Lungs are our most vital organ which are responsible for gaseous exchange and respiration by means of inspiration and expiration. To know about the lung pathologies, we must be familiar with the anatomy of the respiratory system.

1. Gross Anatomy of Lung
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3. Contents
 1.1 Overview of Respiratory Pathway
 1.2 General Anatomy of Nose, Pharynx & Larynx
 1.3 Clinical Features of Nose, Pharynx & Larynx
 1.4 General Anatomy of Trachea
 1.5 General Anatomy of Pleura, Mediastinum, Diaphragm & Lung
 1.6 Broncho pulmonary Segment
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4. 1.1 Respiratory Pathway
The respiratory system is classified into two tract i.e. Upper and Lower Respiratory tract.
 Upper Respiratory Tract is formed with
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Lower Respiratory Tract is formed with
 Trachea
 Bronchus
 Lungs
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5. 1.2 General Anatomy of Nose
 Opening of the nose is defined as nostrils or nares.
 Right and Left nasal cavity is separated by Nasal Septum.
 The Nasal cavity is lined by vascular ciliated columnar epithelium that contains mucus
secreting goblet cells and the epithelium contains coarse hair that filters air passing
towards the back of the nose.
 Nasal cavity is formed by 4 special bones, i.e.
 Ethmoid bone
 Sphenoid bone
 Frontal bone
 Maxillary bone
 The Nasal cavity widens posteriorly to the vestibule to make room for the three bony,
lateral ridge called the nasal conchae.
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6. Endoscopic view of Nasal Cavity & Septum
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7. Sinuses
Paranasal sinuses are the small tunnels or cavities. Nasal cavity opens into the network
of sinuses.
Sinusitis:
Inflammation of the epithelial tissue in the
sinus causes increased mucus production
and accompanying swelling may block the
drainage into the nasal cavity.
Clinical Features
Nasal Polyp:
Abnormal growth inside the nasal cavity
caused by chronic inflammation in the
nose.
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8. Functions of Nose
 Olfactory organ – “Sense of Smell”
 Warming: Epistaxis
 Filtration, trapped the bacteria and dust particles
 Humidifying
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9. 1.3 Pharynx
 Pharynx is commonly called as throat which is situated posterior to the oral cavity and
lies between nasal cavity and larynx.
 Subdivided into 3 parts
 Oropharynx
 Nasopharynx
 Laryngopharynx
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10. Atlas of Pharynx
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11. Pharyngitis
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Infection in pharynx, etiological
cause is bacterial or viral infection.
Causing agent - Streptococci
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12. Subdivisions of Pharynx
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
Description
Position
Function
Blood Supply
Atlas
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13. Larynx
 Cartilage box of 9 separate cartilages, composed
of hyaline cartilage connective tissue. Epiglottis
is composed of elastic cartilages.
 Epiglottis functioning as to fold the glottis during
swallowing to prevent aspiration.
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14. Visualization of Larynx & Epiglottis
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15. 1.4 General Anatomy of Trachea
Trachea (windpipe) lies ventral to the oesophagus, C shaped cartilaginous rings faces the
oesophagus, and this allows the oesophagus to expand when swallowing.
8-20 C Shaped cartilages composed of hyaline and connective tissue.
Trachea connects the larynx to the primary bronchi. Its wall is consisting if connective
tissue.
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16. Atlas of trachea & Visualized Carina
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17. Tracheostomy
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18. 1.5 Lung
 Paired, cone-shaped, occupying the thoracic cavity, excepting the central area that
contains the trachea, heart, and esophagus.
 Each lung is enclosed by pleura, which produces serous fluid.
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Anatomical Difference
Right
* 2 fissure, 3 lobes
* Shorter & broader
* 700g weighs
Left
* 1 fissure, 2 lobes
* Longer & narrower
* 600g weighs
Lung
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19. Location of lung
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Lung, cone shaped organ lying in the
thoracic cavity separated from each other
by the heart and other structures of
mediastinum.
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20. Structure of Lung
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21. Structure of Lower Respiratory Tract
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23. Pleura
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Each lung is invested by and enclosed in a serous pleural sac consisting of two
serous membrane.
(i) Visceral / Pulmonary pleura
(ii) Parietal Pleura
Pleural Cavity:
It is the potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura containing
capillary layer lf serous pleural fluid which lubricates the pleural surfaces
allowing the layers smooth during respiration.
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24. Pleura & Pleural effusion
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25. CXR in Pleural effusion & Normal CXR
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26. 1.6 Broncho Pulmonary Segment
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The main bronchus on each side gives off branches to each lobes of the lung,
called lobar bronchus. Lobar bronchus divides then into segmental bronchi, each
of which supplies a segment of the lung, defined as Broncho pulmonary segment.
Supplies: Pulmonary artery & Pulmonary vein
Broncho pulmonary segment is self contained, functionally independent,
respiratory unit of lung tissue.
Structure: Wedge shaped, surrounded by connective tissue, each has segmental
bronchus, segmental artery, autonomic nerve and lymph vessels.
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27. Lobes & Segments
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Lobes & Segments
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29. Segments
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Upper
Lobe
Middle
Lobe
Lower Lobe
Apical Lateral Superior
Posterior Medial Medial basal
Anterior Anterior basal
Lateral basal
Posterior basal
Upper Lobe Lower Lobe
Apical Superior
Posterior Medial basal
Anterior Anterior basal
Superior
lingular
Lateral basal
Inferior
lingular
Posterior basal
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30. Blood Supply of Lungs
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The bronchial arteries supply the bronchial tree and
the pulmonary tissue.
Deoxygenated blood is brought to the lung by the
two pulmonary arteries and oxygenated blood is
returned by the four pulmonary veins.
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31. Venous Drainage of Lungs
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Bronchial veins
Right bronchial veins › Azygos vein
Left bronchial vein › Hemiazygos vein
The greater part of venous blood from the lungs is
drained by the pulmonary veins
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32. Nerve Supply
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1. Parasympathetic nerve
i. Motor
ii. Secretomotor
iii. Sensory fibres
2. Sympathetic nerve
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33. FAQs
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1. Bronchial tree
2. Arterial supply of the lung
3. Gross structure of the lung
4. Passage of respiratory air from nose to lung
5. Broncho pulmonary segment
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34. References
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1. Human Anatomy B D Chourasia
2. Atlas of Anatomy Gray’s Anatomy
3. WebMD © Articles
4. Anatomy of Respiratory System MC Graw Hill
5. Online Courtsey: scienceclarified.com
6. Image & Animation: Gray’s Atlas, Physio-pedia.com, emedicine.Medscape.com,
youtube.com, www.visiblebody.com
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35. Next Presentation
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Physiology of
Respiratory System &
Diseases
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36. Thank You