FOR DOWNLOAD CONTACT - eduvish24@gmail.com PROTECTION OF CROPS FROM SOIL BORNE AND VECTOR BORNE DISEASES : Management of soilborne diseases depends on a thorough knowledge of the pathogen,the host plant, and the environmental conditions that favours the infection.Methods employed to achieve such results are Chemical sprays, dusts,Modification of environment, and Modification of host nutrition.Generally , the vector borne diseases are viral diseases.Our ability to help growers to control vector-borne disease depends on our ability to generate pathogen- and traditional or synthetic approaches and to block pathogen transmission by the insect vector.

1. PROTECTION OF CROPS FROM SOIL BORNE
AND VECTOR BORNE DISEASES
PRESENTED BY
VISHALI NS

2. INTEGRATED PLANT DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
● IDM can be defined as decision based process
involving coordinated use of multiple tactics for
optimising the control of pathogen in an
ecologically and economically.

3. PROTECTION
● Protection is the one of the principles of plant diseases control.
● The protection of infection courts against the inoculums of many
fast spreading infectious pathogen, brought by wind from
neighboring fields or any other distant place of survival.
● It can be achieved by creating toxic barrier between the plant
surface and the inoculums.

4. SOIL BORNE DISEASES
● The diseases that are caused by pathogens which persist (survive) in the soil matrix
and in residues on the soil surface are defined as soil borne diseases”.
SOIL BORNE PATHOGENS
● Soilborne pathogens survive assoil inhabitants (survive in soil for relatively longer
periods), soil invaders or soil transients (survive in the soil for relatively shorter
periods).
● Soilborne pathogens also survive as non-pathogenic and generally in the form of
saprobes (organisms that live on decaying organic matter).
● Under certain congenital conditions these saprobes will turn into pathogenic
form

5. PREDOMINANT SOIL BORNE PATHOGEN
● Fungi: Sclerotiumrolfsii, Rhizoctonia Solani, Fusarium Sp,
Pythium, Phytophthora etc.
● Bacteria: Erwinia, Ralstonia, Rhizomonas, Agrobacterium,
Streptomyces etc.
● Nematodes: Meloidogyne, Heterodera, Longidorus,
Paratrichodorus etc.

6. MAJOR SOILBORNE DISEASES
DISEASE NAME CAUSAL ORGANISM
Damping-off
Wilt
Stem ,collar and head rots
Root rot
Pythium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia,
Sclerotiumrolfsii and less commonly
Fusarium sp.
Fusarium Oxysporum and Verticillium spp
Phytophthora, Sclerotium, Rhizoctonia,
Sclerotinia, Fusarium and occasionally
Aspergillus Niger.
Pythium and Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia,
Cylindrocladium and Armillaria .

7. MAJOR
DISEASES
FRUIT ROT
DAMPING OFF
COLLAR ROT
WILT

8. MANAGEMENT OF SOILBORNE DISEASES
● Management of soilborne diseases depends on a thorough knowledge of
the pathogen,the host plant, and the environmental conditions that
favours the infection.
Methods employed to achieve such results are
● Chemical sprays, dusts,
● Modification of environment, and
● Modification of host nutrition.

9. CULTURAL CONTROL
Fertilizer application:
● Application of ammonium bicarbonate reduce the viability of sclerotial bodies of S.
rolfsii
● Application of phosphatic fertilizers also influences the host resistance by increasing
the production of phytoalexins
● Management of Pythium and Phytophthora by application of phosphoric acid.
● Application of gypsum reduces the incidence of Macrophomina in groundnut.

10. GOOD SOIL DRAINAGE AND AERATION
● Good soil drainage reduces the number and activity of certain
oomycetes pathogens (eg.,Pythium) and nematodes.
• Flooding fields for long periods or dry fallowing may also reduce
Fusarium, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, and nematodes
• Irrigation also helps to reduce the soilborne disease charcoal rot
caused by M. phaseolina

11. CROP ROTATION
● Crop rotation will be helpful to control the soil borne inoculum
because if the host is not present for particular number of years then
the amount of inoculum will be reduced.
● Satisfactory control through crop rotation is possible with pathogens
that are soil invaders, i.e., survive only on living plants or only as long
as the host residue persists as a substrate for their saprophytic
existence.

12. Crop rotation can still reduce populations of the pathogen in the soil (e.g.,
Verticillium) and appreciable yields from the susceptible crop can be obtained
every third or fourth year of the rotation.

13. TILLAGE PRACTICES
● Soil preparation before sowing helps in reducing pathogen
population by either burial of inoculum deep into the soil or
its drying in the top exposed layers.
● Deep ploughing of crop residues which harbor the pathogen
is more effective in reducing this important source of
infection

14. SOIL AMENDMENTS
● Application of organic amendments like saw dust, straw, oil cake,
etc., will effectively manage the diseases caused by Pythium,
Phytophthora, Verticillium, Macrophomina, Phymatotrichum and
Aphanomyces. Beneficial microorganisms increases in soil and
helps in suppression of pathogenic microbes

15. For example,
● Application of lime (2500 Kg/ha) reduces the club root of cabbage by
increasing soil pH to 8.5 .
● Similarly application of sulphur (900 Kg/ha) to soil brings the soil pH
to 5.2 and reduces the incidence of common scab of potato cause by
Streptomyces scabies .
● Application of castor cake and neem leaves helps to reduce the foot rot
of wheat .
● Incorporation of decaffeinated waste and water hyacinth against root
knot nematode

16. SOIL SOLARIZATION
● The increased soil temperature from solar heat, known as solarization,
inactivates (kills) many soilborne pathogens such as fungi, nematodes, and
bacteria near the soil surface, thereby reducing the inoculum and the
potential for disease.
● Verticillium wilt, Fusarial wilt will be controlled by soil solarization.
● Bacterial canker of tomato, caused by Clavibacter michiganense,is also
reduced by this method.

17. SOIL SOLARISATION SOIL MULCHING

18. CHEMICAL APPLICATION
● Fungicides used for soil treatments include metalaxyl, diazoben,
pentachloronitrobenzene(PCNB), captan, and chloroneb, although the
last two are used primarily as seed treatments.
● Applied as soil fumigation, soil drenching and seed treatment.
● Soil Treatment with Chemicals Certain fungicides are applied to the
soil as dusts, liquid drenches, or granules to control damping-off,
seedling blights, crown and root rots, and other diseases

19. CHEMICAL SPRAYING SOIL DISINFECTANT

20. VECTOR BORNE DISEASES
● Insect vectors are responsible for driving and spreading the most
devastating plant disease epidemics.
● Many are emerging diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, and
phytoplasmas that challenge a wide range of crops .
● Many transmission of plant pathogens by insect vectors of plant
disease such as aphids, whiteflies, psyllids, spittlebugs, leafhoppers,
and thrips.

21. MAJOR DISEASES
DISEASE NAME VECTOR TRANSMITTER
Aphids
Whiteflies
Thrips
Black aphids
Leaf hopper
Root knot nematode
Tobacco mosaic, tomato spotted wilt, cabbage black
ringspot, carnation latent, cauliflower mosaic, cherry
ringspot, cucumber mosaic.
leaf curl viruses in cotton, potato, tomato, tobacco,
and other plants.
yellow mosaic diseases in cowpeas, roses, soybeans,
and tomatoes.
Tomato spotted wilt virus
Banana bunchy top
Big bud of tomato.
Root galls in vegetables.

22. MAJOR
VECTORS

23. MAJOR DISEASES
TOMATO SPOTTED WILT
ROOT GALLS
PAPAYA LEAF CURL

24. PREVENTION
Generally , the vector borne diseases are viral diseases.
● Our ability to help growers to control vector-borne disease depends on our
ability to generate pathogen- and traditional or synthetic approaches and
to block pathogen transmission by the insect vector.
● The infected plants should be uprooted to avoid infection.
● Suitabler insecticide should be used to reduce the incidence of diseases.

25. ● Raise 2-3 rows of maize or sorghum as border crops to restrict the
spread of aphid vectors.
● Apply carbofuran 3G@4-5 kg/acre in the mainfield to control the
sucking complex and insect vectors selectively.
● Use the virus free seedlings.
● Spraying of 5% NSKE or neem leaf extract to control the white fly
vector.

26. CONCLUSION
● Management of soilborne diseases is most successful and
economical when all the required information pertaining to the
crop, disease affecting it, history of these in the previous years,
resistant levels of the host and environmental conditions to prevail
is available.
● Hence,the vector borne diseases are also controlled by treated seed
should be washed with fresh water and dried before sowing.

27. REFERENCE
Prakasam, V, G. Chandrasekar, R. Velazhagan and R. Jeyarajan. 1994. A guide on plant
diseases management. A. E. Publications, Coimbatore
Nene, Y.L. and P.N. Thapliyal. 1979. Fungicides in Plant diseases control. Oxford and IBH
Publishing Co., New Delhi.
Singh R.S (2002) .Introduction to principle of plant pathology.Oxford and IBH Publishing
co., New Delhi.
Kraft J.M., Haware M.P.,Halila H , Sweetingham M.,Bayaa B. (2000).Soil borne diseases
and their control : Current plant science and biotechnology in agriculture.Vol 34
https://doi.org /10.1007/978-94-011-4385-1_42
Katan .J (2017).Diseases caused by soil borne pathogens : Biology, Management and
challenges .An International Journal of Italian Society for plant pathology.Vol 99(2)
https://dx.doi.org /10.4454/jpp.v99i2.3862

28. THANK YOU…