This paper analyzes the influencing factors of carbon emission sources and in the transport stage and
construction process of the construction phase, then study the appropriate control measures and energy-saving
suggestions for the construction enterprises to achieve low-carbon construction and to provide effective basis of
energy conservation and emission reduction.
This document outlines an approach to developing a soft tool for conducting a life cycle assessment of residential buildings to estimate their environmental impacts, such as carbon emissions. The tool calculates embodied carbon emissions from building materials used in construction and from electricity consumption over the building's 50-year lifespan. Testing on a residential building in Pune, India found total embodied carbon from materials was 748579 kg and from electricity was 4266150 kg over 50 years. The results indicate opportunities to reduce impacts by using sustainable materials and non-conventional energy sources.
The document discusses introducing ecology as a dimension in construction management by focusing on energy use and recycling materials. It proposes using recycled materials like fly ash instead of regular materials like cement and bricks to reduce CO2 emissions. A case study compares the material quantities and CO2 emissions of a regular 46.2 sqm building to one built with recycled materials. Using fly ash bricks and concrete with fly ash produces less CO2 than conventional materials and can help address global warming by lowering emissions from the construction industry.
An occupancy-based strategy employing computer vision for reducing cooling en...journalBEEI
The energy expended to cool the occupied areas by air conditioners represents a substantial share of the total energy exhausted in buildings. Therefore, developing strategies to reduce this energy is crucial. One of the preponderance strategies adopted to depreciate energy consumption in buildings is the occupancy-based strategy. In this research, an innovative model was established to achieve the goal of reducing cooling energy consumed in buildings based on occupancy-based combined with a constant temperature setpoint strategy in two phases, and each phase engrosses in 20 days. Phase one is to identify the extent of cooling energy employed according to the use of room occupants and its costs in consumption was 276.01 kWh after completion of this phase. Sequentially, constructing phase two intended to reduce cooling energy consumption by employing an automatic air-conditioner (AC) control strategy relying on an improved human detection algorithm with a 25℃ as temperature setpoint, resulting in 112.45 kWh of consumption. To complement the motives for elaboration, the human detection measurement using you only look once (YOLO) improved by applying pre-processing algorithms to reach an average human detection enhancement of 21.2%. The proposed model results showed that potential savings associated with the embraced strategy decreases by more than anticipated as the amount of reduced energy reached 59% savings.
IRJET- Embedded Energy’ of Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Engineering, Managemen...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the concept of embedded energy and carbon emissions related to the structural development of Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering, Management & Research in Akurdi, Pune, India. It defines embedded energy as the energy required to produce goods and services, including the energy used in extraction, manufacturing, transportation, installation and usage. The purpose is to highlight how accounting for embedded energy and carbon emissions of construction materials can support more sustainable development. It then outlines the methodology used, which includes quantifying direct carbon emissions from transportation and electricity usage on campus and estimating embedded carbon from material usage during construction based on ISO standards.
OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CARBON FOOT PRINTI...ijiert bestjournal
A review is done on the different methods to reduce the carbon emission ultimately the carbon footprint in the different sectors in the perceptive of the renewable sources. In method for the Regional energy targeting along with the supply chain synthesis different algorithms are proposed such as Regional Energy Clustering (REC) for the biomass supply chains. Some method as are based on the scheduling the manufacturing processes in process industries so as to reduce the carbon footprint and energy consumption. Here in this paper methods are proposed to reduce the carbon footprint in architecture firms are also discussed which the sources of CO2 emission are also . Last,role of re newable sources to reduce the carbon footprint and comparison is done among them by 2020.
A REVIEW: CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION (CCS) IN INDIAIAEME Publication
In 21st century research on carbon capture and sequestration is totally based on optimizing the process of capture either by increasing the capture efficiency or by reducing the work input (energy consumption) in the process of capturing the carbon dioxide. This review article is prime focused on the present scenario of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; aspects of new world with CCS with its merits-demerits and new emerging technological implementations.
This document discusses sustainable building and energy efficiency in Europe. It outlines various European directives and targets around reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in buildings. These include requiring all new buildings to be net-zero energy by 2016, improving energy performance standards in new and existing buildings, and increasing the use of renewable energy. The document also examines passive design strategies, active energy generation methods, and new markets around passive houses and zero-carbon buildings. Case studies are presented on various high-performance buildings that utilize these approaches.
This document reviews published studies that have quantified carbon capture costs in order to develop statistical models for estimating capture costs. It summarizes the components of carbon capture costs, including capital costs like total capital requirement and operating and maintenance costs. It also discusses common carbon capture cost metrics like cost of CO2 captured. The document then describes the methodology used to collect cost data from literature, standardize the data, and develop statistical models to estimate capture costs based on factors like the amount of CO2 captured and capture technology used.
This document outlines an approach to developing a soft tool for conducting a life cycle assessment of residential buildings to estimate their environmental impacts, such as carbon emissions. The tool calculates embodied carbon emissions from building materials used in construction and from electricity consumption over the building's 50-year lifespan. Testing on a residential building in Pune, India found total embodied carbon from materials was 748579 kg and from electricity was 4266150 kg over 50 years. The results indicate opportunities to reduce impacts by using sustainable materials and non-conventional energy sources.
The document discusses introducing ecology as a dimension in construction management by focusing on energy use and recycling materials. It proposes using recycled materials like fly ash instead of regular materials like cement and bricks to reduce CO2 emissions. A case study compares the material quantities and CO2 emissions of a regular 46.2 sqm building to one built with recycled materials. Using fly ash bricks and concrete with fly ash produces less CO2 than conventional materials and can help address global warming by lowering emissions from the construction industry.
An occupancy-based strategy employing computer vision for reducing cooling en...journalBEEI
The energy expended to cool the occupied areas by air conditioners represents a substantial share of the total energy exhausted in buildings. Therefore, developing strategies to reduce this energy is crucial. One of the preponderance strategies adopted to depreciate energy consumption in buildings is the occupancy-based strategy. In this research, an innovative model was established to achieve the goal of reducing cooling energy consumed in buildings based on occupancy-based combined with a constant temperature setpoint strategy in two phases, and each phase engrosses in 20 days. Phase one is to identify the extent of cooling energy employed according to the use of room occupants and its costs in consumption was 276.01 kWh after completion of this phase. Sequentially, constructing phase two intended to reduce cooling energy consumption by employing an automatic air-conditioner (AC) control strategy relying on an improved human detection algorithm with a 25℃ as temperature setpoint, resulting in 112.45 kWh of consumption. To complement the motives for elaboration, the human detection measurement using you only look once (YOLO) improved by applying pre-processing algorithms to reach an average human detection enhancement of 21.2%. The proposed model results showed that potential savings associated with the embraced strategy decreases by more than anticipated as the amount of reduced energy reached 59% savings.
IRJET- Embedded Energy’ of Dr. D.Y. Patil Institute of Engineering, Managemen...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the concept of embedded energy and carbon emissions related to the structural development of Dr. D. Y. Patil Institute of Engineering, Management & Research in Akurdi, Pune, India. It defines embedded energy as the energy required to produce goods and services, including the energy used in extraction, manufacturing, transportation, installation and usage. The purpose is to highlight how accounting for embedded energy and carbon emissions of construction materials can support more sustainable development. It then outlines the methodology used, which includes quantifying direct carbon emissions from transportation and electricity usage on campus and estimating embedded carbon from material usage during construction based on ISO standards.
OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF CARBON FOOT PRINTI...ijiert bestjournal
A review is done on the different methods to reduce the carbon emission ultimately the carbon footprint in the different sectors in the perceptive of the renewable sources. In method for the Regional energy targeting along with the supply chain synthesis different algorithms are proposed such as Regional Energy Clustering (REC) for the biomass supply chains. Some method as are based on the scheduling the manufacturing processes in process industries so as to reduce the carbon footprint and energy consumption. Here in this paper methods are proposed to reduce the carbon footprint in architecture firms are also discussed which the sources of CO2 emission are also . Last,role of re newable sources to reduce the carbon footprint and comparison is done among them by 2020.
A REVIEW: CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION (CCS) IN INDIAIAEME Publication
In 21st century research on carbon capture and sequestration is totally based on optimizing the process of capture either by increasing the capture efficiency or by reducing the work input (energy consumption) in the process of capturing the carbon dioxide. This review article is prime focused on the present scenario of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; aspects of new world with CCS with its merits-demerits and new emerging technological implementations.
This document discusses sustainable building and energy efficiency in Europe. It outlines various European directives and targets around reducing energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in buildings. These include requiring all new buildings to be net-zero energy by 2016, improving energy performance standards in new and existing buildings, and increasing the use of renewable energy. The document also examines passive design strategies, active energy generation methods, and new markets around passive houses and zero-carbon buildings. Case studies are presented on various high-performance buildings that utilize these approaches.
This document reviews published studies that have quantified carbon capture costs in order to develop statistical models for estimating capture costs. It summarizes the components of carbon capture costs, including capital costs like total capital requirement and operating and maintenance costs. It also discusses common carbon capture cost metrics like cost of CO2 captured. The document then describes the methodology used to collect cost data from literature, standardize the data, and develop statistical models to estimate capture costs based on factors like the amount of CO2 captured and capture technology used.
Human Habits and Energy Consumption in Residential BuildingsLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Looks into users’ heating habits in residential buildings.
* Discusses the term ‘rebound’ - the fact that improved efficiency can result in more spending.
* Gives factual proof that direct rebound plays leading role in energy consumption in residential buildings.
The document summarizes the early room design phase of an integrated energy design process for a school building extension in Aarhus, Denmark. It outlines the performance requirements for the project, including energy usage below 25 kWh/m2/year. Room geometry considerations are discussed based on function and energy usage. Office rooms are proposed to be 36m2 to accommodate 4 people, while classrooms are 90m2 to allow flexibility. Energy demands are estimated to be higher for north-facing rooms than south-facing due to lighting and heating needs, but overall building energy targets will be met. Initial room designs will be presented for offices and classrooms facing north and south.
Solid Waste Management Using Incineration TechniqueAdityaAnchan2
The document describes a project to design and fabricate a solid waste management system using incineration. A group of mechanical engineering students at Srinivas Institute of Technology created a system to address the problems of landfill waste, such as pollution of groundwater and emissions of harmful gases. Their system uses a heated incinerator and condenser to burn solid waste at 3500C and recover heat and water. Testing showed the system could reduce waste by 80-90% within an hour while producing ash, methane and heated water. The system aims to provide a sustainable waste solution that prevents environmental damage from landfills.
Energy-Efficient Buildings of Tomorrow: Built on a Policy Cornerstone Today Alliance To Save Energy
According to the Energy Information Administration, the carbon dioxide emissions of the U.S. building sector are almost equal to the total CO2 emissions of India and Japan combined.
Since the 1970s, energy efficiency in buildings has primarily focused on reducing operational energy. However, as buildings become more efficient, embodied energy becomes increasingly significant. With the rise in green building programs, architects and engineers are giving more attention to ways that reduce embodied energy. This paper presents opportunities to address embodied energy in buildings.
ASSESSING THE REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS THROUGH APPLYING HIGH-STR...IAEME Publication
The construction industry accounts for approximately 23% of the national energy
consumption per year. Considering the production and transportation of construction
materials, the ratio of energy consumption increases up to 40 % in this industry.
Recently, several studies established effective strategies for reducing the carbon
dioxide emissions such as utilisation of low-carbon materials, material recycling,
minimisation of materials input, and selection of optimal structural systems. Along with
such approaches, there are various studies examined the application of high-strength
materials for minimum utilisation of construction materials. Despite this approach to
calculate CO2 emissions of structural materials, it is necessary to study the effectiveness
and relationships between the implementation of high-strength re-bars and normal rebars.
In order to fill this gap, this study examines the reduction of reinforcement bars
and CO2 emissions by the implementation of high-strength re-bars in a practical
approach. In this study, an office complex building was selected to assess the quantity
variation over the normal re-bars. The office complex building is a rigid-frame
structure which has 25 storeys above the ground level and one storey in the
underground. Based on the analysed data, this study concluded that the application of
SD500 and SD600 high-strength re-bars would lead the quantity reduction of about
25% and 50% respectively compared to the structural system designed with SD400.
Generally, applications to high-strength materials, especially high-strength re-bars in
the study is potentially beneficial in both reducing the input amount of materials and
carbon dioxide emissions in the rigid-frame structure.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Response to Climate Change (incl. case of Carbon Capture)Shibojyoti Dutta
The presentation contained context of Iron & Steel w.r.t. Climate Change, response of sector in India and Tata Steel. Sustainable solution offered by Tata Steel and brief discussion on Carbon Capture prospects at BF at the National seminar on “Environmental Prisnciples, Policies and Climate Change” organised by Indian Institute of Metals - Kolkata Chapter on 16 Dec 2010 at Taj Bengal, Kolkata
The document discusses steps taken to design a net-positive energy house in France. Climate analysis using Climate Consultant identified time periods close to the comfort zone as May-September and average wind speeds suitable for cross ventilation. Envelope optimization in GenOpt aimed to minimize cooling and heating energy use by varying wall and roof insulation, windows, and solar heat gain. Natural ventilation optimization in EnergyPlus controlled window openings. Mechanical systems were optimized including an air handling unit, plant, and condenser. Total energy use intensity was 34.4 kWh/m2 and on-site generation exceeded usage, making it net-positive.
The document discusses methods for short-term forecasting of electric energy consumption in smart buildings. It compares statistical and machine learning approaches using data from 13 buildings on a university campus in Spain. The best performing methods were ensemble machine learning approaches like bagging and boosting, which were able to more accurately predict energy consumption over the next day compared to statistical models. The study also found that using over 7 days of historical data led to better predictions.
Alenka Burja: New approach to EU GPP criteria for office buildings - key resu...Umanotera
This project develops green public procurement criteria for office buildings through the Central Europe Programme funded by the ERDF. The process involves clarifying criteria around the use of environmentally certified construction materials and products, finalizing the analysis of equivalence within national schemes, and determining effective procurement routes. A technical background report provides definitions, analyzes key environmental impacts like those from energy and water use, and proposes core and comprehensive criteria for greening public procurement of office buildings.
1. This document provides guidance for quantity surveyors on calculating embodied carbon emissions associated with building projects.
2. It defines key terms like embodied carbon, operational carbon, and outlines the different life cycle stages of a building according to the BS EN 15978:2011 standard.
3. The guidance recommends that quantity surveyors begin by estimating the product stage (cradle-to-gate) embodied carbon early in projects using material quantities and emission factors, and to involve other specialists to estimate emissions from later life cycle stages as more information becomes available.
La prise en compte des questions environnementalesLuxemburger Wort
Steel is one of the most sustainable materials due to its abundance, low cost, ease of use, endless recyclability, and ability to support infrastructure and standards of living. It accounts for around 20% of man-made emissions linked to materials but has a life cycle carbon footprint of less than 1 ton of CO2 per ton of steel when recycling is included. ArcelorMittal's strategy focuses on developing new low-carbon products, improving recycling efficiency, and exploring ways to capture and reuse carbon from the steelmaking process such as producing transportation fuels, green plastics, and carbonated minerals.
Embodied energy and embodied embodied carbonCraig Jones
A visual presentation introducing the embodied energy and embodied carbon footprint of buildings and construction. The slides are highly visual and take the viewer through the life cycle stages of a building material, through to an assembled building or construction project.
Fundamental Review and Analysis of Gasifier Performance and Gasification ModelAI Publications
A reliable, affordable and clean energy supply is of major importance for society, economy and the environment. The modern use of biomass is considered a very promising clean energy option for reduction of greenhouse gas emission and energy dependency. Biomass gasification has been considered as the enabling technology for modern biomass utilization. However, challenges remains in biomass gasifier design and gasification model for viable commercial application through reliable model prediction and optimization of the process condition to obtain quality product compositions and maximal efficiencies. Bubbling fluidized bed gasifier and Apen Plus gasification model can salvage the undue complex processes and aims to develop the simplest possible model using the process simulator or Aspen Plus that incorporates the key gasification reaction and gasifier design.
The document reviews methods and techniques for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, including pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture, and oxy-combustion capture. It discusses these different CO2 capture methods and provides examples of their application in large-scale carbon capture utilization and storage facilities currently in operation or development globally. The document also examines indicators used to compare and assess CO2 emissions, capture, avoidance, and costs associated with avoiding CO2 emissions.
This document provides an overview of course materials for ACC 410 Entire Course Material- Auditing. It includes descriptions and questions related to various auditing topics such as internal vs external audits, audit reports, generally accepted auditing standards, analytical procedures, internal controls, legal and ethics cases, and audit planning and reporting. Students are asked to evaluate statements, complete problems, discuss topics, and respond to other students' posts on several auditing issues and cases. The course appears to provide a comprehensive overview of auditing principles and practices.
Tensar mechanically stabilized layers can provide high-performance working platforms for surface mining operations by increasing load-bearing capacity over weak subgrades. These layers reduce maintenance costs by limiting rutting and potholes on haul roads. Tensar offers geogrid and geotextile products, as well as design and installation expertise, to stabilize unbound aggregate layers for roads, working areas, railway trackbeds, tailings lagoon caps, and leach pads.
An advisory firm delivering services to the investors may help you in this sector. They use to provide such professionals who give such tips and hints which benefits the traders and help them to achieve the desired success.
Human Habits and Energy Consumption in Residential BuildingsLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Looks into users’ heating habits in residential buildings.
* Discusses the term ‘rebound’ - the fact that improved efficiency can result in more spending.
* Gives factual proof that direct rebound plays leading role in energy consumption in residential buildings.
The document summarizes the early room design phase of an integrated energy design process for a school building extension in Aarhus, Denmark. It outlines the performance requirements for the project, including energy usage below 25 kWh/m2/year. Room geometry considerations are discussed based on function and energy usage. Office rooms are proposed to be 36m2 to accommodate 4 people, while classrooms are 90m2 to allow flexibility. Energy demands are estimated to be higher for north-facing rooms than south-facing due to lighting and heating needs, but overall building energy targets will be met. Initial room designs will be presented for offices and classrooms facing north and south.
Solid Waste Management Using Incineration TechniqueAdityaAnchan2
The document describes a project to design and fabricate a solid waste management system using incineration. A group of mechanical engineering students at Srinivas Institute of Technology created a system to address the problems of landfill waste, such as pollution of groundwater and emissions of harmful gases. Their system uses a heated incinerator and condenser to burn solid waste at 3500C and recover heat and water. Testing showed the system could reduce waste by 80-90% within an hour while producing ash, methane and heated water. The system aims to provide a sustainable waste solution that prevents environmental damage from landfills.
Energy-Efficient Buildings of Tomorrow: Built on a Policy Cornerstone Today Alliance To Save Energy
According to the Energy Information Administration, the carbon dioxide emissions of the U.S. building sector are almost equal to the total CO2 emissions of India and Japan combined.
Since the 1970s, energy efficiency in buildings has primarily focused on reducing operational energy. However, as buildings become more efficient, embodied energy becomes increasingly significant. With the rise in green building programs, architects and engineers are giving more attention to ways that reduce embodied energy. This paper presents opportunities to address embodied energy in buildings.
ASSESSING THE REDUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS THROUGH APPLYING HIGH-STR...IAEME Publication
The construction industry accounts for approximately 23% of the national energy
consumption per year. Considering the production and transportation of construction
materials, the ratio of energy consumption increases up to 40 % in this industry.
Recently, several studies established effective strategies for reducing the carbon
dioxide emissions such as utilisation of low-carbon materials, material recycling,
minimisation of materials input, and selection of optimal structural systems. Along with
such approaches, there are various studies examined the application of high-strength
materials for minimum utilisation of construction materials. Despite this approach to
calculate CO2 emissions of structural materials, it is necessary to study the effectiveness
and relationships between the implementation of high-strength re-bars and normal rebars.
In order to fill this gap, this study examines the reduction of reinforcement bars
and CO2 emissions by the implementation of high-strength re-bars in a practical
approach. In this study, an office complex building was selected to assess the quantity
variation over the normal re-bars. The office complex building is a rigid-frame
structure which has 25 storeys above the ground level and one storey in the
underground. Based on the analysed data, this study concluded that the application of
SD500 and SD600 high-strength re-bars would lead the quantity reduction of about
25% and 50% respectively compared to the structural system designed with SD400.
Generally, applications to high-strength materials, especially high-strength re-bars in
the study is potentially beneficial in both reducing the input amount of materials and
carbon dioxide emissions in the rigid-frame structure.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Response to Climate Change (incl. case of Carbon Capture)Shibojyoti Dutta
The presentation contained context of Iron & Steel w.r.t. Climate Change, response of sector in India and Tata Steel. Sustainable solution offered by Tata Steel and brief discussion on Carbon Capture prospects at BF at the National seminar on “Environmental Prisnciples, Policies and Climate Change” organised by Indian Institute of Metals - Kolkata Chapter on 16 Dec 2010 at Taj Bengal, Kolkata
The document discusses steps taken to design a net-positive energy house in France. Climate analysis using Climate Consultant identified time periods close to the comfort zone as May-September and average wind speeds suitable for cross ventilation. Envelope optimization in GenOpt aimed to minimize cooling and heating energy use by varying wall and roof insulation, windows, and solar heat gain. Natural ventilation optimization in EnergyPlus controlled window openings. Mechanical systems were optimized including an air handling unit, plant, and condenser. Total energy use intensity was 34.4 kWh/m2 and on-site generation exceeded usage, making it net-positive.
The document discusses methods for short-term forecasting of electric energy consumption in smart buildings. It compares statistical and machine learning approaches using data from 13 buildings on a university campus in Spain. The best performing methods were ensemble machine learning approaches like bagging and boosting, which were able to more accurately predict energy consumption over the next day compared to statistical models. The study also found that using over 7 days of historical data led to better predictions.
Alenka Burja: New approach to EU GPP criteria for office buildings - key resu...Umanotera
This project develops green public procurement criteria for office buildings through the Central Europe Programme funded by the ERDF. The process involves clarifying criteria around the use of environmentally certified construction materials and products, finalizing the analysis of equivalence within national schemes, and determining effective procurement routes. A technical background report provides definitions, analyzes key environmental impacts like those from energy and water use, and proposes core and comprehensive criteria for greening public procurement of office buildings.
1. This document provides guidance for quantity surveyors on calculating embodied carbon emissions associated with building projects.
2. It defines key terms like embodied carbon, operational carbon, and outlines the different life cycle stages of a building according to the BS EN 15978:2011 standard.
3. The guidance recommends that quantity surveyors begin by estimating the product stage (cradle-to-gate) embodied carbon early in projects using material quantities and emission factors, and to involve other specialists to estimate emissions from later life cycle stages as more information becomes available.
La prise en compte des questions environnementalesLuxemburger Wort
Steel is one of the most sustainable materials due to its abundance, low cost, ease of use, endless recyclability, and ability to support infrastructure and standards of living. It accounts for around 20% of man-made emissions linked to materials but has a life cycle carbon footprint of less than 1 ton of CO2 per ton of steel when recycling is included. ArcelorMittal's strategy focuses on developing new low-carbon products, improving recycling efficiency, and exploring ways to capture and reuse carbon from the steelmaking process such as producing transportation fuels, green plastics, and carbonated minerals.
Embodied energy and embodied embodied carbonCraig Jones
A visual presentation introducing the embodied energy and embodied carbon footprint of buildings and construction. The slides are highly visual and take the viewer through the life cycle stages of a building material, through to an assembled building or construction project.
Fundamental Review and Analysis of Gasifier Performance and Gasification ModelAI Publications
A reliable, affordable and clean energy supply is of major importance for society, economy and the environment. The modern use of biomass is considered a very promising clean energy option for reduction of greenhouse gas emission and energy dependency. Biomass gasification has been considered as the enabling technology for modern biomass utilization. However, challenges remains in biomass gasifier design and gasification model for viable commercial application through reliable model prediction and optimization of the process condition to obtain quality product compositions and maximal efficiencies. Bubbling fluidized bed gasifier and Apen Plus gasification model can salvage the undue complex processes and aims to develop the simplest possible model using the process simulator or Aspen Plus that incorporates the key gasification reaction and gasifier design.
The document reviews methods and techniques for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, including pre-combustion capture, post-combustion capture, and oxy-combustion capture. It discusses these different CO2 capture methods and provides examples of their application in large-scale carbon capture utilization and storage facilities currently in operation or development globally. The document also examines indicators used to compare and assess CO2 emissions, capture, avoidance, and costs associated with avoiding CO2 emissions.
This document provides an overview of course materials for ACC 410 Entire Course Material- Auditing. It includes descriptions and questions related to various auditing topics such as internal vs external audits, audit reports, generally accepted auditing standards, analytical procedures, internal controls, legal and ethics cases, and audit planning and reporting. Students are asked to evaluate statements, complete problems, discuss topics, and respond to other students' posts on several auditing issues and cases. The course appears to provide a comprehensive overview of auditing principles and practices.
Tensar mechanically stabilized layers can provide high-performance working platforms for surface mining operations by increasing load-bearing capacity over weak subgrades. These layers reduce maintenance costs by limiting rutting and potholes on haul roads. Tensar offers geogrid and geotextile products, as well as design and installation expertise, to stabilize unbound aggregate layers for roads, working areas, railway trackbeds, tailings lagoon caps, and leach pads.
An advisory firm delivering services to the investors may help you in this sector. They use to provide such professionals who give such tips and hints which benefits the traders and help them to achieve the desired success.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, an online presentation tool. It features a stock photo and encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation by sharing it on SlideShare. In just one sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily create and share online presentations.
This document contains multiple accounting questions related to various topics of study (TCOs 1-7). It asks the test-taker to:
1) Provide formulas, explanations, and examples related to ratio analysis, the accounting cycle, inventory methods, depreciation calculations, stock transactions, internal controls, and fraud.
2) Construct trial balances, journal entries, and financial statements using different inventory costing methods.
3) Explain differences between common and preferred stock.
The questions cover a wide range of foundational accounting concepts and require both theoretical and practical application of knowledge.
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang
Tumbuhan dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu tumbuhan tak berpembuluh (non vaskuler) dan tumbuhan berpembuluh (vaskuler). Tumbuhan tak berpembuluh yaitu lumut, sedangkan tumbuhan berpembuluh terdiri atas tumbuhan tak berbiji, yaitu paku dan tumbuhan berbiji. Sedangkan tumbuhan berbiji sendiri dibagi dalam tumbuhan berbiji terbuka (gymnospermae) dan tumbuhan berbiji tertutup (angiospermae). Tumbuhan berbiji ( Spermatophyta ) adalah tumbuhan yang mempunyai bagian yang di sebut biji. Pada dasarnya tumbuhan biji itu dicirikan dengan adanya bunga sehingga sering disebut dengan tumbuhan berbunga (Anthopyta). Biji dihasilkan oleh bunga setelah terjadi peristiwa penyerbukan dan pembuahan. Dengan kata lain, biji dapat dihasilkan merupakan alat pembiakan secara seksual (generatif). Selain itu, ada juga pembiakan secara aseksual (vegetatif).
Tumbuhan berbiji di kelompokkan menjadi dua anak divisi, yaitu tumbuhan berbiji terbuka (Gymnospermae) dan tumbuhan biji tertutup (Angiospermae). Pada tumbuhan biji terbuka, biji tertutup dengan daging buah atau daun buah (karpelum). Misalnya, pada cemara, pinus, dan damar. Sementara itu, pada tumbuhan berbiji tertutup, biji di tutupi oleh daging buah atau daun buah. Misalnya, pada mangga, durian, dan jeruk. Dalam tumbuhan berbiji banyak sekali ordo ataupuun famili dari tiap divisi. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa tumbuhan berbiji merupakan tumbuhan yang dapat dikatakan tumbuhan yang memiliki bagian yang sangatlah banyak.
Gymnospermae berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu, Gymno =terbuka atau telanjang dan sperma=biji. Anggota Gymnospermae memiliki ciri utama berupa bakal biji yang tumbuh pada permukaan megasporafil (daun buah). Tumbuhan ini memiliki habitus semak, perdu, atau pohon. Akarnya merupakan akar tunggang, batang tumbuhan tegak lurus dan bercabangcabang. Gymnospermae tidak memiliki bunga yang sesungguhnya, sporofil terpisah-pisah atau membentuk stabilus jantan dan strobilus betina. Umumnya berkelamin tunggal namun ada juga yang berkelamin dua. Penyerbukan pada gymnospermae hampir selalu dengan cara anemogami (bantuan angin). Waktu penyerbukan sampai pembuahan relatif panjang. Gymnospermae hidup di mana-mana, hampir di seluruh permukaan bumi ini. Mulai dari daerah tropis hingga daerah kutub dan dari daerah yang cukup air hingga daerah kering.
Angiospermae, tumbuhan yang tergolong dalam anak divisi ini
berupa pohon-pepohonan, semak-semak maupun terna dengan batang yang bercabang monopodial atau simpodial. Berkas pengangkutan kolateral terbuka atau tertutup. Ada pula yang bokolateral, dalam akar selalu radikal. Dalam xilem selalu terdapat trakea dan trakeida.
B. Rumusan Masalah
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The Factors affecting the construction of low-carbon construction and the Countermeasures
1. Jing Zhenyan Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -2) May 2015, pp.104-106
www.ijera.com 104 | P a g e
The Factors affecting the construction of low-carbon construction
and the Countermeasures
Jing Zhenyan*
*(School of Management, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China)
ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes the influencing factors of carbon emission sources and in the transport stage and
construction process of the construction phase, then study the appropriate control measures and energy-saving
suggestions for the construction enterprises to achieve low-carbon construction and to provide effective basis of
energy conservation and emission reduction.
Keywords –Construction of carbon emissions, influencing factors, control measures, energy saving.
I. Introduction
Annual CO2 emissions of the construction sector
accounted for 28% of the total social, reducing
carbon emissions has become imperative. After 80
years, global temperatures increased significantly.
According to the models predict of IPCC climate,
global temperatures will rise by 2 ~ 6 ℃ within a
decade. Greenhouse gases are the most important
reason that cause global warming, as a pillar industry
the construction industry and its related activities
have been generating large amounts of greenhouse
gases. In recent years, green ecological building has
been brought into the national long-term plan of
environment and economic development, and the
corresponding research has achieved many results.
But most of the research and application focused
primarily on the use phase of the building, research
on energy saving aspects of the construction phase is
still relatively small. Building using phase is the
longest of the entire life cycle, while the construction
phase time is only 1-2 years or less, So most scholars
believe that energy saving measures should focus on
building using phase. But it is a short time due to the
construction phase, the construction phase of the
carbon emissions generated by energy use is
concentrated and suddenly, so the carbon emissions
per unit of time is higher than the trial stage, the
energy saving effect of the construction phase of the
more significant. Constraint mechanism of energy
saving building construction field has not been
established, therefore carbon emissions law of the
construction phase and the establishment of energy
conservation mechanisms, has important theoretical
and practical significance.
II. Factors of the carbon emissions in
construction phase
2.1 Analysis of carbon emission sources
Construction
(1) The carbon emissions of building construction
process
Carbon emissions during construction mainly
come from the energy consumption of installation of
equipment, living and working. The entire
construction jobsite divides into the construction area,
living area and office area parts and details of its
source of carbon emissions. The sources of carbon
emissions in construction phase as shown in the
following figure.
Construction Area
Construction machinery and equipment
Excavator Truck Crane Hammers
Fuel
Carbon
dioxide
emissions
Gas
Power
Equivalent to
the power
plants
Office and living area
Air conditioning Canteen Computer
As is shown in the figure, by summarize the
carbon emissions from the construction phase, we
can see that it is made primarily of fossil energy
consumption and energy consumption of the
composition. So energy consumption will produce
carbon dioxide, which mainly include energy
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Jing Zhenyan Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -2) May 2015, pp.104-106
www.ijera.com 105 | P a g e
consumption the use of mechanical equipment
secondary transport in construction site, as well as the
transportation of building garbage and building
materials.
(2) Carbon emissions generated by the transport
of materials and equipment
The Source of carbon emissions in materials and
equipment transport phase mainly is the energy
consumption of conveyance. The energy
consumption of the phase main related to the weight
of equipment and materials, the choose of
conveyance, transport distance, the power source
(gasoline, diesel, etc.) of conveyance as well as
transport energy consumption rate and so on.
2.2 Analysis of carbon emission factors during the
construction
(1)Factors affecting carbon emissions of the
transport
A lot of building materials in the course of
construction will be consumed, the transportation of
building materials and equipment will emit large
quantities of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. The
main factors include the mode of transport, transport
vehicles selection, transport distance, the number of
transport ,efficiency of units materials transportation.
The modes of transport. Transport modes of
material generally have road, rail, aviation, shipping
and other means. By analying and comparing the
different modes of transport on energy consumption,
We know that sea and rail transport evidently
consumes less energy.
The selection of vehicles. According to the
survey, the fuel consumption of gasoline truck is 8L
for per hundred tons per kilometer and diesel truck is
6L. Our country is more twice the fuel consumption
than foreign advanced level when truck with tons
running one kilometer, But fuel consumption of
trailer vehicle evenly reduced more 30% than a
bicycle.
Quantity of transport. The transport quantity
directly determine the number of conveyance, and
also determines the mechanical energy consumption,
thus significantly affect carbon emissions.
The distance of transport. According to statistics,
reducing 40.58kg of carbon emissions can be
achieved when shorten one hundred kilometers away.
Construction units should choose the nearest material
suppliers to shorten the distance ,which can
significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions during
the transportation.
The efficiency of transportation. Studies have
shown that increasing one ton load for vehicle, the
energy consumption can be reduced by 6%.Therefore,
Sometimes the level of efficiency of transportation
decide arriving of building materials and equipment
timely and affect the construction schedule and costs,
but also to a large extent impact the carbon emissions.
(2)Factors affecting the carbon Emissions of
construction process
Carbon dioxide emissions from the construction
site is the main source of carbon emissions during the
construction process and the constituent elements
may be the most complex. It have many factors,
including construction management, worker skills,
selection of construction machinery, construction of
living and office lighting, energy efficiency, building
size, building structure type and so on.
Construction management. The level of
construction management often determines
construction plan. The project with higher level of
construction management the arrangement of process
must be reasonable and compact, so slowdown
phenomenon and taking maneuvering time may be
not easy to happen and the construction of carbon
emissions to will be controlled effectively. Therefore,
different levels of business management and
construction will cause a big difference in the
consumption of energy during the construction.
Workers' skills. According to the survey,
machine operators of different skill levels may
produce the gap by 7% to 25% in fuel consumption.
If the quality of workers and their level of technology
are low, carbon emissions are higher and vice versa.
Therefore, the technical level of workers is one of the
factors affecting the energy consumption in building
construction.
Construction machinery. Energy Construction of
equipment and machinery general construction
accounted for more than 90% of the total energy
consumption, thus high efficiency and energy-
efficiency can consume less energy than the general
motors. For example the frequency energy of
Liebherr lifts reduce by 25% compared with ordinary
lifts in energy consumption.
Lighting of living and office in construction site,
Under the same conditions, the statistics have found
that carbon emissions caused by the use of energy-
saving lamps reduce by 80%compared with the
incandescent, accounted for 30% of emissions caused
by the use of fluorescent, while the effective planning
and management of lighting intensity and time can
make the Carbon Emissions of living and office
lighting a very significant difference.
Building's size. Building's size has a significant
effect on the corresponding emissions. The higher
building consume more energy in the construction
process, and each additional ten meters of the
residential building's height will produce more 0.1kg-
0.4kg carbon emissions for square units. When more
layers and the greater difficulty of construction, it
needs take more construction safety measures, so use
more energy and release greater CO2 gases .
3. Jing Zhenyan Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 5, ( Part -2) May 2015, pp.104-106
www.ijera.com 106 | P a g e
III. Low carbon construction control
measures
To achieve the goal of the low energy
consumption, low pollution, low emissions and high-
efficiency in the construction phase, we must take
effective measures to strengthen the control of carbon
emission.
(1)Promote low-carbon and advanced technology
To achieve low-carbon construction, we need
drawing on international and domestic advanced
experience, introducing advanced technology and
equipment, optimizing energy structure, promoting
solar, wind, geothermal and other clean energy
applied actively in the construction process.
Meanwhile the national and industry can recommend
energy saving products by administrative measures,
such as the full use of energy-efficient light, choose
efficient machinery and equipment and so on.
(2)Establish scientific low-carbon management
system of construction
Establish scientific low-carbon management
system of construction could help improve
management level, make a reasonable construction
plan and choose the best construction program, then
reduce the increase of energy consumption caused by
improper management. While the design units,
supervision, owners and other involved parties should
actively supervise the implementation of low-carbon
construction enterprise in the construction site.
(3)Build compensation mechanism of low-carbon
construction
The use of advanced equipment to improve
productional efficiency and reduce carbon emissions
may increase the cost of firms. In order to realize the
principle of fairness, construction companies should
get the appropriate financial compensation. Therefore,
the compensation mechanism of low-carbon
construction should be established to meet the needs
of construction companies and local governments.
We can through fund compensate, financial payments,
in-kind compensation, compensation tax breaks an so
on . In addition, we must also strengthen mutual
matching between the various compensation methods
and compositions to diversify the compensation.
(4)Strengthen the education of low carbon
construction
The development of low-carbon construction
should strengthen education of low-carbon
construction in project department and develop their
low-carbon consciousness. Regularly organize staff
to exchange the low-carbon construction experience
or listen to the lectures of advanced reducting-
emission units, then a low-carbon construction
atmosphere can be formed, which conducive to create
an advanced low-carbon awareness and ideas for the
project department effectively and lasting.
IV. Conclusion
China has become one of largest carbon-
emissions country in the world, the community have
called for the development of low-carbon economy
and establish a low-carbon society. Through
combined with characteristics of construction site,
this paper analyzes the carbon-emission sources and
the influencing factors in construction phase and
proposes countermeasures of low-carbon
construction. It has important practical significance
for building a more rational system of low-carbon
construction index and improving low-carbon
architectural theory.
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