Osi Seven Layer Model
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The document discusses three Internet protocols: NNTP, which is used for reading and posting to Usenet newsgroups and transferring news between servers; SOAP, which defines a standard way to exchange structured information between applications using web services over computer networks; and OSI Seven Layer Model, which is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology.
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upper layer transport protocol, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
IPv6 : RFC 2460
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is a set of specifications from the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) that\'s essentially an upgrade of IP version 4 (IPv4). The basics of IPv6 are similar
to those of IPv4 -- devices can use IPv6 as source and destination addresses to pass packets over
a network, and tools like ping work for network testing as they do in IPv4, with some slight
variations.
The most obvious improvement in IPv6 over IPv4 is that IP addresses are lengthened from 32
bits to 128 bits. This extension anticipates considerable future growth of the Internet and
provides relief for what was perceived as an impending shortage of network addresses. IPv6 also
supports auto-configuration to help correct most of the shortcomings in version 4, and it has
integrated security and mobility features.
HTTP : RFC 1945
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic
images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web. As soon as a Web
user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. HTTP is an
application protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols (the foundation protocols
for the Internet).
HTTP concepts include (as the Hypertext part of the name implies) the idea that .
Internet Protocols
This presentation provides an overview of several important internet protocols:
- Internet Protocol (IP) delivers data packets from source to destination hosts and defines packet sizes. IPv4 and IPv6 are major versions.
- Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a suite of protocols that govern how data travels across networks. It has two main components - TCP breaks data into packets and verifies delivery, while IP envelopes and addresses data.
- File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows file transfers across TCP networks and uses separate control and data connections between clients and servers located on FTP servers.
- Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) governs web page transfers and uses URLs to identify and locate resources on the network
Network Protocols
Network protocols are sets of rules that govern communications between computers on a network. They configure characteristics like cabling, topology, and bandwidth. The OSI model is an industry standard that defines seven layers of functions for communication between any two points on a network. Each layer has a specific role, with the lowest layers involving physical networking and higher layers dealing with applications and data. Protocols at each layer work together to establish consistent rules for exchanging data and messages between networked devices.
Ch4 Protocols.pptx
The document summarizes several key networking protocols. It begins with an overview of protocols in general and the two main protocol models: TCP/IP and OSI. It then describes some of the most widely used protocols for various functions: SNMP for network management, HTTP and HTTPS for web communication, DNS for domain name resolution, DHCP for dynamic IP address assignment, SMTP for email transmission, FTP for file transfer, TCP and UDP for transport layer functions, IP for network layer packet delivery, and ICMP for reporting network errors. The document provides details on the purpose and basic operation of each protocol.
Introduction to TCP / IP model
The document provides an overview of TCP/IP networking and introduces some key concepts. It discusses:
- The TCP/IP network model which consists of 5 layers - application, transport, internet, network interface, and hardware. Each layer adds encapsulation information to the data as it travels down the stack.
- Common network types like LANs, WANs, CANs, and MANs and provides definitions for each.
- The OSI reference model which also consists of 7 layers and describes similar layer functions as the TCP/IP model.
- The roles and responsibilities of each layer in the TCP/IP model. The hardware layer deals with physical hardware and signaling. The network interface layer adds
1) What layers in the protocol stack(both logically and physically) .pdf
1) What layers in the protocol stack(both logically and physically) does the HTTP protocol talk
to?
2) What might a protocol frame from a Web Browser session look like as it goes out of a
network port? Assume the link layer is ethernet. You do not need to describe the fields inside a
particular header except to say it is a particular protocol header (ie TCP header).
3) I can change a link layer protocol and the application layer protocol does not need to know or
be made aware of the change. Explain why?
Solution
A protocol stack is a complete set of network protocol layers that work together to provide
networking capabilities. It is called a stack because it is typically designed as a hierarchy of
layers, each supporting the one above it and using those below it.
A protocol is a mutually agreed-upon format for doing something. With regard to computers, it
most commonly refers a set of rules (i.e., a standard) that enables computers to connect and
transmit data to one another; this is also called a communications protocol. A protocol can be
implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of the two.
Individual protocols are typically designed with a single purpose in mind. This modularization,
which is consistent with the Unix philosophy, facilitates both design and evaluation. The use of a
layered approach facilitates allowing different protocols to be substituted for each other, for
example, to accommodate new protocols and different network architectures.
The number of layers varies according to the particular protocol stack. For example, TCP/IP
(transmission control protocol/Internet protocol), which defines communication over the Internet
and most other computer networks, has five layers (application, transport, network, data link and
physical). The also widely used OSI (open systems interconnect) reference model, defines seven
layers (application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link and physical).
Regardless of the number of layers, the lowest protocols always deal with low-level, physical
interaction of the hardware. Each higher layer adds additional features, and user applications
typically interact only with the uppermost layers. The layers can be broadly classified into media,
transport and application
The terms protocol stack and protocol suite are often used interchangeably. However, the two are
sometimes used with subtle differences, such as the former being a complete set of protocols and
the latter being a subset of them, often supplied by a particular vendor, or the latter being the
definition of the protocols and the former being the software implementation of them..
Similar to Osi Seven Layer Model (20)
Chapter 3 Computer and Network ArchitecturesRobert Hoyt MDW.docx
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Comparison of DOD and OSI Model in the Internet Communication
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TCP RFC 793 TCPIP (Transmission Control ProtocolInternet Proto.pdf
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Osi Seven Layer Model
- 1. OSI Seven Layer Model