This document discusses building a civic science culture to bridge the divide between policymakers and the public on issues related to science. It provides an overview of the current polarized political environment and issues like climate change. It then discusses best practices for science communication, such as identifying opinion leaders, diversifying policy options, framing conversations appropriately, investing in boundary organizations, and coordinating strategies on key issues. The goal is to promote more effective dialogue and decision-making on complex science-related challenges.

1. Building a Civic Science Culture:
Bridging the Policy/Public Divide
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Matthew C. Nisbet
Associate Professor
Northeastern University

2. Political Polarization and Gridlock
@MCNisbetFrom Keith Poole’s Vote View blog
Sputnik – Apollo
NEPA
GH BUSH

3. LCV: Environmental Voting Scores
@MCNisbetDunlap, R. E., McCright, A. M., & Yarosh, J. H. (2016). The Political Divide on Climate Change: Partisan Polarization
Widens in the US. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 58(5), 4-23.

4. Political Polarization and Gridlock
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5. The Science Literacy Paradox:
Smart Partisans and Biased Opinions
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Dan Kahan
Kahan, D. M., Peters, E., Wittlin, M., Slovic, P., Ouellette, L. L., Braman, D., & Mandel, G. (2012). The polarizing impact of
science literacy and numeracy on perceived climate change risks. Nature Climate Change, 2(10), 732-735.

6. Geographic Sorting by Partisanship and Ideology
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7. Geographic Sorting by Partisanship and Ideology
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8. Partisan Sorting and Climate Change Beliefs
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9. Partisan Sorting Within Science and Academia
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10. Selective Attention to Science and Society Debates
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Nisbet, M.C. & Markowitz, E. (2015). Expertise in an Age of Polarization: Evaluating Scientists’ Political Awareness and Communication
Behaviors. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 658, 136-154..

11. Rapid Transformation of News & Political Discourse
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12. Politicizing Perceptions of Ebola
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Nisbet, M.C. & Markowitz, E. (2016, March). Americans’ Attitudes About Science and Technology:
The Social Context For Public Communication. AAAS Leshner Leadership Institute. Washington,
DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.

13. Wicked Problems in a Runaway World
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o Wicked problems like climate change, pandemics, and social
inequality span national borders and class distinctions,
disrupting entire economies, political systems, and ways of life.
o They are rooted in our own success as a modern society,
tangled up with industrialization, free trade, scientific advances,
global communications, and higher standards of living. They
have no single cause and no clear solution. Can only do
better or worse at managing over time.
o Yet our inability to effectively manage these transcendent
threats has created new sources of public doubt and anxiety,
eroding trust in government and expert authority, creating a
deep sense of social malaise.
Nisbet, M.C. (2014). Disruptive Ideas: Public Intellectuals and their Arguments for Action on
Climate Change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Climate Change, 5, 809–823..

14. Political Control in an Age of Post-Normal Science
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o Controversies over climate change, food biotech, and nuclear
energy are debates over political control.
o Appeals to scientific authority obscure competing views of
nature, government, the market, justice, progress, autonomy
and community.
o Which values, interpretations, and worldviews matter and
who gets to decide?
o Focusing on the translation of scientific evidence often
fuels polarization, since such evidence is often sufficiently
tentative enough to indefinitely support the values-based
arguments of competing sides.
Nisbet, M.C. (2014). Engaging in Science Policy Controversies: Insights from the U.S. Debate Over Climate Change. Handbook of the Public Communication
of Science and Technology, 2nd Edition. London: Routledge (pp. 173-185).

15. Americans Lose Faith in Government
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16. Brexit: Globalization, Resentment, and Alienation
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17. Science Literacy and Educational Disparities
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18. Optimists or Pessimists?
American Views on Science and Society
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19. Scientists Enjoy Strong Communication Capital
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20. Climate Scientists & Federal Agencies Most Trusted
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21. Science Communication & Outreach Training
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22. Building a Community of Research & Practice
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23. 1. Dialogue, Networks, and Trust Matter
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Social relationships,
networks, and
identities
Trust, credibility,
alienation relative to
science-related
institutions
The uptake
and
influence of
“expert”
science-
related
knowledge
Practical reason,
localized knowledge
Bryan Wynne

24. Common Criteria Used to Judge Expert Advice
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1) Does expert knowledge work? Do predictions fail?
2) Do expert claims pay attention to other available
knowledge?
3) Are experts open to criticism? Admission of errors,
or oversights?
4) What are the social / institutional affiliations of
experts? Historical track record of
trustworthiness, affiliation with industry?
5) What issues overlap or connect to lay experience?

25. The Case of Floating Wind Turbines in Maine:
Common Questions Asked about the Project
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1) Technical specifics related to the technology
2) How does this compare to Cape Wind? Who are the financial
backers? Who controls decisions?
3) What do Mainers get? What is Maine getting out of this? How
will this benefit Mainers? Will it raise cultural esteem and
status?
4) How many jobs will be created? How many will stay in Maine
and for how long? What are the benefits to our town?
5) How will this impact coastal lives and livelihoods? Will it
impact the fishing industry and coastal wildlife?

26. Community Dialogue After Hurricane Isabel
Anne Arundel County, Maryland
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27. http://www.futurecoast.info/

28. 2) Identify and Work with Opinion-Leaders
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o Follow closely news and events related to science-
related issue or public affairs.
o Among peers, are trusted sources of information on
these topics & frequently share information.
o Are more politically active and more involved in their
communities.
o Early adopters of behaviors & technologies,
supporters of policies, and talk them up with others,
providing advice and recommendations.
Nisbet, M. C., & Kotcher, J. E. (2009). A two-step flow of influence? Opinion-leader campaigns on climate change.
Science Communication.

29. 2) Identify and Work with Opinion-Leaders
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36. 3. Diversify Discourses & Policy Options:
Sustainability Problems as Wicked Problems
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o The more complex a problem like climate change, the
more equally plausible discourses and narratives
exist about what should be done.
o Climate change serves as an opportunity for different
groups to mobilize on behalf of their values, goals
and vision for society.
o Climate change is “a synecdoche – a figurative turn of
phrase in which something stands in for something
else—for something much more important than simply
the way humans are changing the weather,” – Mike
Hulme

37. @MCNisbet
Nisbet, M. C. (2014). Disruptive ideas: public intellectuals and their arguments for action on climate
change. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 5(6), 809-823.

38. Diversifying Policy and Technology Options
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Kahan et al 2007
Pielke 2007

39. Expanding the Conversation Beyond Renewables
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Union of Concerned Scientists (2016). Massachusetts Electricity Future.

40. Best Practices in Providing Expert Advice
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o Be policy relevant, not policy prescriptive. Rather than arguing for
specific policy outcome, work to make sure that science is used in
reaching decision. Try to expand discussion of policy options and
solutions, rather than narrow them.
o Partner with other experts and stakeholders who can speak to
multiple dimensions of a science-related issue. Emphasize
consensus evidence endorsed by diversity of expert bodies or
groups.
o Openly talk about uncertainty and be transparent in how
uncertainty is resolved and conclusions reached. Emphasize
openness to scrutiny and correction by peers, journalists, and the
public.
Jamieson, K. H., & Hardy, B. W. (2014). Leveraging scientific credibility about Arctic sea ice trends in a polarized political
environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(Supplement 4), 13598-13605; Druckman, JN (2015).
Communicating Policy-Relevant Science. PS: Political Science & Politics , 48 (S1), 58-69.

41. 4. Frame the Conversation
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42. 5. Invest in Boundary Organizations & Professionals
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43. 5. Invest in Boundary Organizations & Professionals
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44. 5. Invest in Boundary Organizations & Professionals
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45. 6. Coordinate Strategy on Breakthrough Issues
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46. College Education and Social Inequality
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47. The UN Sustainable Development Goals
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48. 6. Coordinate Strategy on Breakthrough Issues
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o On these issues, which strategies promote local and national
dialogue? What questions do the public and policymakers
have?
o Which opinion leaders make valuable partners and should be
the focus of engagement? How can social media be
leveraged?
o Can expert analysis and advice expand the menu of policy
options for addressing these issues?
o Which frames of reference and storylines convey relevance
and reduce motivated reasoning?
o What are the existing or needed boundary organizations?

49. Further Reading
www.climateshiftproject.org
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For AAAS backgrounders:
http://www.aaas.org/pes/other-resources