This document provides a summary of English grammar structures including: 1) The use of "have to/had to" in questions and short answers in various tenses. 2) The difference between using the present continuous and present simple tenses. 3) How to form the present continuous, present simple, questions, and short answers, including spelling rules. 4) Common structures for apologies, reasons, and promises.

1. Language Summary 3
lm have to/had to (2): questions and short answers 3A 0 p21
QUESTIONS
question auxiliary subject have to infinitive
word
When do 1/you/we/they have to go?
PRESENT What does he/she/it have to know?
SIMPLE Do 1/you/we/they have to have a degree?
Does he/she/it have to work at night?
How many did 1/you/he/she/ have to do?
PAST tests it/we/they
SIMPLE Did 1/you/he/she/ have to pass an oral
it/we/they test?
SHORT ANSWERS
Present Simple
I
Yes, 1/you/we/they do. No, 1/you/we/they don't.
Yes, he/she/it does. No, he/she/it doesn't.
Past Simple
Yes, 1/you/he/she/it/we/they did. I No, 1/you/he/she/it/we/they didn't.
TIPS! • In Present Simple questions we can say: Do you lwve to . . . ? or Have
you got to . . . ?: Do you l�ave to worll tonight? = Have you got to worll tonigllt?
• We can't use have got to in Past Simple questions: Did you lwve to worll last
nigl1t? not Had)·eu get te werlz last night?
• We can't use Have you to . . . ? or Had you to . . . ? to make questions:
Do you have to wear a suit? not H veyeu te weara suit? Wllen did you
a
have to be there? not V/lwl l1adyeu le he there?
1m Present Continuous and Present Simple 3B 0 p23
• Ne use the Present Continuous for things that:
a) are happening at the moment of speaking: Today J1e's doing some gardening.
I'm writing to tell you lww it feels to be unemployed.
b) are temporary and happening around now, but maybe not at the moment of
speaking: Now J1e's looll ing for his first job. I'm al'l'lyingfor every job I can.
• We use the Present Simple for:
a
) daily routines and things we always/sometimes/never do: He reads
tl1e adverts in the paper eve1y clay. l never get an interviev.
b) verbs that describe states (be, want, have got, thinll, etc.): He needs a real job.
People tJJinJl I'm too old.
Activity and state verbs
• Activity verbs talk about activities and actions. We can use activity verbs
in the Present Simple and the Present Continuous: He plays football eve1y clay.
He5 playing football JJOV. Typical activity verbs are: play, worll, write, eat, run
and do.
• State verbs talk about states, feelings and opinions. We don't usually use state
verbs in the Present Continuous (or other continuous verb forms):
I lille l1 im. not I'm liking him. I tl1inll its great. not I'm thinking itsgreat. Learn
the common state verbs in the picture. Common state verbs
TIP! • Some verbs can be both activity verbs and state verbs: I'm l�aving a showa
(activity). He lws tll ree children. (state) .
•

2. Language Summary 3
Present Continuous Present Simple
• We make the Present Continuous with: • Fo r I!youlwe!tl1ey the Present Simple is the same as
subject + be + (not) + verb+ing. the infinitive. For he/she/it we add -s or -es to the
infinitive: l1e lives, she watches, it goes.
POSITIVE
• We make the Present Simple negative with:
I'm working at the moment.
don't or doesn't + infinitive.
You/We/They're looking for a job.
He/She/lt's waiting for you. POSITIVE
1/You/We/They live in the UK.
NEGATIVE
He/She/lt wants to go home.
I'm not driving very fast.
You/We/They aren't watching TV. NEGATIVE
He/She/lt isn't working now. 1/You/We/They don't live in Germany.
He/She/lt doesn't want to go out.
WH- QUESTIONS
question word auxiliary subject verb+ing PRESENT SIMPLE POSITIVE: SPELLING RULES
Where am I going? spelling rule examples
What are you/we/they doing?
Who is he/she/it looking at? most verbs: add -s plays likes reads
verbs ending in -eh, -sh, -s, -ss, x or -z: watches /'wotf•zl
-
YES/NO QUESTIONS add -es finishes /'f•mf• zl
Am I working today?
verbs ending in consonant + y: -y � ies study � studies
-
Are you/we/they watching TV?
Is he/she/it waiting for me? the verbs go and do: add -es goes does ldAzl
the verb have is irregular has
SHORT ANSWERS
WH- QUESTIONS
I
Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
Yes, you/we/they are. No, you/we/they aren't. question word auxiliary subject infinitive
Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn't. Where do 1/you/we/they live?
TIPS• • See G2.2 for the spelling rules for verb+ i ng forms.
What does he/she/it do?
•We can also make negatives and negative short answers YES/NO QUESTIONS
with 're not and � not: They're not playing. Is she waiting? Do 1/you/we/they live here?
No, slu� not. Does he/she/it come from England?
• We often use the Present Continuous with: now, today, at SHORT ANSWERS
I
the moment.
Yes, 1/you/we/they do. No, llyou/we/they don't.
Yes, he/she/it does. No, he/she/it doesn't.
1;'1681 Apologies, reasons and promises (3D tJ p26) TIPS!• There is often a pattern in this type of
conversation: we apo lo gise � we give a reason �
• For apologies we often use: I'm (really) sorry, (but) I can't/
we make a promise.
couldn't + infinitive.
• T respond to an apology we often use these
I'm really sony, but I can 't see you lonig/1(.
o
I'm sony, I co ldn 't finish it yesterday.
"u
phrases:
Oh, don't worry. Another time, maybe.
• For reasons we often use: I have to/had to + infinitive.
Oh, dea1: Wluit happened?
I lu1ve to tahe a client out to dinner.
0/1, right. Wh)' not ?
I h£1d to l•elp Kate.
• For promises we often use: I'll + infinitive.
1 '11 do it now.
I'll see you on Friday, I promise.
•