhm-lw-sNbvXv Im™n-c-∏pg
Ccp-º-I-t®me CS-h-I-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂p.
h¿°n-bpsS c≠m-asØ ]p{Xn A∂ (A®mΩ)sb ]≈n-°-
tØm´v Bn-°mSv CS-h-I-bn¬ amS-∏-≈n-a-‰-Øn¬ Nmt°m-bpsS
aI≥ tPmk^v hnhmlw sNbvXp. h¿°n-bpsS aq∂m-asØ ]p{Xn
tacn (tamfn)sb ssh°w sImX-hd CS-h-I-bn¬ sIma-cIw
IpSpw-_-amb kh-cymcp aµn-c-Øn¬ h¿°n-bpsS aI≥ tkhy¿
hnhmlw sNbvXp. mem-asØ ]p{Xn ^ntem-an (t__n-°p´n)sb
am∂mw hn√q∂n CS-hI Xpcp-Øn-am-en-bn¬ A{_m-lØns‚ aI≥
-
amXyp hnhmlw sNbvXp. t__n-°p´n A´-∏mSn kvIqfn¬ So®-
dmWv. A´-∏m-Sn-bn-emWv Xmakw.
tPmk^v (Ip-™q-™v)
h¿°n-bpsS aqØ-a-I≥ tPmk^v tPm¿Pv (Ip™q™v)
ssI-Icn ]me-a-‰-Øn¬ tPmk-^ns‚ aIƒ tdmk-Ωsb hnhmlw
sNbvXv Xd-hm-´n¬ Xma-k-am°n. Ip™q-™nv tPm¿Pv (tPm¿Pp-
Ip´n) F∂ Hcp aI-p≠v. tPm¿Pp-Ip´n Ce-t{Œm-WnIvkv F≥Pn-
o-b-dnwKv Ign™v Fd-Wm-Ip-fØv Hcp kzImcy Iº-n-bn¬ tPmen
sNøp∂p. Ip™q™v (tPmk^v) 2007 Pp-hcn 31p lrZ-bm-Lm-
Xw-aqew acWw {]m]n®p Cfw-t¥m´w ]≈n skan-tØ-cn-bn-ep≈
IpSpw-_-°-√-d-bn¬ kwkvI-cn®p.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

94. Ing-t°-°c IpSpw-_Ncn{Xw 206
FΩm-p-h¬ (amWn-®≥)
h¿°n-bpsS ]p{X-∑m-cn¬ c≠m-a-mb FΩm-p-h¬ (amWn-
®≥) a™{] awKen ho´n¬ tPmk- ^ ns‚ aIƒ Geoiz
(ssek)sb hnhmlw sNbvXp. ]nXr-hn-ln-X-ambn In´nb Cfw-
tXm´w aptØmen ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ amWn-®v B≥
tdmkv (Ap) F∂ ]p{Xn-bp≠v. Ap Iw]yq-´¿ F≥Pn-o-b-dnw-
Knp hmg-°p-fØv ]Tn-°p∂p.
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○