Overview about GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for micro hydropower plant site suitability in South Ogan Komering Ulu District, South Sumatera, Indonesia
Morphology in South OKU District is the potential of a micro hydropower plant (MHPP) as an alternative power source. This potential has not been fully utilized, although many un-electrified villages are in several remote areas. Identification planning for MHPP is one of the most critical planning tasks and requires excellent multi-criteria spatial analysis. GIS and multi-criteria analysis have played an essential role in analyzing suitable locations for MHPP development. GIS and multi-criteria spatial analysis consist of detailed investigations of ongoing sites and suitability for specific planning. This research aims to overview GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for MHPP site suitability based on electricity South OKU demands. The most critical data and criteria to decide the best site suitability are un-electrified villages, rivers, land use, slope, landslide vulnerability, and elevation. All of the data were generated into the raster data format. Quantitative modeling used AHP as a multi-criteria analysis method, and a weighted score is determined by considering the comparison of each criterion. Finally, the criterion layer was calculated by open-source QGIS to create a site suitability map. The field study verified the resulting map, and there is a match between the preferred locations and the field survey. The research results preferred Sungai Are, Sindang Danau, and Kisam Tinggi Sub-district as the best suitability for MHPP development.
Micro hydropower plant potential study based on Landsat 8 operational land im...journalBEEI
Remote sensing technology has been widely applied in various fields, including oil, gas, and mineral exploration, spatial planning, and environmental monitoring. This paper describes the application of remote sensing technology for the potential study of a renewable micro hydropower plant (MHP) using Landsat 8 satellite data. The Sukaati Watershed, West Java, Indonesia, was selected as the case study area. Landsat 8 satellite data, acquired on August 21, 2020, was applied to extract information on land use, geology, and potential landslides. Drainage patterns, watershed boundaries, and head height were obtained from topographic map data. Drainage patterns, watershed boundaries, and land use are used to calculate flow rates. Geological map and landslide are the basis of layout of MHP components, such as water intake, dam, waterway, settling tank, penstock, and powerhouse. A field survey to acquire actual flow rate and head height was conducted to validate the results of the remote sensing data interpretation. Two potential sites of MHP were selected with a hydropower design of 129 kW and 5.18 MW. This study showed that remote sensing technology is beneficial for studying the potential of MHP because fieldwork can be done more quickly and efficiently.
Optimization of Parallel K-means for Java Paddy Mapping Using Time-series Sat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Spatiotemporal analysis of MODIS Vegetation Index Imagery widely used for vegetation
seasonal mapping both on forest and agricultural site. In order to provide a long -terms of vegetation
characteristic maps, a wide time-series images analysis is needed which require high-performance
computer and also consumes a lot of energy resources. Meanwhile, for agriculture monitoring purpose in
Indonesia, that analysis has to be employed gradually and endlessly to provide the latest condition of
paddy field vegetation information. This research is aimed to develop a method to produce the optimized
solution in classifying vegetation of paddy fields that diverse both spatial and temporal characteristics. The
time-series EVI data from MODIS have been filtered using wavelet transform to reduce noise that caused
by cloud. Sequential K-means and Parallel K-means unsupervised classification method were used in both
CPU and GPU to find the efficient and the robust result. The developed method has been tested and
implemented using the sample case of paddy fields in Java Island. The best system which can
accommodate of the extend-ability, affordability, redundancy, energy-saving, maintainability indicators are
ARM-based processor (Raspberry Pi), with the highest speed up of 8 and the efficiency of 60%.
DESIGN PLANNING OF MICRO-HYDRO POWER PLANT IN JANGAILULU RIVERIAEME Publication
Jangailuluvillage is a village that has not been reached by PLN, so people still use diesel fuel as a fuel for generators. Whereas in the village, there is potential for discharge and high fall which can be used as a Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH). The PLTMH is planned to use a water level regulator (weir) that directs the flow to the intake channel and flows back towards the Jangailulu River. To determine the design debit using a mainstay discharge with a probability of 90%. The discharge is then used to determinethe hydraulic design of the carrier channel. Also, weirs are also needed to raise the water level. Determination of turbines using a graph of the ratio of height to fall and discharge. The results of Q90 discharge calculation = 0.650 m3 /s. The dam is planned with a width of 18 m and a height of 1.5 m. With a height falling of 8 m, the Jangailulu MHP uses a turbine propeller. The power generated from Jangailulu MHP is 33.39 kW
This document proposes a hybrid renewable energy system using solar, wind, and biomass power for a rural village in Uttarakhand, India. It analyzes the feasibility of the system using the HOMER software. The village has abundant solar and biomass resources due to its location and access to agricultural waste. The proposed system would help electrify the village in a sustainable way and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Load data from the village is collected and the resources are analyzed to size an optimal hybrid system configuration using the HOMER optimization tool.
The Development of an Application Conceived for the Design, Feasibility Study...IJECEIAES
Because of the rise in diesel and butane prices widely used for pumping, added to their negative impact on both Morocco's environment and trade balance, the use of renewable energies should sound obvious, practical and cost effective. This study offers the transformation of a traditional butane pumping system (BPS) and diesel pumping system (DPS), located on a farm nearby the city of Agadir, into an optimized solar pumping system (SPS). The suggested method is based on a techno-economic study according to the “Business-As-usual” scenario. As a first step, we have dimensioned our pumping system and chosen the elements that constitute it. As a second step, we carried out an economic analysis, based on the calculation of all costs, which makes it possible to ensure the viability of the components of our SPS over its life cycle and brought it to a discounted value. The processing of the different data is made possible thanks to the computer application “PVDesign” which we have developed. This application has allowed us to carry out a comparative study of several techniques of pumping systems. The result of the study is that the SPS beats the other systems at various levels, namely economic, environmental and technical.
This document summarizes a study that mapped solar PV energy generation potential across the state of Karnataka, India. The researchers:
1) Developed and validated a PV plant model in PVSyst software using actual generation and weather data from 4 existing KPCL solar plants.
2) Applied the model across Karnataka using Meteonorm weather data, finding an average 4.35% deviation from actual plant outputs.
3) Generated a solar PV energy generation map for Karnataka showing locations with the highest (1.53-1.73 MWh/kW) and lowest (1.53 MWh/kW) potential.
Optimization of Distributed Energy Resources to Balance Power Supply and Dem...Shah Mohammad Al Imran
- The document presents a thesis project that aims to balance power supply and demand for a smart community through optimizing distributed energy resources.
- The project integrates renewable energy sources like solar, wind and biomass to minimize dependency on fossil fuels and maximize system efficiency.
- Simulations were conducted using HOMER software and results show the system can generate over 950 MWh/year to meet the community's annual demand of around 953 MWh. Residual energy of 478 MWh/year can be stored.
This document summarizes an article that compares two optimization methods, NSGA-II and MOPSO, for sizing hybrid renewable energy systems. The article models a hybrid system with photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and battery storage. It formulates the sizing of these components as a multi-objective optimization problem to minimize loss of power supply probability and cost of energy. The article simulates the system using two optimization methods and compares their accuracy and computation time in finding the optimal system configuration.
Micro hydropower plant potential study based on Landsat 8 operational land im...journalBEEI
Remote sensing technology has been widely applied in various fields, including oil, gas, and mineral exploration, spatial planning, and environmental monitoring. This paper describes the application of remote sensing technology for the potential study of a renewable micro hydropower plant (MHP) using Landsat 8 satellite data. The Sukaati Watershed, West Java, Indonesia, was selected as the case study area. Landsat 8 satellite data, acquired on August 21, 2020, was applied to extract information on land use, geology, and potential landslides. Drainage patterns, watershed boundaries, and head height were obtained from topographic map data. Drainage patterns, watershed boundaries, and land use are used to calculate flow rates. Geological map and landslide are the basis of layout of MHP components, such as water intake, dam, waterway, settling tank, penstock, and powerhouse. A field survey to acquire actual flow rate and head height was conducted to validate the results of the remote sensing data interpretation. Two potential sites of MHP were selected with a hydropower design of 129 kW and 5.18 MW. This study showed that remote sensing technology is beneficial for studying the potential of MHP because fieldwork can be done more quickly and efficiently.
Optimization of Parallel K-means for Java Paddy Mapping Using Time-series Sat...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Spatiotemporal analysis of MODIS Vegetation Index Imagery widely used for vegetation
seasonal mapping both on forest and agricultural site. In order to provide a long -terms of vegetation
characteristic maps, a wide time-series images analysis is needed which require high-performance
computer and also consumes a lot of energy resources. Meanwhile, for agriculture monitoring purpose in
Indonesia, that analysis has to be employed gradually and endlessly to provide the latest condition of
paddy field vegetation information. This research is aimed to develop a method to produce the optimized
solution in classifying vegetation of paddy fields that diverse both spatial and temporal characteristics. The
time-series EVI data from MODIS have been filtered using wavelet transform to reduce noise that caused
by cloud. Sequential K-means and Parallel K-means unsupervised classification method were used in both
CPU and GPU to find the efficient and the robust result. The developed method has been tested and
implemented using the sample case of paddy fields in Java Island. The best system which can
accommodate of the extend-ability, affordability, redundancy, energy-saving, maintainability indicators are
ARM-based processor (Raspberry Pi), with the highest speed up of 8 and the efficiency of 60%.
DESIGN PLANNING OF MICRO-HYDRO POWER PLANT IN JANGAILULU RIVERIAEME Publication
Jangailuluvillage is a village that has not been reached by PLN, so people still use diesel fuel as a fuel for generators. Whereas in the village, there is potential for discharge and high fall which can be used as a Micro Hydro Power Plant (PLTMH). The PLTMH is planned to use a water level regulator (weir) that directs the flow to the intake channel and flows back towards the Jangailulu River. To determine the design debit using a mainstay discharge with a probability of 90%. The discharge is then used to determinethe hydraulic design of the carrier channel. Also, weirs are also needed to raise the water level. Determination of turbines using a graph of the ratio of height to fall and discharge. The results of Q90 discharge calculation = 0.650 m3 /s. The dam is planned with a width of 18 m and a height of 1.5 m. With a height falling of 8 m, the Jangailulu MHP uses a turbine propeller. The power generated from Jangailulu MHP is 33.39 kW
This document proposes a hybrid renewable energy system using solar, wind, and biomass power for a rural village in Uttarakhand, India. It analyzes the feasibility of the system using the HOMER software. The village has abundant solar and biomass resources due to its location and access to agricultural waste. The proposed system would help electrify the village in a sustainable way and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Load data from the village is collected and the resources are analyzed to size an optimal hybrid system configuration using the HOMER optimization tool.
The Development of an Application Conceived for the Design, Feasibility Study...IJECEIAES
Because of the rise in diesel and butane prices widely used for pumping, added to their negative impact on both Morocco's environment and trade balance, the use of renewable energies should sound obvious, practical and cost effective. This study offers the transformation of a traditional butane pumping system (BPS) and diesel pumping system (DPS), located on a farm nearby the city of Agadir, into an optimized solar pumping system (SPS). The suggested method is based on a techno-economic study according to the “Business-As-usual” scenario. As a first step, we have dimensioned our pumping system and chosen the elements that constitute it. As a second step, we carried out an economic analysis, based on the calculation of all costs, which makes it possible to ensure the viability of the components of our SPS over its life cycle and brought it to a discounted value. The processing of the different data is made possible thanks to the computer application “PVDesign” which we have developed. This application has allowed us to carry out a comparative study of several techniques of pumping systems. The result of the study is that the SPS beats the other systems at various levels, namely economic, environmental and technical.
This document summarizes a study that mapped solar PV energy generation potential across the state of Karnataka, India. The researchers:
1) Developed and validated a PV plant model in PVSyst software using actual generation and weather data from 4 existing KPCL solar plants.
2) Applied the model across Karnataka using Meteonorm weather data, finding an average 4.35% deviation from actual plant outputs.
3) Generated a solar PV energy generation map for Karnataka showing locations with the highest (1.53-1.73 MWh/kW) and lowest (1.53 MWh/kW) potential.
Optimization of Distributed Energy Resources to Balance Power Supply and Dem...Shah Mohammad Al Imran
- The document presents a thesis project that aims to balance power supply and demand for a smart community through optimizing distributed energy resources.
- The project integrates renewable energy sources like solar, wind and biomass to minimize dependency on fossil fuels and maximize system efficiency.
- Simulations were conducted using HOMER software and results show the system can generate over 950 MWh/year to meet the community's annual demand of around 953 MWh. Residual energy of 478 MWh/year can be stored.
This document summarizes an article that compares two optimization methods, NSGA-II and MOPSO, for sizing hybrid renewable energy systems. The article models a hybrid system with photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, and battery storage. It formulates the sizing of these components as a multi-objective optimization problem to minimize loss of power supply probability and cost of energy. The article simulates the system using two optimization methods and compares their accuracy and computation time in finding the optimal system configuration.
This document summarizes a student thesis project that analyzed balancing power supply and demand in a smart grid system using distributed energy resources (DER) in Bangladesh. The thesis used HOMER software to simulate a microgrid model for a small community with solar, wind, and biomass energy sources, as well as an energy storage system. It then developed a MATLAB graphical user interface called 'sMeter_v2015a' to allow users to observe system responses in real-time by changing the time input. The goal was to optimize local power supply and demand through increased use of renewable resources and consumer participation in energy storage and selling to the grid. Data on solar radiation, wind speed, and available biomass was collected for Chittag
An Analysis of Solar Heating System for Buildingdbpublications
In this paper, the analysis has been carried out for the solar energy technologies (PV) system employed for energy supply in a hostel building for different end uses e.g. heating and electricity. The building is Ramanujam Hostel located in Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur. The building was designed based on current regulations on energy efficiency in buildings. This analysis is designed for minimizing energy consumption by the appropriate choice of the space heating and electricity systems and to find the power capacity of the hostel building. A major part of electricity required for lighting, domestic appliances and the functioning of space heating system is generated through a PV system. The PV systems are installed on the building roof.
This document presents a study on the design and economic feasibility analysis of a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system to provide electricity for a single household in rural India. The key points are:
1) A PV system was designed to meet the daily electricity demand of 7480 Wh for a household in Pune, India. This included sizing the PV array at 11.3 m2 and 1356 WP, and batteries at 1500 Ah.
2) A life cycle cost analysis of the 20-year system found the present worth costs to be $6960 for the PV array, $2557.50 for initial batteries, and additional battery costs of $1840.93, $1325.
Comparative Study of the Utilization of Geothermal Energy in Various Ways in ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study of geothermal energy utilization in India and other parts of the world. It discusses geothermal energy sites and potential in India and globally. In India, around 400 hot springs are located across 10 provinces, with surface temperatures ranging from 47-98°C. Major countries for geothermal energy include the US, Philippines, Indonesia, and Iceland. The document also examines geothermal power plant capacity, with the largest being in the US, Philippines, and Iceland. Examples of geothermal heating and cooling system projects are provided for both India and other countries.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
Solar energy has been widely tapped around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy. Currently, one of the most challenging problems is to increase the quantity of energy tagged from solar energy. Before installing solar panels, assessing where solar panels should be placed can significantly benefit panel performance. This study aims to conduct a site selection analysis for solar panel installation using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The focus of the analysis is on building rooftop PVC panel installation. In this study, Google Earth images were used to digitize the rooftop that is potential for solar PVC panel and derive the areas using ArcGIS software.
Techno-economic Analysis of Solar-powered Lighting of Bali above Seawater Tol...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this studywas to obtain atechnical and economic analysis of solar-powered
lighting (SPL) implementation at Bali above Seawater Toll-Road. The SPL was designed to operate
12Hours/day with average illumination ≥15-lux. Those requirements can be met byan SPL unit that
consists of 2-pieces 87-W LED lights mounted on 10-m double arms pole with 2.37-m arm length and 15º
tilt angle. Each LED light was powered by a 260-Wp solar panel, 24V-180AH battery and 10-A solar
charge controller. Every SPL unit should be installed on the toll-road median with 22.5-m pole-spacing and
required 361-units to illuminate throughout 8,122.5-m toll-road length. Benefits of SPL implementation
wereelectricity saving 256.15MWh/yr and carbon emission reduction 217.98TonesCO2/yr. However, the
SPL electrical-based costwas 3.9 times more expensive than conventionalstreet lighting. And based onthe
investment feasibility analysis using NPI and PI techniques showed that the SPL implementation was not
feasible.
The Application of Homer Optimization Software to Investigate the Prospects o...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates the prospects and cost-effectiveness of implementation of standalone PV/wind system in sokoto state Nigeria. Daily electricity demand, yearly solar radiation and wind speed were applied to determine the optimum sizing of the renewable energy (RE) system. To design optimum RE with proper sizing of system components, meteorological data obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration were applied as input for this study. In Nigeria, sokoto is a region with solar radiation of 6kWh/m 2 /day and wind speed of 5m/s at 10m above height. Using the Homer optimization software, the optimum integrated RE system is 35.21kW PV, 3 x 25kW wind turbines, 12 x 24V lead acid battery and 17.44kW converter. The system has a total capital cost of $249910.24, the replacement cost of $82914.85 and maintenance cost of $53802.80 for 25 years. Though the initial capital cost is high but the long term benefits are enormous, considering the high cost of implementing rural electrification scheme, coupled with ahike in electricity tariff. There is also a payback period of 5 years. The results imply a standalone PV/wind system is feasible in rural communities of sokoto with 100% pollution free energy system.
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Forecasting long term global solar radiation with an ann algorithmmehmet şahin
and energy-efficient buildings, solar concentrators, photovoltaic-systems and a site-selection of sites for future
power plants). To establish long-term sustainability of solar energy, energy practitioners utilize versatile
predictive models of G as an indispensable decision-making tool. Notwithstanding this, sparsity of solar sites,
instrument maintenance, policy and fiscal issues constraint the availability of model input data that must be
used for forecasting the onsite value of G. To surmount these challenge, low-cost, readily-available satellite
products accessible over large spatial domains can provide viable alternatives. In this paper, the preciseness of
artificial neural network (ANN) for predictive modelling of G is evaluated for regional Queensland, which
employed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land-surface temperature (LST) as an
effective predictor. To couple an ANN model with satellite-derived variable, the LST data over 2012–2014 are
acquired in seven groups, with three sites per group where the data for first two (2012–2013) are utilised for
model development and the third (2014) group for cross-validation. For monthly horizon, the ANN model is
optimized by trialing 55 neuronal architectures, while for seasonal forecasting, nine neuronal architectures are
trailed with time-lagged LST. ANN coupled with zero lagged LST utilised scaled conjugate gradient algorithm,
and while ANN with time-lagged LST utilised Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. To ascertain conclusive results,
the objective model is evaluated via multiple linear regression (MLR) and autoregressive integrated moving
average (ARIMA) algorithms. Results showed that an ANN model outperformed MLR and ARIMA models
where an analysis yielded 39% of cumulative errors in smallest magnitude bracket, whereas MLR and ARIMA
produced 15% and 25%. Superiority of an ANN model was demonstrated by site-averaged (monthly) relative
error of 5.85% compared with 10.23% (MLR) and 9.60 (ARIMA) with Willmott's Index of 0.954 (ANN), 0.899
(MLR) and 0.848 (ARIMA). This work ascertains that an ANN model coupled with satellite-derived LST data
can be adopted as a qualified stratagem for the proliferation of solar energy applications in locations that have
an appropriate satellite footprint.
A comparative approach between different optimize result in hybrid energy sys...IJECEIAES
To compare the different result of optimization of a hybrid energy system. A hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is the combination of renewable and non-renewable sources which is playing a very important role for rural area electrification when grid extension is not possible or excessively expensive. Non renewable sources like diesel power generator (optional) are used in a HRES for backup when renewable energy supply is not sufficient. While the HRES is very important due to the smallest natural and physical contact compared to non renewable sources, this work proposed a comparison outcome with the help of different component by using HOMER software and get best optimize result for the model. This paper presents a wide-ranging review of various aspects of HRES. This paper discusses study, best sizing, and model, organize aspect and reliability issue.
An interactive approach for solar energy system:design and manufacturing IJECEIAES
The energy production in the word is a very complex problem with decreasing the pollution. Therefore, the aim is to find an optimal solution, this research focuses on the development and the optimization of parabolic concentrator using an interactivity approach and virtual design tools. Recently, several works have been developed in this area. In this study, a new conception, design Optimization approach has been involved in system energy design including new concept. The design strategy has been successfully applied to design problems. The optimizer tool developed for based on Heuristic: Gravitational Search Algorithm. The results of the presented in this paper are significant in the system energy design, which presents an effective approach of development by reducing the cost of installation, the time of analysis by increasing the radiation and solar flux concentrated within the parabola generating an increase in accumulated energy.
This document is a feasibility study examining the economic viability of developing a solar farm on the Makah Indian Reservation in Washington State. It begins with background on the Makah Tribe's interest in developing renewable energy resources and past feasibility studies. It then reviews literature on optimal solar site selection using GIS analysis, the concept of grid parity pricing, and factors that influence solar project costs. The study describes conducting a GIS analysis to identify the best locations for a solar farm on the reservation lands. It also models the facility size, generation capacity, and cost over time to determine if the project could achieve grid parity electricity prices. The results of the financial projections and cost-benefit analyses are used to draw conclusions on the overall feasibility and recommendations.
This document analyzes the potential and cost-effectiveness of a 2.5 MW solar photovoltaic power plant to meet the energy demands of a garment zone in Jaipur, India. It estimates the energy demand of the zone to be 2.21 MW and designs an on-site PV plant requiring 13.14 acres of land. It also considers an off-site option due to high land costs. The on-site plant has an IRR of 11.88%, NPV of 119.52 million INR, and payback period of 7.73 years. The off-site plant has higher IRR and NPV, and a shorter payback period. The levelized cost of energy is lower
Innovative strategies for energy optimizationeSAT Journals
Abstract Optimization of energy production systems is a relevant issue that must be considered in order to follow the fossil fuels consumption reduction policies and the CO2 emission regulation. Increasing electricity production from renewable resources (e.g. photovoltaic systems and wind farms) is desirable but its unpredictability is a cause of problems for the main grid stability. The multi-energy system represents an efficient solution, by realizing an interface among renewable energy sources, energy storage systems and conventional power generators. Direct consequences of multi-energy systems are wider energy flexibility and benefits for the electric grid. In this study the performances of a multi-energy system in dynamic regime have been evaluated and a comparison with a conventional system has been performed. The results show how this innovative energetic approach can provide a cost reduction in power supply and energy fees of 40% and 25% respectively and CO2 emission decrease attained around 18%. Furthermore, the multi-energy system taken as case of study has been optimized through the utilization of three different type of energy storage (Pb-Ac batteries, Flywheels and Micro-Caes). Keywords: Multi-Energy System, Cost of Energy, Energy Storage
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Assessment of off-shore wind turbines for application in Saudi Arabia IJECEIAES
This paper presents models and economic analysis of ten different wind turbines for the region of Yanbu, Saudi Arabia using the hybrid optimization models for energy resources (HOMER) software. This study serves as a guide for decision makers to choose the most suitable wind turbine for Yanbu to meet the target of 58.7GW of renewable energy as part of Saudi Vision 2030. The analysis was carried out based on the turbines initial capital cost, operating cost, net present cost (NPC) and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Additionally, the wind turbines were compared based on their electricity production, excess energy and the size of the storage devices required. The results show that Enercon E-126 EP4 wind turbine has the least LCOE (0.0885 $/kWh) and NPC ($23.8), while WES 30 has the highest LCOE (0.142 $/kWh) and NPC ($38.3) for a typical load profile of a village in Yanbu.
Prediction of the Power Output of Solar Cells Using Neural Networks: Solar Ce...CSCJournals
The prediction of the output power of solar cells in a given place has always been an important factor in planning the installation of solar cell panels, and guiding electrical companies to control, manage and distribute the energy into their electricity networks properly. The production of the electricity sector in Palestine using solar cells is a promising sector; this paper proposes a model which is used to predict future output power values of solar cells, which provides individuals and companies with future information, so they can organize their activities. We aim to create a model that able to connect time, place, and the relations between randomly distributed solar energy units. The system analyzes collected data from units through solar cells distributed in different places in Palestine. Multilayer Feed-Forward with Backpropagation Neural Networks (MFFNNBP) is used to predict the power output of the solar cells in different places in Palestine. The model depends on predicting the future produce of the power output of solar cell depending on the real power output of the previous values. The data used in this paper depends on data collection of one day, month, and year. Finally, this proposed model conduct a systematic process with the aim of determining the most suitable places for an installation solar cell panel in different places in Palestine.
Geological aspect analysis for micro hydro power plant site selection based ...IJECEIAES
Geological characters analysis is essential for micro hydropower plant (MHP) development planning. This paper presents an analysis of the geological aspect to determine the layout of MHP components based on remote sensing data as part of a solution to addressing power shortages in Sungai Are District, South Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra Province. Remote sensing and topographic map were extracted to identify the potential site. The topographic map and geological analysis were used to calculate the potential of electrical energy and the geological hazard risk, particularly floods and landslides. The results of the study identified four potential sites. Site 1 (Luas River, Ulu Danau Village) and site 3 (Putih River, Gintung Village) are suitable for MHP with a low cost of construction. Site 2 (Pecah Pinggan Village) and site 4 (Simpang Luas Village) are prone to flooding and landslides that makes it suitable for MHP but with a high cost of construction. Based on the geological aspect analysis, it is possible to optimize the hydropower capacity, by adding the volume of water flow from several nearby tributaries channeled into the hydropower flow system through civil construction engineering or by making a cascade design on the tailrace water flow
Comparison of Ordinary Least Square Regression and Geographically Weighted Re...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The document compares the use of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to model and estimate electricity distribution patterns using land use and demographic data. OLS regression provided moderately good results with an R2 value of 31.9% but showed spatial autocorrelation. GWR accounted for spatial non-stationarity and provided better results with an R2 of 51.65%. GWR also had a lower Akaike information criterion score, indicating it was a better model. The study area of Manali, India was classified into land use types from satellite imagery and population growth was also considered. GWR was found to provide a more effective model for estimating patterns of low tension electricity distribution networks
This document summarizes a student thesis project that analyzed balancing power supply and demand in a smart grid system using distributed energy resources (DER) in Bangladesh. The thesis used HOMER software to simulate a microgrid model for a small community with solar, wind, and biomass energy sources, as well as an energy storage system. It then developed a MATLAB graphical user interface called 'sMeter_v2015a' to allow users to observe system responses in real-time by changing the time input. The goal was to optimize local power supply and demand through increased use of renewable resources and consumer participation in energy storage and selling to the grid. Data on solar radiation, wind speed, and available biomass was collected for Chittag
An Analysis of Solar Heating System for Buildingdbpublications
In this paper, the analysis has been carried out for the solar energy technologies (PV) system employed for energy supply in a hostel building for different end uses e.g. heating and electricity. The building is Ramanujam Hostel located in Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur. The building was designed based on current regulations on energy efficiency in buildings. This analysis is designed for minimizing energy consumption by the appropriate choice of the space heating and electricity systems and to find the power capacity of the hostel building. A major part of electricity required for lighting, domestic appliances and the functioning of space heating system is generated through a PV system. The PV systems are installed on the building roof.
This document presents a study on the design and economic feasibility analysis of a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system to provide electricity for a single household in rural India. The key points are:
1) A PV system was designed to meet the daily electricity demand of 7480 Wh for a household in Pune, India. This included sizing the PV array at 11.3 m2 and 1356 WP, and batteries at 1500 Ah.
2) A life cycle cost analysis of the 20-year system found the present worth costs to be $6960 for the PV array, $2557.50 for initial batteries, and additional battery costs of $1840.93, $1325.
Comparative Study of the Utilization of Geothermal Energy in Various Ways in ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a comparative study of geothermal energy utilization in India and other parts of the world. It discusses geothermal energy sites and potential in India and globally. In India, around 400 hot springs are located across 10 provinces, with surface temperatures ranging from 47-98°C. Major countries for geothermal energy include the US, Philippines, Indonesia, and Iceland. The document also examines geothermal power plant capacity, with the largest being in the US, Philippines, and Iceland. Examples of geothermal heating and cooling system projects are provided for both India and other countries.
USING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUES FOR SOLAR HOTSPOTS INSTALLATION IN TH...meijjournal
Solar energy has been widely tapped around the world replacing conventional non-renewable energy. Currently, one of the most challenging problems is to increase the quantity of energy tagged from solar energy. Before installing solar panels, assessing where solar panels should be placed can significantly benefit panel performance. This study aims to conduct a site selection analysis for solar panel installation using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The focus of the analysis is on building rooftop PVC panel installation. In this study, Google Earth images were used to digitize the rooftop that is potential for solar PVC panel and derive the areas using ArcGIS software.
Techno-economic Analysis of Solar-powered Lighting of Bali above Seawater Tol...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The objective of this studywas to obtain atechnical and economic analysis of solar-powered
lighting (SPL) implementation at Bali above Seawater Toll-Road. The SPL was designed to operate
12Hours/day with average illumination ≥15-lux. Those requirements can be met byan SPL unit that
consists of 2-pieces 87-W LED lights mounted on 10-m double arms pole with 2.37-m arm length and 15º
tilt angle. Each LED light was powered by a 260-Wp solar panel, 24V-180AH battery and 10-A solar
charge controller. Every SPL unit should be installed on the toll-road median with 22.5-m pole-spacing and
required 361-units to illuminate throughout 8,122.5-m toll-road length. Benefits of SPL implementation
wereelectricity saving 256.15MWh/yr and carbon emission reduction 217.98TonesCO2/yr. However, the
SPL electrical-based costwas 3.9 times more expensive than conventionalstreet lighting. And based onthe
investment feasibility analysis using NPI and PI techniques showed that the SPL implementation was not
feasible.
The Application of Homer Optimization Software to Investigate the Prospects o...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates the prospects and cost-effectiveness of implementation of standalone PV/wind system in sokoto state Nigeria. Daily electricity demand, yearly solar radiation and wind speed were applied to determine the optimum sizing of the renewable energy (RE) system. To design optimum RE with proper sizing of system components, meteorological data obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration were applied as input for this study. In Nigeria, sokoto is a region with solar radiation of 6kWh/m 2 /day and wind speed of 5m/s at 10m above height. Using the Homer optimization software, the optimum integrated RE system is 35.21kW PV, 3 x 25kW wind turbines, 12 x 24V lead acid battery and 17.44kW converter. The system has a total capital cost of $249910.24, the replacement cost of $82914.85 and maintenance cost of $53802.80 for 25 years. Though the initial capital cost is high but the long term benefits are enormous, considering the high cost of implementing rural electrification scheme, coupled with ahike in electricity tariff. There is also a payback period of 5 years. The results imply a standalone PV/wind system is feasible in rural communities of sokoto with 100% pollution free energy system.
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
The seasonal climate changes have direct effects on determination of crop water requirement, irrigation scheduling and the potential of solar energy generation to operate the pumping system for watering crops. This research paper studied the technical evaluation of solar pumping and pressurized drip irrigation systems to investigate the recommended water required for suggested tomatoes crop in area of (one hectare) at AL-Salman district using measured climatic data from AL-Salman Agro-meteorological weather station for a period (2013-2017). The maximum average monthly of solar radiation was 7.6 kWh/m2 at June in all the years of recording data, while the minimum average monthly value was 3.37kWh/m2 at December where the sun at lowest point across the sky. The annual average hours of peak sun that corresponds to the operation time of the pumping system at maximum water consumption was calculated at eight months from March to October with a value of 7.2 hours/day, while it was 5.2 hours/day during the other four months (January, February, November and December). The Solar pumping sizing based on H-Q performance curve of a maximum flow rate of 64.45 m3/h and pump capacity of 16.79 kW with compounds motor pump efficiency of 61.2%. The total water production was 230000 m³/per year which indicates compatible overall system design and adequate to irrigate more planting land with same or other crop types.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Forecasting long term global solar radiation with an ann algorithmmehmet şahin
and energy-efficient buildings, solar concentrators, photovoltaic-systems and a site-selection of sites for future
power plants). To establish long-term sustainability of solar energy, energy practitioners utilize versatile
predictive models of G as an indispensable decision-making tool. Notwithstanding this, sparsity of solar sites,
instrument maintenance, policy and fiscal issues constraint the availability of model input data that must be
used for forecasting the onsite value of G. To surmount these challenge, low-cost, readily-available satellite
products accessible over large spatial domains can provide viable alternatives. In this paper, the preciseness of
artificial neural network (ANN) for predictive modelling of G is evaluated for regional Queensland, which
employed Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land-surface temperature (LST) as an
effective predictor. To couple an ANN model with satellite-derived variable, the LST data over 2012–2014 are
acquired in seven groups, with three sites per group where the data for first two (2012–2013) are utilised for
model development and the third (2014) group for cross-validation. For monthly horizon, the ANN model is
optimized by trialing 55 neuronal architectures, while for seasonal forecasting, nine neuronal architectures are
trailed with time-lagged LST. ANN coupled with zero lagged LST utilised scaled conjugate gradient algorithm,
and while ANN with time-lagged LST utilised Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm. To ascertain conclusive results,
the objective model is evaluated via multiple linear regression (MLR) and autoregressive integrated moving
average (ARIMA) algorithms. Results showed that an ANN model outperformed MLR and ARIMA models
where an analysis yielded 39% of cumulative errors in smallest magnitude bracket, whereas MLR and ARIMA
produced 15% and 25%. Superiority of an ANN model was demonstrated by site-averaged (monthly) relative
error of 5.85% compared with 10.23% (MLR) and 9.60 (ARIMA) with Willmott's Index of 0.954 (ANN), 0.899
(MLR) and 0.848 (ARIMA). This work ascertains that an ANN model coupled with satellite-derived LST data
can be adopted as a qualified stratagem for the proliferation of solar energy applications in locations that have
an appropriate satellite footprint.
A comparative approach between different optimize result in hybrid energy sys...IJECEIAES
To compare the different result of optimization of a hybrid energy system. A hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) is the combination of renewable and non-renewable sources which is playing a very important role for rural area electrification when grid extension is not possible or excessively expensive. Non renewable sources like diesel power generator (optional) are used in a HRES for backup when renewable energy supply is not sufficient. While the HRES is very important due to the smallest natural and physical contact compared to non renewable sources, this work proposed a comparison outcome with the help of different component by using HOMER software and get best optimize result for the model. This paper presents a wide-ranging review of various aspects of HRES. This paper discusses study, best sizing, and model, organize aspect and reliability issue.
An interactive approach for solar energy system:design and manufacturing IJECEIAES
The energy production in the word is a very complex problem with decreasing the pollution. Therefore, the aim is to find an optimal solution, this research focuses on the development and the optimization of parabolic concentrator using an interactivity approach and virtual design tools. Recently, several works have been developed in this area. In this study, a new conception, design Optimization approach has been involved in system energy design including new concept. The design strategy has been successfully applied to design problems. The optimizer tool developed for based on Heuristic: Gravitational Search Algorithm. The results of the presented in this paper are significant in the system energy design, which presents an effective approach of development by reducing the cost of installation, the time of analysis by increasing the radiation and solar flux concentrated within the parabola generating an increase in accumulated energy.
This document is a feasibility study examining the economic viability of developing a solar farm on the Makah Indian Reservation in Washington State. It begins with background on the Makah Tribe's interest in developing renewable energy resources and past feasibility studies. It then reviews literature on optimal solar site selection using GIS analysis, the concept of grid parity pricing, and factors that influence solar project costs. The study describes conducting a GIS analysis to identify the best locations for a solar farm on the reservation lands. It also models the facility size, generation capacity, and cost over time to determine if the project could achieve grid parity electricity prices. The results of the financial projections and cost-benefit analyses are used to draw conclusions on the overall feasibility and recommendations.
This document analyzes the potential and cost-effectiveness of a 2.5 MW solar photovoltaic power plant to meet the energy demands of a garment zone in Jaipur, India. It estimates the energy demand of the zone to be 2.21 MW and designs an on-site PV plant requiring 13.14 acres of land. It also considers an off-site option due to high land costs. The on-site plant has an IRR of 11.88%, NPV of 119.52 million INR, and payback period of 7.73 years. The off-site plant has higher IRR and NPV, and a shorter payback period. The levelized cost of energy is lower
Innovative strategies for energy optimizationeSAT Journals
Abstract Optimization of energy production systems is a relevant issue that must be considered in order to follow the fossil fuels consumption reduction policies and the CO2 emission regulation. Increasing electricity production from renewable resources (e.g. photovoltaic systems and wind farms) is desirable but its unpredictability is a cause of problems for the main grid stability. The multi-energy system represents an efficient solution, by realizing an interface among renewable energy sources, energy storage systems and conventional power generators. Direct consequences of multi-energy systems are wider energy flexibility and benefits for the electric grid. In this study the performances of a multi-energy system in dynamic regime have been evaluated and a comparison with a conventional system has been performed. The results show how this innovative energetic approach can provide a cost reduction in power supply and energy fees of 40% and 25% respectively and CO2 emission decrease attained around 18%. Furthermore, the multi-energy system taken as case of study has been optimized through the utilization of three different type of energy storage (Pb-Ac batteries, Flywheels and Micro-Caes). Keywords: Multi-Energy System, Cost of Energy, Energy Storage
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Assessment of off-shore wind turbines for application in Saudi Arabia IJECEIAES
This paper presents models and economic analysis of ten different wind turbines for the region of Yanbu, Saudi Arabia using the hybrid optimization models for energy resources (HOMER) software. This study serves as a guide for decision makers to choose the most suitable wind turbine for Yanbu to meet the target of 58.7GW of renewable energy as part of Saudi Vision 2030. The analysis was carried out based on the turbines initial capital cost, operating cost, net present cost (NPC) and the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Additionally, the wind turbines were compared based on their electricity production, excess energy and the size of the storage devices required. The results show that Enercon E-126 EP4 wind turbine has the least LCOE (0.0885 $/kWh) and NPC ($23.8), while WES 30 has the highest LCOE (0.142 $/kWh) and NPC ($38.3) for a typical load profile of a village in Yanbu.
Prediction of the Power Output of Solar Cells Using Neural Networks: Solar Ce...CSCJournals
The prediction of the output power of solar cells in a given place has always been an important factor in planning the installation of solar cell panels, and guiding electrical companies to control, manage and distribute the energy into their electricity networks properly. The production of the electricity sector in Palestine using solar cells is a promising sector; this paper proposes a model which is used to predict future output power values of solar cells, which provides individuals and companies with future information, so they can organize their activities. We aim to create a model that able to connect time, place, and the relations between randomly distributed solar energy units. The system analyzes collected data from units through solar cells distributed in different places in Palestine. Multilayer Feed-Forward with Backpropagation Neural Networks (MFFNNBP) is used to predict the power output of the solar cells in different places in Palestine. The model depends on predicting the future produce of the power output of solar cell depending on the real power output of the previous values. The data used in this paper depends on data collection of one day, month, and year. Finally, this proposed model conduct a systematic process with the aim of determining the most suitable places for an installation solar cell panel in different places in Palestine.
Prediction of the Power Output of Solar Cells Using Neural Networks: Solar Ce...
Similar to Overview about GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for micro hydropower plant site suitability in South Ogan Komering Ulu District, South Sumatera, Indonesia
Geological aspect analysis for micro hydro power plant site selection based ...IJECEIAES
Geological characters analysis is essential for micro hydropower plant (MHP) development planning. This paper presents an analysis of the geological aspect to determine the layout of MHP components based on remote sensing data as part of a solution to addressing power shortages in Sungai Are District, South Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatra Province. Remote sensing and topographic map were extracted to identify the potential site. The topographic map and geological analysis were used to calculate the potential of electrical energy and the geological hazard risk, particularly floods and landslides. The results of the study identified four potential sites. Site 1 (Luas River, Ulu Danau Village) and site 3 (Putih River, Gintung Village) are suitable for MHP with a low cost of construction. Site 2 (Pecah Pinggan Village) and site 4 (Simpang Luas Village) are prone to flooding and landslides that makes it suitable for MHP but with a high cost of construction. Based on the geological aspect analysis, it is possible to optimize the hydropower capacity, by adding the volume of water flow from several nearby tributaries channeled into the hydropower flow system through civil construction engineering or by making a cascade design on the tailrace water flow
Comparison of Ordinary Least Square Regression and Geographically Weighted Re...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
The document compares the use of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and geographically weighted regression (GWR) to model and estimate electricity distribution patterns using land use and demographic data. OLS regression provided moderately good results with an R2 value of 31.9% but showed spatial autocorrelation. GWR accounted for spatial non-stationarity and provided better results with an R2 of 51.65%. GWR also had a lower Akaike information criterion score, indicating it was a better model. The study area of Manali, India was classified into land use types from satellite imagery and population growth was also considered. GWR was found to provide a more effective model for estimating patterns of low tension electricity distribution networks
An integrated multiple layer perceptron-genetic algorithm decision support sy...IJECEIAES
There is a need for non-renewable energy sources in generation of power for almost every domestic and commercial purposes. This source of energy helps in the development of a country. Because of the increasing usage of the fossil fuels and depletion of these resources, our focus has been shifted towards the renewable sources of energy like solar, water and wind. Therefore, in the present scenario, the usage of renewable sources has been increasing rapidly. Selection of a solar power plant (SPP) requires environmental factor, local terrain, and local weather issues. Thus, a large amount of investment is required for installation. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is a method that identifies one in choosing the best sites among the other proposed options. This paper gives a detailed study of optimal ranking of SPP site using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), multiple layer perceptron (MLP) neural network trained with back propagation (BP) algorithm and genetic algorithm (GA). Three SPP sites of India were considered and various important criteria like local weather, geographical location, and environmental factors are included in our study as SPP site selection is a multi-criteria problem. A precise comparison of these three methods is listed in this paper.
Remote sensing and geographic information systems technics for spatial-based...IJECEIAES
Indonesia's land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) is a global concern. The relocation plan of the capital city of Indonesia to East Kalimantan will be becoming an environmental issue. Knowing the latest land cover change modeling and prediction research is essential for fundamental knowledge in spatial planning and policies for regional development. Five articles related to integrated technology of geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing for spatial modeling were reviewed and compared using nine variables: title, journal (ranks), keywords, objectives, data sources, variables, location, method, and main findings. The results show that the variables that significantly affect LULCC are height, slope, distance from the road, and distance from the built-up area. The artificial neural network-based cellular automata (ANN-CA) method could be the best approach to model the LULCC. Furthermore, by the current availability of global multi-temporal and multi-sensor remote sensing data, the LULCC modeling study can be limitless.
Delineation of irrigation infrastructural, potential and land useIAEME Publication
This study assessed irrigation infrastructure in Muzaffarnagar district, India using satellite imagery. The main canals are Tikri Branch, Nirpura Branch, and Kurthal Branch, with several minor canals branching off. Satellite imagery was used to measure canal lengths and compare to official data. Most canal lengths matched well, but Gadidbra minor was found to be shorter than officially reported. Irrigation potentials were also estimated and found to match closely with official data, except for Gadidbra minor which had lower potential than expected due to its shorter length. Land use/land cover of the study area was classified, finding agricultural land covers 48.64% of the total area.
Micropower system optimization for the telecommunication towers based on var...IJECEIAES
This study investigates the technical and cost-effective performance of options renewable energy sources to develop a green off-grid telecommunication tower to replace diesel generators in Malaysia. For this purpose, the solar, wind, pico-hydro energy, along with diesel generators, were examined to compare. In addition, the modeling of hybrid powering systems was conducted using hybrid optimization model for energy (HOMER) simulation based on techno-economic analysis to determine the optimal economically feasible system. The optimization findings showed that the hybrid high-efficiency fixed photovoltaic (PV) system with battery followed by 2 kW pico-hydropower and battery are the optimal configurations for powering off-grid telecommunication towers in Malaysia with the lowest net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). These costs of NPC and COE are more down than diesel generator costs with battery by 17.45%, 16.45%, 15.9%, and 15.5%, respectively. Furthermore, the economic evaluation of the high-efficiency solar fixed PV panels system annual cash flow compared to the diesel generator with the battery system indicated a ten-year payback period.
Muhammad Zeeshan conducted research on determining suitable sites for solar and wind energy farms in Pakistan using a combination of GIS and AHP. He developed a comprehensive three scenario framework to assess suitability for 1) utility-scale solar PV farms, 2) utility-scale wind farms, and 3) small-scale solar farms in remote areas. For each scenario, he selected critical criteria from climate, technical, geographical and location factors. He collected and processed spatial data layers for the criteria, applied exclusions and restrictions, used AHP to determine criteria weights, conducted a weighted overlay analysis in GIS, and generated final suitability maps showing optimal sites. The research aims to help accelerate renewable energy development and expand electricity access in Pakistan
Local development applied to the energy scheme using the geographic informat...IJECEIAES
The availability of endogenous energy resources in the province of Manabí can play an important role in achieving a diverse and sustainable territorial energy matrix. This research work shows the results of the project called geographic information system for sustainable development through the use of renewable energy sources. For the management of the project database, the geographic information system was used, and the information analysis took into account the works published in the main international databases on the use of renewable sources, planning energy, decision-making, and local development. The work allows revealing the energy potential that the territory of Manabí has in terms of the availability of renewable energy sources using the geographic information system, which can help in the decision-making process that contributes to the achievement of a diverse and sustainable territorial energy matrix.
Land use/land cover classification using machine learning modelsIJECEIAES
An ensemble model has been proposed in this work by combining the extreme gradient boosting classification (XGBoost) model with support vector machine (SVM) for land use and land cover classification (LULCC). We have used the multispectral Landsat-8 operational land imager sensor (OLI) data with six spectral bands in the electromagnetic spectrum (EM). The area of study is the administrative boundary of the twin cities of Odisha. Data collected in 2020 is classified into seven land use classes/labels: river, canal, pond, forest, urban, agricultural land, and sand. Comparative assessments of the results of ten machine learning models are accomplished by computing the overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, producer accuracy and user accuracy. An ensemble classifier model makes the classification more precise than the other state-of-the-art machine learning classifiers.
Delineation of Groundwater Recharge Potential Zones Using Geo- Spatial TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document describes a study that used geospatial techniques to delineate groundwater recharge potential zones in a 120 square kilometer watershed area in Pune district, Maharashtra, India. The researchers created thematic layers for geomorphology, soil, land use/land cover, slope, drainage density and rainfall from satellite imagery and topographic maps. These layers were assigned weights and ranks based on their influence on groundwater occurrence and movement. A multi-criteria analysis was performed in GIS to integrate the thematic layers and generate a map showing zones of good, moderate and poor groundwater recharge potential. The results were verified against field conditions and it was concluded that the geospatial approach provided an efficient, low-cost
Energy demand forecasting of remote areas using linear regression and inverse...IJECEIAES
Efficient energy demand forecasting is pivotal for addressing energy challenges in remote areas of Bangladesh, where reliable access to energy resources remains a concern. This study proposes an innovative approach that combines linear regression analysis (LRA) and inverse matrix calculation (IMC) to forecast energy demand accurately in these underserved regions. By leveraging historical energy consumption data and pertinent predictors, such as meteorological conditions, population dynamics, economic indicators, and seasonal patterns, the model provides reliable forecasts. The application of the proposed methodology is demonstrated through a case study focused on remote regions of Bangladesh. The results showcase the approach's effectiveness in capturing the intricate dynamics of energy demand and its potential to inform sustainable energy management strategies in these remote areas. This research contributes to the advancement of energy planning and resource allocation in regions facing energy scarcity, fostering a path towards improved energy efficiency and development. These techniques can be applied to estimate short-term electricity demand for any rural or isolated region worldwide.
Performance Analysis of Autonomous Hybrid Distributed Generation Based on Typ...ijtsrd
It is undeniable fact that even though fossil fuels are likely more to fulfill the requirements of energy, the rare of natural resources and their harmful contents for the environment have directed people to search for new energy sources like renewable resources such as hydropower, biomass, wind, solar and other types of clean energy. In order to highlight the proposed methodology, PV Diesel generator DG with battery energy system BESS based on two typical control strategies, load following LF control strategy and cycle charging CC control strategy, have been analyzed by using HOMER Software to supply the Makyiyay village which is located at 22.02 north latitude and 96.56 east longitude in the Naungkhyo Township, Southern Shan State in Myanmar. The yearly average solar radiation of that area is 4.895kWh m2 day and it is very important to prepare a proper load data to meet the current situation of the target village which has 45 household numbers. By calculating the total load demand, the peak demand of that proposed village is 34kW. The fractions of energy production from PV array and diesel generator of the proposed PV Diesel BESS hybrid system using LF control strategy are 60 and 40 to meet the demand. Moreover, the proposed hybrid system based on LF control strategy provides the lowest TNPC, COE and carbon emission than the hybrid system based on CC control strategy according to the evaluation results. In contrast, the analysis of evaluation results shows that the PV Diesel ESS based on LF control choice is more economically possible than that system based on CC control. Phyu Phyu Win | Zin Mar "Performance Analysis of Autonomous Hybrid Distributed Generation Based on Typical Control Strategies for Rural Electrification in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26695.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26695/performance-analysis-of-autonomous-hybrid-distributed-generation-based-on-typical-control-strategies-for-rural-electrification-in-myanmar/phyu-phyu-win
Geographical information systems based site selection methodology for renewa...IJECEIAES
Renewable energy is the key term for the energy industry sector in the world recently. Palestinian territories (PT) have good potential for multiple renewable energy applications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential sites for solar photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar power systems, and wind farms in the West Bank (WB). The study was derived from geographical information systems (GIS) and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). The criteria for each application were identified and weighted according to the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). All the resulting layers were multiplied to produce the final suitability map for each application. The results of the study depend on two scenarios, In the first scenario, where area C is included, the areas classified as highly suitable for photovoltaic (PV), concentrated solar power (CSP), and wind turbines are between 14.27 and 7.56 km2 . The second scenario is excluding area C, the highly suitable areas were between 4.1 to 2.47 km2
IRJET - Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Hard Rock Terrain A...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that used geospatial and geophysical techniques to delineate groundwater potential zones in the hard rock terrain of Mahrauni block, Lalitpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Thematic layers like slope, lineaments, hydrogeomorphology, overburden thickness, weathered zone thickness and depth to hard rock were generated using remote sensing, geophysical vertical electrical sounding, and GIS analysis. These layers were weighted and overlaid to classify the study area into very good, good, moderate and poor potential zones. The generated groundwater potential map agreed with field observations of well yields, demonstrating the capability of the integrated approach for groundwater exploration.
Use of Geographic Information Systems to Build and Management a Geometric Net...ijtsrd
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Overview about GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for micro hydropower plant site suitability in South Ogan Komering Ulu District, South Sumatera, Indonesia
1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 10, No. 2, April 2021, pp. 1024~1034
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v10i2.2770 1024
Journal homepage: http://beei.org
Overview about GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for micro
hydropower plant site suitability in South Ogan Komering Ulu
District, South Sumatera, Indonesia
Wawan Hendriawan Nur1
, Yuliana2
, Yuliana Susilowati3
, Yugo Kumoro4
, Yunarto5
1,3,4,5
Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Intitute of Sciences
Komplek LIPI Sangkuring Gedung 80, Bandung 40135, West Java, Indonesia.
2
Regional Development Planning Agency and Research Development of South OKU
Pelangki, Muaradua, Kabupaten OKU Selatan, 32211, South Sumatera, Indonesia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Sep 31, 2020
Revised Nov 25, 2020
Accepted Dec 18, 2020
Morphology in South OKU District is the potential of an MHPP. This
potential has not been fully utilized, although many un-electrified villages in
several remote areas. Identification planning for MHPP is the most critical
planning task and requires multi-criteria spatial analysis. GIS and multi-
criteria analysis have played an essential role in analyzing suitable locations
for MHPP development and consist of detailed investigations of ongoing
sites and suitability for specific planning. This research aims to overview
GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for MHPP site suitability based on
electricity demands. The most critical data and criteria to decide the best site
suitability are un-electrified villages, rivers, land use, slope, landslide
vulnerability, and elevation. All of the data were generated into the raster
data format. Quantitative modeling used AHP as a multi-criteria analysis
method, and a weighted score is determined by considering the comparison
of each criterion. Finally, the criterion layer was calculated by open-source
QGIS to create a site suitability map. The field study verified the resulting
map, and there is a match between the preferred locations and the field
survey. The research results preferred Sungai Are, Sindang Danau, and
Kisam Tinggi Sub-district as the best suitability for MHPP development.
Keywords:
Analysis site suitability
Multi-criteria spatial analysis
Spatial analysis MHPP
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Wawan Hendriawan Nur
Research Center for Geotechnology
Indonesian Intitute of Sciences
Komplek LIPI Sangkuring Gedung 80, Bandung 40135, Indonesia
Email: wawa018@lipi.co.id
1. INTRODUCTION
Hydropower is the largest renewable resource used to meet Indonesia's electricity needs, followed
by geothermal, solar, wind, and biomass [1]. Hydropower is hydraulic energy that is extracted by the amount
of water falling at the velocity to drive a turbine [2]. The categories of hydropower based on the generating
capacity is small hydropower plants (SHP) between 2 and 10 MW, mini-hydro power (MHP) between 1 and
2 MW, and micro hydropower (MHPP) between 5 and 1000 kW, and pico-hydro (PHPP) to 5 kW [3].
South OKU District is located in South Sumatera Province, geographically in the Bukit Barisan
system with the hilly and mountainous areas. Morphological of hills and mountains, waterfalls, large and
steep rivers are suitable locations for MHPP development. This potential has not been fully utilized, even
though many un-electrified villages are in several remote areas [4-6]. The terrain of hills and mountains is an
2. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Overview about GIS multi-criteria spatial analysis for micro hydropower… (Wawan Hendriawan Nur)
1025
obstacle for the State Electricity Company (PLN) in distributing electricity for that area [7]. Currently, the
limited people in un-electrified villages not supplied by PLN use traditional turbines to meet the electricity
needs.
On the other hand, the need for electricity for households, small industries, education, and other
activities is high. For example, as one of South Sumatera's largest coffee producers, South OKU District
needs electricity to support coffee industries. The coffee industry can increase the economic sector for
communities and also increase the regional income. The availability of electricity will significantly raise the
economy, standard quality of life, industry, and agriculture [7-11]. Therefore, the potential of hydropower for
electricity in South OKU is needed to be explored further.
Morphology in South OKU District is the potential of a micro hydropower plant (MHPP) as an
alternative power source. In rural regions, hydropower is one of the best alternatives with low cost and easy
maintenance. It is also clean, environment-friendly, and can be used as future energy sources [11-15]. In
practice, MHPP development is a tough activity and has many factors to be considered. Identifying a suitable
site for MHPP development is one of the most critical planning tasks which requires multi-criteria analysis
[9, 16]. Site suitability is important to understand existing potential locations for MHPP development and
determine appropriate activity. The site suitability analysis method consists of a detailed investigation of the
land cover and the site's ongoing process [17-20]. Geographical information systems (GIS) and multi-criteria
analysis have played an essential role in a site analysis of potential renewable energy resources that consider
environmental sustainability [21-28].
Prior studies have used GIS multi-criteria analysis site suitability for hydropower plants and applied
GIS to calculate the potency of hydropower from DEM (digital elevation model) data [8, 27, 29-34].
However, the previous studies only concern the potency of hydropower in a region but less considered
electricity demands. Therefore, this study aims to overview GIS multi-criteria analysis for MHPP site
suitability based on South OKU electricity demands. This study will obtain site suitability for MHPP
development map as an initial overview of MHPP development in South OKU. By considering electricity
demands, the potency of hydropower in South OKU is expected to be optimally utilized.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Study area
Geographically, the South Ogan Komering Ulu District located 103o
22’-104o
21’ East longitude and
04o
14’-04o
55’ South latitude, has an area of 5493.94 Km2
[6]. The topography of South OKU District is
mostly highlands of hills and mountains. The altitude ranges from 45 to 1.643 meters above sea level (masl),
as shown in Figure 1. Two major rivers flow the Selabung river and the Saka river, which flow into the
Komering River. Also, there are 20 rivers and other tributaries scattered throughout the South OKU District.
Figure 1. The boundary administration of South OKU District [6]
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2.2. Research method
The research method is a literature study, data collection, data processing, relevant attributes
selection, classification and weighting attributes using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), weighted
attributes calculation using GIS, and field study map verification, see Figure 2. A literature study examines
theory and methods in the discussed problems. A literature study was carried out in the site suitability to
determine the criteria and attributes that affect MHPP development. Data collection includes un-electrified
villages data from Bappeda of South OKU District, river map from Geospatial Information Agency,
topographic map from Geospatial Information Agency, SRTM (the shuttle radar topography mission) 30 M
from USGS, land use from Geospatial Information Agency, and landslide vulnerability map from Regional
Development Planning Agency of South OKU District. Data processing results in thematic maps from the
collected data, including un-electrified villages map, main river map, elevation map, slope map, land use
map, and landslide vulnerability map. All processed data were converted to raster format because of it is
easier and more accurate than the vector format [35].
Relevant attributes were selected based on literature [4, 16, 27, 29-34, 36] and expert knowledge.
Relevant attributes consisted of six criteria for site suitability analysis such as un-electrified villages, distance
from main river, land use, slope, landslide vulnerability, and elevation. All selected attributes were
represented in a map with raster format. Classification and weighting attributes use the analytical hierarchy
process (AHP) as a multi-criteria analysis method. AHP was implemented using pairwise comparison to
weight each attribute. In pairwise comparison, three stages in pairwise comparison are to create a matrix for
each attribute, to set weighting, and to validate weighting for getting consistency ratio (CR) [27, 37-39]. The
weighted attributes were added to the raster layer for each criterion, and then calculated using GIS as the
most effective tool for analyzing decision support systems' geospatial information.
Moreover, GIS can be used to model and calculate a set of criteria using geodatabase and spatial
analysis to produce an output map [40-43]. The spatial analysis applied in QGIS as one of the leading open-
source GIS software [42]. The output of this stage is site suitability for MHPP development map. Then, in the
final stage, a field survey was carried out to verify the output map.
Figure 2. Research method
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2.3. AHP (analytical hierarchy process) method
The quantitative spatial analysis used AHP to weight attributes by considering each criterion's
comparison. Each criterion is grouped into sub-criteria based on their weight value [44, 45]. Different scores
are assigned to each criterion to develop a comparison matrix. These scores represent ratings of preference
into appropriate numerical ratios for pairwise comparison. A preference scale between 1 and 9 applied to
assess relative preference for any of the two criteria arranged into a matrix [46]. A comparison for each
criterion using a numerical scale indicates important or dominant to another criterion. The lowest scale value
is one which mean as equal important, and the highest scale value is nine as the extremely importance as
shown in Table 1. Weight based on an inverse comparison matrix of the scores for each column based (1):
wi =
xi
Σxn
(1)
Where,
Wi = Weight for each criterion
Xi = Sum of scores for each criterion in the inverse matrix
Xn = Sum of all scores obtained for each criterion
Table 1. Pairwise comparison weighting scale
Importance of intensity Description Suitability class
1 Equal importance Lowest suitability
2 Equal to moderate importance Very low suitability
3 Moderate importance Low suitability
4 Moderate to strong importance Moderate low suitability
5 Strong importance Moderate suitability
6 Strong to very strong importance Moderate high suitability
7 Very strong importance High suitability
8 Strong importance Very high suitability
9 Extremely importance Highest suitability
2.4. Classification and weighting criteria and sub-criteria using the AHP
In this study, six criteria were used in the multi-criteria site suitability analysis, such as un-
electrified villages, distance from the main river, land use, slope, landslide vulnerability, and elevation. The
pairwise comparison method was used to classify and weight the criteria that contribute to site suitability
analysis. A comparison of each criterion based on literature studies and expert knowledge was created in a
matrix. Table 2 shows the results of the pairwise comparison value of each criterion weight.
Table 2. Weight the criterion for multi-criteria site suitability
Criteria Pairwise Comparison Weight
I II III IV V VI
I 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 0.35
II 0.50 1.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 0.24
III 0.33 0.50 1.00 2.00 2.00 4.00 0.16
IV 0.25 0.33 0.50 1.00 2.00 3.00 0.11
V 0.33 0.33 0.50 0.50 1.00 3.00 0.09
VI 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.33 0.33 1.00 0.05
Note: I=Un-electrified villages; II= Distance from main river; III=Land use;
IV=Slope; V=Landslide vulnerability; VI=Elevation
The normalized eigenvalues corresponding eigenvectors were calculated to obtain CR value. This
CR value was used to check weight consistency due to weighted subjectivity in the AHP. The weighting
value is valid if the CR value below 0.1 or 10% [38, 46]. The CR value of this work is approximately 0.04 or
4%, so the weighting value is consistent
Each criterion was classified into three classes called sub-criteria, such as low, medium, high. Each
class has its value, which is showing its effect on site suitability analysis. With the same step, the pairwise
comparison method was used to classify and weight the sub-criteria that contribute to site suitability analysis.
A comparison of each class based on literature studies and expert knowledge was created in a matrix. Table 3
shows the results of the value that associated weights to each sub-criteria.
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Table 3. Weight the sub-criteria for multi-criteria site suitability
Criteria Sub-criteria weight
Low Medium High
I 0.11 0.26 0.63
II 0.09 0.24 0.67
III 0.13 0.28 0.58
IV 0.11 0.26 0.63
V 0.12 0.32 0.56
VI 0.10 0.31 0.59
Note: I=Un-electrified villages; II= Distance
from main river; III=Land use; IV=Slope;
V=Landslide vulnerability; VI=Elevation
The normalized eigenvalues that correspond to the eigenvectors were calculated to get the CR value
for each sub-criteria. The results of the CR Value for each sub-criterion: (I) 0.033, (II) 0.006, (III) -0,325,
(IV) 0.033, (V) -0.197, (VI) -0.110. Because of all CR value is below 10%, the assigned weighting is valid.
Furthermore, the criteria and sub-criteria attributes weighted added to the raster layer for further GIS site
suitability calculation. QGIS was used to calculate the raster layer and produce a site suitability map for
MHPP development.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Un-electrified villages
Un-electrified villages are essential to represent electricity demand in the South OKU District. In
this study, electricity demands are the most important factor in multi-criteria site suitability analysis, which
differs from the prior study [29, 30, 32]. The site suitability for MHPP development in OKU Selatan is
focused on electricity demands in a specific area. According to data from the Regional Development
Planning Agency and Central Bureau of Statistics South OKU, the un-electrified villages in South OKU are
shown in Figure 3 [6]. Based on these data, these criteria are divided into three classes, including low
indicates that less than two un-electrified villages in Sub-district, medium indicate that two to four un-
electrified villages in sub-district and high indicate that more than four un-electrified villages in sub-district.
The classes' weight for un-electrified villages is shown in Table 3 and represented in the un-electrified
villages map shown in Figure 3.
3.2. Distance from main river
A river is a natural flow of water bodies flowing from upstream in the mountains to downstream
(estuaries). Streamflow from the river is the main criterion for hydropower [8, 12, 16, 33, 36, 47]. In South
OKU, the upper part of the river valley is steep, while in the middle and downstream, the valley is relatively
flat and wide. The water flow in the main river of South OKU has good flow, so it is assumed almost in the
main river is potential for MHPP development. Almost the rivers in OKU Selatan are possible for
hydropower because most of the landscape shows the topography of hills and mountains, which are flowed
by many young permanent rivers, flow relatively fast-flowing water a reasonably large stream gradient. The
permanent river has the potential for hydroelectric power, where the water discharge will be relatively
maintained even though the dry season [7]. The distance from main river criteria divided into three classes,
including low indicates more than 1500 M distance from the main river, medium suggests more than 1000 M
from the main river, and high mean less than 500 M distance from the main river. These classes have
weighted using AHP shown in Table 3 and represented in the distance from the main river map in Figure 4.
3.3. Land use
Land use is a land function by human-made, such as forest, plantations, settlement, agriculture, or
other human-made. Land use patterns have hydrological implications in the catchment area. Besides,
constructing a hydropower plant in each river or stream will directly impact land-use patterns [16, 27, 48].
Land use divided into three classes, such as low: waterbody, lakes, rice field, settlement, and open field;
medium: plantation, dryland farming, agriculture, and savanna; high: primary forest, secondary forest, and
shrubs. These classes have weighted using AHP, see Table 3, and represented in the weight land use map in
Figure 5.
3.4. Slope
In the context of multi-criteria analysis for MHPP development, slope needs more attention [16, 27,
29-34, 49]. The topography of South OKU is in the mountain range system, which stretches northwest of the
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southeast, indicated by a very tight contour of height on the topographic map. Volcanic rocks generally form
the morphology in the region. The slope in the mountain of South OKU ranges from 45o
to 60o
. The directed
slopes are formed by volcanic rock; most of the slopes are quite steep. The slope map is made from 30 meters
of SRTM data and is classified in to three classes, including low for 0 to 8%, medium for 8 to 25%, and high
for more than 25%. Using AHP quantitative method showed weight for slope classes in Table 3 and
represented in the weight slope map in Figure 6.
3.5. Landslide vulnerability
In the development of MHPP, disaster factors should be strict attention [16]. The reason is that the
sustainability MHPP project is closely related to disasters. The landslide vulnerability map shows the level of
vulnerability of landslides of a specific area. In areas that have a high vulnerability index, the priority for
MHPP development will be lower. These criteria are divided into three classes, including low for low
landslide index, medium for medium landslide index, high for high landslide index. The weight for landslide
vulnerability classes shown in Table 3 and represented in the weight of the landslide map in Figure 7.
3.6. Elevation
The elevation is also taken into account in spatial analysis for the MHPP development. Areas in the
highlands are more potential for MHPP development [16, 31, 34]. Elevation containing information on the
height in meter, based on this map can be calculated and estimated the magnitude of the slope angle, the
gradient of the river, river density, the difference in slope and runway of an area, all of which plays an
important role in estimating surface water availability, the amount of speed streamflow in the river. In this
work, the elevation map was created from 30 M SRTM data. This elevation has divided into three classes,
including low for less than 250 M, medium for 250 to 500 M, high for more than 500 M. Using AHP
quantitative method showed weight elevation classes in Table 3 and represented in the weight elevation map
in Figure 8.
Figure 3. Weight of un-electrified map Figure 4. Weight of river distance map
Figure 5. Weight of land use map Figure 6. Weight of slope map
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Figure 7. Weight of landslide map Figure 8. Weight of elevation map
After all the weights are represented in the raster layer, the spatial analysis performed using QGIS.
Each criterion and class (sub-criteria) calculated using a raster calculator based on (1). The result is a site
suitability map that shows the preferred site for MHP development in the South OKU District as shown in
Figure 9. This map is a preliminary study that shows the global overview where the MHPP development
needs to be detailed.
The map shows that the best site for the MHPP development in South OKU District is Kisam
Tinggi, Muaradua Kisam, Sungai Are, Sindang Danau, Pulau Beringin, Warkuk Ranau Selatan Sub-district.
The high index value of this Sub-district because of several characteristics:
− The electricity need is high, because of many un-electrified villages in this sub-district. And in this study,
electricity need is an important factor for site suitability MHPP development.
− The high elevation causes upstream rivers are steep and narrow have strong flows and high slopes as the
potential for MHPP development.
− The area's topography is a hilly area associated with steep valleys, and fast river flows with high elevation
values compared to other sub-districts play an important role in estimating the amount of surface water
availability and flow velocity.
− Land use is dominated by closed areas that have green vegetation. This land use is very good for water
catchment areas to collect water so that the river flow in the area is maintained for a long period.
Figure 9. Site suitability map for MHPP development
Prior research on GIS multi-criteria analysis site suitability for hydropower development pays more
attention to water resources' potential factors to determine the preferred location for MHPP development [16,
29-33]. Unlike a prior study, this study gives more attention to the electricity demand factor for MHHP
development in South OKU. The arguments why the electricity need is the main factor in MHPP
development in this study are:
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− Geographically of South OKU in the Bukit Barisan system is hilly and mountainous areas are suitable for
MHPP development. Almost all the sub-district areas have hills and mountains, waterfalls, large and steep
rivers. These conditions have a consequence; almost sub-district areas have the same potential for MHPP
development.
− Almost the rivers in South OKU are possible for hydropower because most of the landscape shows the
topography of hills and mountains, which are flowed by many young permanent rivers, flow relatively
fast-flowing water a reasonably large stream gradient.
− To get a balance between electricity supply and demand in South OKU. By considering the balance of
electricity supply and needs, hydropower's potency in South OKU is expected to be optimally utilized.
3.7. Field survey
Furthermore, to verify the site suitability map, a field survey was done to see the suitability of the
site suitability map with real conditions in the field. The field survey focused on several sub-districts with a
high location suitability index and sub-districts with a low suitability index. The field survey has been done
for water flow discharge measurements, head, catchment area, calculation of power capacity, and
powerhouse and waterways estimation. During both the rainy and dry seasons, the field survey was done to
obtain the minimum and maximum flow discharge.
The results of the field survey, it was found several potential location points for MHPP development
in South OKU. The potential of MHPP is spread across several sub-districts in South OKU. The potential
location for MHPP development from the field study is Sungai Are, Sindang Danau, Pulau Beringin, Kisam
Tinggi, Buay Pemaca, and Banding Agung Sub-district, as shown in Figure 10. And the data for hydropower
potential capacity is shown in Table 4. Compared to the output of the GIS multi-criteria analysis map, see
Figure 9. There is a correlation between the suggested areas from analysis and the potential for MHHP
development according to field studies such as Kisam Tinggi, Sungai Are, and Sindang Danau Sub-district.
Verification of site suitability map from GIS and field study confirms this study is convincing, indicated by a
match between the preferred locations and the field survey.
Figure 10. MHPP Survey in South OKU
Table 4. Hydropower capacity potential
No Potential capacity
1 1.4 Mw
2 147 Kw
3 1.4 Mw
4 1.05 Mw
5 4.9 Mw
6 58.8 Kw
7 3.20 Mw
8 4.8 Mw
9 2.2 Mw
*Calculations using maximum
flow discharge
4. CONCLUSION
GIS multi-criteria analysis for the MHHP development in South OKU gives more attention to the
electricity demands factor as a novelty in the proposed method. In this method, six criteria are used: un-
electrified villages, distance from the main river, land use, slope, landslide vulnerability index, and elevation.
The GIS calculation results are site suitability map for MHPP development with preferred areas such as
Kisam Tinggi, Muaradua Kisam, Sungai Are, Sindang Danau, Pulau Beringin, Warkuk Ranau Selatan Sub-
district. The potential location for MHPP development from filed study are Sungai Are, Sindang Danau,
Pulau Beringin, Kisam Tinggi, Buay Pemaca, and Banding Agung Sub-district. Compared to the output map,
there is a correlation between the suggested areas for MHHP development and the best potential for MHHP
development according to field studies: Kisam Tinggi, Sungai Are, and Sindang Danau Sub-district of site
suitability map from GIS and field study confirms this study is convincing, indicated by a match between the
preferred locations and the field survey. The results of this proposed method can be a guideline for more
detailed MHPP research in South OKU District and help the field surveys be more focused, lower cost, and
time-effective. The analysis method in this study is expected can be used in the areas of the same
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characteristics as the South OKU District. For future research, the need to detail for potency variables to
result in a more precise map. And a spatial database and a decision support system application are needed to
easily manage the potential MHPP development data in South OKU District
CONTRIBUTORS
All authors have a similar contribution as the main contributor to the article.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are thankful to the Director of Research Center for Geotechnology-Indonesian Institute of
Sciences, and Mr. Marfasran Hendrizan for supporting this research.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Wawan Hendriawan Nur, is working as a researcher in the Research Center for Geotechnology
at Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia. Completed his Masters in Engineering from the
School of Electrical and Informatics Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia.
His research areas include spatial information systems, geographical information systems, and
spatial databases.
Yuliana, is working at the Regional Development Planning Agency and Research Development
of South OKU, Indonesia as the head of research and development. She completed a Bachelor's
degree in urban and regional planning from Diponegoro University, Semarang. Her research
areas include urban and territorial planning.
Yuliana Susilowati, is working as a Researcher in the Research Center for Geotechnology at
Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia. She completed her Ph.D. in 2005 in the field of
Computer Engineering from Electrical Engineering Department of Institute of Technology
Bandung, Indonesia. Her research areas include Digital Image Processing, Remote Sensing, GIS
and Environmental Modeling.
Ir. Yugo Kumoro, is working as a senior researcher in the Research Center for Geotechnology
at Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia. He completed his Bachelor degree for Geological
Engineering, Faculty of Mineral Technology, UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta, Indonesia. His
research areas include geology, geological engineering, and natural hazard.
Yunarto, M.T., is working as a senior researcher in the Research Center for Geotechnology at
Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Indonesia. He completed his Masters in Engineering from the
Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia. His research areas include geology, natural hazard,
vulnerability hazard, and socio-economical hazard.