The document discusses different operating system architectures including monolithic, layered, microkernel, and hybrid. In a monolithic architecture, all OS components are contained within the kernel. Layered architectures group similar functions into layers to improve modularity. Microkernel architectures keep only core functions like IPC and scheduling in the kernel. Hybrid architectures combine aspects of the other architectures, keeping a small isolated microkernel and placing other functions like file management in separate user-space processes. The hybrid approach aims to gain efficiency while maintaining modularity and flexibility.
Data Acquisition and Control System for Real Time Applicationsijsrd.com
This paper proposes an Embedded Ethernet which is nothing but a processor that is capable to communicate with the network. This helps in data acquisition and status monitoring with the help of standard LAN. Currently device with processor is widely used in industrial field. The Embedded Ethernet provides web access to distributed measurement/control systems and provides optimization for instrumentation, educational laboratories and home automation. However, a large number of devices don't have the network interface and the data from them cannot be transmitted in network. A design of ARM Processor based Embedded Ethernet interface is presented. In this design, data can be transmitted transparently through Ethernet interface unit to remote end desktop computer. By typing the IP address of LAN on the ARM9 board, the user gets sensor values on the PC screen at remote station. This provides the status of the devices at remote field. The user can also control the devices interfaced to the ARM9 Board by pressing the button displayed on the GUI of the remote Desktop PC.
Ant colony Optimization: A Solution of Load balancing in Cloud dannyijwest
As the cloud computing is a new style of computing over internet. It has many advantages along with some
crucial issues to be resolved in order to improve reliability of cloud environment. These issues are related
with the load management, fault tolerance and different security issues in cloud environment. In this paper
the main concern is load balancing in cloud computing. The load can be CPU load, memory capacity,
delay or network load. Load balancing is the process of distributing the load among various nodes of a
distributed system to improve both resource utilization and job response time while also avoiding a
situation where some of the nodes are heavily loaded while other nodes are idle or doing very little work.
Load balancing ensures that all the processor in the system or every node in the network does
approximately the equal amount of work at any instant of time. Many methods to resolve this problem has
been came into existence like Particle Swarm Optimization, hash method, genetic algorithms and several
scheduling based algorithms are there. In this paper we are proposing a method based on Ant Colony
optimization to resolve the problem of load balancing in cloud environment.
PROTOTYPE APPLICATION IN ANDROID PLATFORM FOR SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION OF HPC CL...IJITCA Journal
As the number of HPC systems across the globe is booming at a rapid pace.The task of system administration is turning out to be tedious. Using a computer for every petty work can be cumbersome.
In recent times there has been a paradigm shift from PC to mobile on a rapid scale. So a need has risen for such paradigm shift in system administration too. To solve this problem, an android application has been developed which allows the admin to monitor the system statistics remotely using his cell phone
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
What is an operating System Structure?
We want a clear structure to let us apply an operating system to our particular needs because operating systems have complex structures. It is easier to create an operating system in pieces, much as we break down larger issues into smaller, more manageable subproblems. Every segment is also a part of the operating system. Operating system structure can be thought of as the strategy for connecting and incorporating various operating system components within the kernel. Operating systems are implemented using many types of structures, as will be discussed below:
SIMPLE STRUCTURE
It is the most straightforward operating system structure, but it lacks definition and is only appropriate for usage with tiny and restricted systems. Since the interfaces and degrees of functionality in this structure are clearly defined, programs are able to access I/O routines, which may result in unauthorized access to I/O procedures.
Subject: Software Architecture Design
Topic: Distributed Architecture
In this presentation, you will learn about design pattern, softawre architecture, distributed architecture, basis of distributed architecture, why distributed architecture, need of distributed architecture, advantages and disadvantages of DA and much more.
Rate my presentation, It's designed graphically.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Data Acquisition and Control System for Real Time Applicationsijsrd.com
This paper proposes an Embedded Ethernet which is nothing but a processor that is capable to communicate with the network. This helps in data acquisition and status monitoring with the help of standard LAN. Currently device with processor is widely used in industrial field. The Embedded Ethernet provides web access to distributed measurement/control systems and provides optimization for instrumentation, educational laboratories and home automation. However, a large number of devices don't have the network interface and the data from them cannot be transmitted in network. A design of ARM Processor based Embedded Ethernet interface is presented. In this design, data can be transmitted transparently through Ethernet interface unit to remote end desktop computer. By typing the IP address of LAN on the ARM9 board, the user gets sensor values on the PC screen at remote station. This provides the status of the devices at remote field. The user can also control the devices interfaced to the ARM9 Board by pressing the button displayed on the GUI of the remote Desktop PC.
Ant colony Optimization: A Solution of Load balancing in Cloud dannyijwest
As the cloud computing is a new style of computing over internet. It has many advantages along with some
crucial issues to be resolved in order to improve reliability of cloud environment. These issues are related
with the load management, fault tolerance and different security issues in cloud environment. In this paper
the main concern is load balancing in cloud computing. The load can be CPU load, memory capacity,
delay or network load. Load balancing is the process of distributing the load among various nodes of a
distributed system to improve both resource utilization and job response time while also avoiding a
situation where some of the nodes are heavily loaded while other nodes are idle or doing very little work.
Load balancing ensures that all the processor in the system or every node in the network does
approximately the equal amount of work at any instant of time. Many methods to resolve this problem has
been came into existence like Particle Swarm Optimization, hash method, genetic algorithms and several
scheduling based algorithms are there. In this paper we are proposing a method based on Ant Colony
optimization to resolve the problem of load balancing in cloud environment.
PROTOTYPE APPLICATION IN ANDROID PLATFORM FOR SYSTEM ADMINISTRATION OF HPC CL...IJITCA Journal
As the number of HPC systems across the globe is booming at a rapid pace.The task of system administration is turning out to be tedious. Using a computer for every petty work can be cumbersome.
In recent times there has been a paradigm shift from PC to mobile on a rapid scale. So a need has risen for such paradigm shift in system administration too. To solve this problem, an android application has been developed which allows the admin to monitor the system statistics remotely using his cell phone
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
What is an operating System Structure?
We want a clear structure to let us apply an operating system to our particular needs because operating systems have complex structures. It is easier to create an operating system in pieces, much as we break down larger issues into smaller, more manageable subproblems. Every segment is also a part of the operating system. Operating system structure can be thought of as the strategy for connecting and incorporating various operating system components within the kernel. Operating systems are implemented using many types of structures, as will be discussed below:
SIMPLE STRUCTURE
It is the most straightforward operating system structure, but it lacks definition and is only appropriate for usage with tiny and restricted systems. Since the interfaces and degrees of functionality in this structure are clearly defined, programs are able to access I/O routines, which may result in unauthorized access to I/O procedures.
Subject: Software Architecture Design
Topic: Distributed Architecture
In this presentation, you will learn about design pattern, softawre architecture, distributed architecture, basis of distributed architecture, why distributed architecture, need of distributed architecture, advantages and disadvantages of DA and much more.
Rate my presentation, It's designed graphically.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
2. OS Architecture: Introduction
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 2
❖Operating system architectures can be categorized into several
different types based on their design and structure.
❖OS architectures determine how the operating system interacts with
hardware, manages processes, and provides services to user
programs.
3. OS Architecture:
9/20/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 3
❖The architecture of an operating system consists of four major
components:
❖ hardware
❖ kernel
❖ shell
❖ application
4. OS Architecture:
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 4
❖Application: The software that a user is running on an operating
system it can be either system or application software.
❖Shell: The shell represents software that provides an interface for the
user where it serves to launch or start some program for which the
user gives instructions.
❖Kernel: Kernel represents the most central and crucial part of the
operating system:
❖Resource management
❖Provides necessary I/O, processor, and memory to the application
processes
❖Inter-Process Communication, Message Passing
5. Types of OS Architectures:
❖Architectures of operating systems can be of four
types:
❖ Monolithic
❖ Layered
❖ Microkernel, and
❖ Hybrid.
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 5
7. Monolithic Architecture:
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 7
❖ In monolithic architecture, each component of the operating
system is contained in the kernel i.e. it is working in kernel space
❖ The components of the operating system communicate with
each other using function calls.
❖ Examples: OS/360 (IBM-1960’s) VMX (Virtual Machine eXtensions
by Intel) , and LINUX
8. Monolithic Architectures: Advantages
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 8
❖ In a single address space, the entire large process is running.
❖ Provides CPU scheduling, memory management, device
management, etc. through system calls.
❖ It is a single static binary file.
❖ Simple and easy to implement
❖ Faster execution due to direct access to all the services
9. Monolithic Architectures: Drawbacks
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 9
❖ Addition of new features or removal of obsolete features is very
difficult.
❖ All components are inter-dependent and when one of them fails
the entire system fails.
❖ Security issues are always there because there is no isolation
among various components present in the kernel.
10. Layered Architectures:
9/21/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 10
❖This is an important architecture of operating system which is
meant to overcome the disadvantages of early monolithic
systems.
❖ In this approach, OS is split into various layers such that all the
layers perform different functionalities.
12. Layered Architectures:
9/21/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 12
❖ In Layered architecture, components with similar functionalities are grouped
to form a layer.
❖ A total n+1 layers are constructed and counted from 0 to n where each layer
has a different set of functionalities and services.
❖ Example: The operating systems windows XP, and LINUX implements some
level of layering.
❖ The layers are implemented according to the following rules:
❖ Each layer can communicate with all of its lower layers but not with its
upper layer i.e. any ith layer can communicate with all layers from 0 to i-1
but not with the i+1th layer.
❖ Each layer is designed in such a way that it will only need the
functionalities which are present in itself or the layers below it.
13. Layered Architectures:
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 13
1. Hardware:
This layer is the lowest layer in the layered operating system architecture, this
layer is responsible for the coordination with peripheral devices such
as keyboards, mice, scanners etc.
2. CPU scheduling:
✓ This layer is responsible for process scheduling, multiple queues are used for
scheduling.
✓ Process entering the system are kept in the job queue while those which are
ready to be executed are put into the ready queue.
14. Layered Architectures: Advantages
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 14
3. Memory Management: This layer handles the aspect of memory
management i.e. moving the processes from the secondary to primary memory
for execution and vice-versa.
There are memories like RAM and ROM. RAM is the memory where our processes
run. They are moved to the RAM for execution and when they exit they are
removed from RAM.
4. Process Management: This layer is responsible for managing the various
processes i.e. assigning the CPU to those processes on a priority basis for their
execution. Process management uses many scheduling algorithms for prioritizing
the processes for execution such as the Round-Robin algorithm, FCFS(First Come
First Serve), SJF(Shortest Job First), etc.
15. Layered Architectures: Advantages
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 15
5. I/O Buffer: Buffering is the temporary storage of data and I/O Buffer means
that the data input is first buffered before storing it in the secondary memory. All
I/O devices have buffers attached to them for the temporary storage of the input
data because it cannot be stored directly in the secondary storage as the speed
of the I/O devices is slow as compared to the processor.
6. User Programs: This is the application layer of the layered architecture of the
operating system, it deals with all the application programs running eg games,
browsers, words, etc. It is the highest layer of layered architecture.
16. Layered Architectures: Advantages
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 16
1. Layered architecture of the operating system provides modularity
2. Easier testing and debugging due to isolation among the layers.
3. Changing or updating one of OS components will not affect the other
component (easy to debug and update)
4. Dysfunction of one layer will not affect the entire operating system
5. Adding new functionalities or removing the obsolete ones is very easy.
6. The user can access the services of the hardware layer but cannot access the
hardware layer itself because it is the innermost layer. (Security)
17. Layered Architectures: Drawbacks
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 17
1. Layered architecture is complex in implementation because one layer may
use the services of the other layer and therefore, the layer using the services
of another layer must be put below the other one. (Design Complexity)
2. In a layered architecture, if one layer wants to communicate with another it
has to send a request which goes through all layers in between which
increases response time causing inefficiency in the system. (Delays)
18. Micro-Kernel Architecture
❖ The basic ideology in this architecture is to keep the kernel as small as
possible.
❖ Kernel is meant for handling the most important services only.
❖ In microkernel architecture, only the most important services are put
inside the kernel and rest of the OS service are present in the system
application program.
❖ Microkernel is solely responsible for the three most important services
of operating system namely:
❖ Inter-Process communication
❖ Memory management
❖ CPU scheduling
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 18
19. Micro-Kernel Architecture
❖ In a microkernel architecture, the core of the operating system is
minimal, containing only essential services such as process
management, memory management, and inter-process
communication.
❖ Additional services like file systems and device drivers run as separate
user-space processes rather than within the kernel.
❖ The processes inside the kernel have relatively high priority
❖ The components possess high modularity hence even if one or more
components fail the operating system keeps on working.
❖ Eg: WindowsXP, Linux
9/21/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 19
21. Micro-Kernel Architecture: Advantages
1. Microkernel operating systems are modular. Hence, disturbing
one of the components will not affect the other component.
2. The architecture is compact and isolated and hence relatively
efficient.
3. New features can be added without recompilation.
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 21
22. Micro-Kernel Architecture: Drawbacks
1. Microkernel architectures aim to reduce kernel complexity by
moving services to user space, but they introduce complexity
in managing multiple user-level components.
2. Because services and drivers run in user space rather than
kernel space, communication between them often involves
context switches and inter-process communication (IPC).
3. Real-time and high-performance applications may not be
well-suited for microkernel-based systems
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 22
23. Hybrid Architecture
9/21/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 23
❖ Monolithic systems are quite fast but their expansion is very
difficult.
❖ Layered structure gives an efficient division of functionalities but if
the number of layers is very high, it is difficult to manage the
system.
❖ Microkernel architecture is quite efficient in isolating the core
functionalities within the microkernel but the other services which
are outside the kernel are not properly integrated.
❖ Hybrid architecture combines the best functionalities of all these
approaches.
25. Hybrid Architecture
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 25
The hybrid-architecture consists of three layers
1) Hardware abstraction layer: It is the interface between the kernel
and hardware and is present at the lowest level.
2) Microkernel Layer: This is the old microkernel that we know and it
consists of CPU scheduling, memory management, and inter-process
communication.
3) Application Layer: It acts as an interface between the user and
the microkernel. It contains the functionalities like a file server, error
detection, I/O device management, etc.
Example: Microsoft Windows NT kernel implements hybrid
architecture of the operating system.
26. Hybrid architecture: Advantages
9/19/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 26
1. Easy to manage due to layered approach.
2. Number of layers is not very high.
3. Kernel is small and isolated.
4. Improved security and protection.
27. Summary
9/21/2023 Operating Systems by Dr. K. Radhika, AI & DS Dept. 27
❖ The components of the operating system (Kernel) are process
management, memory management, I/O management, File
management and Error Detection.
❖ OS architectures describe the functionality of various
components.
❖ These architectures include monolithic, layered, microkernel,
and hybrid architectures.
❖ Hybrid architecture is the most efficient architecture as it
combines the advantages of all other architectures.
28. Thank you
Dr. K. Radhika
Professor, AI&DS Department
Mail:kradhika_aids@cbit.ac.in
Contact No.: 9346253642