A sole proprietorship is a business owned and run by one individual, with no legal distinction between the owner and the business. The owner receives all profits and is responsible for all losses and debts. Every asset and debt belongs to the proprietor. A sole proprietor may use a trade name other than their legal name.
Sustainable development – meaning, social, economic and
environmental dimensions, principles of sustainable
development. Environment management systems – meaning,
scope, objectives, planning and implementation; ISO 14000;
environmental audit; 4Rs; environmental labeling. World
Business Council for Sustainable Development. Millennium
Development Goals and Sustainable
Development Goals – the role of and implications for business
Forms of business organizations _sole trader,partnership,joint ventures,advantages and Disadvantages of various forms of business,momorendom of certificate, partnership Deed ,public corporation and government company.
Sustainable development – meaning, social, economic and
environmental dimensions, principles of sustainable
development. Environment management systems – meaning,
scope, objectives, planning and implementation; ISO 14000;
environmental audit; 4Rs; environmental labeling. World
Business Council for Sustainable Development. Millennium
Development Goals and Sustainable
Development Goals – the role of and implications for business
Forms of business organizations _sole trader,partnership,joint ventures,advantages and Disadvantages of various forms of business,momorendom of certificate, partnership Deed ,public corporation and government company.
The co-operative movement that was started to help the rural indebtedness has now made noticeable progress. The sector has grown in size and expanses, resulting in creating a space for itself in the economic framework of the country. Professionals like chartered accountants can too contribute to the nation by serving such cooperatives and reaching out to society. With their excellent technical and soft skills, they are well fitted for the role of assistance to cooperatives banks, multi-state cooperative societies, cooperative societies, and can serve the cooperative sector ultimately serve the nation.
There are different forms of business organisation which are discussed in this chapter. These include the following:
Sole proprietorship
Joint Hindu family business
Partnership
Joint-stock Company
Cooperative Societies
Holding & Subsidiary Companies
International organizations
MNCs
1. Sole proprietorship
2. Joint Hindu family business
3. Partnership
4. Joint-stock Company
5. Cooperative Societies
Sole Proprietorship
It is a form of organisation owned, managed and controlled by an individual (also known as a sole proprietor) who is responsible for bearing all the risk and receiving all the profit.
Features
• The sole proprietor can establish and close the business without any legal formalities.
• The liability of the sole proprietor is unlimited.
• Being the sole owner, the sole proprietor bears all the risk and receives all the profits.
• All the decisions are taken and implemented in the organisation by the owner.
• Owners and businesses have no separate entity and are considered one in the eyes of the law.
• Even in case of a lack of business continuity, the business can continue until the owner wants.
Advantages
• Prompt decision-making as all the decisions are to be taken by the owner.
• Being a sole owner, it is easy to maintain business secrecy.
• The owner enjoys all the profits as there is no one to share profits.
• A successful business provides satisfaction to the owner and a sense of achievement.
• No legal formalities are required for a business’s formation and closure, making it easy to start and end the business.
Disadvantages
• Due to limited resources, a business can be funded from the owner’s savings or money borrowed from friends or relatives.
• The business’s continuity depends on the owner’s health and state of mind.
• If the business fails to repay debts, the sole proprietor’s personal assets are at risk.
• One person may not possess the ability to manage all the functions.
Joint Hindu Family Business
In this form of business organisation, the business is owned and managed by the members of an undivided Hindu family, with the possibility of three successive generations as members of the business.
Features
• The business is formed with at least two members of a Hindu Undivided Family having ancestral property. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, governs it.
• Except for Karta, all the family members have limited liability up to their share in the business property.
• Karta has the right to control all the activities in the business organisation.
• The business can be discontinued based on the consent of all the members of the family.
• Membership in the organisation is by birth.
Advantages
• Karta has complete control of the business, thus effective decision-making is ensured.
• The business continues till all the members wish to continue, and control is transferred to the next elder member in case of the death of ‘Karta’.
• Members of the family enjoy liability limited to their share in the business party.
• All the work is done with the common objective of growth as the family members have a sense of belongingness and loyalty.
Limitations
• Due to limited financial resources, businesses can be funded mainly from ancestral property.
Analysis of Dairy Cooperatives to hasten their transition into Successful Bus...SHAMEER C M
1) Main objective is to find the reasons why small dairy cooperatives are being shut down and give them solutions.
2) To give the guidance how to perform the task if there are diversifying into other activities.
This guide aims to explain to any and all young people exactly what a social enterprise is. It includes information on legal structure, shining examples, organisations offering support, and the money available to social enterprises. Altogether, this guide should be all you need to learn the basics about social enterprise.
A Co-operative is an autonomous and duly registered association of persons with a common bond of interest, who have voluntarily joined together to meet their social, economic and cultural needs and aspirations by making equitable contributions to the capital required, patronizing their products and services, and accepting a fair share of the risks and benefits of the undertaking in accordance with the universally accepted co-operative principles.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. Sole
Proprietorship
A ‘sole proprietorship’, also known as the sole trader or simply
a proprietorship, is a type of business entity that is owned and run
by one individual and in which there is no legal distinction between
the owner and the business.
The owner receives all profits (subject to taxation specific to the
business) and has unlimited responsibility for all losses and debts.
4. Sole
Proprietorship
Every asset of the business is owned by the proprietor and all debts
of the business are the proprietor's. It is a "sole" proprietorship in
contrast with partnerships.
A sole proprietor may use a trade name or business name other
than his or her legal name. In many jurisdictions there are rules to
enable the true owner of a business name to be ascertained.
5. Sole
Proprietorship
According to Glos and Baker "A sole proprietorship is a business
owned by one person who is entitled to all of its profits,
and
Reed and Conover say "The single or the sole proprietorship is a
business owned and controlled by one man even though he may
have many other persons working for him.
6. Advantages of
Proprietorship
This entity having the ability to raise capital either publicly or
privately, to limit the personal liability of the officers and managers,
and to limit risk to investors. Sole proprietorships also have the
least government rules and regulations affecting it.
Owners have complete control over all the aspects of his business
and can take any managerial decisions that he/ she wants to take.
7. Disadvantages of
Proprietorship
Raising capital for a proprietorship is more difficult because an
unrelated investor has less peace of mind concerning the use and
security of his or her investment and the investment is more
difficult to formalize, other types of business entities have more
documentation.
As a business becomes successful, the risks accompanying the
business tend to grow. One of the main disadvantages of sole
proprietors is unlimited liability where the owner's personal assets
can be taken away.
8. Partnership
A partnership is an arrangement where parties agree to cooperate
to advance their mutual interests.
Since humans are social beings, partnerships between
individuals, businesses, interest-based organizations, schools,
governments, and varied combinations thereof, have always been
and remain commonplace.
10. Partnership
In the most frequently associated instance of the term, a
partnership is formed between one or more businesses in which
partners (owners) co-labor to achieve and share profits and losses.
Partnerships exist within, and across, sectors. Non-profit, religious,
and political organizations may partner together to increase the
likelihood of each achieving their mission and to amplify their
reach.
Examples: Unicef + NHRM, NDA, UPA 1, UPA 2
11. Cooperatives
A cooperative is a legal entity owned and democratically controlled
by its members. Members often have a close association with the
enterprise as producers or consumers of its products or services, or
as its employees.
Cooperatives may take the form of companies limited by shares or
by guarantee, partnerships or unincorporated associations.
Cooperatives often share their earnings with the membership
as dividends, which are divided among the members according to
their participation in the enterprise, such as patronage, instead of
according to the value of their capital shareholdings.
13. Cooperatives
Amongst the Asia's largest milk co-operative, Gujarat Co-operative Milk
Marketing Federation (GCMMF) selling dairy products under the brand ‘Amul’.
14. Cooperatives
Cooperatives are typically based on the cooperative values of "self-
help, self-responsibility, democracy and equality, equity and
solidarity" and the seven cooperative principles:
> Voluntary and open membership
> Democratic member control
> Economic participation by members
> Autonomy and independence
> Education, training and information
> Cooperation among cooperatives
> Concern for community
15. Cooperatives
Cooperatives are dedicated to the values of openness, social
responsibility and caring for others. Such legal entities have a range
of social characteristics. Membership is open, meaning that anyone
who satisfies certain non-discriminatory conditions may join.
Economic benefits are distributed proportionally to each member's
level of participation in the cooperative, for instance, by a dividend
on sales or purchases, rather than according to capital invested.
16. Types of
Cooperative governance
Retailers' cooperative:
A retailers' cooperative (known as a secondary or marketing
cooperative in some countries) is an organization which
employs economies of scale on behalf of its members to receive
discounts from manufacturers and to pool marketing.
It is common for locally owned grocery stores, hardware
stores and pharmacies. In this case the members of the
cooperative are businesses rather than individuals.
17. Types of
Cooperative governance
Worker cooperative:
A worker cooperative or producer cooperative is a cooperative,
that is owned and democratically controlled by its "worker-
owners". There are no outside owners in a "pure" workers'
cooperative, only the workers own shares of the business, though
hybrid forms exist in which consumers, community members or
capitalist investors also own some shares.
18. Types of
Cooperative governance
In practice, control by worker-owners may be exercised through
individual, collective or majority ownership by the workforce, or
the retention of individual, collective or majority voting rights
(exercised on a one-member one-vote basis).
A worker cooperative, therefore, has the characteristic that the
majority of its workforce owns shares, and the majority of shares
are owned by the workforce.Membership is not always compulsory
for employees, but generally only employees can become members
either directly (as shareholders) or indirectly through membership
of a trust that owns the company.
19. Types of
Cooperative governance
Volunteer cooperative:
A volunteer cooperative is a cooperative that is run by and for a
network of volunteers, for the benefit of a defined membership or
the general public, to achieve some goal. Depending on the
structure, it may be a collective or mutual organization, which is
operated according to the principles of cooperative governance.
The most basic form of volunteer-run cooperative is a voluntary
association.
20. Types of
Cooperative governance
The cooperation between Young Biologist Association
NGO and Let's do it! World international ecological movement has
become the basis for establishment of the “Let’s do it!
Armenia” movement in Armenia.
This year, this movement aims to carry out the volunteer initiative
“Armenia Without Garbage” which involves a number of activities ,
cleanup campaign, seminars etc. The basis of the worldwide
movement “Let's Do It! World” is the big cleanup (Let's do it!
2008) organized in Estonia in 2008, during which more than 50 000
volunteers were able to clean up Estonia from 10,000 tons of
waste.
21. Types of
Cooperative governance
Social cooperative:
A particularly successful form of multi-stakeholder cooperative is
the Italian "social cooperative", of which some 7,000 exist.
"Type A" social cooperatives bring together providers and
beneficiaries of a social service as members.
"Type B" social cooperatives bring together permanent workers
and previously unemployed people who wish to integrate into the
labor market.
22. Types of
Cooperative governance
Social cooperative:
Social co-operatives exist to provide social services such as the care
of children, elderly and disabled people, and the integration of un
employed people into the workforce.
In countries such as Sweden and Britain they exist without any
special legislation, while elements of the Italian model have been
legislated for in Belgium and Poland.
23. Types of
Cooperative governance
Consumers' cooperative :
A consumers' cooperative is a business owned by its customers.
Employees can also generally become members. Members vote on
major decisions and elect the board of directors from amongst
their own number.
The first of these was set up in 1844 in the North-West of England
by 28 weavers who wanted to sell food at a lower price than the
local shops. A well known example in the United States is
the REI (Recreational Equipment Incorporated) co-op, and in
Canada (Mountain Equipment Co-op).
26. Types of
Cooperative governance
Business and employment cooperative:
Business and employment cooperatives (BECs) are a subset of
worker cooperatives that represent a new approach to providing
support to the creation of new businesses.
Like other business creation support schemes, BECs enable
budding entrepreneurs to experiment with their business idea
while benefiting from a secure income. The innovation BECs
introduce is that once the business is established the entrepreneur
is not forced to leave and set up independently, but can stay and
become a full member of the cooperative.
27. Types of
Cooperative governance
Business and employment cooperative:
The micro-enterprises then combine to form one multi-activity
enterprise whose members provide a mutually supportive
environment for each other.
BECs thus provide budding business people with an easy transition
from inactivity to self-employment, but in a collective framework.
They open up new horizons for people who have ambition but who
lack the skills or confidence needed to set off entirely on their own
– or who simply want to carry on an independent economic activity
but within a supportive group context.
28. Types of
Cooperative governance
New generation cooperative:
New generation cooperatives (NGCs) are an adaptation of
traditional cooperative structures to modern, capital intensive
industries. They are sometimes described as a hybrid between
traditional co-ops and limited liability companies.
They were first developed in California and spread and flourished
in the US Mid-West in the 1990s.They are now common in Canada
where they operate primarily in agriculture and food services,
where their primary purpose is to add value to primary products.
For example producing ethanol from corn, pasta from durum
wheat, or gourmet cheese from goat’s milk.