Birds project - collection and identification of birds

1. A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
STUDY OF AVIAN BIODIVERSITY AT BHILAI NAGAR, DURG
(C.G.)
Accredited A+ Grade by NAAC
Submitted for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
ZOOLOGY
Submitted by
Sheetal Soni
M.Sc.4th Sem
Supervised by
Dr. Mrs.k.choubey
Head of Dept.of Zoology
SUBMITTED AT
DEPT. OF ZOOLOGY
Govt.V.Y.T.PG.Auto.college
durg(CG)

2. INDEX
CHAPTER - 1 - INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER - 2 - REVIEW OF LITERATURE
CHAPTER - 3 - OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER - 4 - OBSERVATION
CHAPTER - 5 - RESULT AND DISCUSSION
CHAPTER - 6 - CONCLUSION
CHAPTER - 7 - BIBLIOGRAPHY

3. Bird are 'warm' blooded vertebrates, with fore limbs modified to wing, and skins
covered with feathers. Forelimbs modified as wings gives power of flight. also are
oviparius and having internal fertilization. The skull and lower jaw are extended
forward into mandibles which make a beak. Birds possess a third, transparent
eyelid, the nictitating membrane, which can move across the eye. Streamlined
body with slight adaptation the forelimbs are modified as wings with a large
surface area provided by feathers. However, rather than being an adaptation to
flight, they are essential for flight to take place.
Habitat :-
There are two types of bird:-(1) Terrestrial- there are bird living in the site. Ex-
grouse, cartridges, turkeys, pheasants, roadrunners. (2) Aquatic- there are bird
living in the water. Ex- goose, penguin, loon, gulls, duck. They eat both plants and
animals from air ,water or land. Birds have no teeth-moves into two chambered
stomach most birds build nest. A lot of birds begin nesting with complicated
rituals courtship. Bird have special organs air sacs in addition to lungs.
1
INTRODUCTION

4. Avian Diversity :-
Tremendous work has been done on various aspects of avian
diversity across the worlds ( ali 1941; fleming, 1968; overtone ,1972; tekke,1972;
vemon and martin, 1975; parke's, 1975; pearson, 1975; norse and mcmanus, 1980;
woodcock, 1980; fanned, 1981; spina, 1982; ali and ripley, 1983; hussain et al, 1984;
brichetti and massa, 1984; grinnell, 1990; billy et al, 1992; sibley and munroe,
1993; gill, 1995; andrews, 1996; raja et al, 1999; rahbek and graves, 2001; anderson
and baldock, 2001 anderson and baldock, 2001 azam and shafique, 2005; kumar et
al, 2006; surana et al. 2007; lepage, 2008; bahadauria et al, 2012 bibi and ali, 2013
soka et al, 2013.Birds occur on land, sea and freshwater, and in virtually every
habitat, from the. Lowest deserts. To the mountains. Our knowledge of bird
species can tell us a great deal about the state of the world and wider biodiversity.
Patterns of bird diversity are driven by fundamental biogeographic factors, with
tropical countries supporting the highest species richness. (Bird life international,
2013) mayer (1935) estimated 8500. Species of avian fauna belonging to 2600
genera throughout the world.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2

5. A. Collection of bird
B. Identification of bird.
Field trip -for bird watching in the everyday morning and evening from October
2019 to February 2020. Take photographs of all the observed bird and then
identify with the help of Avian fauna of Dr. salim Ali.
OBJECTIVE
METHODOLOGY
3

6. 1. Magpie -
Common name – magpie
Scientific name – pica pica
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – passeriformes
Family – corvidae
Genus – pica
OBSERVATION
Character :-
 Magpie birds are black and white color.
 Magpie is omnivores.
 Food- spiders, reptiles, insects, fruit, seeds, small mammals etc.
 During the fall and winter, males and female form pairs.
 Magpie prefer open areas with short vegetation and patches of tree and
bushes.
4

7. 2. Pecock-
Common name – pecock
Scientific name – pavocristatus
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – galliformes
Family – phasianidae
Genus – pavo-cristatus
Character :-
 This is elongated and brightful bird.
 The fields are found here in open spaces.
 This is a carnivorous creature, food – grain, snake, fruit, lizard, mouse,
squirrel.
 Male pecock dance to attract female.
5

8. 3. Koel-
Common name – koel
Scientific name – eudynamys
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – cuculiformes
Family – cuckoos
Genus – eudynamys
Character :-
 Their nests like a bord lamp with a unique nest.
 This birds lives in herd bird.
 this is found in grassland area.
 It deals with brood parasite.
 Food- seed, worm etc.
6

9. 4.Baya bird-
Common name – baya
Scientific name – ploceus phillipinus
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – passeriformes
Family – weavers
Genus – p.phillipinus
Character :-
 Baya bird nests are unique and candle shape.
 The nests are woven with long strips ,leaves and grass.
 This bird lives in the herd.
 Food- insect, seed.
7

10. 5.Cock -
Common name – cock
Scientific name – gallus domestius
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – galliformes
Family – phasianidae
Genus – gallus
Character :-
 Food- insect, seed, worm, plant, small animal, like lizard. They are
omnivorus.
 Hen’s bodies are covered in feathers, and they have wings that mainly stray
tucked alongside their bodies. Hen;s are pet bird.
 cock are also found in open area and villages.
 cock are pet bird.
8

11. 6.Pigeon -
Common name – pigeon
Scientific name – columba livia domestica
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – columbiformes
Family – columbidae
Genus – columba
Character :-
 Food- grain, seed, nut, fruit.
 Variable in colour, but most birds are bluish gray and white colour.
 Their long wings and powerful flights muscle.
 Pigeon are familiar birds od cities and towns.
9

12. 7.Hen -
Common name – hen
Scientific name – gallus gallus domesticus
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – galliformes
Family – phasianidae
Genus – gallus gallus
Character :-
 Food- insect, seed, plant, and small animal, like lizard and mice.
Hens are omnivorus.
 Hen’s bodies are covered in feathers, and they have wings that mainly
stray tucked alongside their bodies. Hen;s are pet bird.
 Hen’s are able to lay eggs.
10

13. 8.Roller -
Common name – roller
Scientific name – coracias benghalensis
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – coraciformes
Family – coraciidae
Genus – coracias benghalensis
Character :-
 Roller birds are blue colour.
 Food- worm, insect, seed, grain, snake.
 Roller birds are found in grassland, forest,farm.
 The nests are woven with tree branches,leaves and grass.
 Roller bird can lifespon 18 years.
11

14. 9.Parrot -
Common name – parrot
Scientific name – psittacines
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – psittaciformes
Family – psittacoidae
Genus – psittacines
Character :-
 Parrot birds live in hollow of tree,its called kotar.
 Food- fruit, seed, grain, chilli, leaves.
 Parrot birds are mostly green and male ringneck sport black and rose rings
around their necks.
 This is vegetarian bird.
 Parrot bird can lifespon15-20 years.
12

15. 10.Crow -
Common name – crow
Scientific name – corvus
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – passeriformes
Family – corvidae
Genus – corvus
Character :-
 Crow are extremely intelligent birds.
 Crow are black colour bird and strong bird.
 Crows can be found all over the world in a variety of habitats.
 Crows are omnivores bird.
 Food-insect, seed, fruit, grains, small animals.
13

16. 11. Duck -
Common name – duck
Scientific name – anas platyrhynchos
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – anseriformes
Family – anatidae
Genus – anas platyrhynchos
Character :-
 Duck birds are also called “waterfowl” because they are found in pound, river
and lack etc.
 Ducks can lifespan 2-12 years depends on species.
 Duck mostly found in white colour.
 ducks are omnivores bird.
 Food-grass, seed, small fish, grains, aquatic,insect.
14

17. 12. House sparrow-
Common – house sparrow
Scientific name – passer domesticus
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – passerifprmes
Family – passeridae
Genus – passer domesticus
Character :-
 House sparrow is an extremely little bird.
 House sparrow are brightly colored bird with gray head & chest, white
cheeks,black bib,rufous neck.
 House sparrow nest in holes of buildings and tree.
 House sparrow can lifespan 4-5 years.
 Food-grain, seed, rice, fruit, worm, insect etc.
15

18. 13. Laughing dove-
Common name –laughing dove
Scientific name – spilopelia senegalensis
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – columbiformes
Family – columbidae
Genus – s.senegalensis
Character :-
 The head and underparts are pinkish, and outer coverts,back and rump vary
blue-gray to pale gray.
 The female lays two glossy white eggs.
 They are omnivores bird.
 Laughing dove can lifespan 15-20 years.
 Food-grain, seed, insect, etc.
16

19. 14. Myna-
Common name – myna
Scientific name – acridotheres tristis
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – passeriformes
Family – strunidae
Genus – acridotheres
Character :-
 The common myna is brown with a black head. It has a yellow bill, legs and
bare eye skin.
 Common mynas are believed to pair for life.
 Building their nest in a hole of tree or wall.
 Mayas are omnivores .
 Food-insects, fruits, vagetables etc.
17

20. 15. Cattle Egret -
Common name – cattle egret
Scientific name – bubulcus ibis
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – pelecaniformes
Family – ardeidae
Genus – bubulcus bonaparte
Character :-
 all feathers on cattle egrets are white.
 Cattle egrets wade is shallo water to hunt fish, frogs & other small aquatic
animals.
 They are colonial nesters, stick nests high in tree.
 Cattle egrets are omnivores .
 Food-insects, fish, frogs,lizard etc.
18

21. 16. Hoopoe -
Common name – hoopoe
Scientific name – upupa epops
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – bucerotiformes
Family – upupidae
Genus – upupa
Character :-
 It has a pinkish-brown body, striking black and white wings. Hoopoe is a
familiar bird.
 They don’t gather twigs & find a nice nook on a tree branch, cliffs & walls.
 Hoopoes are omnivores .
 Food- insects, spider, seed, frogs etc.
19

22. 17. Great Egret -
Common name – great egret
Scientific name – ardea alba
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – pelecaniformes
Family – ardeidae
Genus – ardea
Character :-
 all feathers on great egrets are white.
 great egrets wade is shallo water to hunt fish, frogs & other small aquatic
animals.
 They are colonial nesters, stick nests in tree.
 great egrets are omnivores .
 Food-insects, fish, frogs,lizard etc. 20

23. 18. Green bee-eater -
Common – green bee-eater
Scientific name – merops orientalis
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – coraciiformes
Family – meropidae
Genus – merops
Character :-
 it is green bird & wings are green & beak is black .
 The forage either alone or with a group of 15-20 birds.
 They are found in grassland and open forest.
 Green bee-eater is little bird.
 Food-insects, butterflies, dragonflies,spider etc.
21

24. 19. Eagle owl-
Common name – eagle owl
Scientific – bubo bengalensis
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – strigiformes
Family – strigidae
Genus – bubo
Character :-
 eagle owl is fairly large owl with prominent brown ear-tufts.
 They primarily hunt eats and mice.
 The nest is usually a shallow scrape on bare earth.
 Food – frogs, reptiles, crabs and large insect.
22

25. 20. Black drango -
Common name – black drango
Scientific name – dicrurus macrocerus
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – passeriformes
Family – dicruridae
Genus – dicrurus
Character :-
 black drango bird is glossy black.
 The bird found predominantly in open country.
 They feed mainly on insects such as grasshoppers,cicadas, termtes, wasps,
bees, ants, beetles etc .
 They are build nest in tree.
23

26. 21. Purple sunbird-
Common – purple sunbird
Scientific – cinnyris asiaticus
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – passeriformes
Family – nectariniidae
Genus – cinnyris
Character :-
 this is female bird, female is olive brown above & pale yellow below.
 Habitat- open forests, gardens ,groves.
 Food- insect, spider,fruit, grapes.
 Always seen around flowering tree and bushes.
24

27. 22. Ostrich -
Common name – ostrich
Scientific name – struthio camelus
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – struthioniformes
Family – struthionidae
Genus – struthio
Character :-
 Ostrich are large, fightless bird that have long legs and a long neck that
protrudes from a round body.
 Male have bold black and white coloring that they use to attract female.
 Ostrich are omnivores.
 Food- plant, seed, lizard, snakes,rodents, etc.
25

28. 23. Indian spotted eagle -
Common –indian spotted eagle
Scientific – clanga hastata
Classification :–
Phylum – chordata
Class – aves
Order – accipitriformes
Family – accipitridae
Genus – clanga
Character :-
 The indian spotted eagle is about 60 cm in length and has a wingspan of 150
cm.
 Young birds are glossy brown color.
 Food- medium size mammles like fish, birds, reptiles, etc.
26

29. Order Bird Number
Galliformes Pecock, Cock, Hen. 3
Cuculiformes Koel 1
Passeriformes
Baya, Crow, House Sparrow, Myna,
Magpie, Black Drango, Purple
Sunbird.
7
Columbiformes Pigeon, Laughing Dove. 2
Coraciformes Roller, Green Bee-eater. 2
Pelecaniformes Great Egret, Cattle Egret. 2
Psittaciformes Parrot 1
Anseriformes Duck 1
Bucerotiformes Hoope 1
Accipitriformes Eagle 1
Strigiformes Owl 1
Struthioniformes Ostrich 1
RESULT
27

30. Number of birds:-
75%
25%
Village garden Home garden
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Number of genera in different order:-
28

31. During present study total 23 species belonging to 23 genera and 20
families were identified number of species found in our study is 23.
Maximum number of species observed are seen in side the garden area of
the village 17 species (75%). In home garden 6 species (25%) is seen.
Magpie, koel, baya, roller, laughing dove, myna, cattle egret, hoopoe, great
egret, green bee eater, owl, black drango is dominant in the garden area of
village and house sparrow, crow, parrot, hen, cock, pigeon is dominant in
the garden area of home. A garden is an environment created by a gardener
that serves as a sustainable haven for surrounding wildlife. A place for
birds to eat and take shelter will increase the number of birds in the
garden, which play a key role in biological pest control. Not only will food
and shelter in crease the survival rate of birds but it will also ensure that
they are healthy enough for a successful breeding season.
DISCUSSION
29

32. CHARACTER OF AQUATIC BIRD –
(1) Most seabird have flexible webbed feet that help them be powerful
swimmers or hel propel them across the water to gain speed for take
off.
(2) Some species have strong claws o their feet to help with fishing as well.
(3) Wing shape sea birds wings are specially shaped for their unique flight
needs.
(4) These adaptations include to feed in water and the ability to dive from
the surface or the air to catch prey in water.
(5) Webbed feet for swimming and waterproof feather.
(6) Larger species with long legs and great height also possess long
flexible necks that allow them to reach food below the water surface.
30

33. CHARACTER OF TERRESTRIAL BIRD –
(1) These bird also prefer to freeze, walk, or when threatened rather than
taking flight.
(2) Terrestrial birds usually have strong, powerful legs which allow them
to outrun predators.
(3) Feathers are made of keratin.
(4) Arboreal bird spend most of their time in trees and dense foliage.
(5) Aminiote egg are encased in hard, calcium containing shells.
(6) Birds have lungs and air sacs are not sites of gas exchange.
(7) Gizzard strong.
CONCLUSION
We conclude that species spatial distributions are directly effected by
global warming and subsequently climate change. evidence found
specifically from birds show that there is a correlation between bird
population characteristics and alterations in climate factors such as
temperature and precipitation.
31

34. REFERENCE
32
(Bibliography) of Indian Birds:-
 Lepage, Denis (1 July 2016). "Checklist of birds of India". Avibase bird checklists
of the world. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
 Gogoi, Deborshee & Phukan, Porag Jyoti (2016). "White-browed Crake
Amaurornis cinerea in maguri-Motapung Beel, Assam, India: A new species for
South Asia". Indian Birds. 11 (3): 79–80.
 Praveen, J; Jayapal, Rajah & Pittie, Aasheesh. (2016). A checklist of the birds of
India. Indian Birds. 11 (5&6): 113–172.
Remsen, J.V.Jr (2016) rapid assessment program for assigning species rank.
Journal of field ornithology.
Remsen,J.V.Jr (2015) .Review of HBW and Birdlife International illustrated
checklist of the birds of the world volume.
 Dunn, J. C.; Buchanan, G. M.; Cuthbert, R. J.; Whittingham, M. J. & McGowan, P.
J. K. (2015). "Mapping the potential distribution of the Critically Endangered
Himalayan Quail Ophrysia superciliosa using proxy species and species distribution
modelling". Bird Conservation International. 25 (4): 1–13.
doi:10.1017/S095927091400046X.
 Delany, S.; Garbutt, D.; Williams, C.; Sulston, C.; Norton, J. & Denby, C. (2014).
"The Southampton University Ladakh Expeditions 1976–1982: Full details of nine

35. species previously unrecorded in India and four second records". Indian Birds. 9
(1): 1–13.
 Khan, Asif N. (1 December 2013). "First Record of Lesser White-Fronted Goose
Anser erythropus from Gujarat, India". Journal of the Bombay Natural History
Society. 110 (3): 224. doi:10.17087/jbnhs/2013/v110i3/94037 (inactive 2020-09-
01). ISSN 2454-1095. Harrop, A H.; et al. (2013) The British List: A checklist of
bird of Britain.
 "National bird of India". Know India. Govt. of India. Retrieved 2 December
2007.
 Clements,J F. (2007). The Clements checklist of bird of the world.
Roller:- Barya,M (2000). shghtings of the European Roller. Dalgliesh,
G.(1911).Roller catching its prey in the water, Gupta , s.(1976): Indian Rollers,
black Drango etc.
Sing, B.(200):- chance insights into the behaviour of woodpeckers.
Raza ,R.H.(1993):- sighting of black Bulbul Hypsipetes madagascariensis(P.L.S.
Muller) in gaya, Bihar J.bombay Nat.
Kirkpatrick k.M.(1950):- peculiar roosting site of the house swift.
(sparrows)(crows,Magpies):-Bulu Iman, ARH(1997) Third golden crows in
Hazaribagh.
Ducks:- Desai, J.H (1971): Note on breeding of Ruddy shelduck Tadorna
ferruginea (Pallas) at Delhi zoological park J.bombay nat.
33

36. Pigeons and Doves :- Donahue J.p.(1962): speed of flight of birds.
Parrots:- bhargava, R and F Hanfree(1996).
Cuckoo's:- Bagwell purefoy, A.E.(1947): The koel as an egg - stealen J.Bombay
nat.
Woodpeckers:- Ganguli, U.(1962): The wryneck.
Myna:- Desai J.H.and A.k. Malhotra (1998)Behaviour and breeding biology of
pied myna and common myna.
Owl:- Dodsworth, P.T.L.(1913) The Himalayan wood owl.
Hoopoes:-Dhanze, J.R.(1977) A brief observation regarding the migration of
Hoopoes.
34