Osteosarcoma is a rare bone cancer that is most common in adolescents and older adults. It typically presents as a painful bone mass near the knee, shoulder, or thigh. Risk factors include genetic syndromes, prior radiation exposure, and chemotherapy. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy. Treatment is with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical resection of the tumor, and additional chemotherapy. Prognosis depends on tumor size, grade, response to treatment, and whether metastases are present. Close monitoring is required due to the risk of recurrence or metastases developing over time.
8% of all bone tumors present in spine
25-30% of bone tumors are benign
Peak age: 2-3rd decade
Posterior element involved: osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, aneurysmal bone cyst
Anterior element involved: giant cell tumor, hemangioma, eosinophilic granuloma
8% of all bone tumors present in spine
25-30% of bone tumors are benign
Peak age: 2-3rd decade
Posterior element involved: osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, aneurysmal bone cyst
Anterior element involved: giant cell tumor, hemangioma, eosinophilic granuloma
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
Telehealth Psychology Building Trust with Clients.pptxThe Harvest Clinic
Telehealth psychology is a digital approach that offers psychological services and mental health care to clients remotely, using technologies like video conferencing, phone calls, text messaging, and mobile apps for communication.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
2. Introduction
• Osteosarcoma is the fifth most common malignancy
• Bone tumours are rare cancers
• Osteosarcoma (35%)
• Chondrosarcoma (30%)
• Ewing sarcoma (16%)
• 3–5% of childhood and 1% of adult cancers
• Bimodal age- Early adolescence and age >65 years
• Male predilection- 1.2:1
3. Etiology
• The etiology of osteosarcoma is unknown
• Could be due to rapid bone growth
• Peak incidence- during the adolescent
growth spurt
• Most have complex, unbalanced
karyotypes:
• Highest frequency of loss of heterozygosity
(LOH) is for chromosomes 3q, 13q, 17p
and 18q
5. Risk factors:
• Non‐hereditary:
• Prior radiation exposure (latency period >10 years)
• Paget disease
• Polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
• Chronic osteomyelitis
• Osteochondromas
• Enchondromas
• Sites of bone infarcts
• Sites of metallic implants
• Chemotherapy: Alkylating agents has been implicated with
secondary osteosarcoma
6. • Osteosarcoma has a
predilection for involvement
of the metaphysis of long
bones (areas of greatest
increase in bone length)
• Most common sites:
• Knee (distal femur or proximal
tibia)
• Proximal humerus
• Mid and proximal femur
• Other bones
7. Clinical Features
Symptoms :
- Pain
- Swelling
- Mass
- Loss of body weight
- Intermittent fever
Sign :
- Swelling
- Palpable of mass
- Tenderness to palpation
- Limited range of motion
- Pain with axial loading
8. Clinical Features
Metastatic
• Most commonly spread to lung
• Bone is second most common site
• Skip metastases via the medullary
canal also occur
• Lymphatic spread is rare
• Metastases often occur within 2
years of initial diagnosis
9. Diagnostic work up
Plain x-ray of the
affected bone
Demonstrates
destruction of the
normal trabecular
bone with lytic and/or
sclerotic lesions,
osteoid formation
under the periosteum
(Codman triangle)
10. Diagnostic work up
• Biopsy of primary site for diagnosis and staging:
• Core needle biopsy:
• Safe direct path to tumour mass is possible from skin
• Lower cost and morbidity
• Open (surgical) biopsy:
• Short longitudinal incision in line with projected surgical approach for
resection
• Meticulous haemostasis
• Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase
11. Metastatic work up
• CT scan of the chest and bone scan to evaluate
pulmonary and bone metastases
• Positron emission tomography (PET) scan can be used
as an alternative for systemic staging
12. • MRI
-
To know the extent
of the
lesion, evaluate any soft tissue
component, and involvement of
joint, nerves, and vasculature
• The entire affected bone should be
imaged to evaluate for the
presence of skip lesions.
recognized in osteosarcoma
occur infrequently, with
• Skip metastases are well
but
<5%
incidence
Diagnostic work up
21. Prognostic factors
Prognostic
factors
Tumor related Host related Environment
related
Essential Location
Size
Extent of disease
Grade
Stage
Tumor response to
NACT
Age Residual disease
after resection
Additional LDH
ALP
Gender
Performance
status
Management by a
multidisciplinary
sarcoma team
Local recurrence
22. Poor factors
• Location
• Axial tumors as compared to extremity
• Increased number of anatomic bone segments involved
• Extraosseous extension
• Extension into the spinal canal or involvement of the great vessels
• Size > 9cm (AJCC 8th edition)
• Presence of and location of metastases at diagnosis
• Bone mets > Lung mets
• Multiple lung lesions> Solitary lung mets
• Presentation as pathological fracture
• Grade 2 and 3
23. • Poor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy
• Elevated enzyme markers (LDH, alkaline phosphatase)
• Age <14 and >40 years old
• Male
• KPS<70
• Positive margin resection
• Treatment type (i.e. amputation, combination therapy with
chemotherapy, radiation and surgery) has been associated
with poor prognosis
• Unresectable tumors
25. Treatment
• Treatment sequence for intermediate- and high-grade
osteosarcoma is NACT→ surgery (limb-sparing) →
adjuvant chemotherapy.
• With this approach, 60% to 70% of patients without
overt metastases at diagnosis are expected to be long-
term survivors
• Isolated lung metastases have an overall survival of
35% to 40% and <20% in extensive metastatic disease
26. Surgery
• Mainstay of surgical management is the complete en
bloc resection of tumor
• Limb-sparing resections with maintenance of function
preferred over amputation
• Contraindications to limb-sparing surgery include
• Nerve or Vascular
Encasement
• Presence of Large,
Biopsy-related Hematoma
• Pathologic Fracture
27. Radiotherapy
• Historically, radiation has been used for the treatment
of osteosarcoma
• Due to improved results with chemotherapy and
surgery combined, RT is rarely used
• Indications for RT
• Incompletely resected tumors with positive margins
• Unresectable tumors
• Palliation of symptoms
28. Radiotherapy
• Adjuvant radiation has been used to improve outcomes
in patients with incomplete resections of pelvic tumors
• Postoperative radiation therapy can be used when
negative margins cannot be obtained, particularly when
there is microscopic dural involvement.
• Whole lung irradiation- 20Gy in 10 fractions in adults
29. Radiotherapy techniques
Simulation and Field Design: Conventional RT
• Include entire surgical bed + scar + 2 cm margin, if possible
• Spare 1.5–2 cm strip of the skin in extremity to prevent edema
• Bolus on scar may be considered as indicated
• Try to exclude the skin over anterior tibia, if possible, due to
poor vascularity
30. Radiotherapy techniques
Simulation and Field Design: Conformal RT
• Patient position- As per location of disease
• Immobilization- Thermoplastic cast/ Vac Lok
• CT/MRI data for treatment planning
• 3D planning- pre and post surgical imaging
• 2 cm margin for axial tumors
• 4-5cm for extremity tumors
32. SBRT
• Pre-op: CTV to include region of microscopic disease up to 1 cm
from GTV
• Post-op: CTV 0–1 cm expansion of GTV/surgical bed based on
the extent of resection and location adjacent to critical structures
• PTV: 2–3 mm on CTV with modern immobilization/IGRT
• 40 Gy in 5 fractions
34. • Proton particle therapy has
been used in an attempt to
radiation dose,
in unresectable
escalate
particularly
tumors
• Radionuclide therapy with
rhenium, strontium, and
samarium has been used for
palliation of extensive bone
metastases
35. ECI- Extra corporeal irradiation
• Extracorporeal irradiation is a rare
method used in the management of
malignant bone tumors
• Surgery performed 4 weeks after
completion of NACT
• The affected bone segment was resected,
irradiated extracorporeally with a dose of
50 Gy and reimplanted
36. • The sealed bone segment was sent for ECI on the Linear
Accelerator, which is located in the adjacent block.
• The bone segment was placed on the treatment couch and
immobility was ensured.
• Every segment was irradiated with a single session dose of
50 Gy prescribed at mid plane using 6 MV X-rays.
• Two parallel opposed AP-PA were used. Radiation field size
was chosen which adequately covered the segment.
• After the completion of ECI, the bone segment was
returned to operation theatre without any delay.
37. Whole Lung Irradiation
• For lung mets, give whole
lung RT (1.5/15 Gy), or
if <4
consider resection
mets.
• If residual mets after whole
lung RT
, may boost to 45 Gy.
38. Complications of RT
• Joint fibrosis with decreased range of motion
• Bone weakening and fracture
• Loss of allograft
• Secondary malignancy
• Abnormal bone and soft tissue growth and development
• Permanent weakening of the affected bone, scoliosis
• decreased range of motion due to fibrosis or joint involvement
39. Complications of RT
• Vascular changes resulting in greater sensitivity to infection
• Fracture
• Lymphedema
• Skin discoloration
• Telangiectasia
• Osteoradionecrosis
40. Chemotherapy
• Chemotherapy is indicated prior to wide local excision in
high‐grade osteosarcoma
• Adjuvant chemotherapy should be given after surgery
• Neoadjuvant therapy is given for two cycles followed by four
cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy
• Cisplatin + doxorubicin are the mainstays of therapy:
• Cisplatin 100–120 mg/m2 IV + doxorubicin 60–75 mg/m2 IV over
48‐hour continuous infusion every 3 weeks + G‐CSF
Advantage of NACT
• Limb-sparing surgery and ultimately, functional outcome
can be improved
41. Clinical evidences
Trial name Results
Advanced and metastatic disease
OS‐86/OS‐91
Daw et al . (2006)
Compared ifosfamide + cisplatin + doxorubicin +
high‐dose methotrexate to the same agents at similar
doses, but with substitution of cisplatin with carboplatin
Established role of cisplatin given improvement in OS
Bacci et al . (2003) Confirmed the prognosis of patients withmetastatic
osteosarcoma of the extremity remains poor, despite the
use of aggressive treatment with combination
chemotherapy and surgery
Goorin et al . (2002) Combination of etoposide + high‐dose ifosfamide is
effective induction chemotherapy for patients with
metastatic osteosarcoma
42. Follow up
• History, physical exam, chest X‐ray and imaging of the
primary site:
• Every 3 months for Years 1 and 2
• Every 4 months in Year 3
• Every 6 months in Years 4 and 5
• Annually upto 10 years
• Blood work as clinically indicated
43. Conclusion
• Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant
bone tumour (about 45% of all bone tumours)
• Bimodal age distribution: adolescence and sixth decade
• Risk factors include genetic, non hereditary and
alkylating agents induced
• Often presents as a firm, painful mass, adjacent to
bone
• Most common sites are the distal femur, proximal tibia
and proximal humerus