The document summarizes the organization of the immune system. It describes the major components including lymphoid organs, lymphatic vessels, and immune cells. The primary lymphoid organs that support lymphocyte maturation are the bone marrow and thymus. Secondary lymphoid organs where lymphocytes interact with antigens include lymph nodes, spleen, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and skin-associated lymphoid tissue. Lymphatic vessels drain fluid from tissues to lymph nodes. The main immune cells are lymphocytes, antigen-presenting cells, and effector cells that eliminate microbes.
Immunology is the study of the immune system and how it protects us from infection and disease123. It is a branch of biology and medicine2. Are you looking for something specific about immunology?
Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through
This Power Point provides quality information about the cells and organs of the human immune system and how these cell and organs work and coordinate with other organ-system in the body.
Immunology is the study of the immune system and how it protects us from infection and disease123. It is a branch of biology and medicine2. Are you looking for something specific about immunology?
Immunology is the study of the immune system and is a very important branch of the medical and biological sciences. The immune system protects us from infection through
This Power Point provides quality information about the cells and organs of the human immune system and how these cell and organs work and coordinate with other organ-system in the body.
Learn about Secondary lymphoid organs in humans with details.
Lymphoid organs are site where cells of immune system originate and develops and where acquire immune responses are initiated.
for more such content contact me at faunafondness.com
contents of ppt include introduction, embryology, lymphatic organs and tissues, classification of lymph nodes, tnm staging, diseases of lymph nodes, classification of lymph node, inspection and palpation of lymph nodes, composition of lymph, function of lymphatic system and lymph nodes
Learn about Secondary lymphoid organs in humans with details.
Lymphoid organs are site where cells of immune system originate and develops and where acquire immune responses are initiated.
for more such content contact me at faunafondness.com
contents of ppt include introduction, embryology, lymphatic organs and tissues, classification of lymph nodes, tnm staging, diseases of lymph nodes, classification of lymph node, inspection and palpation of lymph nodes, composition of lymph, function of lymphatic system and lymph nodes
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
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Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
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This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
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As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
2. Objectives
◆Identify the major componentsofthe lymphatic system
(organs, cells andvessels) andexplain their functions
◆List the primary andsecondary lymphoid organs
◆Discuss the development oflymphoid organs in brief
◆Explain the functions ofthe immune system
4. Introduction
Immunity State
ofprotection from
infections or
resistance to
infections
Immune system
Collections ofcells,
tissues and molecules
thatmediate
resistance to infections
Immune response
The coordinated
reaction ofcells and
molecules to eliminate
theinvading organisms
5. Major components of the
Immune System
◆Lymphoidorgans
• Primary or central
• Secondaryor peripheral
◆Lymphatic vessels
◆Cells
• Lymphocytes
• Antigenpresentingcells
• Other leukocytes
◆Molecules
• Antibody
• Complement
• Cytokines
6. Primary or Central
Lymphoid Organs
◆These organs are the sites of maturation of
lymphocytes before they encounter any antigen
◆Primary or centrallymphoid organs include
1. Bone marrow
2. Thymus
7. Primary Lymphoid Organs
Bone Marrow
Found in the medullary cavity of compactbones and interstices of spongy bone
Consists of haematopoitic and stromal tissue
Stromal tissue support maturationof cellsby providing growth factorsand cytokines
8. Thymus
◆It is aflat,bi-lobed organ situated
above the heart
◆At birth it weighs 10- 15 gm
◆Its size increases up to puberty
(30- 40 gm)
◆Subsequently its size reduces and
muchofthe organ is replaced by fat
◆Each lobeis surrounded bya
connectivetissue capsule that sends
trabeculae inside and divide it in to
lobules
Primary Lymphoid Organs
9. Thymus
◆Eachlobuleis organized into
•Outer cortex:Denselypacked
withmaturing T cells called
thymocytes
•Innermedulla:Sparsely populated
withthymocytes
◆Boththecortex andmedulla are
crisscrossedbyastromal- cell
networkconsistingof thymic
epithelialcells, dendritic cells,and
macrophages
◆SiteofmaturationofT cells
Primary Lymphoid Organs
10. Secondary or peripheral lymphoid organs include
1. Lymph nodes
2. Spleen
3. Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
• Tonsils
• Peyer’s patches
• Lymphocytes in the mucosa ofGIT
, Respiratory and Urinary tract
1. Cutaneous associated lymphoid tissue (CALT)
CALT is some times called tertiary lymphoid organ
Secondary or Peripheral
Lymphoid Organs
12. Secondary or Peripheral
Lymphoid Organs
◆These organs are the sites of interaction of mature
lymphocytes with antigens and antigen presenting cells
(APCs)
◆Mature lymphocytes from circulation migrate and
reside in these organs
◆Microorganisms and APCs carrying microbial or
tumour antigens also migrate to these organs through
blood or lymph
◆Lymphocytes, antigens and APCs come in close
proximity and can interact in these organs
13. Secondary or Peripheral
Lymphoid Organs
◆These organs also bring different types oflymphocytes
(helper T cells,cytotoxicT cells and B cells) in close
proximity
◆This close proximityofdifferent types of lymphocytes
optimizes their interaction with each other bydirect
contactor by cytokines
◆Interaction between different lymphocytes
generates effective immune response
14. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Lymph nodes
◆Lymph nodes are nodular aggregates
of lymphoid tissues located along
lymphatic channels throughout the
body
◆Fluid (lymph) from epithelia,
connective tissue and most
parenchymal organs is drained by
lymphaticchannels to lymphnodes
15. Lymph nodes
◆Encapsulated bean (or kidney)
shaped structures containinga
reticular network packed with
lymphocytes and APCs
◆Morphologically, alymph node can
be divided into three roughly
concentricregions
•Cortex: Rich in B cells, also contains
macrophagesanddendritic cells
•Paracortex: Rich in T cells,also contains
macrophagesanddendritic cells
•Medulla: Contains T cells, B cells and
Plasmacells
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
16. Lymph nodes
◆Lymph enter into the lymph nodes through
afferent lymphatic vessels and exit through the
efferentlymphatic vessel
◆Microorganisms carried in lymph come in
contact with lymphocytes and APCs while
passing through the lymph nodes
◆In addition, APCs can pick up microbes from
tissue and parenchymal organs and transport
them to the lymph nodes through lymphatic
channels
◆Antigens that enter through tissue and
parenchymal organs interact with lymphocytes
in the lymph nodes and induce immune
response
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
17. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Spleen
Itissurrounded by
connective tissue
capsulethatsends
trabeculae insideand
divideitinto
compartments
•Red pulp: Network of sinusoids, populated with macrophages, numerous red
bloodcells andafew lymphocytes
•White pulp: Surrounds the branches of the splenic artery, forming periarteriolarlymphoid
sheath(PALS) populatedmainlybyT lymphocytes
• Primary lymphoidfollicles: Attached to PALS rich inB cells
• Marginalzone:Peripheralto PALScontainLymphocytesandmacrophages
18. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Spleen
◆Largest secondary lymphoid organ
◆Morerecirculating lymphocytes pass through the
spleen daily than alllymph nodes combined
◆Blood borne microorganismsenter spleen, interact
with APCs and lymphocytes and induce immune
response
◆Site ofclearance ofimmune complexes
19. MucosaAssociated Lymphoid Tissue
(MALT)
◆Group of lymphoid tissues located under the
epithelium of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and
urogenital systems
◆Their structure ranges from loose, barely organized
clusters of lymphoid cells in the mucosa (e.g. in lamina
propria)to well organized structureslike
•
•
Tonsils
Peyer’spatches
◆Majority of the lymphocyte in MALT are memorycells
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
21. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Peyer’s patches
◆Present inthesubmucosal layer
of the ilium beneath the lamina
propria
◆These are nodules of 30–40
lymphoidfollicles
◆Lamina propria of the intestine
also contains lymphocytes,
plasma cellsand macrophages
22. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Collection oflymphocytes under the epithelium ofskin Majority
are memorycells
These arethe sites ofimmune responses to antigensthat
breach the epithelium of skin
At any time, more than half ofthe body’
s
lymphocytes are in the MALT and CALT
reflecting their large size
Cutaneous AssociatedLymphoid Tissue(CALT)
23. Lymphatic Vessels
◆Lymphatic vessels from tissue drain
to the regional lymph nodes
through afferentlymphaticvessels
◆Efferent lymphatic vessels from
these nodes drain into another
group oflymphnodes
24. Lymphatic Vessels
◆Efferent lymphatic vessels form
lymphatic trunks that ultimately
drain into lymphatic ducts
(thoracic duct on the left and right
lymphatic duct on the right side)
◆Thoracic duct and right lymphatic
duct drain into the internal jugular
veins at their junction with
subclavian veins
◆Thereby it carries fluid from
tissue to the blood circulation
25. Lymphatic Vessels
◆Lymph maypick up microorganisms and cancer cells from
tissue and parenchymalorgans,bring them to lymph
nodes where they comein contactwith APCs and
lymphocytes and induce immune response
◆Macrophages,dendritic cells and lymphocytes that
migrateto tissues can also returnbackto circulation
through lymphatic vessels
◆So lymphatic system is an important part ofthe
immune system
27. Cells of the Immune System
◆Cells ofthe immune system
are generated in the bone
marrow
◆The process of generation
is called haematopoisis
◆The microenvironmentofthe
bone marrow stroma supportcell
generationand maturation
◆From bone marrow the cells
are released into the circulation
28. Cells of the Immune System
Functionally cells of the Immune System
can be classified as
1. Immunocompetentcells
2. Antigen presenting cells
3. Effector cells
29. Cells of the Immune System
Immunocopmpetent cells ICC
◆Capable of recognizing specific antigens and
providing immune response to that particular antigen
◆These cells possess 4 attributes of adaptive immunity
1. Antigenic specificity
2. Diversity
3. Immunological memory
4. Self/non-self recognition
◆Only mature T and B lymphocytes have
these characteristic attributes and are called
ICC
30. Cells of the Immune System
Immunocopmpetent cells
TH= T Helper,TC= T Cytotoxic
31. Cells of the Immune System
Lymphocytes
◆Constitute20-40% of circulating WBC population
◆O nly cells that bear specific receptors for antigens
◆All lymphocytes are morphologically similar but they
differin lineage, function and phenotype (e.g.CD
molecules)
◆Lymphocyte population can be classifiedas
•
•
•
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Natural Killer (NK) cells
CD= Cluster of Differentiation
NK cellsdo not bear specific receptors for antigen
32. Cells of the Immune System
Antigenpresentingcells(APCs)
◆APCs arespecializedcellsthatdisplayantigenson their surface
byMHC molecules to activateT lymphocytes
◆Thecommon portalsofentry ofmicroorganisms-the skin,
gutandtherespiratorytractcontainAPCs intheir epithelium
◆Thesecells cancaptureantigens,transport themto
peripherallymphoid organs and displaythemto T cells
33. Cells of the Immune System
◆ProfessionalAPCs include:
• Dendriticcells
• Macrophages
• B lymphocytes
◆APCs express both Class I and Class II
MHC molecules on their surface to
display antigento T cells
◆Theyalso expressB7 (B7.1 and B7.2)
molecules to provide co-stimulatory
signalto activateT cells
Antigen presenting cells (APCs)
Signal1: Stimulatory signal
Signal2: Co-stimulatory signal
TC
34. Cells of the Immune System
Effector cells
Cells thateliminatemicrobes
◆Lymphocytes
◆Neutrophils
◆Monocytes and Macrophages
◆Eosinophils
◆Basophils and Mastcells
◆NaturalKiller (NK) Cells
35. • Plasmacells
•Derived fromB lymphocytes
•Produceantibodies
•Antibodieseliminateextracellular pathogens
•Effector THcells
to eliminate intracellular pathogens
• Cytotoxic T cells
• Derived from CD8+ T lymphocytes
• Induce apoptosis of infected cells
• Derived from CD4+ T lymphocytes
• Produce cytokines that activate macrophages Cellmediated
Cells of the Immune System
Effector cells
Effector Lymphocytes
Humoral
Immunity
Immunity
36. Effector cells
Other effector cells and their roles in Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Cells of the Immune System
Cells Role in Innate Immunity Role in Adaptive Immunity
Neutrophils Phagocytosis ADCC
Macrophage
s
(Monocytes)
Phagocytosis ADCC
Pathogen elimination by TH
cells
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Eosinophils ADCC in parasitic
infections
Type I Hypersensitivity
Mast cells
and
Basophils
Inflammation Type I Hypersensitivity
NK cells Kill virus infected and tumour
cells
ADCC
ADCC= Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
37. Functions of the Immune System
◆The main function of the immune system is
defense against microbial infections
• Preventsentryoforganisms insidethebody
• Kills and eliminates organisms that enter the body and
preventsestablishmentofinfection
• Eradicatesestablishedinfection
◆Another major function of the immune system is
protection from tumours
• Continuoussurveillance for tumour cells
• Killany tumour celldeveloped
(Tumour developonlywhenitcanevadethe immune surveillance)
38. Importance of the Immune
System
◆Individuals withdefective immune responses are susceptibleto
serious,life-threateninginfections
◆Stimulating immune responses by vaccination is the most
effectivemethod for protecting frominfections
◆Immune response is a barrier to successful organ
transplantation
◆Clinical trials are showing that cancers can be treated by
stimulatingtheimmuneresponse
◆Abnormal immune response (hypersensitivity and
autoimmunity) may cause diseases with serious morbidity and
mortality