1. The document provides guidelines for designing UMTS access networks based on analysis from the EURESCOM P921 project.
2. Quality of service testing was conducted on audio, video, and web applications over UMTS to evaluate the impact of radio interface errors. Results showed a strong impact on quality from the UTRA interface for real-time applications.
3. UTRAN characterization involved link level simulations of voice, circuit data, and packet data services over ETSI channels considering power control and channel estimation algorithms. Results were used to evaluate cell sizes and link budgets for UMTS networks.
One of the main challenges faced by the developing (3GPP-LTE-Advanced) standard is providing high throughput at the cell edge.
One solution to improve coverage is the use of fixed relays.
WAVEFORM COMPARISON AND NONLINEARITY SENSITIVITIES OF FBMC, UFMC AND W-OFDM S...csandit
Recently, new waveforms for the 5th generation cellular system have been studied in many ways. UFMC, FBMC (filter bank multi-carrier) and W-OFDM (window orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) waveforms are very strong candidates as a new waveform for 5G system. In this paper, we have evaluated the spectrum characteristic and BER performance of the waveforms under the effect of nonlinear HPA. Also, we like to show the comparison of the timefrequency resources of each system because it would be very important to estimate the spectral efficiency and communication throughput. As simulation results, it is confirmed that OOB power of each system increases, and OOB power increase of FBMC system is the biggest. Additionally, we have confirmed that performance of every system is degraded by strength of HPA nonlinearity, and every system needs the PAPR reduction method for the nonlinear
distortion compensation and power saving, even though it would be more complicated. Comparison table for the time-frequency resources requirement for the each modulation
systems is included.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance Analysis of MIMO-LTE for MQAM over Fading ChannelsIOSRJECE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) wireless standards which uses the standard OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation, MU-MIMO (Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and different multipath fading models. LTE uses the spectrum more efficiently to deliver high speed data. This paper characterizes the downlink performance of LTE. The MIMO technology which provides high data rate applications to the users made a breakthrough in wireless communication and is defined in the LTE standard. The performance is characterized in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate). In this paper the LTE system is modelled and simulated using MATLAB and the BER for 2×2 and 4×4 MIMO-LTE using 16QAM and 64QAM modulation schemes for Rayleigh fading environment are obtained against different SNR values.
Wireless communication system with frequency selective channel OFDM modulatio...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper introduces the design and implementation of a wireless communication system with MATLAB based on orthognal frequency division multiplexing technique (OFDM). The constructed system is consisting of transmitter, fading channel and receiver. At the transmitter, the transmitted signal first modulated with PSK modulation, and then multiplexed with OFDM technique to achieve a higher bit rates transmission. The signal was then transmitted through a frequency selective channel with 6 taps. In the receiver parity. The received faded signal processed to be de-multiplexed and de-modulated. Then, a frequency domain equalizer was adopted to remove the fading noise and the inter-symbol interference from the received signal that introduced due to the fading channel. In order to inspect the performance of the frequency equilizer, bit error rate for the overall system was calculated at the receiving point and to recover the original information signal. The simulation results of the designed system as well as the frequency equilizer showed a robustness against the frequency selective faded channel effects. The maximum obtained bit error rate was around 10-5, which means that original signal was effectively recovered.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
One of the main challenges faced by the developing (3GPP-LTE-Advanced) standard is providing high throughput at the cell edge.
One solution to improve coverage is the use of fixed relays.
WAVEFORM COMPARISON AND NONLINEARITY SENSITIVITIES OF FBMC, UFMC AND W-OFDM S...csandit
Recently, new waveforms for the 5th generation cellular system have been studied in many ways. UFMC, FBMC (filter bank multi-carrier) and W-OFDM (window orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) waveforms are very strong candidates as a new waveform for 5G system. In this paper, we have evaluated the spectrum characteristic and BER performance of the waveforms under the effect of nonlinear HPA. Also, we like to show the comparison of the timefrequency resources of each system because it would be very important to estimate the spectral efficiency and communication throughput. As simulation results, it is confirmed that OOB power of each system increases, and OOB power increase of FBMC system is the biggest. Additionally, we have confirmed that performance of every system is degraded by strength of HPA nonlinearity, and every system needs the PAPR reduction method for the nonlinear
distortion compensation and power saving, even though it would be more complicated. Comparison table for the time-frequency resources requirement for the each modulation
systems is included.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Performance Analysis of MIMO-LTE for MQAM over Fading ChannelsIOSRJECE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) wireless standards which uses the standard OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation, MU-MIMO (Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and different multipath fading models. LTE uses the spectrum more efficiently to deliver high speed data. This paper characterizes the downlink performance of LTE. The MIMO technology which provides high data rate applications to the users made a breakthrough in wireless communication and is defined in the LTE standard. The performance is characterized in terms of BER (Bit Error Rate). In this paper the LTE system is modelled and simulated using MATLAB and the BER for 2×2 and 4×4 MIMO-LTE using 16QAM and 64QAM modulation schemes for Rayleigh fading environment are obtained against different SNR values.
Wireless communication system with frequency selective channel OFDM modulatio...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper introduces the design and implementation of a wireless communication system with MATLAB based on orthognal frequency division multiplexing technique (OFDM). The constructed system is consisting of transmitter, fading channel and receiver. At the transmitter, the transmitted signal first modulated with PSK modulation, and then multiplexed with OFDM technique to achieve a higher bit rates transmission. The signal was then transmitted through a frequency selective channel with 6 taps. In the receiver parity. The received faded signal processed to be de-multiplexed and de-modulated. Then, a frequency domain equalizer was adopted to remove the fading noise and the inter-symbol interference from the received signal that introduced due to the fading channel. In order to inspect the performance of the frequency equilizer, bit error rate for the overall system was calculated at the receiving point and to recover the original information signal. The simulation results of the designed system as well as the frequency equilizer showed a robustness against the frequency selective faded channel effects. The maximum obtained bit error rate was around 10-5, which means that original signal was effectively recovered.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Effect of Interleaved FEC Code on Wavelet Based MC-CDMA System with Alamouti ...IJCSEIT Journal
In this paper, the impact of Forward Error Correction (FEC) code namely Trellis code with interleaver on
the performance of wavelet based MC-CDMA wireless communication system with the implementation of
Alamouti antenna diversity scheme has been investigated in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) as a function of
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) per bit. Simulation of the system under proposed study has been done in M-ary
modulation schemes (MPSK, MQAM and DPSK) over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel incorporating
Walsh Hadamard code as orthogonal spreading code to discriminate the message signal for individual
user. It is observed via computer simulation that the performance of the interleaved coded based proposed
system outperforms than that of the uncoded system in all modulation schemes over Rayleigh fading
channel.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Performance Comparison of Multi-Carrier CDMA Using QPSK and BPSK ModulationIOSR Journals
Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise. Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE OF MIMO MC-CDMA SYSTEM WITH CHANNEL ESTIMATION AND MMSE EQUALIZATIONTamilarasan N
The quality of a wireless link can be described by three basic parameters, namely transmission rate, transmission range
and transmission reliability. With the advent of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) assisted Multicarrier code
division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems, the above-mentioned three parameters may be simultaneously
improved. The MC-CDMA combined with the MIMO technique, has become a core technology for future mobile radio
communication system. However, possible potential gain in spectral efficiency is challenged by the receiver’s ability to
accurately detect the symbol due to inter symbol interference (ISI). Multipath propagation, mobility of transmitter,
receiver and local scattering cause the signal to be spread in frequency, different arrival time and angle, which results in
ISI in the received signal. This will affect overall system performance. The use of MC-CDMA mitigates the problem of
time dispersion. However, still it is necessary to remove the amplitude and phase shift caused by channel. To solve this
problem, a multiple antenna array can be used at the receiver, not only for spectral efficiency or gain enhancement, but
also for interference suppression. This can be done by the, efficient channel estimation with strong equalization. This
paper proposes MIMO MC-CDMA system, Minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization with pilot based
channel estimation. The simulation result shows improved Bit error rate (BER) performance when the sub carrier (SC)
and antenna configuration were increased
On the performance of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) using FPGAIJECEIAES
In this paper, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is designed and implemented for the fifth generation (5G) of multi-user wireless communication. Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is considered for the implementation of this technique for two users. NOMA is applied in downlink phase of the base-station (BS) by applying power allocation mechanism for far and near users, in which one signal contains the superposition of two scaled signals depending on the distance of each user from the BS. We assume an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel for each user in the presence of the interference due to the non-orthogonality between the two users’ signals. Therefore, successive-interference cancellation (SIC) is exploited to remove the undesired signal of the other user. The outage probability and the biterror rate performance are presented over different signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). Furthermore, Monte-Carlo simulations via Matlab are utilized to verify the results obtained by FPGA, which show exact-close match.
Hybrid PAPR Reduction Scheme for Universal Filter Multi-Carrier Modulation in...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Hybrid PAPR Reduction Scheme for Universal Filter Multi-Carrier Modulation in Next Generation Wireless Systems by Himanshu Monga* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
Implementation and Study of Universal Filtered Multi Carrier under Carrier Fr...Editor IJAIEM
Sathiyapriya N.S
PG Student, Dept. of ECE, Periyar Maniammai University Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
OFDM is a matured technology and applied in various wireless standards. However they are not suitable for Uplink and this
technology is replaced by SC FDMA in 4G standards. Similarly Universal Filtered Multicarrier Communication (UFMC) is
another suitable technology for Multi user Uplink and for applications like cognitive radio. UFMC is a new, non-orthogonal,
waveform designed by Alcatel Lucent Labs which provide a much more efficient way of enabling networks to serve both
broadband users and very narrowband “short data” devices such as any embedded sensor or M2M module. In UFMC the
filtering of waveform is done on a group of subcarriers. In OFDM it is done on the whole subcarriers together. This reduces
the side lobe levels, inters carrier interference (ICI) and requires reduced filter length. Moreover Internet-of-Things where
Machine-Machine communication and applications where very tight response in time requirements are needed, OFDM
miserably fails. We examine impact of carrier frequency offset on the performance of the proposed scheme and compare the
results performance of cyclic prefix based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(CP-OFDM) system.-
Key words: ICI,CFO,OFDM,UFMC
Effect of Interleaved FEC Code on Wavelet Based MC-CDMA System with Alamouti ...IJCSEIT Journal
In this paper, the impact of Forward Error Correction (FEC) code namely Trellis code with interleaver on
the performance of wavelet based MC-CDMA wireless communication system with the implementation of
Alamouti antenna diversity scheme has been investigated in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) as a function of
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) per bit. Simulation of the system under proposed study has been done in M-ary
modulation schemes (MPSK, MQAM and DPSK) over AWGN and Rayleigh fading channel incorporating
Walsh Hadamard code as orthogonal spreading code to discriminate the message signal for individual
user. It is observed via computer simulation that the performance of the interleaved coded based proposed
system outperforms than that of the uncoded system in all modulation schemes over Rayleigh fading
channel.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Performance Comparison of Multi-Carrier CDMA Using QPSK and BPSK ModulationIOSR Journals
Abstract: MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) plays an important role in modern wireless communications. Modern communication required an efficient spectrum usage and capacity and throughput.MC-CDMA provided the solution of these problems. MIMO refers to links with multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver side. CDMA systems combined with multiple antennas is a promising technique, beyond 3G and 4G wireless communications. MIMO provides spatial diversity, which mitigates the fading. The usage of multiple antennas can significantly improve the performance of wireless communication system. This work also derives simulation through MATLAB of average bit error rate verses bit energy to noise ratio of multicarrier code division multiple access over Rayleigh channel using QPSK and BPSK modulation additive white Gaussian noise. Keywords: AWGN,BER,MC-CDMA, QPSK Modulation, Rayleigh Channel.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
PERFORMANCE OF MIMO MC-CDMA SYSTEM WITH CHANNEL ESTIMATION AND MMSE EQUALIZATIONTamilarasan N
The quality of a wireless link can be described by three basic parameters, namely transmission rate, transmission range
and transmission reliability. With the advent of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) assisted Multicarrier code
division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems, the above-mentioned three parameters may be simultaneously
improved. The MC-CDMA combined with the MIMO technique, has become a core technology for future mobile radio
communication system. However, possible potential gain in spectral efficiency is challenged by the receiver’s ability to
accurately detect the symbol due to inter symbol interference (ISI). Multipath propagation, mobility of transmitter,
receiver and local scattering cause the signal to be spread in frequency, different arrival time and angle, which results in
ISI in the received signal. This will affect overall system performance. The use of MC-CDMA mitigates the problem of
time dispersion. However, still it is necessary to remove the amplitude and phase shift caused by channel. To solve this
problem, a multiple antenna array can be used at the receiver, not only for spectral efficiency or gain enhancement, but
also for interference suppression. This can be done by the, efficient channel estimation with strong equalization. This
paper proposes MIMO MC-CDMA system, Minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization with pilot based
channel estimation. The simulation result shows improved Bit error rate (BER) performance when the sub carrier (SC)
and antenna configuration were increased
On the performance of non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) using FPGAIJECEIAES
In this paper, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is designed and implemented for the fifth generation (5G) of multi-user wireless communication. Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is considered for the implementation of this technique for two users. NOMA is applied in downlink phase of the base-station (BS) by applying power allocation mechanism for far and near users, in which one signal contains the superposition of two scaled signals depending on the distance of each user from the BS. We assume an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel for each user in the presence of the interference due to the non-orthogonality between the two users’ signals. Therefore, successive-interference cancellation (SIC) is exploited to remove the undesired signal of the other user. The outage probability and the biterror rate performance are presented over different signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR). Furthermore, Monte-Carlo simulations via Matlab are utilized to verify the results obtained by FPGA, which show exact-close match.
Hybrid PAPR Reduction Scheme for Universal Filter Multi-Carrier Modulation in...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Hybrid PAPR Reduction Scheme for Universal Filter Multi-Carrier Modulation in Next Generation Wireless Systems by Himanshu Monga* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
A DDRESSING T HE M ULTICHANNEL S ELECTION , S CHEDULING A ND C OORDINATION...pijans
We discuss a new multichannel coordination and sche
duling challenge called the Multichannel Scheduling
Cost (MSC). It is caused by the inability of the co
ntrol channel to schedule simultaneous transmission
s
resulting in data channels lying idle and their ban
dwidth underutilized. As a result, wasted bandwidth
increases as the number of data channels increases.
To address this challenge, a cyclic scheduling
Algorithm (CSA) is proposed. It employs one dedicat
ed signaling channel and 4 data channels. It is
premised on a proactive channel reservation scheme
which reduces the idleness of channels. The scheme
ensures that data channels are reserved while they
are still busy. The data channels are reserved whil
e
their remaining transmission duration is equal to t
he virtual carrier sensing duration. This gives the
next
pair sufficient time to reserve the current data ch
annel before it becomes available, limiting the MSC
to the
first cycle. The simulation results show a performa
nce benefit of the CSA scheme in addressing the eff
ects
of the MSC
Implementation and Study of Universal Filtered Multi Carrier under Carrier Fr...Editor IJAIEM
Sathiyapriya N.S
PG Student, Dept. of ECE, Periyar Maniammai University Thanjavur, Tamilnadu, India
ABSTRACT
OFDM is a matured technology and applied in various wireless standards. However they are not suitable for Uplink and this
technology is replaced by SC FDMA in 4G standards. Similarly Universal Filtered Multicarrier Communication (UFMC) is
another suitable technology for Multi user Uplink and for applications like cognitive radio. UFMC is a new, non-orthogonal,
waveform designed by Alcatel Lucent Labs which provide a much more efficient way of enabling networks to serve both
broadband users and very narrowband “short data” devices such as any embedded sensor or M2M module. In UFMC the
filtering of waveform is done on a group of subcarriers. In OFDM it is done on the whole subcarriers together. This reduces
the side lobe levels, inters carrier interference (ICI) and requires reduced filter length. Moreover Internet-of-Things where
Machine-Machine communication and applications where very tight response in time requirements are needed, OFDM
miserably fails. We examine impact of carrier frequency offset on the performance of the proposed scheme and compare the
results performance of cyclic prefix based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(CP-OFDM) system.-
Key words: ICI,CFO,OFDM,UFMC
Improvement of crankshaft MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks: a simula...IJECEIAES
Due to the dramatic growth in the use of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications ranging from environment and habitat monitoring to tracking and surveillance, network research in WSN protocols has been very active in the last decade. With battery-powered sensors operating in unattended environments, energy conservation becomes the key technique for improving WSN lifetimes. WSN Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols address energy awareness and reduced duty cycles. The focus of this study is to investigate, through simulation, the effect of variations in various factors that influence the performance results of WSNs. Using MiXiM framework with OMNeT++ simulator, this simulation study proposes modifications in Crankshaft MAC protocol in order to improve its performance. The impact of duration and number of slots, degree of connectivity among the nodes, mobility speed and mobility update interval and also, the impact of sending data packets without preambles are investigated. Based on the simulation results, an improved version of the Crankshaft protocol for WSN is suggested and a comparative study of the performances of the original and improved protocol is presented. The results clearly indicate the superiority of the improved protocol over its original version.
Ns 2 based simulation environment for performance evaluation of umts architec...Makhdoom Waseem Hashmi
Ns 2 based simulation environment for performance evaluation of umts architecture.
NS2, UMTS, 3G, EURANE, scheduling, architecture and umts simultation and NS2 simulation and EURANE SIMULATION
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
Impact of Randomness on MAC Layer Schedulers over High Speed Wireless Campus ...ijcsse
IEEE802.11e standard provides an EDCA mechanism to ensure the QoS using service differentiation function for IMM traffics through the WCN. In an EDCA mechanism, IMM traffics have been classified into four categories and each category has specific priority. Many EDCA schedulers allow these traffics to access the channel based on assigned priorities. The IMM high priority traffic is high delay sensitive and required high bandwidth to ensure QoS over the networks. Scheduling mechanism is the effective way to satisfy IMM traffic but it cannot give guarantee because of the randomness of some EDCA schedulers or proposed networks. In order to provide the QoS, scheduling mechanism is the challenging issue to transmit IMM traffic through the channel and it is still need to be solved over WCN. This work aims to examine the effect of the randomness on different MAC layer schedulers' performance and evaluates the performance of the proposed schedulers using different performance metrics in WCN.
An Efficient Performance of Mimo - Ofdm Based Cognitieve Radio System for Arr...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The wireless channel is central within this context, thus estimating the channel is the key to make CR operational, taking in consideration that the transmission-reception technology is available. In this thesis, we design a MIMO system using OFDM modulation technology to transmit and receive two signals over the mobile wireless channel. First formulate the pilot design as a new optimization problem. We use MIMO concept to enhance system capacity and robustness of the wireless transmission. In Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) based cognitive radio (CR) systems, with the increasing demand for data rate and reliability in Wireless communicationsand devices, several issues become very important like bandwidth efficiency, quality of service and radio coverage. In this new scheme, adaptive arrays are group-selected in the spatial domain. Simulation shows that the proposed system can get significant performance improvements over the conventional array based OFDM systems over frequency-selective multipath fading channels with cognitive radio (CR) system. Keywords: Cognitive radios, MIMO, OFDM, and Joint transmit and receive group selected arrays.
Coverage and Capacity Performance Degradation on a Co-Located Network Involvi...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract—Coverage and capacity performance in a cellular network determines the system potentials. If the coverage radius is limited, end users suffer poor service quality, if the system capacity reduces, fewer subscribers will be accommodated. This paper investigated the performance effects of the noise rise caused by the spurious emission from a co-located jammer involving downlink frequency of CDMA2000 and uplink frequency of WCDMA operating at 1.9GHz. Measurements were carried out to evaluate the impact on the coverage radius and the system capacity.
Coverage and Capacity Performance Degradation on a Co-Located Network Involvi...Onyebuchi nosiri
Abstract—Coverage and capacity performance in a cellular network determines the system potentials. If the coverage radius is limited, end users suffer poor service quality, if the system capacity reduces, fewer subscribers will be accommodated. This paper investigated the performance effects of the noise rise caused by the spurious emission from a co-located jammer involving downlink frequency of CDMA2000 and uplink frequency of WCDMA operating at 1.9GHz. Measurements were carried out to evaluate the impact on the coverage radius and the system capacity.
Cognitive Radio (CR) is an adaptive, intelligent radio and network technology that can automatically detect available channels in a wireless spectrum and change transmission parameters enabling more communications to run concurrently and also improve radio operating behavior.
Abstract –The energy efficiency has become more important in MIMO wireless communication system in recent days. The antennas at each end of the communications circuit are combined to minimize errors and optimize data speed. In Multiple Input Multiple Output Time Division Duplexing (MIMO TDD), by assuming reciprocity property the downlink transmission is based on uplink channel estimation. When more uplink pilot power ensures more accurate channel estimation and better downlink performance, it achieves higher energy consumption of mobile users. Link adaptation scheme uses different modulation schemes for different communication link quality. From the result of MIMO TDD, it ensures high Bit Error Rate.MIMO schemes are usually incorporated intoOFDM systems. The spatial and frequencyresource can be jointly allocated to improve EE.However, the complexity of the joint design may be prohibitive. This system is effective, in addition to that it also needs simple algorithms like energy efficiency optimization power allocation (EEOPA) algorithm of multiuser multiple input and multiple output (MU-MIMO) systems in order to obtain a trade-offbetween complexity and performance.
Impulse Radio Ultra WideBand (IR-UWB) commu- nication has proven to be an important
technique for supporting high-rate, short-range, and low-power communication. In this paper, using
detailed models of typical IR-UWB transmitter and receiver structures, we model the energy
consumption per information bit in a single linkof an IR-UWB system, considering packet overhead,
retransmissions, and a Nakagami-m fading channel. Using this model, we minimize the energy
consumption per information bit by finding the optimum packet length and the optimum number of
RAKE fingers at the receiver for different transmission distances, using Differential Phase-shift keying
(DBPSK), Differential Pulse-position Modulation (DPPM) and On-off Keying (OOK), with coherent
and non-coherent detection. The increasing demand for wireless communication introduces efficient
spectrum utilization challenge. To address this challenge, cognitive radio (CR) is emerged as the key
technology; which enables opportunistic access to the spectrum. CR is a form of wireless
communication in which a transceiver can intelligently detect which communication channels are in
use and which are not, and instantly move into vacant channels while avoiding occupied ones..
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P921 d2 brochure
1. August 2000 European Institute for Research and Strategic Studies in Telecommunications GmbH
Deliverable 2
Guidelines for the design
of UMTS Access Networks
Project P921-PF
2. Project P921
Services, applications and
Goals Quality of Service
The main target of this work was to UMTS is going to support a variety of services obtained by means of a link level simulator to
develop recommendations and guide- and applications, using both circuit and pack- corrupt the application bit stream and to
lines for UMTS network design and et switched access. In the framework of evaluate the degradation of the quality due to
implementation. These guidelines and EURESCOM project P921 three kinds of the radio interface.
recommendations are to support plan- applications have been selected for Quality of
ners and operators in designing and Service analysis: audio retrieval, MPEG-4 video The results of the tests have shown a strong
implementing efficient UMTS networks. download applications, and IP-based appli- impact of the UTRA interface on the Quality of
Application testing
Link Level Subjective
Application
Simulator Testing
Error Application
patterns performance
UTRA
character- QoS
isation
cations (web browsing, ftp). The objective of Service. For example, real time streaming
the quality test was to assess the impact of of high quality music over UMTS requires a
the UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) highly protected channel, at least when the
interface on the selected applications. The test application is not using any error resilience
method applied was to use the error patterns tools.
Cell coverage Cell breathing: left lower, right higher cell traffic
in UMTS
One of the fundamental characteristics of
CDMA systems implemented in UMTS is that
the coverage range is intrinsically linked to the
capacity of the system: the more traffic is
carried by a cell, the smaller the coverage area
of the cell becomes. This phenomenon is
known as “cell breathing“, which shows the
service area of one base station with different
traffic loads in the system. This dynamic
behaviour makes cell planning and network
dimensioning a very complex process.
Traditional static prediction methods are not Link level, considering the effects of the radio
appropriate. Therefore simulation and statis- channel on individual bits transmitted in a
tical modelling techniques have to be used. single communication.
However, the system is very complex, with so System level, considering a number of cells
many interactions, that the simulation has and mobiles, based on output parameters
been split into two parts: from individual link simulations produced at
link level.
3. UTRAN characterisation
UTRAN, the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Resulting system working point for the 8 kbit/s voice service
Network, operates in two modes, the UTRA as a function of mobile speed and number of users per slot
FDD and the UTRA TDD mode. The UTRAN (downlink – Vehicular A channel)
link level simulation results of P921 are given
for the voice service, circuit switched data
System working point [Eb/No @ BER = 0,1 %]
service (LCD, Long Constrained Delay) and for
15
packet switched data service (UDD Uncon- 8 users
per slot
strained Delay Data) over the ETSI / ITU 14
propagation channels (vehicular A/B, outdoor 13
4 users
to indoor A/B). The simulations include 12 per slot
realistic algorithms for closed loop power 11
1 user
control and pilot assisted channel estimation. per slot
10
For the up-link channel, the antenna diversity
9
technique has been implemented by doubling
the Rake receiver structure and using an equal 8
gain combiner before decoding. Voice service 7
was simulated at 8 kbits/s, and LCD and UDD 1 10 100 1000
services at 64, 144 and 384 kbits/s. Mobile speed [km/h]
Link budget Link-level simulation results
and cell sizes Cell radius [km]
The link budget is calculated by the following 2,0
UMTS speech
procedure:
1. Uplink path loss evaluation 1,5
GSM 1800
2. Downlink power level evaluation at cell
border
1
3. Downlink EIRP value evaluation per traffic UMTS LCD384
(Long Constrained
channel (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power Delay 384kb/s)
– i.e. how much power you would be trans- 0,5
mitting if transmitting in a perfect sphere) UMTS UDD480
(Unconstrained
4. Downlink power evaluation per traffic 0 Delay Data 480kb/s)
channel 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
5. Downlink path loss evaluation Average power of the mobile station [dBm]
On the basis of the radio link results the UMTS
(FDD component based on W-CDMA access)
link budget has been evaluated for the case of a function of average power of the mobile sta- cell radius is greater than the one of GSM
an urban environment. The cell radius of the tion and offered service (70 % cell load). The 1800. In contrast to this, the coverage in UMTS
UMTS system has been compared with the UMTS cell radius is compared to the cell radius is smaller than in GSM 1800 systems for the
one of GSM 1800. The figure presents results of a GSM 1800 system. It is worth noting that other services.
from link level simulations: The coverage range in the GSM 1800 case the cell radius is not
of UMTS services in the urban environment as related to the system load. The results show
that, in the case of a voice service, the UMTS
UTRAN architecture
The UMTS Radio Access Network is built RNC is connected to the Core Network (both that cells and RNCs are identified – normally
around two new nodes and three new inter- packet and circuit domains) by the Iu inter- by the number of bits in the identities, but
faces (see the figure). The Node B is effec- face; RNCs are connected together with the sometimes hidden elsewhere in the protocol
tively a UMTS “base station“, while a Radio Iur interface. Each Node B is connected to an definitions. There is currently no restriction of
Network Controller (RNC) is comparable with RNC by the Iub interface.There are some fun- the numbers of Nodes B in a Radio Network
a GSM Base Station Controller (BSC). Each damental limits on the numbers of cells and Subsystem (RNS) or PLMN.
RNCs that can be supported, due to the way
4. UTRAN architecture
According to standardisation the limits are as
follows:
s Maximum number of Cells in a PLMN Iu Iu
26,435,456
s Maximum number of RNCs in a PLMN RNS RNS
4,096
s Maximum number of Cells in an RNS RNC RNC
65,536 Iur
s Maximum number of Nodes B in an RNS
No limit defined in the standards Iub Iub
s Maximum number of Cells in a Node B
Node B Node B Node B Node B
No limit currently defined in the standards
In practice, the maximum numbers supported
by the vendors will vary and are likely to be
lower than the absolute limit stated here.
Infrastructure sharing
Given the limited number of sites for new base operators. In contrast to the mechanical antennas and feeders, and assuming that
stations, and the cost of errecting new masts, issues, there should be no problem with the the structure is capable of withstanding the
site sharing between 3G and GSM is likely to co-location of W-CDMA and GSM900/1800 additional wind load. This has to be deter-
be of importance, especially for existing sites. It should be possible to share the same mined on a case by case basis.
headframe between GSM and UMTS, assum-
ing there is sufficient space for the additional
Hierarchical cell structures
UMTS, as GSM, supports the deployment of specified in UMTS will result in a minimum equipment designed to a later release of the
micro cells within macro cells to provide obtainable cell radius, which is accentuated standards is available. These issues require
increased capacity in traffic hot spots and when good line of sight is achieved. There is further investigation. There are two options for
coverage where previously none has existed. also some doubt about the suitability of the the choice of carrier for micro cells:
However, there is some concern that the currently specified soft handover mechanism s Same carrier for micro/macro cells
limited dynamic range of the terminal power as for use in contiguous micro-cellular coverage s Different carriers for micro/macro cells
areas. Therefore it could be that micro cells
cannot be designed to perform optimally until
Increasing the coverage area
The UTRAN will support six sectored sites, 3 sectors – 900 beamwidth (left) compared to 6 sectors –
which could maximise coverage and capacity 600 beamwidth (right)
of UMTS sites. The basic principle is that by
using six narrow beam antennas, the coverage
area of a cell will be extended due to the
increased forward gain, and the capacity will
be double that of a three-sectored cell. The
use of six sectors can lead to an increase in
the coverage area that is served by multiple
cells (i.e. the soft handover region), depend-
ing on the local propagation conditions and
the antenna pattern. The two figures show the
overlap between the antenna patterns. This
does not match the soft handover regions, but
it shows, how the overlap can increase, given
certain antenna beamwidths.
5. Conclusions
s The number of services in a UMTS system coverage is intrinsically linked to the performance of the TDD mode is more influ-
is substantially higher compared to GSM, capacity of the system. Cells are breathing; enced by the mobile speed than the FDD
which makes the network design more the coverage range for voice varies between mode. For the voice service, the UMTS cell
complex. Packet switched mode allows cost- 200 m and 1.4 km, depending on the radius is greater than the GSM 1800 one.
effective transport of data, but requires QoS number of users. Traditional static predic- Data services with data rates higher than
control. Some applications such as voice or tion methods for network planning are not 384 kbit/s have a lower cell radius com-
real-time video require throughput with a applicable. pared to GSM 1800.
guaranteed data rate and maximum delay. s Two link level simulators (W-CDMA and TD- s The Project has reviewed available system
Mobile communication applications have to CDMA) have been developed in the project level simulators, and established scenarios
be designed according to the user mobility, to evaluate the radio performance of UTRA. for system level simulations. A future pro-
the radio environment (user speed and The main outcome of link level simulations ject is envisaged to analyse these scenarios.
coverage radius), the application topology, is the system working point, the minimum
and the user terminal requirements. Eb/No (ratio between energy per bit and A more detailed version of this deliverable is
Current applications content, e.g. JPEG, noise). Voice services have an almost available at:
does not allow missing data. constant system working point with respect
s UMTS radio interface has a strong impact to the mobile speed in the range of http://www.eurescom.de/
on the QoS of applications, requiring an 3-250 km/h. Data services (LCD & UDD) public/projects/P900-series/
error-resistant mechanism to obtain the are more sensitive to the mobile speed and p921/P921.htm
required QoS level. In a CDMA network to the propagation environment. The link
About P921 Publications resulting from this work:
EURESCOM Project P921-PF started on 1. D. Wake and R. E. Schuh, IEE Electronics 3. Ralf E. Schuh and David Wake, Proceedings,
23 February 1999 with a planned duration of Letters, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 901-902, 2000. IEEE International Conference on Third
18 months. The total budget was 100 MM. 2. D. Wake and R. E. Schuh, Technical Digest, Generation Wireless Communications, IEEE
Additional information can be obtained from: International Topical Meeting on Microwave 3g Wireless'2000, San Francisco, Silicon
Photonics – MWP’99, Post deadline paper, Valley, USA, ISSN No. 1529-2592 (2000),
http://www.eurescom.de/
Session F-12, pp. 9-12, ISBN 0-7803-5558- pp. 48 – 51, June 14 - 16, 2000
public/projects/P900-series/
X, Melbourne, Australia, November 17 – 19,
p921/P921.htm
1999.
The Project team:
Project Members
Name Company Email
Josef Noll (Project Leader) Telenor josef.noll@telenor.com
Jon Harris BT jon.w.harris@bt.com
Milan Jankovic Community of Yugoslav PTT ljiljamj@eunet.yu
Borislav Odadzic zjptt@eunet.yu
Armando Annunziato CSELT – Telecom Italia Group armando.annunziato@cselt.it
Enrico Buracchini enrico.buracchini@cselt.it
Bruno Melis bruno.melis@cselt.it
Anne-Gaële Acx France Télécom annegaele.acx@rd.francetelecom.fr
Jean-Francois Chaumet jeanfrancois.chaumet@rd.francetelecom.fr
Nicolas Guerin nicolas.Guerin@rd.francetelecom.fr
Georgos Agapiou OTE gagapiou@oteresearch.gr
Dimitrios Xenikos dimitrios.xenikos@oteresearch.gr
Amparo Sanmateu T-Nova amparo.sanmateu@telekom.de
Ignacio Berberabana Telefónica I+D ibfm@tid.es
Héctor González hector@tid.es
Fernando Martinez fvega@tid.es
Jorge Montero jams@tid.es
Arild Jacobsen Telenor arild.jacobsen@telenor.com
Tor Jansen tor-magnus.jansen@telenor.com
Tore Arthur Worren tore-arthur.worren@telenor.com
Uwe Herzog (Project Supervisor) EURESCOM herzog@eurescom.de