This document provides information on various topics in world history from the Byzantine Empire and Russia to the Renaissance. It covers the location and role of Constantinople as the seat of the Byzantine Empire. It also discusses Byzantine achievements in art and architecture as well as their preservation of Greco-Roman culture. The document then moves to other topics like the origins and spread of Islam, the foundations of medieval European societies under the Roman Catholic Church, and the economic effects of the Crusades that stimulated trade and the use of banking. It concludes with discussing Renaissance figures like da Vinci and Michelangelo as well as humanist ideas that celebrated the individual and Greek/Roman culture.

1. SOL Skills Standard Part II

2. BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND RUSSIA
WH I 7a

3. Location of Constantinople
Protection of eastern frontier
Crossroads of __________
 Trade
Fortified peninsula bordering a natural
h_________
 harbor

4. Role of Constantinople
Seat of __________ empire
 Byzantine
Preserved classical G_______-R________ culture
 Greco-Roman

5. WH I 7b

6. Byzantine Emperor Justinian
C___________ of Roman law
 Codification
Reconquest of former Roman territories
Expansion of _____________
 trade

7. WH I 7c

8. Byzantine achievements in art and
architecture
Inspiration provided by __________ religion
 Christian
Religious images (I)___________
 Icons
Byzantine domed church H___________
S__________
Hagia Sophia

9. Byzantine culture
Continued G________-R__________
traditions
 Greco-Roman
G_________ language
 Greek
G_________ Orthodox Christianity
 Greek
Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in
B__________ libraries
 Byzantine

10. WH I 7d

11. Eastern Churches
Centered in C_____________
 Constantinople
Use of _________ language in liturgy (church
ceremonies)
 Greek

12. Western Church
Centered in R__________
 Rome
Use of __________ language in the liturgy (church
ceremonies)
 Latin

13. Division of Eastern and Western
Church
Authority of ______ eventually accepted in the
West
 Pope
Practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the
West

14. WH I 7e

15. Influence of Byzantine culture on
Eastern Europe/Russia
Trade routes between B_____ sea and Baltic sea
 Black
Eastern Europe/Russia adopts Orthodox
Christianity
St. ________ (Cyrillic alphabet) adopts the Greek
alphabet
 Cyril

16. ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
WH I 8a

17. Origins of Islam
___________, the prophet
 Muhammad
Early Muslim cities on the Arabian peninsula of
________ & _________
 Mecca & Medina

18. Spread of Islam
Across A________ & A________ and into
S________
 Asia, Africa, Spain

19. Beliefs, traditions, & customs of
Islam
M___________
 Montheism
“________” Arabic word for God
 Allah
Q_______ (K_______) the word of God
 Quran (Koran)
_______ pillars of Islam
 Five
Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets
M_________ & J_________
 Moses & Jesus

20. WH I 8b

21. Geographic influences on
origin/spread of Islam
Diffusion along ______ routes from M_______ to
M________
 Trade, Mecca to Medina
Expanded despite distance, desert environments, &
mountain barriers
Spread into the F_________ C________, Iran, &
Central Asia
 Fertile Crescent

22. WH I 8c

23. Historical Turning Points
Sunni-Shi’a division
Muslim conquest of ___________ &
D__________
 Jerusalem & Damascus
Muslim defeat at the Battle of ________ (Spain)
 Tours

24. WH I 8d

25. Cultural contributions and
achievements
Architecture – D_______ of the R______
 Dome of the Rock
Mosaics- (p________)
 pictures
Arabic alphabet
U__________
 Universities
Translation of ancient texts to Arabic

26. Scientific
contributions/achievements
__________ numerals (adapted from India)
including 0
 Arabic
A________ (math)
 Algebra
Medicine

27. EUROPE DURING THE MIDDLE AGES
WH I 9a

28. Foundations of early medieval
societies
Classical heritage of R________
 Rome
__________ beliefs
 Christian
Customs of Germanic tribes

29. Influence of the Roman Catholic
Church
Church authority grew, ________ authority declined
 Roman
M__________ preserved Greco-Roman cultural
achievements
 Monasteries
___________ carried Christianity and the L______
alphabet to Germanic tribes
 Missionaries, Latin
P____ anointed C__________ Holy Roman Emperor
 Pope, Charlemagne

30. WH I 9b

31. Feudal society during the Middle
Ages
F__________
 Fief
V__________
 Vassals
S__________
 Serfs
Feudal obligations

32. WH I 9c

33. Age of Charlemagne
Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe
_________ crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman
empire
 Pope
Power of the ________ established in political life
 Church

34. EASTERN HEMISPHERE
WH I 10a

35. Major trade patterns Eastern
Hemisphere 1000-1500 A.D.
_____ ______ across Asia
 Silk roads
M________ (water) routes across the Indian
Ocean
 Maritime
________-______ routes across North Africa
 Trans Saharan
S_______ C______ sea and lands of Southeast
Asia
 South China

36. WH I 10b

37. Goods
________ from West Africa
 Gold
________ from lands around the Indian Ocean
 Spices
Textiles
P_______ from China & Persia
 Porcelain

38. Technology
_______ from China
 Paper
W__________ and W___________
 Waterwheels and Windmills
Navigation- compass from China, lateen sail from
Indian Ocean

39. Ideas
B___________ from China to Korea to Japan
 Buddhism
__________ & ________ from India to
Southwest Asia
 Hinduism and Buddhism
_________ into West Africa, Central and
Southwest Asia
 Islam
Printing & paper money from China

40. WH I 10c

41. Location & Place (Japan)
Japanese a___________ (4 main islands)
 Archipelago
Proximity to _________ & __________
 China and Korea

42. Influence of Chinese culture
W___________
 Writing
A___________
 Architecture
B____________
 Buddhism

43. Shinto
Ethnic religion unique to Japan
Importance of natural features, forces of
________, and ancestors
 nature
State religion: worshipping the emperor
Coexistence with B___________
 Buddhism

44. WH I 10d

45. Axum (Africa)
Located near the Ethiopian highlands and the
_________ river
 Nile
Different because it was a __________ (r)
kingdom
 Christian

46. Zimbabwe (Africa)
Located near the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers as
well as the Indian Coast
City of “_________ ___________” was the
capital
 Great Zimbabwe

47. West African Kingdoms
______, ______, & _______ located near the
Niger River and the Sahara
 Ghana, Mali & Songhai
______ & ______ was important to the trans-
Sahara trade
 Gold and Salt
City of ________ was a center of learning and
trade
 Timbuktu
Role of animism & Islam

48. MAYAN, AZTEC, & INCAN CIVILIZATION
WH I 11a,b

49. Mayan
Located in the M_________ & C________
A_________ rain forest
 Mexico and Central America
Represented by Chichen Itza (see handout)
C______-S_______ ruled by a king
 City States
Economy= A____________ & T________
 Agriculture and Trade
__________ religion-Pyramids
 Polytheistic

50. Aztec Civilization
Located in arid valley in central _________
 Mexico
Represented by T______________
 Tenochtitlan
Ruled by an __________
 emperor
Economy based on ______________
 agriculture
___________ religion
 polytheistic

51. Incan Civilization
Located in the __________ mountains
 Andes
Represented by M_________ P_______
 Machu Picchu
Ruled by emperor
Economy based on high altitude
______________
 agriculture
__________ religion
 polytheistic
Road system

52. Mayan, Aztec, Incan achievements
C____________
 Calendars
M____________
 Math
W____________ S______________
 Writing System

53. LATE MEDIEVAL PERIOD
WH I 12a

54. England
Leader of the Norman Conquest ___________
the ___________ united England
William the Conqueror
Common Law
________ ________ signed the M________
C_______
 King John, Magna Carta
__________ Year’s war
 Hundred

55. France
H_______ C_______ established the French
throne in Paris
 Hugh Capet
Hundred __________ war
 years
_________ of _______ was a unifying
 Joan of Arc

56. Spain
F___________ & I__________ unified the
country & expelled Moors
 Ferdinand and Isabella
________ II expanded Spanish empire
 Philip

57. Russia
_______ the ______ expanded the Russian nation
 Ivan the Great

58. WH I 12b

59. Key events of the Crusades
Pope __________ speech
 Urban
Capture of _________(city)
 Jerusalem
Founding of ___________ states
 Crusader
Loss of Jerusalem to ___________
 Saladin

60. Effects of the Crusades
Weakened _________ strengthened
_______________
 Pope, Monarch
Stimulated __________
 Trade
Legacy of bitterness between:
C_________
 Christian
J___________
Jews
M__________
 Muslims

61. Constantinople
Fell to Ottoman Turks in 1453 ending the
B___________ empire
 Byzantine
Capital of Byzantine empire

62. Impact of Black Death
Decline in __________
 population
Scarcity of _________
 labor
Decline of _____________ influence
 church
Disruption of _____________
 trade

63. Church Scholars
Few who could _________ & ___________
 Read and write
Worked in M___________
 monasteries
Translated Greek & Arabic into ___________
 Latin
Laid the foundation for U____________ in
Europe
 Universities

64. RENAISSANCE
WH I 13a

65. Economic effects of the Crusades
Increased demand for M________ E______
products
 Middle Eastern
Encouraged the use of _________ &
__________($$$$$$)
 Credit and banking

66. Economic Concepts
Letters of credit expanded the supply of
_________
 money
New accounting and bookkeeping practices

67. WH I 13b

68. Key Italian Cities
F_________
 Florence
V__________
 Venice
G__________
 Genoa

69. Florence, Venice, & Genoa
Had access to trade routes connecting
_____________ & Middle ________ markets
 European and Eastern
Trading centers to distribute goods to northern
Europe
Initially independent city states governed as
republics

70. Machiavelli’s The Prince
Supported absolute power of the ruler
The ________ justifies the ___________
 End Means
Advised that one should do _________ if possible,
but do _________ when necessary
 Good, Evil

71. WH I 13c

72. Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci- ______ ______ & ____
______ ________
 Mona Lisa, The Last Supper
Michelangelo- Ceiling of the _______ ______ &
_________
 Sistine Chapel & David
___________- sonnets & humanist scholarship
 Petrarch

73. Humanism
Celebrated the _____________
 Individual
Stimulated the study of ___________ &
_______________ literature culture
 Greek and Roman
Supported by the wealthy

74. WH I 13d

75. Northern Renaissance
Growing ________ in Northern Europe supported
____________ ideas
 Wealth, Renaissance
Merged _________ ideas with _________ ideas
 Humanist, Christian
Moveable type printing press by J_________
G__________ helped ideas
 Johann Gutenberg

76. Northern Renaissance Ideas
Erasmus- _____ ______ of _______ (1511)
 The Praise of Folly
Sir Thomas More- __________ (1516) (became
term that means “perfect society”)
 “Utopia”