Seminar pmr726-meningitis and smallpox vaccineFarhan Furreh
Meningitis and smallpox vaccines are discussed. Meningitis is caused by Neisseria meningitidis and there are two main types of meningitis vaccines - polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines. Smallpox was eradicated through vaccination with the smallpox vaccine, which contains live vaccinia virus and provides protection for 3-5 years. Both vaccines have been highly effective in preventing outbreaks and epidemics of their respective diseases.
Modeling the Consequence of Multi Intervention Campaigns for the Spread of Ma...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that developed a mathematical model called SPITR to study the transmission dynamics of malaria and the impact of multiple intervention strategies. The SPITR model divides the human population into 5 groups - susceptible, protected, infected, treatment, and recovered. It also includes 2 mosquito groups - susceptible and infected. The model aims to assess how interventions like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying can increase mosquito mortality and help control the spread of malaria. Simulation results suggest combining these interventions with prompt treatment and vaccination can more effectively reduce malaria cases and transmission.
CHICKENPOX VACCINATION FOR WOMEN DR. SHARDA JAINLifecare Centre
1. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and infection during pregnancy can increase risks for the fetus and mother.
2. For the fetus, infection during the first or second trimester increases the risk of congenital varicella syndrome which can cause limb abnormalities and organ damage in up to 12% of cases.
3. For the mother, infection during the third trimester increases the risk of pneumonia which has a mortality rate of up to 14% without treatment.
Rotavirus RV is a disease that is extremely spreadable in children whose age ranges between 3'5 years. Rotavirus vaccination RVV is an effective method for combating the diarrhoea disease as rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhoea worldwide. For fulfilling the aim of reducing the burden of RV caused in children under 5 years for diarrhoea mortality. World Health Organization WHO recommends introducing RVVs worldwide. Globally three RVVs are licensed for local use two monovalent vaccines Rotarix, and Rotavac and a pentavalent vaccine RotaTeq. Safety and efficacy of these vaccines have been proved, however, they require cold chain storage at or below 2oto 8oC before use. In this article, a detailed profile of Rotarix vaccine is being emphasized. Rotavirus Vaccines are in high demand for introduction by many low income countries, but limitations such as price, poor supply and insufficient cold chain capacity at distant delivery points, have restricted their introduction. A. A Bhosale | Dr. V. U Barge "Illustrative Review on Rotavirus Vaccines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29552.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29552/illustrative-review-on-rotavirus-vaccines/a-a-bhosale
From Discovery to Delivery: Benchwork to Global Health: Shiu-Lok HuUWGlobalHealth
Explores relationships and discrepancies between important research-based medical advancements and subsequent real world implementation. Advancements in the management and potential elimination of infectious diseases such as HIV and TB will be addressed, as related to development and implementation of effective diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments.
India is already suffering from the pandemic virus i.e., COVID-19. Now a days a new family of pandemic is emerging in India “BLACK FUNGUS”. So, you think what is black fungus in COVID-19 patients? Mucormycosis, a rare but serious fungal infection,
is being detected relatively frequently in Covid-19 patients across India. The disease, also known colloquially as “black fungus”, was made notifiable by the government on Thursday, making it mandatory for states to report both suspected and confirmed cases to the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP).
This document discusses epidemics of non-typhoidal Salmonella sepsis and meningitis in Africa. It notes that invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is a major cause of bloodstream infections and death in Africa, with an estimated 681,316 deaths annually. Two novel Salmonella Typhimurium sequence types have caused epidemics in Malawi since the late 1990s. The emergence of these strains has been linked to the spread of antimicrobial resistance and HIV/AIDS. Ongoing surveillance efforts are aimed at understanding reservoirs and transmission modes to help develop public health interventions against iNTS disease in Africa.
There's growing global alarm over Omicron - the new coronavirus variant that first emerged in South Africa. Researchers say it could be the most infectious form of the virus so far, and it might even beat current vaccines. The international response has been swift. Many countries have shut down air travel from southern Africa. The South African government says the bans are an overreaction.
Omicron has moved quickly. Now countries around the world are racing to get ahead, banning flights from the region where the variant was first discovered. South Africans suddenly find themselves cut off from the world.
Since the UK announced its travel ban, many other countries have followed suit. South Africa’s government says they acted too quickly.
As quickly as the travel restrictions were announced, they are more likely to slow down rather than completely stop the spread of omicron. Dutch health officials fear that dozens of COVID-infected passengers who arrived in Amsterdam on Friday might also be infected with the new variant.
Hong Kong, Israel, and Belgium have already confirmed cases.
The world has made progress in the fight against the coronavirus, but the new variant shows that the battle is far from won. The message for now from many officials: Get the vaccine, get the booster, and follow public health regulations.
Seminar pmr726-meningitis and smallpox vaccineFarhan Furreh
Meningitis and smallpox vaccines are discussed. Meningitis is caused by Neisseria meningitidis and there are two main types of meningitis vaccines - polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines. Smallpox was eradicated through vaccination with the smallpox vaccine, which contains live vaccinia virus and provides protection for 3-5 years. Both vaccines have been highly effective in preventing outbreaks and epidemics of their respective diseases.
Modeling the Consequence of Multi Intervention Campaigns for the Spread of Ma...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a research paper that developed a mathematical model called SPITR to study the transmission dynamics of malaria and the impact of multiple intervention strategies. The SPITR model divides the human population into 5 groups - susceptible, protected, infected, treatment, and recovered. It also includes 2 mosquito groups - susceptible and infected. The model aims to assess how interventions like insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor residual spraying can increase mosquito mortality and help control the spread of malaria. Simulation results suggest combining these interventions with prompt treatment and vaccination can more effectively reduce malaria cases and transmission.
CHICKENPOX VACCINATION FOR WOMEN DR. SHARDA JAINLifecare Centre
1. Chickenpox is caused by the varicella zoster virus and infection during pregnancy can increase risks for the fetus and mother.
2. For the fetus, infection during the first or second trimester increases the risk of congenital varicella syndrome which can cause limb abnormalities and organ damage in up to 12% of cases.
3. For the mother, infection during the third trimester increases the risk of pneumonia which has a mortality rate of up to 14% without treatment.
Rotavirus RV is a disease that is extremely spreadable in children whose age ranges between 3'5 years. Rotavirus vaccination RVV is an effective method for combating the diarrhoea disease as rotavirus is the leading cause of diarrhoea worldwide. For fulfilling the aim of reducing the burden of RV caused in children under 5 years for diarrhoea mortality. World Health Organization WHO recommends introducing RVVs worldwide. Globally three RVVs are licensed for local use two monovalent vaccines Rotarix, and Rotavac and a pentavalent vaccine RotaTeq. Safety and efficacy of these vaccines have been proved, however, they require cold chain storage at or below 2oto 8oC before use. In this article, a detailed profile of Rotarix vaccine is being emphasized. Rotavirus Vaccines are in high demand for introduction by many low income countries, but limitations such as price, poor supply and insufficient cold chain capacity at distant delivery points, have restricted their introduction. A. A Bhosale | Dr. V. U Barge "Illustrative Review on Rotavirus Vaccines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29552.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/29552/illustrative-review-on-rotavirus-vaccines/a-a-bhosale
From Discovery to Delivery: Benchwork to Global Health: Shiu-Lok HuUWGlobalHealth
Explores relationships and discrepancies between important research-based medical advancements and subsequent real world implementation. Advancements in the management and potential elimination of infectious diseases such as HIV and TB will be addressed, as related to development and implementation of effective diagnostics, vaccines, or treatments.
India is already suffering from the pandemic virus i.e., COVID-19. Now a days a new family of pandemic is emerging in India “BLACK FUNGUS”. So, you think what is black fungus in COVID-19 patients? Mucormycosis, a rare but serious fungal infection,
is being detected relatively frequently in Covid-19 patients across India. The disease, also known colloquially as “black fungus”, was made notifiable by the government on Thursday, making it mandatory for states to report both suspected and confirmed cases to the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP).
This document discusses epidemics of non-typhoidal Salmonella sepsis and meningitis in Africa. It notes that invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is a major cause of bloodstream infections and death in Africa, with an estimated 681,316 deaths annually. Two novel Salmonella Typhimurium sequence types have caused epidemics in Malawi since the late 1990s. The emergence of these strains has been linked to the spread of antimicrobial resistance and HIV/AIDS. Ongoing surveillance efforts are aimed at understanding reservoirs and transmission modes to help develop public health interventions against iNTS disease in Africa.
There's growing global alarm over Omicron - the new coronavirus variant that first emerged in South Africa. Researchers say it could be the most infectious form of the virus so far, and it might even beat current vaccines. The international response has been swift. Many countries have shut down air travel from southern Africa. The South African government says the bans are an overreaction.
Omicron has moved quickly. Now countries around the world are racing to get ahead, banning flights from the region where the variant was first discovered. South Africans suddenly find themselves cut off from the world.
Since the UK announced its travel ban, many other countries have followed suit. South Africa’s government says they acted too quickly.
As quickly as the travel restrictions were announced, they are more likely to slow down rather than completely stop the spread of omicron. Dutch health officials fear that dozens of COVID-infected passengers who arrived in Amsterdam on Friday might also be infected with the new variant.
Hong Kong, Israel, and Belgium have already confirmed cases.
The world has made progress in the fight against the coronavirus, but the new variant shows that the battle is far from won. The message for now from many officials: Get the vaccine, get the booster, and follow public health regulations.
Since coronavirus vaccines developed more quickly than other vaccines in the past, it has given rise to a few myths.
Let us review some common myths about the vaccine and clear up confusion with reliable facts from the management and healthcare practitioners at Urgent Care Hawaii.
Candidate Vaccines to Manage Rift Valley FeverFAZDCenter
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne disease that causes high abortion rates in livestock and severe illness in humans. The FAZD Center is evaluating four candidate animal vaccines for RVF developed at the University of Texas Medical Branch, with early results suggesting the vaccines produce protective antibodies. The FAZD Center will submit the most promising RVF vaccine candidate for virus challenge testing in 2010 to help provide a defense against this potentially catastrophic disease.
Dr. Diego Diel - Senecavirus A: Lessons Learned and Future PerspectivesJohn Blue
Senecavirus A: Lessons Learned and Future Perspectives - Dr. Diego Diel, from the 2018 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, 2018, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-leman-swine-conference-material
Malaria Control & the RTS,S Vaccine-under-trial: Matters Arising by Dr. IdokokoAbraham Idokoko
The document discusses malaria control and the RTS,S vaccine currently under trial. It provides an overview of the global malaria situation, the situation in sub-Saharan Africa and Nigeria specifically. It outlines the key components of malaria control including case management, vector control methods, and monitoring and evaluation. Progress made in malaria control from 2000-2011 is highlighted, along with current challenges such as funding shortages and insecticide and drug resistance. The development of malaria vaccines including the RTS,S vaccine currently undergoing trials is also discussed.
Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 in Uganda and has since spread across the Pacific and Americas. It is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and causes fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. While symptoms are usually mild and short-lived, Zika can also cause microcephaly in fetuses when mothers are infected during pregnancy. The virus is diagnosed through blood and other tests and treated through symptom relief only. Prevention focuses on mosquito bite protection as there is currently no vaccine.
This document provides guidance on COVID-19 vaccinations for oncology patients. It discusses the history and effectiveness of vaccines. It states that most oncology patients are eligible for COVID-19 vaccination, even those receiving active cancer treatment, though their immune response may be weaker. Guidelines recommend vaccination for cancer patients and survivors, with only a few exceptions. It provides tips on timing vaccinations around cancer treatment.
This document discusses polio, including its symptoms, epidemiology, vaccines and prevention efforts, and the global collaboration to combat the disease. It provides a timeline of key developments in understanding and treating polio from ancient times to modern eradication efforts. Charts and maps show the decline in polio cases worldwide following the launch of mass vaccination campaigns in the late 1980s. The global goal is to completely eradicate wild poliovirus while continuing surveillance and use of inactivated polio vaccines.
The Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3) is based in Cairo, Egypt and conducts infectious disease research, public health activities, and outbreak response assistance. Its mission is to enhance the health and readiness of US military personnel in Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia. NAMRU-3 works closely with various international organizations like WHO and national health ministries. It has modern research laboratories and ongoing collaborations with numerous countries in the region.
- Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus) has been isolated from the urogenital tract for decades, both symptomatically and asymptomatically.
- Since 2001, there have been outbreaks of invasive meningococcal disease among men who have sex with men in cities across the US and Europe, caused by N. meningitidis sequence type 11 complex lineage 11.2 (ST-11 cc11).
- Evidence suggests that ST-11 cc11 lineage 11.2 may have adapted traits allowing transmission via sexual contact, such as expression of genes enabling survival in the urogenital tract and disrupted genes reducing anaerobic growth.
COMPLEX CIRCULATION OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS IN CATTLE IN NIGERIA EuFMD
The document summarizes a study on the complex epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cattle in Nigeria from 2012-2017. Genetic analysis found half of outbreaks were the O/EA-3 topotype, while other prevalent topotypes were A/Africa/G-IV, SAT1/X, and SAT2/VII. The results indicate FMD outbreaks stem from both sustained local transmission of existing strains and repeated introductions of new strains through livestock trade with neighboring countries. More research is needed to understand the role of small ruminants and wildlife in FMD transmission to support an effective vaccination program.
Rising Enemy fungal in middle east clinical patho.pdfEmad Zarief Kamel
Treating patients with confirmed fungal disease with effective antifungal agents is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Several investigations described a significant link between early reliable diagnosis and treatment of IFIs and improved outcomes of patients at risk
This document discusses the spatial patterns of malaria transmission globally and within Nigeria. It finds that malaria transmission is heaviest in sub-Saharan Africa, where nearly 300 million people lack access to preventative measures. Within Nigeria, malaria prevalence can be as high as 85% and is a major public health burden. The research analyzed malaria data from 1993 to 2007 and found seasonal variations influence transmission. States in Nigeria's north central and northeast regions had the highest infection rates, while states in the southwest and northwest had the lowest. Targeted interventions are needed in highly-affected states to reduce malaria's public health and economic impacts.
Meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt and the impact of MenAfriVac: an overview of the MenAfriCar project
http://www.meningitis.org/conference2015
Meningococcal disease is a severe illness with high case fatality (5-10%) and frequent sequelae. Meningococcal meningitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the meningitis belt. Meningococcal disease is a major public health challenge in countries of sub-Saharan Africa lying in the meningitis belt. Human infections caused by meningococcal (Neisseria meningitidis) remain a serious health problem, infecting 500,000 to 1.2 million people and killing between 50,000 and 135,000 per year worldwide. The causative agent, Neisseria meningitidis normally lives in a commensal relationship with humans, colonizing the nasopharynx, and is transmitted between healthy persons by close contact. The most common symptoms are a stiff neck, high fever, sensitivity to light, confusion, headaches and vomiting. Low meningitis thresholds improve timely detection of epidemics. The diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, Gram stain, polymerase chain reaction, culture of cerebrospinal fluid. Meningococcal disease can be treated with a number of effective antibiotics. It is important that treatment be started as soon as possible. If meningococcal disease is suspected, antibiotics are given right away. Antibiotics effective for this purpose include rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone or azithromycin. Currently available meningococcal vaccines include polysaccharide vaccines against serogroups A, C, W135 & Y and newer protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccines against serogroup C. This review covers key aspects of the pathogenesis and management of meningococcal disease, as well as the very recent developments in disease epidemiology, outbreaks, and the evolution of meningococcal immunizations.
This study evaluated the prevalence of malaria parasite among pregnant and non pregnant women attending Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri Imo State Nigeria within the age range of 21-50 years. The molecular identification and speciation of the malaria parasites were carried out using different diagnostic techniques. The blood samples were analyzed using microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results using the microscopy for pregnant women was 181(90.5%) and for non pregnant women, it was 185(92.5%) within the age range of under 21, 41 and above. The result of RDT for pregnant women was 58(32.0%) and for non pregnant women were 46(24.9%). However, the age group of pregnant women that had the highest occurrence of malaria using microscopy was (21-25yrs) with 100% of persons tested positive and (41-45yrs) with 78.8% had the lowest occurrence. For non pregnant women, the age group that had the highest occurrence of malaria parasite was (31-35yrs) with 95.3%of persons reporting tested reporting positive while, (21-25yrs) with 84.6% had the lowest occurrence. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for the speciation of the parasites and the result revealed that Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women within the ages of 46-50yrs had the highest (96.0%) prevalent followed by Plasmodium vivax for women within the ages of 21-25yrs had the highest (13.6%) occurrence, Plasmodium malariae for women within the ages 21-25yrs and had the highest (9.4%) occurrence. In this study, Polymerase Chain Reaction was very sensitive, takes more large samples at a time and specific for both P. falciparum and non falciparum Plasmodium infections and has many diagnostic advantages over microscopy. Out of 400 venous blood samples collected from both pregnant and non-pregnant women, 27 blood samples had mixed malaria parasite infections. Therefore, following this study, it will be recommended that we urge the pharmaceutical companies to improve on the manufacturing of broad-spectrum antimalarial drugs to cover all species of Plasmodium as it’s done with antimicrobials not only concentrating on the drugs for the treatment of P. falciparum alone.
GS43_03. Transboundary disease risks in the European regionEuFMD
The document discusses transboundary disease risks in the European region. It provides an overview of the Foot and Mouth Disease situation in various subregions like South East Europe, East Mediterranean, and North Africa between 2013-2019. It also summarizes outbreak data for diseases like peste des petits ruminants, lumpy skin disease, Rift Valley fever, and bovine ephemeral fever in the Middle East and North Africa regions. Finally, it identifies priorities like early warning systems, information sharing, networking, training, and emergency vaccine supplies to reduce transboundary disease risks in the future.
Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna ni...Chidiebere Otuu
This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna ni...Chidiebere Otuu
This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
This document provides information about malaria. It begins by introducing malaria as a major public health problem in India, describing its symptoms and transmission via mosquito bites. It then discusses the global and national burden of malaria, including statistics on estimated cases and deaths worldwide and in India between 2010 and 2018. The document outlines the malaria parasites that cause disease in humans, the life cycle of the parasites, and epidemiological factors such as at-risk groups, prevalent types in India, and determinants related to the agent (parasite species) and host (factors like age, sex, pregnancy status). It also describes distinguishing features of the Anopheles mosquito and the malaria parasite's life cycle.
This article discusses bacterial meningitis in Sudan, specifically among pediatric populations. It finds the incidence is higher in developing countries than developed ones, and is particularly high in children under 1 year old. The most common cause of pediatric bacterial meningitis identified in the study was Neisseria meningitidis, followed by Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antibiotic resistance was found to be a problem, with many isolates showing resistance to commonly used antibiotics. The article calls for improved surveillance, treatment strategies, and public health education to address bacterial meningitis in Sudan and other developing nations.
Since coronavirus vaccines developed more quickly than other vaccines in the past, it has given rise to a few myths.
Let us review some common myths about the vaccine and clear up confusion with reliable facts from the management and healthcare practitioners at Urgent Care Hawaii.
Candidate Vaccines to Manage Rift Valley FeverFAZDCenter
Rift Valley fever (RVF) is a mosquito-borne disease that causes high abortion rates in livestock and severe illness in humans. The FAZD Center is evaluating four candidate animal vaccines for RVF developed at the University of Texas Medical Branch, with early results suggesting the vaccines produce protective antibodies. The FAZD Center will submit the most promising RVF vaccine candidate for virus challenge testing in 2010 to help provide a defense against this potentially catastrophic disease.
Dr. Diego Diel - Senecavirus A: Lessons Learned and Future PerspectivesJohn Blue
Senecavirus A: Lessons Learned and Future Perspectives - Dr. Diego Diel, from the 2018 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-18, 2018, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2018-leman-swine-conference-material
Malaria Control & the RTS,S Vaccine-under-trial: Matters Arising by Dr. IdokokoAbraham Idokoko
The document discusses malaria control and the RTS,S vaccine currently under trial. It provides an overview of the global malaria situation, the situation in sub-Saharan Africa and Nigeria specifically. It outlines the key components of malaria control including case management, vector control methods, and monitoring and evaluation. Progress made in malaria control from 2000-2011 is highlighted, along with current challenges such as funding shortages and insecticide and drug resistance. The development of malaria vaccines including the RTS,S vaccine currently undergoing trials is also discussed.
Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 in Uganda and has since spread across the Pacific and Americas. It is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and causes fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. While symptoms are usually mild and short-lived, Zika can also cause microcephaly in fetuses when mothers are infected during pregnancy. The virus is diagnosed through blood and other tests and treated through symptom relief only. Prevention focuses on mosquito bite protection as there is currently no vaccine.
This document provides guidance on COVID-19 vaccinations for oncology patients. It discusses the history and effectiveness of vaccines. It states that most oncology patients are eligible for COVID-19 vaccination, even those receiving active cancer treatment, though their immune response may be weaker. Guidelines recommend vaccination for cancer patients and survivors, with only a few exceptions. It provides tips on timing vaccinations around cancer treatment.
This document discusses polio, including its symptoms, epidemiology, vaccines and prevention efforts, and the global collaboration to combat the disease. It provides a timeline of key developments in understanding and treating polio from ancient times to modern eradication efforts. Charts and maps show the decline in polio cases worldwide following the launch of mass vaccination campaigns in the late 1980s. The global goal is to completely eradicate wild poliovirus while continuing surveillance and use of inactivated polio vaccines.
The Naval Medical Research Unit No. 3 (NAMRU-3) is based in Cairo, Egypt and conducts infectious disease research, public health activities, and outbreak response assistance. Its mission is to enhance the health and readiness of US military personnel in Africa, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia. NAMRU-3 works closely with various international organizations like WHO and national health ministries. It has modern research laboratories and ongoing collaborations with numerous countries in the region.
- Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcus) has been isolated from the urogenital tract for decades, both symptomatically and asymptomatically.
- Since 2001, there have been outbreaks of invasive meningococcal disease among men who have sex with men in cities across the US and Europe, caused by N. meningitidis sequence type 11 complex lineage 11.2 (ST-11 cc11).
- Evidence suggests that ST-11 cc11 lineage 11.2 may have adapted traits allowing transmission via sexual contact, such as expression of genes enabling survival in the urogenital tract and disrupted genes reducing anaerobic growth.
COMPLEX CIRCULATION OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS IN CATTLE IN NIGERIA EuFMD
The document summarizes a study on the complex epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in cattle in Nigeria from 2012-2017. Genetic analysis found half of outbreaks were the O/EA-3 topotype, while other prevalent topotypes were A/Africa/G-IV, SAT1/X, and SAT2/VII. The results indicate FMD outbreaks stem from both sustained local transmission of existing strains and repeated introductions of new strains through livestock trade with neighboring countries. More research is needed to understand the role of small ruminants and wildlife in FMD transmission to support an effective vaccination program.
Rising Enemy fungal in middle east clinical patho.pdfEmad Zarief Kamel
Treating patients with confirmed fungal disease with effective antifungal agents is crucial to reduce morbidity and mortality.
Several investigations described a significant link between early reliable diagnosis and treatment of IFIs and improved outcomes of patients at risk
This document discusses the spatial patterns of malaria transmission globally and within Nigeria. It finds that malaria transmission is heaviest in sub-Saharan Africa, where nearly 300 million people lack access to preventative measures. Within Nigeria, malaria prevalence can be as high as 85% and is a major public health burden. The research analyzed malaria data from 1993 to 2007 and found seasonal variations influence transmission. States in Nigeria's north central and northeast regions had the highest infection rates, while states in the southwest and northwest had the lowest. Targeted interventions are needed in highly-affected states to reduce malaria's public health and economic impacts.
Meningococcal carriage in the African meningitis belt and the impact of MenAfriVac: an overview of the MenAfriCar project
http://www.meningitis.org/conference2015
Meningococcal disease is a severe illness with high case fatality (5-10%) and frequent sequelae. Meningococcal meningitis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the meningitis belt. Meningococcal disease is a major public health challenge in countries of sub-Saharan Africa lying in the meningitis belt. Human infections caused by meningococcal (Neisseria meningitidis) remain a serious health problem, infecting 500,000 to 1.2 million people and killing between 50,000 and 135,000 per year worldwide. The causative agent, Neisseria meningitidis normally lives in a commensal relationship with humans, colonizing the nasopharynx, and is transmitted between healthy persons by close contact. The most common symptoms are a stiff neck, high fever, sensitivity to light, confusion, headaches and vomiting. Low meningitis thresholds improve timely detection of epidemics. The diagnosis of meningococcal meningitis is confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, Gram stain, polymerase chain reaction, culture of cerebrospinal fluid. Meningococcal disease can be treated with a number of effective antibiotics. It is important that treatment be started as soon as possible. If meningococcal disease is suspected, antibiotics are given right away. Antibiotics effective for this purpose include rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone or azithromycin. Currently available meningococcal vaccines include polysaccharide vaccines against serogroups A, C, W135 & Y and newer protein polysaccharide conjugate vaccines against serogroup C. This review covers key aspects of the pathogenesis and management of meningococcal disease, as well as the very recent developments in disease epidemiology, outbreaks, and the evolution of meningococcal immunizations.
This study evaluated the prevalence of malaria parasite among pregnant and non pregnant women attending Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri Imo State Nigeria within the age range of 21-50 years. The molecular identification and speciation of the malaria parasites were carried out using different diagnostic techniques. The blood samples were analyzed using microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results using the microscopy for pregnant women was 181(90.5%) and for non pregnant women, it was 185(92.5%) within the age range of under 21, 41 and above. The result of RDT for pregnant women was 58(32.0%) and for non pregnant women were 46(24.9%). However, the age group of pregnant women that had the highest occurrence of malaria using microscopy was (21-25yrs) with 100% of persons tested positive and (41-45yrs) with 78.8% had the lowest occurrence. For non pregnant women, the age group that had the highest occurrence of malaria parasite was (31-35yrs) with 95.3%of persons reporting tested reporting positive while, (21-25yrs) with 84.6% had the lowest occurrence. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for the speciation of the parasites and the result revealed that Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women within the ages of 46-50yrs had the highest (96.0%) prevalent followed by Plasmodium vivax for women within the ages of 21-25yrs had the highest (13.6%) occurrence, Plasmodium malariae for women within the ages 21-25yrs and had the highest (9.4%) occurrence. In this study, Polymerase Chain Reaction was very sensitive, takes more large samples at a time and specific for both P. falciparum and non falciparum Plasmodium infections and has many diagnostic advantages over microscopy. Out of 400 venous blood samples collected from both pregnant and non-pregnant women, 27 blood samples had mixed malaria parasite infections. Therefore, following this study, it will be recommended that we urge the pharmaceutical companies to improve on the manufacturing of broad-spectrum antimalarial drugs to cover all species of Plasmodium as it’s done with antimicrobials not only concentrating on the drugs for the treatment of P. falciparum alone.
GS43_03. Transboundary disease risks in the European regionEuFMD
The document discusses transboundary disease risks in the European region. It provides an overview of the Foot and Mouth Disease situation in various subregions like South East Europe, East Mediterranean, and North Africa between 2013-2019. It also summarizes outbreak data for diseases like peste des petits ruminants, lumpy skin disease, Rift Valley fever, and bovine ephemeral fever in the Middle East and North Africa regions. Finally, it identifies priorities like early warning systems, information sharing, networking, training, and emergency vaccine supplies to reduce transboundary disease risks in the future.
Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna ni...Chidiebere Otuu
This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
Entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in minna ni...Chidiebere Otuu
This study evaluated the entomological and parasitological indices of malaria transmission in two communities, Mekunkele and Gidan Kwano, in Minna, Nigeria. Mosquitoes were collected using pyrethrum spray catches and dissected to determine species, parity rates, and sporozoite rates. A total of 867 mosquitoes were collected, with 62.51% being Anopheles mosquitoes. The female Anopheles mosquito samples had a 55.26% sporozoite and parity rate. Blood samples from 425 individuals were also examined, with 65.20% testing positive for malaria parasites. The results provide baseline data on the transmission of malaria in these communities to help design effective control
This document provides information about malaria. It begins by introducing malaria as a major public health problem in India, describing its symptoms and transmission via mosquito bites. It then discusses the global and national burden of malaria, including statistics on estimated cases and deaths worldwide and in India between 2010 and 2018. The document outlines the malaria parasites that cause disease in humans, the life cycle of the parasites, and epidemiological factors such as at-risk groups, prevalent types in India, and determinants related to the agent (parasite species) and host (factors like age, sex, pregnancy status). It also describes distinguishing features of the Anopheles mosquito and the malaria parasite's life cycle.
This article discusses bacterial meningitis in Sudan, specifically among pediatric populations. It finds the incidence is higher in developing countries than developed ones, and is particularly high in children under 1 year old. The most common cause of pediatric bacterial meningitis identified in the study was Neisseria meningitidis, followed by Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antibiotic resistance was found to be a problem, with many isolates showing resistance to commonly used antibiotics. The article calls for improved surveillance, treatment strategies, and public health education to address bacterial meningitis in Sudan and other developing nations.
This document provides an overview of meningococcal meningitis. It defines meningococcal meningitis as a bacterial form of meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis. The document discusses the global and national burden of the disease, including that the highest rates are found in the "meningitis belt" of sub-Saharan Africa. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and public health response to meningococcal meningitis.
Per contact probability of infection by Highly Pathogenic Avian InfluenzaHarm Kiezebrink
Estimates of the per-contact probability of transmission between farms of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus of H7N7 subtype during the 2003 epidemic in the Netherlands are important for the design of better control and biosecurity strategies.
We used standardized data collected during the epidemic and a model to extract data for untraced contacts based on the daily number of infectious farms within a given distance of a susceptible farm.
With these data, the ‘maximum likelihood estimation’ approach was used to estimate the transmission probabilities by the individual contact types, both traced and untraced.
The outcomes were validated against literature data on virus genetic sequences for outbreak farms. The findings highlight the need to
1) Understand the routes underlying the infections without traced contacts and
2) To review whether the contact-tracing protocol is exhaustive in relation to all the farm’s day-to-day activities and practices.
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that examined the oral microbial pathogens isolated in newly diagnosed HIV positive patients in Dakar, Senegal. 57 newly diagnosed HIV patients were included in the study. The patients' CD4 counts, viral loads, and oral examinations were analyzed. Common oral lesions found were pseudomembranous candidiasis, xerostomia, and gingivitis. Microbial pathogens isolated included Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Proteus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. There was an inverse correlation between CD4 count and viral load. The frequency of oral lesions and microbial isolates increased with higher viral loads. Most patients had CD4 counts below
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacyiosrphr_editor
This document summarizes a study that examined the oral microbial pathogens isolated in newly diagnosed HIV positive patients in Dakar, Senegal. 57 newly diagnosed HIV patients were included in the study. Their CD4 counts, viral loads, and oral examinations were performed. Samples found the most common microbial pathogens were Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, and Proteus. An inverse correlation was found between CD4 count and viral load. The frequency of oral lesions and microbial isolates increased with higher viral loads. 70% of patients had CD4 counts below 500. The study concludes maintaining a low oral microbial load is important for preventing opportunistic infections in HIV patients.
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma Gondii among HIV Positive Patients in an Antiret...Conferenceproceedings
This study investigated the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among 184 HIV positive patients in Northern Nigeria. The patients were tested for T. gondii IgG antibodies and had their CD4 counts estimated. The overall seroprevalence of latent T. gondii infection was 17.4%. Males had a higher prevalence of 28.8% compared to 12.9% among females. Most infected patients (78.1%) had a CD4+ count below 400. Younger patients aged 10-19 years had the highest prevalence of 27.3%. The study suggests exposure to T. gondii is present in Northern Nigeria and identifies gender, age, and low CD4 count as potential risk factors.
MIRU-VNTR Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained from UgandaMAK1stABMSC2019
This study aimed to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains present in 17 isolates obtained from Uganda and determine the most predominant strain. MIRU-VNTR genotyping was used to analyze 15 loci from the isolates. The results showed that Uganda II was the most predominant genotype at 46.15%, followed by Delhi/CAS and Ghana at 15.38% each. The study confirmed that the Uganda genotype is the predominant lineage circulating in Kampala, Uganda. It recommends strengthening treatment adherence and conducting a larger nationwide study to inform TB control policies.
Malaria Control Strategies among Rural Dwellers in a Typical Nigerian Settingasclepiuspdfs
Malaria is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan African, including Nigeria, causing 63% of total outpatient attendance in health facilities, 30% under-five mortality, and 11% of maternal mortality. Malaria control practices remain a major strategy in the combat of this menace. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the malaria control strategies utilized among rural dwellers in the Ezza North local government area (LGA) of Ebonyi state.
Similar to OS18 - 11.b.2 Update of FMD in the Maghreb region: vaccination issues - S. El Azhari (20)
VADEMOS VAccine Demand Estimation Model for FMD.pdfEuFMD
VADEMOS is a decision support tool created by the European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease to estimate current and future vaccine demand for foot-and-mouth disease at national and regional levels. It uses factors like livestock population forecasts, disease control policies, vaccination schedules, and outbreak forecasts with data from sources like WOAH and FAOSTAT. The model provides outputs on expected vaccine doses needed by geography, type of vaccination, species, and year over a 10-year period. While validation is needed, the tool generally predicts vaccine needs within calculated ranges, though estimates are sometimes too high. Future work will refine inputs, add additional geographical specificity, and expand the model to other diseases.
This document provides an introduction to vaccine value chains and outlines EuFMD/FAO initiatives to strengthen vaccine security. It discusses how vaccine value chains involve both private and public actors across product development, production, allocation, distribution and use. Cross-cutting factors like epidemiology, logistics and stakeholder engagement are also important. EuFMD is supporting activities to improve vaccine access and availability through a multistakeholder platform, prequalification of vaccines, vaccine demand modeling, and strengthening vaccine delivery and demand. Analyzing vaccine value chains can help understand costs and demand to support effective vaccination programs.
Emergency vaccination workshop presentations 30 May 2023.pdfEuFMD
This document summarizes a presentation on alternative post-vaccination surveillance methods that could be used to demonstrate the absence of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus transmission in vaccinated and unvaccinated livestock populations. It proposes replacing serological testing with bulk milk testing for dairy farms, saliva testing using rope tethers for piggeries, and saliva swab testing for sheep farms. These alternative methods utilize real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to detect FMD viral RNA from oral fluid samples, which research has shown can identify infected animals. The presentation discussed how these new testing technologies may allow countries to gain freedom from FMD status sooner after an outbreak by providing more effective post-vaccination surveillance.
LSD symposium - A. Sprygin - Subclinical infection its role in transmission a...EuFMD
The document discusses subclinical infection and its role in the transmission and epidemiology of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV). It presents the body temperatures of experimental animals infected with LSDV over time. One animal showed clinical signs of LSDV while another showed viremia or presence of the virus in the blood without displaying clinical signs, representing a subclinical infection. The conclusion is that subclinical infection from vaccine-like recombinant LSDV can play a role in transmission of the virus.
LSD symposium - L. Pite - Combating lumpy skin disease in AlbaniaEuFMD
1) The first case of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in Albania was identified in June 2016. From 2016-2017, over 3,500 outbreaks were reported across Albania with morbidity of 42% and mortality of 12%.
2) Surveillance efforts included laboratory testing of over 2,000 samples confirming 881 positive cases. Risk factors for spread included proximity to infected farms (under 5km), livestock movements over longer distances, and seasonal variations correlated with temperature and vector abundance.
3) Control efforts included an emergency vaccination program using live attenuated vaccine beginning in July 2016. Over 500,000 vaccine doses were administered. Modeling estimated vaccine effectiveness was 76.5-62.5% at reducing
LSD symposium - J. Chan - Lumpy skin disease in Hong KongEuFMD
Dr. Jason Chan presented on the outbreak of Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in feral cattle populations in Hong Kong from 2020-2021. The key points were:
1) The initial outbreak was reported in October 2020 across multiple country parks. Disease investigation found that 72% of cattle in one herd showed skin lesions and 84% were seropositive.
2) By March 2021, no new clinical cases were reported. Surveillance since found 14 juveniles seronegative, suggesting LSD may have disappeared due to lack of susceptible newborn cattle.
3) Continued clinical and serological surveillance is important since Hong Kong has a small teaching farm. No urgency exists currently to declare freedom
LSD symposium - N. Zainuddin - Indonesian experience on simultaneous LSD and ...EuFMD
1) Lumpy skin disease was first reported in Indonesia in February 2022 in Riau Province, and has since spread to several other provinces, most recently to Central Java in August 2022.
2) As of February 2023, over 249,000 cattle have been vaccinated across 9 provinces as a control measure. Other control measures include movement restrictions, vector control, and educating farmers.
3) Key challenges to control efforts include the extensive animal farming system, illegal animal movement, limited number of vaccinators, and high workload from controlling both lumpy skin disease and foot-and-mouth disease. Recommended solutions include improving handling capacity, better border control, engaging other institutions to assist with vaccination
LSD symposium - R. Ainsworth - Lumpy skin disease (LSD) in Southeast Asia Mar...EuFMD
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) is spreading through cattle movements in Southeast Asia. The document discusses how government policies around quarantine, compensation and corruption can accelerate the virus's spread by encouraging illicit cattle movements. It also notes that traditional smuggling routes go against the direction LSD has spread. The rapid transmission of LSD occurred during COVID border closures, and its direction of movement corresponds with prevailing winds rather than cattle trade routes. Government policies and wind patterns may be aiding the long-distance airborne spread of LSD across Southeast Asia.
LSD symposium - P. Malik - Lumpy skin disease experience from IndiaEuFMD
Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) was first reported in India in 2019. It has since spread to 23 states and union territories, affecting over 3 million animals and causing over 185,000 deaths. The disease manifests as skin nodules and lesions on internal organs. Vaccination is a key control strategy, with over 87 million animals vaccinated to date using a goatpox vaccine. ICAR has also developed an indigenous LSD vaccine that is undergoing field trials and licensing. States are implementing control measures like quarantine, vaccination, vector control and public awareness campaigns to curb the spread and impact of LSD.
LSD symposium - E. Klemen - Modes of transmission of lumpy skin diseaseEuFMD
Indirect transmission, likely through blood-sucking flying insects, is the primary mode of transmission for lumpy skin disease virus. While direct contact can transmit the virus, studies have found no transmission between clinically infected and susceptible cattle housed together without vectors. Mathematical models also indicate indirect transmission alone can explain outbreak dynamics. The virus can spread over long distances, possibly aided by winds carrying infected vectors, though local spread is typically 10 km per week. Subclinical infections may transmit the virus but appear to play a minor role compared to clinical cases.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...Sérgio Sacani
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Cytokines and their role in immune regulation.pptx
OS18 - 11.b.2 Update of FMD in the Maghreb region: vaccination issues - S. El Azhari
1. OS18
UPDATE OF FOOT AND MOUTH
DISEASE (FMD) IN THE MAGHREB
REGION: VACCINATION ISSUES
OS18 29/31 OCT 2018 BORGO EGNAZIA, Puglia, Italy
2. OS18
INTRODUCTION
Foot-and-mouth disease is:
• A highly contagious and transboundary viral disease
• Cloven-hoofed animals disease
• Caused by a single-stranded RNA virus
• There are seven distinct serotypes, namely O, A, C, ASIA1,
SAT1, SAT2, SAT3
• No cross-protection between serotypes
3. OS18
Lately, the Maghreb region has suffered from several
epidemics of foot and mouth disease (FMD) caused by new
viral lineages, more precisely serotypes O and A.
4. OS18
The Maghreb region includes, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia,
Mauritania, and Libya. Its geographical location with
permeable borders with sub-Saharan Africa and the northern
countries of the region, in close communication with Middle
East, increases the risk of introduction of transboundary
diseases, notably FMD
5. OS18
In Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, vaccination is the most used
approach for controlling the spread of FMD
Morocco, in its prophylaxis strategy, has imported antigens,
stored in suitable premises at Biopharma. In case of emergency
, Antigen is reconstituted as a vaccine rapidly.
6. OS18
PROBLEM
OBJECTIVE
•Diversification of
serotypes and topotypes
circulating in the region
•Few of the vaccine strains
tested match with
topotypes that circulate
(example A Algeria 2017)
•matching value r1 at the
limit
The present study aims
to explore the main
FMD strains in the
Maghreb and to present
the problematic of the
choice of vaccine strains
in North Africa.
7. OS18
Country Year Serotype Topotype
LYBIA 201 3 O O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
TUNESIA 2014 O O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
ALGERIA 2014 O O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
MORROCO 2015 O O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
ALGERIA 2017 A A/AFRICA/G -IV
TUNESIA 2017 A A/AFRICA/G -IV
ALGERIEA 2018 O O/EA-3
THE MAIN ISOLATED STRAINS IN THE MAGHREB BETWEEN 2013 AND 2018
8. OS18
• Serotype O isolated in Libya (2013) , then in Tunisia
(2014) Algeria (2014) and Morocco (2015) is closely
related to FDM virus present in the Indian
subcontinent.
• the serotype A responsible for outbreaks in Algeria
then in Tunisia in 2017, belongs to the topotypeA /
AFRICA / G -IV highlighting connections with countries
in sub-Saharan Africa
• The serotype identified in 2018 in Algeria is serotype
O, topotype East Africa 3. This is a new introduction in
Algeria.
9. OS18
Different studies were fully and deeply examined to figure out
the emergent strains in North Africa and the related risk
factors.
But it remains very important to study the precise pathways of
introduction of its lines into the region, and the causes of
spread of the virus between neighboring countries
10. OS18
THE MAIN VACCINAL STRAINS USED IN THE MAGHREB
Country vaccinal strain
MORROCO O (manisa, O3039)
A
ALGERIA O
A (Eritria98).
TUNISIA O
sat 2
A (A22 Iraq)
the details of the vaccine strains used in the vaccination
campaigns are not always communicated
11. OS18
The choice of vaccines is based on the results
published by the reference laboratories, using in vitro
matching vaccine, which is the most used method for
the selection of the vaccine strain.
To make the results of its vaccines matching accessible
to the public , at the earliest possible time, can have
an important added value, in particular to provide the
appropriate vaccine, not only for the notifying
country, but also the countries at risk
PROBLEMATIC OF THE CHOICE OF THE VACCINE STRAIN
12. OS18
Lyons and al 2017
The middle east
experienced in 2015
a quick spread of a
linage of serotype A
because a bad in
vitro adaptation of
field isolates with
vaccine strains
However, with the genotypic variation that increases with time, this method may not
provide the best vaccine strain :
Examples
13. OS18
However, with the genotypic variation that increases with time this method may not
provide the best vaccine strain :
ExamplesVaccine mathing for O/ME-SA/Ind-2001
PIRBRIGHT
The virus ALG/3/2014 did
not match with the
vaccine strain O1 Manisa,
neither with the strain
O3039, however, the
virus prevailing in
Morocco matched with
O3039 but less with O1
Manisa. even if both
viruses belong to the
same virus lineage O /
ME-SA / Ind-2001
14. OS18
However, with the genotypic variation that increases with time this method may not
provide the best vaccine strain :
Examples
Donald P. king and al 2017
A study using the in-vivo
potency cross
protection technique
confirmed that the
viruses belonging to O /
ME-SA / Ind-2001 can
be handled using the
vaccine strain O1
Manisa to control FMD
in endemic areas
15. OS18
These studies indicate some discordances were found between
vaccine strain results based on matching vaccine and potency cross
protection techniques.
A vaccine strain that does not match is not necessarily ineffective
strain, it is important to take into account other analyzes to decide
Compare the results of the matching vaccines of the same strains
made by different laboratories can be important
As the most reliable method is in vivo cross protection, and which
unfortunately can not be implemented at every statement, the
invitro method must be extended to a wider range of strains.
16. OS18
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
The emergence and reemergence of the virus is a serious
problem in the region
Due to the close geographical location and connections across
the Mediterranean Basin , circulation of new FMDV lineages in
North Africa may increase the risk of an FMD introduction into
Europe
17. OS18
Investigation for the development of new vaccines and new
methods and measures for the vaccine choice process should
be performed, in addition, building a regional vaccine bank will
have an important added value