MIRU-VNTR Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained from Uganda
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This study aimed to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains present in 17 isolates obtained from Uganda and determine the most predominant strain. MIRU-VNTR genotyping was used to analyze 15 loci from the isolates. The results showed that Uganda II was the most predominant genotype at 46.15%, followed by Delhi/CAS and Ghana at 15.38% each. The study confirmed that the Uganda genotype is the predominant lineage circulating in Kampala, Uganda. It recommends strengthening treatment adherence and conducting a larger nationwide study to inform TB control policies.
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adiponectin-regulates-the-development-and-progression-of-mca-induced-sarcoma-...
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The prevalence and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in primary health care setting of Karachi, Pakistan
Prevalence of hiv infection in pulmonary tuberculosis suspects;
This study examined the prevalence of HIV infection among 1,544 pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) suspects at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital in Nnewi, Nigeria between 2011-2012. Of the suspects, 11.9% tested positive for HIV, with higher rates in females (13.3%) than males (10.4%). A total of 15.4% of suspects had PTB based on sputum smear microscopy, again with higher rates in males (19.9%) than females (11.2%). The HIV/TB co-infection rate was 1.42%, slightly higher in males (1.6%) than females (1.2%). Those aged 31-40 and 41-
PRIMARY LEVEL CARE OF TUBERCULOSIS
This document discusses tuberculosis (TB) in children. It covers the causative agent, classification, risk factors, global and local burden, and strategies for management. TB is caused mainly by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a major global health problem exacerbated by HIV. In Kenya, TB prevalence was 103,159 in 2012, with 39% co-infected with HIV. The Stop TB strategy aims to reduce the global TB burden by 50% by 2015 through improved detection and treatment programs.
Prevalence of Pulmonary and Rifampicin-resistant Tuberculosis Among Patients ...
Prevalence of Pulmonary and Rifampicin-resistant Tuberculosis Among Patients ...Healthcare and Medical Sciences
The prevalence of tuberculosis and Rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RMP-TB) among patients showing symptoms of tuberculosis that visited Federal Medical Centre, Yenagoa, Bayelsa state, Nigeria was determined from June 2015 to December 2015. A total of 456 patients comprising 218(47.8%) males and 238(52.2%) females were examined using their sputum and gastric lavage samples. GeneXpert System was used to determine the TB and RMF-TB. Results showed that out of the 456 patients, overall tuberculosis prevalence was 88(19.3%), males recorded 48(10.5%) while females had 40(8.8%). The highest tuberculosis prevalence was recorded amongst 21-30 years and 31-40 years age groups (5.5%). Out of the 456 patients, total prevalence for Rifampicin resistance was 11(2.4%). Of these, females and male prevalence was 6(1.3%) and 5(1.1%) respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in prevalence between age and gender. The treatment and follow-up of existing cases is a key to preventing the spread of multi drug-resistant tuberculosis.Communicable diseases 1
This document discusses communicable diseases and focuses on tuberculosis (TB). It provides key statistics on the global and national burden of TB, including that 9.2 million new cases occurred worldwide in 2006, with India accounting for 1/5 of the global burden. India has an annual risk of TB infection of 1.5% and once infected, a 10% lifetime risk of developing active TB. The document also outlines epidemiological indices used to measure the TB problem, describes India's Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme which uses DOTS, and mentions drug-resistant TB and the relationship between TB and HIV.
Molecular Identification and Speciation of Human Non-Falciparum Plasmodium Sp...
Molecular Identification and Speciation of Human Non-Falciparum Plasmodium Sp...Associate Professor in VSB Coimbatore
This study evaluated the prevalence of malaria parasite among pregnant and non pregnant women attending Federal Medical Centre (FMC) Owerri Imo State Nigeria within the age range of 21-50 years. The molecular identification and speciation of the malaria parasites were carried out using different diagnostic techniques. The blood samples were analyzed using microscopy, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Results using the microscopy for pregnant women was 181(90.5%) and for non pregnant women, it was 185(92.5%) within the age range of under 21, 41 and above. The result of RDT for pregnant women was 58(32.0%) and for non pregnant women were 46(24.9%). However, the age group of pregnant women that had the highest occurrence of malaria using microscopy was (21-25yrs) with 100% of persons tested positive and (41-45yrs) with 78.8% had the lowest occurrence. For non pregnant women, the age group that had the highest occurrence of malaria parasite was (31-35yrs) with 95.3%of persons reporting tested reporting positive while, (21-25yrs) with 84.6% had the lowest occurrence. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for the speciation of the parasites and the result revealed that Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women within the ages of 46-50yrs had the highest (96.0%) prevalent followed by Plasmodium vivax for women within the ages of 21-25yrs had the highest (13.6%) occurrence, Plasmodium malariae for women within the ages 21-25yrs and had the highest (9.4%) occurrence. In this study, Polymerase Chain Reaction was very sensitive, takes more large samples at a time and specific for both P. falciparum and non falciparum Plasmodium infections and has many diagnostic advantages over microscopy. Out of 400 venous blood samples collected from both pregnant and non-pregnant women, 27 blood samples had mixed malaria parasite infections. Therefore, following this study, it will be recommended that we urge the pharmaceutical companies to improve on the manufacturing of broad-spectrum antimalarial drugs to cover all species of Plasmodium as it’s done with antimicrobials not only concentrating on the drugs for the treatment of P. falciparum alone.Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HPV infection in women in the Lekoumou and Niari departments of Congo Brazzaville. The researchers collected samples from 100 women aged 16-73 and tested them for HPV. They found an overall HPV prevalence of 29%. Certain demographic factors like age, education level, marital status, age of first intercourse, number of sexual partners and parity did not show statistically significant associations with HPV infection status. The study provides baseline data on HPV prevalence in the region that can inform future cervical cancer prevention efforts.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HPV infection in women in the Lekoumou and Niari departments of Congo Brazzaville. The researchers collected samples from 100 women aged 16-73 and tested them for HPV. They found an overall HPV prevalence of 29%, with the highest rates (58.3%) in women over 50. No significant associations were found between HPV infection and factors like education level, age of first intercourse, number of sexual partners, or number of pregnancies. The study provides baseline data on HPV prevalence in these regions of Congo to help guide cervical cancer prevention efforts.
Clinics of Oncology | Oncology Journals | Open Access Journa
Clinics of OncologyTM (ISSN 2640-1037) - Impact Factor 1.920* is a medical specialty that focuses on the use of operative techniques to investigate and resolve certain medical conditions caused by disease or traumatic injury
Global HIV cohort studies among IDU and future vaccine trials
The author reviewed data on the global HIV epidemic among injecting drug users (IDUs) and identified potential cohorts of IDUs that could participate in future HIV vaccine trials. High HIV prevalence rates were observed among IDUs in many countries in Asia, Eastern Europe, Latin America, and parts of Africa and North America. Several cohort studies also showed high HIV incidence rates among IDUs in China, Thailand, Canada, and Spain. These findings emphasize the seriousness of the IDU epidemic globally and the potential for IDU cohorts to participate in HIV vaccine trials due to demonstrated high participation and retention rates in past studies.
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...
Background: Tuberculosis is one of the most ancient infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The population most affected is the young and economically productive one. The social factors include poor quality of life, poor housing, overcrowding, population explosion, under nutrition, lack of education, and last but not the least lack of awareness of cause of illness.
Aims and Objectives:
1. To study the clinical presentation of tuberculosis in patients.
2. To study various risk factors of tuberculosis.
Material and Methods: This study was conducted at selected designated microscopic centre (DMCs) Kanpur Nagar district has a population of 45.73lakh ( Census 2011).All the patients who were registered in the selected DMCs in the last one month of the year 2016 ( between April and May) were taken into consideration for the present study. Data was collected on predesigned and pretested questionnaire using direct personal interview method of patients at DMCs on the DOTS days of the week i.e Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Informed consent of the study subjects was taken before interview. A total of 105 registered patients were interviewed personally and also the treatment card of patients was obtained from their respective DMCs.
Results: Out of 105 cases of tuberculosis which reported at DMCs maximum no. of patients belongs to age group between 21-40 yrs of age group (58%). Majority of cases were married (65.7%) cases. (62%) cases were Hindu by religion and (58%) belongs to other backward caste. In the study we found majority of patient was illiterate (34.3%). Most common clinical presentation was cough, fever and cough with expectoration, anorexia was reported in (61.9 %) of cases (77%) were cigarette/bidi smokers, 60% were tobacco chewer. Diabetes was reported in (12.4%) cases and (3.8%) cases were HIV positive.
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...
Interest in the epidemiology of TB was triggered by the re-emergence of tuberculosis in the early 1990’s with the advent of HIV and falling economic status of many people which subjected them to poverty. The dual lethal combination of HIV and poverty triggered an unprecedented TB epidemic. In this study, we focused on the period 2000-2013 and all the notified data in Kenya was included. Data on estimates of TB incidence, prevalence and mortality was extracted from the WHO global Tuberculosis database. Data was analysed to produce trends for each of the years and descriptive statistics were calculated. The results showed that there was an average decline of 5% over the last 8 years with the highest decline being reported in the year 2012/13. TB continues to disproportionately affect the male gender with 58% being male and 42% being female. Kenya has made significant efforts to address the burden of HIV among TB patients with cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (CPT) uptake reaching 98% AND ART at 74% by the end of 2013. Kenya’s TB epidemic has evolved over time and it has been characterised by a period where there was increase in the TB cases reaching a peak in the year 2007 after which there was a decline which began to accelerate in the year 2011. The gains in the decline of TB could be attributed in part to the outcomes of integrating TB and HIV services and these gains should be sustained. What is equally notable is the clear epidemiologic shift in age indicating reduced transmission in the younger age groups.
1 s2.0-s0140673619332222-main
This three-arm, open-label, randomized, non-inferiority trial compared three chemotherapy regimens with antiretroviral therapy (ART) for treating advanced AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma in resource-limited settings. 334 participants with HIV and advanced Kaposi sarcoma were randomized to receive intravenous paclitaxel plus ART (control), intravenous bleomycin and vincristine plus ART, or oral etoposide plus ART. The primary outcome was progression-free survival at week 48. Both investigational arms closed early due to inferiority compared to the paclitaxel arm. Progression-free survival rates were higher in the paclitaxel arm than both investigational
1 s2.0-s0140673619332222-main
This three-arm, open-label, randomized, non-inferiority trial compared three chemotherapy regimens with antiretroviral therapy (ART) for treating advanced AIDS-associated Kaposi sarcoma in resource-limited settings. 334 participants with HIV and advanced Kaposi sarcoma were randomized to receive intravenous paclitaxel plus ART (control), intravenous bleomycin and vincristine plus ART, or oral etoposide plus ART. The primary outcome was progression-free survival at week 48. Both investigational arms closed early due to inferiority compared to the paclitaxel arm. Progression-free survival rates were higher in the paclitaxel arm than both investigational
Epidemiology of tb with recent advances acknowledged by who
This document provides an overview of tuberculosis epidemiology and recent advances in tuberculosis programs. It discusses the global and national burden of tuberculosis, the evolution of tuberculosis control programs in India including the National Tuberculosis Control Programme and Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme. It covers diagnosis, treatment, drug-resistant tuberculosis, tuberculosis and HIV coinfection, and recent advances acknowledged by the WHO. The post-2015 tuberculosis strategy in relation to sustainable development goals is also mentioned.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of HPV infection in women in the Lekoumou and Niari departments of Congo Brazzaville. The researchers collected samples from 100 women aged 16-73 and tested them for HPV. They found an overall HPV prevalence of 29%, with the highest rates (58.3%) in women over 50. No significant associations were found between HPV infection and factors like education level, age of first intercourse, number of sexual partners, or number of pregnancies. The study concludes that HPV is relatively common in this region and understanding its prevalence is important for cervical cancer prevention efforts.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
We carried out a descriptive and cross-sectional study over a period of 7 months from January to July 2019 in the department of Lekoumou. 100 women ranging in age from 16 to 73 years old. The variables studied were as follows: age, marital status, level of education, risk factors for the onset of HPV infection, age at first sexual intercourse, number of sexual partners, parity, gesture. The multivariate analysis was done between age, number of level of instruction, parity, age of first sexual intercourse and number of sexual Partners. The statistical analysis and the data processing were carried out by the Excel 2016 software and the graph pad prism version 5 software. The statistical test used was the chi-square test.
Cryptococcus neoformans antigenemia in hiv positive pregnant women attending ...
This study determined the prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans infection among 160 HIV-positive pregnant women attending an PMTCT clinic in southeast Nigeria. A prevalence rate of 13.1% was observed among the HIV-positive women, while none of the 120 HIV-negative controls tested positive. Cryptococcal antigenemia correlated with decreasing CD4 counts, with most positive women having CD4 counts below 200 cells/μl. Targeted cryptococcal screening is recommended for HIV-positive pregnant women with low CD4 counts to reduce preventable deaths and improve obstetric outcomes in this vulnerable group.
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The prevalence and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in primary health care sett...
The prevalence and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) in primary health care sett...
Prevalence of hiv infection in pulmonary tuberculosis suspects;
Prevalence of hiv infection in pulmonary tuberculosis suspects;
Prevalence of Pulmonary and Rifampicin-resistant Tuberculosis Among Patients ...
Prevalence of Pulmonary and Rifampicin-resistant Tuberculosis Among Patients ...
Molecular Identification and Speciation of Human Non-Falciparum Plasmodium Sp...
Molecular Identification and Speciation of Human Non-Falciparum Plasmodium Sp...
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
Clinics of Oncology | Oncology Journals | Open Access Journa
Clinics of Oncology | Oncology Journals | Open Access Journa
Global HIV cohort studies among IDU and future vaccine trials
Global HIV cohort studies among IDU and future vaccine trials
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...
A study on clinical presentation and various risk factors associated with pht...
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...
The epidemiology of tuberculosis in Kenya, a high TB/HIV burden country (2000...
Epidemiology of tb with recent advances acknowledged by who
Epidemiology of tb with recent advances acknowledged by who
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
Prevalence of Hpv Infection in the Lekoumou and Niari Departments (Congo Braz...
Cryptococcus neoformans antigenemia in hiv positive pregnant women attending ...
Cryptococcus neoformans antigenemia in hiv positive pregnant women attending ...
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This study aimed to identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains present in isolates obtained from Uganda and determine the most predominant strain. Sixteen stored MTB isolates underwent MIRU-VNTR genotyping to analyze repeats at loci. Results found the predominant genotype was Uganda II at 46.15%, followed by Delhi/CAS and Ghana at 15.38% each. The study concludes the Uganda II strain is most common in Kampala, Uganda. It recommends expanding the study nationwide and analyzing sub-lineages by age and sex for policymaking.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic Approach
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
#cALL# #gIRLS# In Dehradun ꧁❤8107221448❤꧂#cALL# #gIRLS# Service In Dehradun W...
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
MIRU-VNTR Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained from Uganda
- 1. MIRU-VNTR Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates obtained from Uganda Authors: Mr. Biryabarema Emmanuel1 , Mr. Kaddu Arafat1 , Miss Asio Gloria Joy1 and Miss. Namagembe Hamidah1 Supervisor: Mr Kigozi Edgar 1 1 Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences Corresponding Author: emmanuelb060@gmail.com, +256704260973 Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common global health problems and also one of the world’s deadliest communicable diseases. For example, in 2014, an estimated 9.6 million persons developed tuberculosis, and 1.5 million died. Uganda, like other Sub-Saharan countries, continues to identify thousands of tuberculosis (TB) cases (43,858 TB patients of all types were notified in 2015/16), yet these are only half of the estimated TB cases. The WHO has classified Uganda as a country with a high burden of TB. However, there currently is little information available regarding prevalent genotypes circulating in Uganda. This study aimed at identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains present in the 17 isolates obtained from Uganda and to determine the most predominant strain of the different M. tuberculosis strains in Uganda. Methods MIRU-VNTR genotyping was carried using 15 different loci with dissimilar Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) which were then PCR-amplified, and analyzed to obtain fingerprints of unrelated Mycobacterium tuberculosis species. Results This study proved presence of selected representative isolates that included Beijing, EAI, Delhi/CAS, Ghana, Uganda I and Uganda II in Uganda. Furthermore, this study deduced, Uganda II was the most predominant genotype (with a percentage of 46.15%), followed by Delhi/CAS and Ghana each with a prevalence of 15.38%. Conclusion MIRU-VNTR genotyping confirmed earlier reports that MTB strain “Uganda genotype” is the predominant lineage in Kampala, Uganda. Recommendations Adherence to treatment regimen should be strengthened by the National tuberculosis control program to stop on-going transmission of tuberculosis. Data on sub-lineages need be analysed by age and sex, inorder to draw firm conclusions from such a study. A similar study should be carried out country wide(on a large number of isolates or rather on a large scale) in order to come up with conclusive analysis which would be largely important in policy making and implementation of TB control program.