SETTING UP THE TEETHSETTING UP THE TEETH
Aims of SettingAims of Setting
Preservation of thePreservation of the
alveolar bonealveolar bone
EstheticsEsthetics
Masticatory efficiencyMasticatory efficiency
Retention andRetention and
stability duringstability during
functionfunction
Health & comfort ofHealth & comfort of
the TMJthe TMJ
Guidelines for Centric OcclusionGuidelines for Centric Occlusion
the upper teeth shouldthe upper teeth should
overlap the lower teethoverlap the lower teeth
the long axis of eachthe long axis of each
upper tooth should beupper tooth should be
distal to the long axis ofdistal to the long axis of
the correspondingthe corresponding
lower toothlower tooth
each tooth except theeach tooth except the
lower central incisorslower central incisors
and the upper lastand the upper last
molars should bemolars should be
opposed by two teethopposed by two teeth
Guides to Positioning of
Anterior Teeth
Payne stated, “Set the teeth where they grew”Payne stated, “Set the teeth where they grew”
Anteroposterior PositionAnteroposterior Position
– Distance from papilla, relation to residual ridge, fullnessDistance from papilla, relation to residual ridge, fullness
of the lips (lip support), phonetics F & Vof the lips (lip support), phonetics F & V
Superoinferior PositionSuperoinferior Position
– Show of teeth, modiolus (lower canine & premolar)Show of teeth, modiolus (lower canine & premolar)
Mediolateral PositionMediolateral Position
– Midline, ala of the noseMidline, ala of the nose
Inclination or SlantInclination or Slant
– Labial plate & facial profileLabial plate & facial profile
Guides to Positioning ofGuides to Positioning of
Posterior TeethPosterior Teeth
Both upper & lower posterior teeth are centered over theBoth upper & lower posterior teeth are centered over the
crest of the ridge whenever possible to improvecrest of the ridge whenever possible to improve balancebalance
andand stabilitystability of the dentureof the denture
Anterior limitAnterior limit (distal of canine)(distal of canine)
Posterior limitPosterior limit (maxillary tuberosity, retromolar pad)(maxillary tuberosity, retromolar pad)
Buccal limitBuccal limit (crest of the ridge)(crest of the ridge)
Lingual limitLingual limit (mylohyoid ridge)(mylohyoid ridge)
Occlusal limitOcclusal limit (corners of the mouth, ½ - 2/3 of retromolar(corners of the mouth, ½ - 2/3 of retromolar
pad, equator of the tongue)pad, equator of the tongue)
Slant or Inclination of the occlusal planeSlant or Inclination of the occlusal plane (curve(curve
upward posteriorly, lower have lingual tilt, upper have buccal tilt)upward posteriorly, lower have lingual tilt, upper have buccal tilt)
Anterior Teeth InclinationsAnterior Teeth Inclinations
Posterior Teeth InclinationsPosterior Teeth Inclinations
Features of a Class I RelationshipFeatures of a Class I Relationship
Overjet (2-4mm)Overjet (2-4mm)
Overbite (1mm, excessiveOverbite (1mm, excessive
overbite avoided)overbite avoided)
Canine Relation (mesial slopeCanine Relation (mesial slope
of upper opposes distal slopeof upper opposes distal slope
of lower)of lower)
First Molar Relation (MB cuspFirst Molar Relation (MB cusp
of upper opposes buccalof upper opposes buccal
groove of lower)groove of lower)
Functional & Non-functionalFunctional & Non-functional
Cusps Relation (cusps toCusps Relation (cusps to
fossae relationship)fossae relationship)
Features of a Class IIFeatures of a Class II
RelationshipRelationship
Pronounced overjetPronounced overjet
Lower canine more posterior and lingualLower canine more posterior and lingual
Lower premolar maybe ground mesiodistally orLower premolar maybe ground mesiodistally or
removedremoved
Nonanatomic teeth or teeth with shallow inclinesNonanatomic teeth or teeth with shallow inclines
are selected to reduce stresses on the lowerare selected to reduce stresses on the lower
Buccal cusps of premolars are flattened toBuccal cusps of premolars are flattened to
stabilized centric occlusionstabilized centric occlusion
Molars maintained cusps to fossae relationMolars maintained cusps to fossae relation
Features of a Class IIIFeatures of a Class III
RelationshipRelationship
Overjet overbite eliminatedOverjet overbite eliminated
Incisors can be set edge to edgeIncisors can be set edge to edge
Upper anteriors set are far forward for lip supportUpper anteriors set are far forward for lip support
and esthetics; lowers as far lingual withoutand esthetics; lowers as far lingual without
tongue interferencetongue interference
Upper premolar maybe removed or add lowerUpper premolar maybe removed or add lower
teeth (premolar or molar)teeth (premolar or molar)
Molars maybe set in crossbiteMolars maybe set in crossbite
Buccallingual inclines & transverse ridges ofBuccallingual inclines & transverse ridges of
posteriors are flattenedposteriors are flattened
Cross-Over PointCross-Over Point
the point at which the teeththe point at which the teeth
change from one relationship tochange from one relationship to
anotheranother
e.g. In a class 1 relationshipe.g. In a class 1 relationship
with a posterior cross bitewith a posterior cross bite
the crossover point could be atthe crossover point could be at
the 2nd premolarthe 2nd premolar
teeth may be set in an end-onteeth may be set in an end-on
or cusp to cusp relationor cusp to cusp relation
Trial Wax DentureTrial Wax Denture
WAXINGWAXING
andand
FESTOONINGFESTOONING
Role of the Polished SurfaceRole of the Polished Surface
EstheticsEsthetics
–– imitate the form of the tissues around the teethimitate the form of the tissues around the teeth
RetentionRetention
–– form of denture base be shaped according theform of denture base be shaped according the
muscles and tissues ( lips, cheeks, tongue)muscles and tissues ( lips, cheeks, tongue)
PhoneticsPhonetics
–– contour comparable to that of the palatecontour comparable to that of the palate
essential for patient comfort and hygiene of theessential for patient comfort and hygiene of the
denturedenture
WaxingWaxing
defined as thedefined as the
contouring of the waxcontouring of the wax
base of a trial denturebase of a trial denture
into the desired forminto the desired form
Methods of AddingMethods of Adding
WaxWax
A. press on methodA. press on method
B. drip on methodB. drip on method
FestooningFestooning
the procedure ofthe procedure of
carving the denturecarving the denture
base to simulate thebase to simulate the
contour of the naturalcontour of the natural
tissues which aretissues which are
being replaced by thebeing replaced by the
denturedenture
Procedures inProcedures in
FestooningFestooning
1. Cervical cut1. Cervical cut
cut wax back to thecut wax back to the
cervical line on thecervical line on the
artificial teeth, or aartificial teeth, or a
little beyond tolittle beyond to
simulate gingivalsimulate gingival
recessionrecession
sharp instrument issharp instrument is
held at a 45 degreesheld at a 45 degrees
angle to the toothangle to the tooth
surfacesurface
2. Placement of triangular markings2. Placement of triangular markings
* guide to the length and position* guide to the length and position
of the root Indicationsof the root Indications
* Maxillary denture* Maxillary denture
Canine – longestCanine – longest
Lateral incisors – shortestLateral incisors – shortest
centrals incisors – in betweencentrals incisors – in between
* Mandibular denture* Mandibular denture
Canine – longestCanine – longest
Central incisors –shortestCentral incisors –shortest
Lateral incisors – in betweenLateral incisors – in between
3. Root indications3. Root indications
wax is scraped outwax is scraped out
of the triangularof the triangular
markings, to whichmarkings, to which
the root indicationsthe root indications
will manifestwill manifest
MAXILLARY BASE CONTOURMAXILLARY BASE CONTOUR
Gingival MarginsGingival Margins
Gingival BulgeGingival Bulge
Interdental PapillaInterdental Papilla
Gingival GrooveGingival Groove
Peripheral RollPeripheral Roll
Root ProminencesRoot Prominences
Canine FossaCanine Fossa
Buccal FlangeBuccal Flange
RugaeRugae
StipplingStippling
Palatal SurfacePalatal Surface
It has a uniform thicknessIt has a uniform thickness
of 2.5mmof 2.5mm
Excess bulk can interfereExcess bulk can interfere
with tongue function andwith tongue function and
speechspeech
Midline fracture can occurMidline fracture can occur
if the midline area is tooif the midline area is too
thinthin
Palatal slope isPalatal slope is
continuous with thecontinuous with the
palatal surface of thepalatal surface of the
teethteeth
MANDIBULAR BASE CONTOURMANDIBULAR BASE CONTOUR
The gingival features
are similar to that of
the maxilla
Buccal Flanges isBuccal Flanges is
made slightly concavemade slightly concave
Lingual Flange isLingual Flange is
made slightly concavemade slightly concave
Lingual FestooningLingual Festooning
It restores part of theIt restores part of the
lingual surface of thelingual surface of the
tooth that is nottooth that is not
supplied in thesupplied in the
artificial teethartificial teeth
It reduces anteriorIt reduces anterior
palatal bulkpalatal bulk
It improves phoneticsIt improves phonetics
It gives this region aIt gives this region a
natural feelnatural feel
Errors in Waxing & FestooningErrors in Waxing & Festooning
make the interdental papilla nonexistent or too smallmake the interdental papilla nonexistent or too small
–– provide space for food impaction andprovide space for food impaction and
makes denture difficult to polishmakes denture difficult to polish
place grooves on the denture base between each toothplace grooves on the denture base between each tooth
Excessive heatingExcessive heating
- can cause movement of teeth & loss of carved detail- can cause movement of teeth & loss of carved detail
OverwaxingOverwaxing
- can cause excessive trimming of processed denture,- can cause excessive trimming of processed denture,
causing warpagecausing warpage
UnderwaxingUnderwaxing
- can cause dimensional change during curing- can cause dimensional change during curing
- leaves inadequate material for finishing & polishing- leaves inadequate material for finishing & polishing
- make denture weak and prone to fracture- make denture weak and prone to fracture
TRIAL FITTINGTRIAL FITTING
TRIAL INSERTIONTRIAL INSERTION
Significance of the Trial DentureSignificance of the Trial Denture
Psychological benefitPsychological benefit
Evaluation of retention, stability and supportEvaluation of retention, stability and support
Evaluation and verification of centric relation &Evaluation and verification of centric relation &
occlusionocclusion
Evaluation and verification of facial estheticsEvaluation and verification of facial esthetics
Evaluation and verification of teeth arrangementEvaluation and verification of teeth arrangement
and estheticsand esthetics
Evaluation and verification of denture baseEvaluation and verification of denture base
contourcontour
To complete the posterior palatal sealTo complete the posterior palatal seal
Trial Fitting ProceduresTrial Fitting Procedures
1. Outside the1. Outside the
mouth - waxmouth - wax
denture shoulddenture should
be correctlybe correctly
contoured andcontoured and
extended into theextended into the
sulcisulci
2. Singly in the mouth2. Singly in the mouth
- there should be- there should be
correct extension ofcorrect extension of
the bases and stabilitythe bases and stability
should be satisfactoryshould be satisfactory
3. Together in the mouth3. Together in the mouth
- check the following:- check the following:
a. Vertical dimensiona. Vertical dimension
(check freeway space,(check freeway space,
phonetics)phonetics)
b. Occlusion (maximumb. Occlusion (maximum
intercuspationintercuspation
c. Esthetics (correct lipc. Esthetics (correct lip
support, proper amountsupport, proper amount
of show)of show)
4. Patient’s opinion4. Patient’s opinion
- the patient is asked to look at the- the patient is asked to look at the
teeth in a hand mirror and askedteeth in a hand mirror and asked
for commentsfor comments
- any necessary alterations may be- any necessary alterations may be
carried outcarried out
- a further appointment for a retry- a further appointment for a retry
may be requiredmay be required
5. Phonetics Test5. Phonetics Test
Bilabials (B,P,M) – difficulty indicatesBilabials (B,P,M) – difficulty indicates
increase vertical dimesionincrease vertical dimesion
Labiodentals (F,V) – difficulty indicatesLabiodentals (F,V) – difficulty indicates
incorrect incisors position & level of occlusalincorrect incisors position & level of occlusal
planeplane
Linguopalatals (J,Ch,Sh) – difficulty indicatesLinguopalatals (J,Ch,Sh) – difficulty indicates
thickness of palatal surface & incorrect widththickness of palatal surface & incorrect width
of dental archof dental arch
Velar Sound (K,G, NG) – difficulty indicatesVelar Sound (K,G, NG) – difficulty indicates
thick posterior palatal borderthick posterior palatal border
Common ErrorsCommon Errors
DENTURE PROCESSINGDENTURE PROCESSING
The procedure that involves replacingThe procedure that involves replacing
the trial base and the waxed portion withthe trial base and the waxed portion with
the final denture material.the final denture material.
Denture Base MaterialsDenture Base Materials
Heat cured acrylic resinHeat cured acrylic resin
Autopolymerizing resinAutopolymerizing resin
Light cured resinLight cured resin
Polystyrene and vinyl resinPolystyrene and vinyl resin
Type IV gold alloysType IV gold alloys
Base metal alloysBase metal alloys
Methods of Packing Acrylic ResinMethods of Packing Acrylic Resin
Split-flask loadingSplit-flask loading
Injection loadingInjection loading
PROCEDURES INPROCEDURES IN
DENTURE PROCESSINGDENTURE PROCESSING
(SPLIT FLASK METHOD)(SPLIT FLASK METHOD)
1. Sealing the cast1. Sealing the cast
Once waxing andOnce waxing and
festooning is complete,festooning is complete,
the denture is sealed tothe denture is sealed to
the cast at its border withthe cast at its border with
molten waxmolten wax
Purposes:Purposes:
– This prevents plaster fromThis prevents plaster from
getting under the denturegetting under the denture
– Also, maintains theAlso, maintains the
position of the denture onposition of the denture on
the castthe cast
2. Separating the Cast2. Separating the Cast
Cast is separated from the plaster mounting onCast is separated from the plaster mounting on
the articulator by sharp taps of a mallet or a knifethe articulator by sharp taps of a mallet or a knife
placed at its junctionplaced at its junction
PurposePurpose
– For laboratoryFor laboratory
remountingremounting
3. Flasking or Investing3. Flasking or Investing
the process by which the trial denture isthe process by which the trial denture is
surrounded in stone or plaster in a metalsurrounded in stone or plaster in a metal
flaskflask
Techniques: 3 pour, 4 pour, 2 pourTechniques: 3 pour, 4 pour, 2 pour
PurposePurpose
– to create a mold which forms the acrylic intoto create a mold which forms the acrylic into
the shape of the final denturethe shape of the final denture
4. Wax Elimination (Dewaxing)4. Wax Elimination (Dewaxing)
Secured flask placed in boiling water for 5Secured flask placed in boiling water for 5
to 10 minutesto 10 minutes
Wax and temporary denture base areWax and temporary denture base are
discardeddiscarded
Mold is flash with clean boiling waterMold is flash with clean boiling water
(detergent maybe added)(detergent maybe added)
Purpose:Purpose:
– to create a mold spaceto create a mold space
5. Trial Packing Of Acrylic Resin5. Trial Packing Of Acrylic Resin
Separating media applied to stone surfaces of the moldSeparating media applied to stone surfaces of the mold
Acrylic resin is mixed and container covered to preventAcrylic resin is mixed and container covered to prevent
monomer evaporation until the dough stage, 3:1 bymonomer evaporation until the dough stage, 3:1 by
volume or 2:1 by weightvolume or 2:1 by weight
Acrylic dough is formed into a roll and adapted into theAcrylic dough is formed into a roll and adapted into the
mold spacemold space
Plastic separating sheet place over the dough and thePlastic separating sheet place over the dough and the
halves of the flask and close slowly with pressurehalves of the flask and close slowly with pressure
Flask separated, plastic sheet removed & excess acrylicFlask separated, plastic sheet removed & excess acrylic
(flash) trimmed off with a blunt instrument(flash) trimmed off with a blunt instrument
Repeat until no flash is formedRepeat until no flash is formed
In final closure, plastic sheet is removedIn final closure, plastic sheet is removed
Purpose:Purpose:
– Acrylic dough is formed and adapted to the mold spaceAcrylic dough is formed and adapted to the mold space
6. Bench Curing6. Bench Curing
Secured flask with acrylic placed aside forSecured flask with acrylic placed aside for
30 minutes30 minutes
PurposesPurposes
– Permits equalization of pressure throughoutPermits equalization of pressure throughout
the moldthe mold
– For a more uniform dispersion of monomerFor a more uniform dispersion of monomer
throughout the mass of doughthroughout the mass of dough
– Produces a better bond with plastic teethProduces a better bond with plastic teeth
7. Curing7. Curing
Acrylic resin is cured through the process callAcrylic resin is cured through the process call
polymerizationpolymerization
Purpose: uncured acrylic converted to its final;Purpose: uncured acrylic converted to its final;
usable formusable form
2 methods2 methods
– Short curing cycleShort curing cycle
Flask kept in water at room temp & temp is raised to 74Flask kept in water at room temp & temp is raised to 74oo
CC
(165(165oo
F) for 2 hours and boil for 1 hourF) for 2 hours and boil for 1 hour
– Long curing cycleLong curing cycle
Water temp is maintained at 74Water temp is maintained at 74oo
C for 8 hoursC for 8 hours
Less risk of porosityLess risk of porosity
Less residual monomer contentLess residual monomer content
Indicated for thick acrylic applianceIndicated for thick acrylic appliance
8. Cooling8. Cooling
Flask is removed from the curing chamber andFlask is removed from the curing chamber and
allowed to cool (bench cooling)allowed to cool (bench cooling)
– Slow CoolingSlow Cooling
Flask is opened only after it has cooled sufficiently, someFlask is opened only after it has cooled sufficiently, some
laboratories leave it cool overnight in the water in which it waslaboratories leave it cool overnight in the water in which it was
processedprocessed
– Faster CoolingFaster Cooling
Allow flask to bench cool for 30 minutes then place it underAllow flask to bench cool for 30 minutes then place it under
running tap water for 30 minutesrunning tap water for 30 minutes
Purpose: prevent distortionPurpose: prevent distortion
9. Deflasking9. Deflasking
The denture is retrieve from the flaskThe denture is retrieve from the flask
2 halves of flask are separated by inserting a2 halves of flask are separated by inserting a
strong wedge between the halvesstrong wedge between the halves
This permits the stone mold to be retrievedThis permits the stone mold to be retrieved
intactintact
The 3 pour technique facilitates easy separationThe 3 pour technique facilitates easy separation
of the 3 layersof the 3 layers
Care should be taken to prevent the separationCare should be taken to prevent the separation
of the denture from the castof the denture from the cast
10. Remounting & Selective10. Remounting & Selective
GrindingGrinding
The casts are repositioned back on theirThe casts are repositioned back on their
plaster mounts in the articulator using theplaster mounts in the articulator using the
index grooves on the base of the cast asindex grooves on the base of the cast as
guideguide
Processing can cause errors in occlusionProcessing can cause errors in occlusion
causing the incisal pin failing to contactcausing the incisal pin failing to contact
the incisal tablethe incisal table
Selective grinding is done until the pinSelective grinding is done until the pin
touches the incisal tabletouches the incisal table
11. Finishing and Polishing11. Finishing and Polishing
FinishingFinishing
– Excess flash is trimmed off usingmountedExcess flash is trimmed off usingmounted
wheel, bur or arbor bandwheel, bur or arbor band
– Any plaster adhering to the denture is removedAny plaster adhering to the denture is removed
PolishingPolishing
– Denture are finished to a high polish makingDenture are finished to a high polish making
the denture more hygienicthe denture more hygienic
– Wet rag wheel and pumice slurry are usedWet rag wheel and pumice slurry are used
– Final gloss is obtained with high shine materialsFinal gloss is obtained with high shine materials
BEFORE AFTER
DENTURE INSERTIONDENTURE INSERTION
DENTURE DELIVERYDENTURE DELIVERY
Denture DeliveryDenture Delivery
However carefully dentures are made,However carefully dentures are made,
minor modifications are frequentlyminor modifications are frequently
necessary at this stagenecessary at this stage
Denture DeliveryDenture Delivery
ProceduresProcedures
Check the dentures before insertionCheck the dentures before insertion
Insert the upper dentureInsert the upper denture
Insert the lower dentureInsert the lower denture
Check both dentures together in theCheck both dentures together in the
mouthmouth
Give advise to the patientGive advise to the patient
Checks before Denture InsertionChecks before Denture Insertion
1. Fitting surface1. Fitting surface
- look and feel for pimples of acrylic resin- look and feel for pimples of acrylic resin
- remove if necessary- remove if necessary
2. Polished surface2. Polished surface
- check for roughness- check for roughness
3. Periphery3. Periphery
- should be rounded except in posterior border of the- should be rounded except in posterior border of the
upper dentureupper denture
4. Occlusion4. Occlusion
- place dentures together by hand in maximum- place dentures together by hand in maximum
intercuspationintercuspation
- occlusal surfaces contact each other evenly- occlusal surfaces contact each other evenly
- this may reveal large error in occlusion- this may reveal large error in occlusion
Inserting the Upper DentureInserting the Upper Denture
Check the followingCheck the following
1. Retention1. Retention
- check sulcus extension or width, check post dam- check sulcus extension or width, check post dam
2. Stability2. Stability
- check for denture mobility, apply finger pressure to- check for denture mobility, apply finger pressure to
the alternate sides of the archthe alternate sides of the arch
3. Undercuts3. Undercuts
- may aid in retention without pain if mucosa is thick,- may aid in retention without pain if mucosa is thick,
if thin relieve to seat the denture without painif thin relieve to seat the denture without pain
4. Esthetics4. Esthetics
- appearance should be satisfactory- appearance should be satisfactory
Inserting the Lower DentureInserting the Lower Denture
1. Retention1. Retention
- hardly ever possible to obtain good retention with a- hardly ever possible to obtain good retention with a
complete lower denturecomplete lower denture
2. Stability2. Stability
- aided by the muscle balance where the lips, cheeks- aided by the muscle balance where the lips, cheeks
and tongue do not act to displace the denture duringand tongue do not act to displace the denture during
functionfunction
3. Extension3. Extension
- posterior border should cover at least one-third of the- posterior border should cover at least one-third of the
retromolar padretromolar pad
4. Undercuts4. Undercuts
- less likely on a lower denture- less likely on a lower denture
5. Esthetics5. Esthetics
- appearance should be satisfactory- appearance should be satisfactory
Both Dentures Together In the MouthBoth Dentures Together In the Mouth
1. Occlusion1. Occlusion
- centric relation should coincide with centric occlusion- centric relation should coincide with centric occlusion
- good balance in the lateral and protrusive excursion- good balance in the lateral and protrusive excursion
- occlusion may be recorded using articulating paper- occlusion may be recorded using articulating paper
- there should be even distribution of marks around the- there should be even distribution of marks around the
arch, if not grind the fossae until there is even contactarch, if not grind the fossae until there is even contact
2. Vertical Dimension2. Vertical Dimension
- only the Buccal Upper Lower Lingual cusps (BULL rule)- only the Buccal Upper Lower Lingual cusps (BULL rule)
should be adjusted to maintain the vertical dimensionshould be adjusted to maintain the vertical dimension
except in cases of cross-biteexcept in cases of cross-bite
- though sometimes grinding the forbidden cusps is- though sometimes grinding the forbidden cusps is
unavoidable (premature contact in balancing lateralunavoidable (premature contact in balancing lateral
excursion)excursion)
3. Esthetics3. Esthetics
- appearance should be satisfactory- appearance should be satisfactory
Patient’s InstructionsPatient’s Instructions
Eating with new dentureEating with new denture (Cut food into(Cut food into
small pieces, bite on the premolar area, chewsmall pieces, bite on the premolar area, chew
bilaterally, avoid sticky food)bilaterally, avoid sticky food)
Denture careDenture care (prevent fracture, drying, &(prevent fracture, drying, &
cleaning using hot water)cleaning using hot water)
Maintaining tissue healthMaintaining tissue health (remove denture,(remove denture,
tissue massage)tissue massage)
Denture hygieneDenture hygiene (manual or chemical(manual or chemical
cleaning)cleaning)
Post insertion check upPost insertion check up (1(1stst
24 hour recall,24 hour recall,
periodic check up & recall)periodic check up & recall)

P3 Setting of teeth

  • 1.
    SETTING UP THETEETHSETTING UP THE TEETH
  • 2.
    Aims of SettingAimsof Setting Preservation of thePreservation of the alveolar bonealveolar bone EstheticsEsthetics Masticatory efficiencyMasticatory efficiency Retention andRetention and stability duringstability during functionfunction Health & comfort ofHealth & comfort of the TMJthe TMJ
  • 3.
    Guidelines for CentricOcclusionGuidelines for Centric Occlusion the upper teeth shouldthe upper teeth should overlap the lower teethoverlap the lower teeth the long axis of eachthe long axis of each upper tooth should beupper tooth should be distal to the long axis ofdistal to the long axis of the correspondingthe corresponding lower toothlower tooth each tooth except theeach tooth except the lower central incisorslower central incisors and the upper lastand the upper last molars should bemolars should be opposed by two teethopposed by two teeth
  • 4.
    Guides to Positioningof Anterior Teeth Payne stated, “Set the teeth where they grew”Payne stated, “Set the teeth where they grew” Anteroposterior PositionAnteroposterior Position – Distance from papilla, relation to residual ridge, fullnessDistance from papilla, relation to residual ridge, fullness of the lips (lip support), phonetics F & Vof the lips (lip support), phonetics F & V Superoinferior PositionSuperoinferior Position – Show of teeth, modiolus (lower canine & premolar)Show of teeth, modiolus (lower canine & premolar) Mediolateral PositionMediolateral Position – Midline, ala of the noseMidline, ala of the nose Inclination or SlantInclination or Slant – Labial plate & facial profileLabial plate & facial profile
  • 5.
    Guides to PositioningofGuides to Positioning of Posterior TeethPosterior Teeth Both upper & lower posterior teeth are centered over theBoth upper & lower posterior teeth are centered over the crest of the ridge whenever possible to improvecrest of the ridge whenever possible to improve balancebalance andand stabilitystability of the dentureof the denture Anterior limitAnterior limit (distal of canine)(distal of canine) Posterior limitPosterior limit (maxillary tuberosity, retromolar pad)(maxillary tuberosity, retromolar pad) Buccal limitBuccal limit (crest of the ridge)(crest of the ridge) Lingual limitLingual limit (mylohyoid ridge)(mylohyoid ridge) Occlusal limitOcclusal limit (corners of the mouth, ½ - 2/3 of retromolar(corners of the mouth, ½ - 2/3 of retromolar pad, equator of the tongue)pad, equator of the tongue) Slant or Inclination of the occlusal planeSlant or Inclination of the occlusal plane (curve(curve upward posteriorly, lower have lingual tilt, upper have buccal tilt)upward posteriorly, lower have lingual tilt, upper have buccal tilt)
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 11.
    Features of aClass I RelationshipFeatures of a Class I Relationship Overjet (2-4mm)Overjet (2-4mm) Overbite (1mm, excessiveOverbite (1mm, excessive overbite avoided)overbite avoided) Canine Relation (mesial slopeCanine Relation (mesial slope of upper opposes distal slopeof upper opposes distal slope of lower)of lower) First Molar Relation (MB cuspFirst Molar Relation (MB cusp of upper opposes buccalof upper opposes buccal groove of lower)groove of lower) Functional & Non-functionalFunctional & Non-functional Cusps Relation (cusps toCusps Relation (cusps to fossae relationship)fossae relationship)
  • 12.
    Features of aClass IIFeatures of a Class II RelationshipRelationship Pronounced overjetPronounced overjet Lower canine more posterior and lingualLower canine more posterior and lingual Lower premolar maybe ground mesiodistally orLower premolar maybe ground mesiodistally or removedremoved Nonanatomic teeth or teeth with shallow inclinesNonanatomic teeth or teeth with shallow inclines are selected to reduce stresses on the lowerare selected to reduce stresses on the lower Buccal cusps of premolars are flattened toBuccal cusps of premolars are flattened to stabilized centric occlusionstabilized centric occlusion Molars maintained cusps to fossae relationMolars maintained cusps to fossae relation
  • 15.
    Features of aClass IIIFeatures of a Class III RelationshipRelationship Overjet overbite eliminatedOverjet overbite eliminated Incisors can be set edge to edgeIncisors can be set edge to edge Upper anteriors set are far forward for lip supportUpper anteriors set are far forward for lip support and esthetics; lowers as far lingual withoutand esthetics; lowers as far lingual without tongue interferencetongue interference Upper premolar maybe removed or add lowerUpper premolar maybe removed or add lower teeth (premolar or molar)teeth (premolar or molar) Molars maybe set in crossbiteMolars maybe set in crossbite Buccallingual inclines & transverse ridges ofBuccallingual inclines & transverse ridges of posteriors are flattenedposteriors are flattened
  • 19.
    Cross-Over PointCross-Over Point thepoint at which the teeththe point at which the teeth change from one relationship tochange from one relationship to anotheranother e.g. In a class 1 relationshipe.g. In a class 1 relationship with a posterior cross bitewith a posterior cross bite the crossover point could be atthe crossover point could be at the 2nd premolarthe 2nd premolar teeth may be set in an end-onteeth may be set in an end-on or cusp to cusp relationor cusp to cusp relation
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
    Role of thePolished SurfaceRole of the Polished Surface EstheticsEsthetics –– imitate the form of the tissues around the teethimitate the form of the tissues around the teeth RetentionRetention –– form of denture base be shaped according theform of denture base be shaped according the muscles and tissues ( lips, cheeks, tongue)muscles and tissues ( lips, cheeks, tongue) PhoneticsPhonetics –– contour comparable to that of the palatecontour comparable to that of the palate essential for patient comfort and hygiene of theessential for patient comfort and hygiene of the denturedenture
  • 23.
    WaxingWaxing defined as thedefinedas the contouring of the waxcontouring of the wax base of a trial denturebase of a trial denture into the desired forminto the desired form Methods of AddingMethods of Adding WaxWax A. press on methodA. press on method B. drip on methodB. drip on method
  • 24.
    FestooningFestooning the procedure oftheprocedure of carving the denturecarving the denture base to simulate thebase to simulate the contour of the naturalcontour of the natural tissues which aretissues which are being replaced by thebeing replaced by the denturedenture
  • 25.
  • 26.
    1. Cervical cut1.Cervical cut cut wax back to thecut wax back to the cervical line on thecervical line on the artificial teeth, or aartificial teeth, or a little beyond tolittle beyond to simulate gingivalsimulate gingival recessionrecession sharp instrument issharp instrument is held at a 45 degreesheld at a 45 degrees angle to the toothangle to the tooth surfacesurface
  • 27.
    2. Placement oftriangular markings2. Placement of triangular markings * guide to the length and position* guide to the length and position of the root Indicationsof the root Indications * Maxillary denture* Maxillary denture Canine – longestCanine – longest Lateral incisors – shortestLateral incisors – shortest centrals incisors – in betweencentrals incisors – in between * Mandibular denture* Mandibular denture Canine – longestCanine – longest Central incisors –shortestCentral incisors –shortest Lateral incisors – in betweenLateral incisors – in between
  • 28.
    3. Root indications3.Root indications wax is scraped outwax is scraped out of the triangularof the triangular markings, to whichmarkings, to which the root indicationsthe root indications will manifestwill manifest
  • 29.
    MAXILLARY BASE CONTOURMAXILLARYBASE CONTOUR Gingival MarginsGingival Margins Gingival BulgeGingival Bulge Interdental PapillaInterdental Papilla Gingival GrooveGingival Groove Peripheral RollPeripheral Roll Root ProminencesRoot Prominences Canine FossaCanine Fossa Buccal FlangeBuccal Flange RugaeRugae StipplingStippling
  • 30.
    Palatal SurfacePalatal Surface Ithas a uniform thicknessIt has a uniform thickness of 2.5mmof 2.5mm Excess bulk can interfereExcess bulk can interfere with tongue function andwith tongue function and speechspeech Midline fracture can occurMidline fracture can occur if the midline area is tooif the midline area is too thinthin Palatal slope isPalatal slope is continuous with thecontinuous with the palatal surface of thepalatal surface of the teethteeth
  • 31.
    MANDIBULAR BASE CONTOURMANDIBULARBASE CONTOUR The gingival features are similar to that of the maxilla Buccal Flanges isBuccal Flanges is made slightly concavemade slightly concave Lingual Flange isLingual Flange is made slightly concavemade slightly concave
  • 32.
    Lingual FestooningLingual Festooning Itrestores part of theIt restores part of the lingual surface of thelingual surface of the tooth that is nottooth that is not supplied in thesupplied in the artificial teethartificial teeth It reduces anteriorIt reduces anterior palatal bulkpalatal bulk It improves phoneticsIt improves phonetics It gives this region aIt gives this region a natural feelnatural feel
  • 33.
    Errors in Waxing& FestooningErrors in Waxing & Festooning make the interdental papilla nonexistent or too smallmake the interdental papilla nonexistent or too small –– provide space for food impaction andprovide space for food impaction and makes denture difficult to polishmakes denture difficult to polish place grooves on the denture base between each toothplace grooves on the denture base between each tooth Excessive heatingExcessive heating - can cause movement of teeth & loss of carved detail- can cause movement of teeth & loss of carved detail OverwaxingOverwaxing - can cause excessive trimming of processed denture,- can cause excessive trimming of processed denture, causing warpagecausing warpage UnderwaxingUnderwaxing - can cause dimensional change during curing- can cause dimensional change during curing - leaves inadequate material for finishing & polishing- leaves inadequate material for finishing & polishing - make denture weak and prone to fracture- make denture weak and prone to fracture
  • 34.
    TRIAL FITTINGTRIAL FITTING TRIALINSERTIONTRIAL INSERTION
  • 35.
    Significance of theTrial DentureSignificance of the Trial Denture Psychological benefitPsychological benefit Evaluation of retention, stability and supportEvaluation of retention, stability and support Evaluation and verification of centric relation &Evaluation and verification of centric relation & occlusionocclusion Evaluation and verification of facial estheticsEvaluation and verification of facial esthetics Evaluation and verification of teeth arrangementEvaluation and verification of teeth arrangement and estheticsand esthetics Evaluation and verification of denture baseEvaluation and verification of denture base contourcontour To complete the posterior palatal sealTo complete the posterior palatal seal
  • 36.
    Trial Fitting ProceduresTrialFitting Procedures 1. Outside the1. Outside the mouth - waxmouth - wax denture shoulddenture should be correctlybe correctly contoured andcontoured and extended into theextended into the sulcisulci
  • 37.
    2. Singly inthe mouth2. Singly in the mouth - there should be- there should be correct extension ofcorrect extension of the bases and stabilitythe bases and stability should be satisfactoryshould be satisfactory
  • 38.
    3. Together inthe mouth3. Together in the mouth - check the following:- check the following: a. Vertical dimensiona. Vertical dimension (check freeway space,(check freeway space, phonetics)phonetics) b. Occlusion (maximumb. Occlusion (maximum intercuspationintercuspation c. Esthetics (correct lipc. Esthetics (correct lip support, proper amountsupport, proper amount of show)of show)
  • 39.
    4. Patient’s opinion4.Patient’s opinion - the patient is asked to look at the- the patient is asked to look at the teeth in a hand mirror and askedteeth in a hand mirror and asked for commentsfor comments - any necessary alterations may be- any necessary alterations may be carried outcarried out - a further appointment for a retry- a further appointment for a retry may be requiredmay be required
  • 40.
    5. Phonetics Test5.Phonetics Test Bilabials (B,P,M) – difficulty indicatesBilabials (B,P,M) – difficulty indicates increase vertical dimesionincrease vertical dimesion Labiodentals (F,V) – difficulty indicatesLabiodentals (F,V) – difficulty indicates incorrect incisors position & level of occlusalincorrect incisors position & level of occlusal planeplane Linguopalatals (J,Ch,Sh) – difficulty indicatesLinguopalatals (J,Ch,Sh) – difficulty indicates thickness of palatal surface & incorrect widththickness of palatal surface & incorrect width of dental archof dental arch Velar Sound (K,G, NG) – difficulty indicatesVelar Sound (K,G, NG) – difficulty indicates thick posterior palatal borderthick posterior palatal border
  • 44.
  • 45.
    DENTURE PROCESSINGDENTURE PROCESSING Theprocedure that involves replacingThe procedure that involves replacing the trial base and the waxed portion withthe trial base and the waxed portion with the final denture material.the final denture material.
  • 46.
    Denture Base MaterialsDentureBase Materials Heat cured acrylic resinHeat cured acrylic resin Autopolymerizing resinAutopolymerizing resin Light cured resinLight cured resin Polystyrene and vinyl resinPolystyrene and vinyl resin Type IV gold alloysType IV gold alloys Base metal alloysBase metal alloys
  • 47.
    Methods of PackingAcrylic ResinMethods of Packing Acrylic Resin Split-flask loadingSplit-flask loading Injection loadingInjection loading
  • 48.
    PROCEDURES INPROCEDURES IN DENTUREPROCESSINGDENTURE PROCESSING (SPLIT FLASK METHOD)(SPLIT FLASK METHOD)
  • 49.
    1. Sealing thecast1. Sealing the cast Once waxing andOnce waxing and festooning is complete,festooning is complete, the denture is sealed tothe denture is sealed to the cast at its border withthe cast at its border with molten waxmolten wax Purposes:Purposes: – This prevents plaster fromThis prevents plaster from getting under the denturegetting under the denture – Also, maintains theAlso, maintains the position of the denture onposition of the denture on the castthe cast
  • 50.
    2. Separating theCast2. Separating the Cast Cast is separated from the plaster mounting onCast is separated from the plaster mounting on the articulator by sharp taps of a mallet or a knifethe articulator by sharp taps of a mallet or a knife placed at its junctionplaced at its junction PurposePurpose – For laboratoryFor laboratory remountingremounting
  • 51.
    3. Flasking orInvesting3. Flasking or Investing the process by which the trial denture isthe process by which the trial denture is surrounded in stone or plaster in a metalsurrounded in stone or plaster in a metal flaskflask Techniques: 3 pour, 4 pour, 2 pourTechniques: 3 pour, 4 pour, 2 pour PurposePurpose – to create a mold which forms the acrylic intoto create a mold which forms the acrylic into the shape of the final denturethe shape of the final denture
  • 55.
    4. Wax Elimination(Dewaxing)4. Wax Elimination (Dewaxing) Secured flask placed in boiling water for 5Secured flask placed in boiling water for 5 to 10 minutesto 10 minutes Wax and temporary denture base areWax and temporary denture base are discardeddiscarded Mold is flash with clean boiling waterMold is flash with clean boiling water (detergent maybe added)(detergent maybe added) Purpose:Purpose: – to create a mold spaceto create a mold space
  • 59.
    5. Trial PackingOf Acrylic Resin5. Trial Packing Of Acrylic Resin Separating media applied to stone surfaces of the moldSeparating media applied to stone surfaces of the mold Acrylic resin is mixed and container covered to preventAcrylic resin is mixed and container covered to prevent monomer evaporation until the dough stage, 3:1 bymonomer evaporation until the dough stage, 3:1 by volume or 2:1 by weightvolume or 2:1 by weight Acrylic dough is formed into a roll and adapted into theAcrylic dough is formed into a roll and adapted into the mold spacemold space Plastic separating sheet place over the dough and thePlastic separating sheet place over the dough and the halves of the flask and close slowly with pressurehalves of the flask and close slowly with pressure Flask separated, plastic sheet removed & excess acrylicFlask separated, plastic sheet removed & excess acrylic (flash) trimmed off with a blunt instrument(flash) trimmed off with a blunt instrument Repeat until no flash is formedRepeat until no flash is formed In final closure, plastic sheet is removedIn final closure, plastic sheet is removed Purpose:Purpose: – Acrylic dough is formed and adapted to the mold spaceAcrylic dough is formed and adapted to the mold space
  • 63.
    6. Bench Curing6.Bench Curing Secured flask with acrylic placed aside forSecured flask with acrylic placed aside for 30 minutes30 minutes PurposesPurposes – Permits equalization of pressure throughoutPermits equalization of pressure throughout the moldthe mold – For a more uniform dispersion of monomerFor a more uniform dispersion of monomer throughout the mass of doughthroughout the mass of dough – Produces a better bond with plastic teethProduces a better bond with plastic teeth
  • 65.
    7. Curing7. Curing Acrylicresin is cured through the process callAcrylic resin is cured through the process call polymerizationpolymerization Purpose: uncured acrylic converted to its final;Purpose: uncured acrylic converted to its final; usable formusable form 2 methods2 methods – Short curing cycleShort curing cycle Flask kept in water at room temp & temp is raised to 74Flask kept in water at room temp & temp is raised to 74oo CC (165(165oo F) for 2 hours and boil for 1 hourF) for 2 hours and boil for 1 hour – Long curing cycleLong curing cycle Water temp is maintained at 74Water temp is maintained at 74oo C for 8 hoursC for 8 hours Less risk of porosityLess risk of porosity Less residual monomer contentLess residual monomer content Indicated for thick acrylic applianceIndicated for thick acrylic appliance
  • 67.
    8. Cooling8. Cooling Flaskis removed from the curing chamber andFlask is removed from the curing chamber and allowed to cool (bench cooling)allowed to cool (bench cooling) – Slow CoolingSlow Cooling Flask is opened only after it has cooled sufficiently, someFlask is opened only after it has cooled sufficiently, some laboratories leave it cool overnight in the water in which it waslaboratories leave it cool overnight in the water in which it was processedprocessed – Faster CoolingFaster Cooling Allow flask to bench cool for 30 minutes then place it underAllow flask to bench cool for 30 minutes then place it under running tap water for 30 minutesrunning tap water for 30 minutes Purpose: prevent distortionPurpose: prevent distortion
  • 68.
    9. Deflasking9. Deflasking Thedenture is retrieve from the flaskThe denture is retrieve from the flask 2 halves of flask are separated by inserting a2 halves of flask are separated by inserting a strong wedge between the halvesstrong wedge between the halves This permits the stone mold to be retrievedThis permits the stone mold to be retrieved intactintact The 3 pour technique facilitates easy separationThe 3 pour technique facilitates easy separation of the 3 layersof the 3 layers Care should be taken to prevent the separationCare should be taken to prevent the separation of the denture from the castof the denture from the cast
  • 71.
    10. Remounting &Selective10. Remounting & Selective GrindingGrinding The casts are repositioned back on theirThe casts are repositioned back on their plaster mounts in the articulator using theplaster mounts in the articulator using the index grooves on the base of the cast asindex grooves on the base of the cast as guideguide Processing can cause errors in occlusionProcessing can cause errors in occlusion causing the incisal pin failing to contactcausing the incisal pin failing to contact the incisal tablethe incisal table Selective grinding is done until the pinSelective grinding is done until the pin touches the incisal tabletouches the incisal table
  • 76.
    11. Finishing andPolishing11. Finishing and Polishing FinishingFinishing – Excess flash is trimmed off usingmountedExcess flash is trimmed off usingmounted wheel, bur or arbor bandwheel, bur or arbor band – Any plaster adhering to the denture is removedAny plaster adhering to the denture is removed PolishingPolishing – Denture are finished to a high polish makingDenture are finished to a high polish making the denture more hygienicthe denture more hygienic – Wet rag wheel and pumice slurry are usedWet rag wheel and pumice slurry are used – Final gloss is obtained with high shine materialsFinal gloss is obtained with high shine materials
  • 77.
  • 78.
  • 79.
    Denture DeliveryDenture Delivery Howevercarefully dentures are made,However carefully dentures are made, minor modifications are frequentlyminor modifications are frequently necessary at this stagenecessary at this stage
  • 80.
    Denture DeliveryDenture Delivery ProceduresProcedures Checkthe dentures before insertionCheck the dentures before insertion Insert the upper dentureInsert the upper denture Insert the lower dentureInsert the lower denture Check both dentures together in theCheck both dentures together in the mouthmouth Give advise to the patientGive advise to the patient
  • 81.
    Checks before DentureInsertionChecks before Denture Insertion 1. Fitting surface1. Fitting surface - look and feel for pimples of acrylic resin- look and feel for pimples of acrylic resin - remove if necessary- remove if necessary 2. Polished surface2. Polished surface - check for roughness- check for roughness 3. Periphery3. Periphery - should be rounded except in posterior border of the- should be rounded except in posterior border of the upper dentureupper denture 4. Occlusion4. Occlusion - place dentures together by hand in maximum- place dentures together by hand in maximum intercuspationintercuspation - occlusal surfaces contact each other evenly- occlusal surfaces contact each other evenly - this may reveal large error in occlusion- this may reveal large error in occlusion
  • 82.
    Inserting the UpperDentureInserting the Upper Denture Check the followingCheck the following 1. Retention1. Retention - check sulcus extension or width, check post dam- check sulcus extension or width, check post dam 2. Stability2. Stability - check for denture mobility, apply finger pressure to- check for denture mobility, apply finger pressure to the alternate sides of the archthe alternate sides of the arch 3. Undercuts3. Undercuts - may aid in retention without pain if mucosa is thick,- may aid in retention without pain if mucosa is thick, if thin relieve to seat the denture without painif thin relieve to seat the denture without pain 4. Esthetics4. Esthetics - appearance should be satisfactory- appearance should be satisfactory
  • 83.
    Inserting the LowerDentureInserting the Lower Denture 1. Retention1. Retention - hardly ever possible to obtain good retention with a- hardly ever possible to obtain good retention with a complete lower denturecomplete lower denture 2. Stability2. Stability - aided by the muscle balance where the lips, cheeks- aided by the muscle balance where the lips, cheeks and tongue do not act to displace the denture duringand tongue do not act to displace the denture during functionfunction 3. Extension3. Extension - posterior border should cover at least one-third of the- posterior border should cover at least one-third of the retromolar padretromolar pad 4. Undercuts4. Undercuts - less likely on a lower denture- less likely on a lower denture 5. Esthetics5. Esthetics - appearance should be satisfactory- appearance should be satisfactory
  • 84.
    Both Dentures TogetherIn the MouthBoth Dentures Together In the Mouth 1. Occlusion1. Occlusion - centric relation should coincide with centric occlusion- centric relation should coincide with centric occlusion - good balance in the lateral and protrusive excursion- good balance in the lateral and protrusive excursion - occlusion may be recorded using articulating paper- occlusion may be recorded using articulating paper - there should be even distribution of marks around the- there should be even distribution of marks around the arch, if not grind the fossae until there is even contactarch, if not grind the fossae until there is even contact 2. Vertical Dimension2. Vertical Dimension - only the Buccal Upper Lower Lingual cusps (BULL rule)- only the Buccal Upper Lower Lingual cusps (BULL rule) should be adjusted to maintain the vertical dimensionshould be adjusted to maintain the vertical dimension except in cases of cross-biteexcept in cases of cross-bite - though sometimes grinding the forbidden cusps is- though sometimes grinding the forbidden cusps is unavoidable (premature contact in balancing lateralunavoidable (premature contact in balancing lateral excursion)excursion) 3. Esthetics3. Esthetics - appearance should be satisfactory- appearance should be satisfactory
  • 85.
    Patient’s InstructionsPatient’s Instructions Eatingwith new dentureEating with new denture (Cut food into(Cut food into small pieces, bite on the premolar area, chewsmall pieces, bite on the premolar area, chew bilaterally, avoid sticky food)bilaterally, avoid sticky food) Denture careDenture care (prevent fracture, drying, &(prevent fracture, drying, & cleaning using hot water)cleaning using hot water) Maintaining tissue healthMaintaining tissue health (remove denture,(remove denture, tissue massage)tissue massage) Denture hygieneDenture hygiene (manual or chemical(manual or chemical cleaning)cleaning) Post insertion check upPost insertion check up (1(1stst 24 hour recall,24 hour recall, periodic check up & recall)periodic check up & recall)

Editor's Notes

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