This document discusses Kohlberg's stages of moral development. It explains that morality evolves through three levels of increasing complexity - pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Within each level are two stages, for a total of six stages. The stages progress from self-interest to upholding social order to respecting universal ethical principles. The document also examines Gilligan's theory of an ethics of care and questions whether there are gender differences in moral development.

1. Criminal Justice 2011
Class Name,
Instructor Name
Date, Semester

2. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
HEINZ DILEMMA
• Making the right choice
• Wife’s life
• Druggists interests
• Conscience
2

3. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
• Morality
- Evolves in a series of stages
• Three levels
3

4. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
Level 1: Pre-conventional Morality
•Stage 1: Punishment and obedience
•Stage 2: instrumental purpose and
exchange
4

5. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
STAGE 1
Punishment and obedience orientation
Ages 1-10
• Self-interests - self-focused morality
• Abides by rules
• Understands based on consequences
5

6. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
STAGE 2
The instrumental purpose and exchange
orientation
•Egoism
•Morals further self-interest
•Reciprocity
6

7. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
Level 2: Conventional morality
•Stage 3: Interpersonal expectations and conformity
•Stage 4: Law and order/social system maintenance
7

8. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
STAGE 3
Interpersonal expectations and conformity
Age 10
• Concern for social rules
• Conformity
• Meet expectations of others
8

9. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
STAGE 4
The law and order orientation
• Interest in laws
• Need for laws
• Respect for authority
Stages 1 - 4 reflect natural development
9

10. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF MORAL
DEVELOPMENT
Level 3: Post-conventional morality
•Stage 5: Social Contract/Utility/Rights
•Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles
10

11. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
STAGE 5
Social contract/legalism
• Social good
• Individual rights
• Democratic procedures
• Thinking vs. unthinking process
11

12. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
STAGE 6
Universal ethical principles
• Most advanced
• Few reach this stage
• Fair and just
• Civil disobedience
12

13. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
HOW DOES MORALITY DEVELOP?
Characteristics of Police Practitioners with Education
• More thought flexibility
• Social awareness and diversity sensitive
• Accept minorities
• Understanding of human behavior
• Empathetic
• Communicators
• Critical thinking
• Tolerance toward others
• Ethical
13

14. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
QUESTION
Are there Gender Differences?
14

15. © 2012 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 • All Rights Reserved
Gilligan’s Ethics of Care
Morals
• Pre-conventional
• Conventional
• Post conventional
15