This document provides an overview of organic production and marketing of pumpkins and winter squash. It discusses the taxonomy and varieties of different pumpkin and squash species, including those used for culinary purposes, ornamental purposes, and commercial canning. The document covers production topics like planting, soil management, weed control, and pest management, as well as post-harvest handling and marketing considerations for different varieties.
This document summarizes information about growing improved varieties of pawpaws in Virginia. It discusses the history and botany of pawpaws, provides details on cultivation requirements including orchard layout, fertilization, pruning and pest management. Varietal information is presented on several promising new cultivars from a breeding program. Marketing approaches are outlined, including pricing, consumer education and potential market outlets. Research needs and development opportunities are also summarized to support future growth of the pawpaw industry.
Pawpaw - A "Tropical" Fruit for Temperate ClimatesElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of pawpaw production, including culture, pests, harvest, post-harvest handling, marketing, and research. It summarizes that pawpaws have potential for commercial development, are native to eastern North America, and thrive in zones 5-8. Major research efforts aim to identify best cultivars and management practices to support commercialization.
The Pecan Tree: How to Plant It, How to Grow It, How to Buy It; by Herbert Ch...FalXda
The document provides instructions for planting and cultivating pecan trees. It recommends transplanting trees from a nursery rather than planting nuts, as transplanting leads to higher survival rates. Trees can be planted in the fall or winter when dormant. Spacing trees 30-50 feet apart is suggested. Care of the trees upon arrival and proper planting techniques to ensure high survival rates are also outlined.
The document summarizes the development of new apple rootstocks through a breeding program. It discusses:
- The program was initiated in 1967 by Drs. Cummins and Aldwinckle at Cornell University to develop disease resistant and high yielding rootstocks.
- Over 2,500 new rootstocks are currently in development through breeding and selection. Traits of focus include disease resistance, drought tolerance, cold tolerance and yield efficiency.
- Rootstock development involves multiple stages from parent selection and crossing, to disease screening, field trials and commercial production. Molecular tools are now used to aid selection.
- International collaboration has expanded apple rootstock breeding programs globally. Over 100 new rootstocks have been developed and distributed
Propagation of rootstocks in temperate fruits final. ROOTSTOCK . WHAT IS ROOT...Arvind Yadav
Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice.
Sexual –seeds
Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock.
Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.
RootstocksSeedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Rajat Sharma presented on the role of rootstocks in temperate fruit production. Rootstocks influence scion traits like size, yield, fruit quality, and stress tolerance through hormone interactions and nutrient/assimilate transport. An ideal rootstock is precocious, dwarfing, high-yielding, stress resistant, and compatible. Rootstock selection depends on soil conditions and desired scion traits. The graft union forms through wound response, callus bridging, and vascular reconnection between rootstock and scion. Incompatibility can occur from structural, physiological, or pathogen issues. Various rootstocks are used for apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, walnuts, almonds, and
The document provides information about an assignment submitted by Manju George to Dr. N.D. Polare on the identification of apple species and varieties. It discusses the botanical description of apples, their ancestral wealth including various wild species found in the Himalayas, important cultivated varieties in different regions and seasons of India, classification of varieties, rootstocks, and provides details on some popular varieties like Golden Delicious, Gala, and Granny Smith.
This document provides an overview of apple breeding. It discusses the origin and domestication of apples, with their center of origin including Asia Minor, the Caucasus, central Asia, Himalayan India and Pakistan and western China. Apple is a diploid species that reproduces sexually. The document outlines important apple rootstocks and their characteristics, as well as objectives for rootstock breeding including resistance to pests and diseases. It also discusses limitations in conventional apple breeding and new techniques to address these limitations.
This document summarizes information about growing improved varieties of pawpaws in Virginia. It discusses the history and botany of pawpaws, provides details on cultivation requirements including orchard layout, fertilization, pruning and pest management. Varietal information is presented on several promising new cultivars from a breeding program. Marketing approaches are outlined, including pricing, consumer education and potential market outlets. Research needs and development opportunities are also summarized to support future growth of the pawpaw industry.
Pawpaw - A "Tropical" Fruit for Temperate ClimatesElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of pawpaw production, including culture, pests, harvest, post-harvest handling, marketing, and research. It summarizes that pawpaws have potential for commercial development, are native to eastern North America, and thrive in zones 5-8. Major research efforts aim to identify best cultivars and management practices to support commercialization.
The Pecan Tree: How to Plant It, How to Grow It, How to Buy It; by Herbert Ch...FalXda
The document provides instructions for planting and cultivating pecan trees. It recommends transplanting trees from a nursery rather than planting nuts, as transplanting leads to higher survival rates. Trees can be planted in the fall or winter when dormant. Spacing trees 30-50 feet apart is suggested. Care of the trees upon arrival and proper planting techniques to ensure high survival rates are also outlined.
The document summarizes the development of new apple rootstocks through a breeding program. It discusses:
- The program was initiated in 1967 by Drs. Cummins and Aldwinckle at Cornell University to develop disease resistant and high yielding rootstocks.
- Over 2,500 new rootstocks are currently in development through breeding and selection. Traits of focus include disease resistance, drought tolerance, cold tolerance and yield efficiency.
- Rootstock development involves multiple stages from parent selection and crossing, to disease screening, field trials and commercial production. Molecular tools are now used to aid selection.
- International collaboration has expanded apple rootstock breeding programs globally. Over 100 new rootstocks have been developed and distributed
Propagation of rootstocks in temperate fruits final. ROOTSTOCK . WHAT IS ROOT...Arvind Yadav
Propagation of rootstocks is more than 2000 yrs old practice.
Sexual –seeds
Asexual-suckers
Seeds being collected & extracted from indigenous populations of native fruit species, germinated and grown for use as rootstock.
Ex: Apple, pear, apricot, peach, plum, sweet cherry, sour cherry, almonds and walnuts.
RootstocksSeedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Seedling rootstocks
Clonal rootstocks
Rajat Sharma presented on the role of rootstocks in temperate fruit production. Rootstocks influence scion traits like size, yield, fruit quality, and stress tolerance through hormone interactions and nutrient/assimilate transport. An ideal rootstock is precocious, dwarfing, high-yielding, stress resistant, and compatible. Rootstock selection depends on soil conditions and desired scion traits. The graft union forms through wound response, callus bridging, and vascular reconnection between rootstock and scion. Incompatibility can occur from structural, physiological, or pathogen issues. Various rootstocks are used for apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, walnuts, almonds, and
The document provides information about an assignment submitted by Manju George to Dr. N.D. Polare on the identification of apple species and varieties. It discusses the botanical description of apples, their ancestral wealth including various wild species found in the Himalayas, important cultivated varieties in different regions and seasons of India, classification of varieties, rootstocks, and provides details on some popular varieties like Golden Delicious, Gala, and Granny Smith.
This document provides an overview of apple breeding. It discusses the origin and domestication of apples, with their center of origin including Asia Minor, the Caucasus, central Asia, Himalayan India and Pakistan and western China. Apple is a diploid species that reproduces sexually. The document outlines important apple rootstocks and their characteristics, as well as objectives for rootstock breeding including resistance to pests and diseases. It also discusses limitations in conventional apple breeding and new techniques to address these limitations.
This document provides information on pear and jackfruit breeding. It discusses the classification, origin, species, cultivars, genetics, breeding objectives, approaches, and current improvement efforts for both crops. For pear breeding, it outlines the key species, objectives like increasing yield and quality, and approaches such as hybridization and mutation breeding. For jackfruit, it discusses classification, origin, species, cultivars, genetics, flowering biology, breeding objectives like increasing pulp percentage and yield, and current selection efforts. The document thus provides a high-level overview of pear and jackfruit breeding programs.
- Apple is one of the most important temperate fruits originating in the Middle East over 4000 years ago. It is now widely cultivated globally with China as the largest producer.
- In India, apple cultivation is concentrated in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Himachal Pradesh accounts for about 90% of India's total apple production.
- Apples are a good source of nutrients and contain vitamins, minerals and fiber. They are consumed fresh but also used to make juices, jellies, wine and other products. Proper harvesting, post-harvest handling and storage help maintain quality for up to 8 months.
High tunnel apricot_production_in_frost-prone_nortBoonyong Chira
Late frost is a major challenge for fruit production in northern New Mexico, where apricot trees in open fields produced no harvest from 2001-2014. The study tested growing apricots in high tunnels, which provide frost protection. In 2015, relatively high yields were obtained from all cultivars grown in high tunnels, while no fruit was harvested from open field plantings. However, supplemental heating was needed to protect blossoms, as temperatures below 10°F in late February/early March killed flower buds in 2017-2018, preventing crops those years. High tunnel apricot production provides yields, but reliable crops depend on weather and require heating, making it risky in northern New Mexico.
This document summarizes research on dwarfing fruit plants through the use of dwarfing rootstocks and other techniques. It discusses the principles and physiology of dwarfism, and various methods to achieve dwarfism including dwarfing rootstocks, bioregulators, incompatible scions, viral infection, pruning and training, and genetic engineering. It also presents findings from research studies on the effects of different rootstocks on tree growth and yield of various fruit crops such as apple, mango, and citrus. The document provides detailed information on dwarfing mechanisms and strategies to produce compact dwarf trees with desirable horticultural characteristics.
This document provides information about growing woody ornamentals for cut flowers. It discusses the advantages of woody cuts, including season extension and low pest problems. It recommends selecting plants that produce numerous long stems and have a long vase life. Tips are provided on site preparation, planting, pruning, and harvesting woody cuts. A table lists many suitable plant varieties and their characteristics. Forced branches are discussed as a way to have early flowers. Marketing channels for woody cuts are also described.
Cover crops and green manures provide several key benefits to agricultural systems. They can be planted in winter or summer as cover crops or living mulches. Winter cover crops, like hairy vetch and rye, protect soil and fix nitrogen over winter in colder climates. Summer cover crops, such as cowpeas and soybeans, provide similar benefits during the summer. Cover crops improve soil organic matter, nitrogen levels, microbial activity, nutrient levels, and structure. They also enhance weed suppression, water retention, and help reduce erosion. Farmers must manage cover crops effectively to realize their benefits while avoiding limitations. Cover crops can be incorporated into crop rotations and pest management systems.
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
Malus germplasm collections contain over 6734 apple accessions, with over 5000 maintained in field collections. Several research centers in India focus on collecting and conserving apple germplasm, especially in the North West Himalayan region. Breeding objectives for apple include developing varieties with traits like early maturity, high yields, red color, and resistance to diseases and pests. Rootstock breeding aims to create stocks with traits like productivity, tree size control, and resistance to soil problems and woolly aphid. Methods used in apple crop improvement include introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation, and biotechnology.
Minor Small Fruit Crops for New Mexico Gardens - New Mexico State UniversityFiona9864
This document provides information on minor small fruit crops that can be grown in New Mexico gardens, including tayberries, currants, gooseberries, elderberries, bush cherries, and sea buckthorn. It describes the growth habit and cultural requirements of each crop, highlighting varieties that have done well in trials in New Mexico. Most of these crops thrive in partial shade and require well-draining, nutrient-rich soil amended with compost. Proper pruning is important for maintaining productive plants over several years. The fruits can be eaten fresh or used to make jams, jellies, pies, and other products.
This document summarizes information about 16 different walnut varieties: Chandler, Howard, Tulare, Forde, Gillet, Sexton, Cisco, Hartley, Scharsch Franquette, Serr, Vina, Ivanhoe, Solano. It provides details on each variety's harvest timing, leafing date, nut size and quality, tree size and shape, productivity, and suitable pollinizers.
Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of organic production and marketing of pumpkins and winter squash. It discusses the taxonomy and varieties of different pumpkin and squash species, including those commonly used for culinary purposes, ornamental purposes, and commercial canning. The document covers production topics like planting, soil management, weed control, and pest management, as well as post-harvest handling and marketing considerations for different varieties.
This document provides information on the advance production technology of walnuts. It discusses the botanical details, nutritional value, varieties, propagation, climate requirements, soil type, training, pruning, flowering, bearing, and pest and disease management of walnuts. The key points covered are that walnuts are best propagated through grafting or budding, require well-drained soil and a moderate climate, and mature grafted plants will bear nuts within 4-5 years whereas seedlings take 10-15 years to fruit. Management practices such as irrigation, fertilization, pruning and pest control are important to maximize yield and quality of the walnut crop.
Apple trees grow best in temperate zones with cold winters, moderate summers, and medium to high humidity. They can grow 10-30 feet tall and yield 75-130 pounds of fruit per year. There are nearly 10,000 apple varieties worldwide, with about 7,000 varieties native to North America, though only around 1,000 are commonly grown commercially. Apple trees exist in different sizes depending on the rootstock used, from full size standard trees to dwarf and semi-dwarf trees grafted onto roots that restrict growth. Proper thinning, pruning, pollination, planting, and care are needed to maximize apple production.
This document discusses breeding techniques in plums. It begins by providing the scientific classification of plums, noting they are in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. It then describes the two main species of plums grown worldwide - European plums (Prunus domestica) and Japanese plums (P. salicina). The document outlines plum flowering and pollination, describing flowers and noting most varieties are self-fertile. It concludes by listing some popular plum varieties and discussing plum germplasm collection and breeding programs.
Apple is known as the king of temperate fruits and is cultivated worldwide. The common apple, Malus domestica, is diploid with 34 chromosomes, though some varieties are triploid. Apples originated in Southwest Asia and belong to the Rosaceae family. Major apple producing regions are temperate. India's Himachal Pradesh is known as the Apple Bowl of India. Apples have a long storage life and sorbitol is their major sugar. Through conventional breeding techniques like introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation breeding, many new apple varieties have been developed with traits like disease resistance, early maturity, and adaptation to different climatic conditions. Biotechnology is also being used to develop new apple varieties.
This document provides information on avocado, including its botanical details, origin, production, and uses. It discusses that avocados were introduced to India about 100 years ago from Sri Lanka and are mainly grown in South India. It also summarizes that avocados are large berries containing one seed, and are cultivated for their green, fleshy fruit. Finally, it highlights several varieties of avocados grown commercially, including Fuerte, Hass, and Lula.
This document provides information on walnut taxonomy, quality factors, production, postharvest handling, storage and nutritional value. It describes the main walnut species and their characteristics. Key factors that affect walnut quality include variety, climate, moisture content and harvest time. Proper postharvest handling and storage at 0-10°C and 50-65% RH helps maintain quality by reducing moisture, microbial activity and oxidation. Walnuts are high in antioxidants like omega-3 fatty acids and phytosterols that provide health benefits.
The Wiltshire Horn Sheep is an ancient, horned breed of sheep from Britain known for its high-quality lean meat. Ewes naturally have twins or more without intervention and shed their wool seasonally, requiring no shearing. Their hardiness, lack of wool care needs, good mothering skills, and suitability for a variety of climates make them an ideal choice for small farms and sustainable operations.
This document provides information on pear and jackfruit breeding. It discusses the classification, origin, species, cultivars, genetics, breeding objectives, approaches, and current improvement efforts for both crops. For pear breeding, it outlines the key species, objectives like increasing yield and quality, and approaches such as hybridization and mutation breeding. For jackfruit, it discusses classification, origin, species, cultivars, genetics, flowering biology, breeding objectives like increasing pulp percentage and yield, and current selection efforts. The document thus provides a high-level overview of pear and jackfruit breeding programs.
- Apple is one of the most important temperate fruits originating in the Middle East over 4000 years ago. It is now widely cultivated globally with China as the largest producer.
- In India, apple cultivation is concentrated in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Himachal Pradesh accounts for about 90% of India's total apple production.
- Apples are a good source of nutrients and contain vitamins, minerals and fiber. They are consumed fresh but also used to make juices, jellies, wine and other products. Proper harvesting, post-harvest handling and storage help maintain quality for up to 8 months.
High tunnel apricot_production_in_frost-prone_nortBoonyong Chira
Late frost is a major challenge for fruit production in northern New Mexico, where apricot trees in open fields produced no harvest from 2001-2014. The study tested growing apricots in high tunnels, which provide frost protection. In 2015, relatively high yields were obtained from all cultivars grown in high tunnels, while no fruit was harvested from open field plantings. However, supplemental heating was needed to protect blossoms, as temperatures below 10°F in late February/early March killed flower buds in 2017-2018, preventing crops those years. High tunnel apricot production provides yields, but reliable crops depend on weather and require heating, making it risky in northern New Mexico.
This document summarizes research on dwarfing fruit plants through the use of dwarfing rootstocks and other techniques. It discusses the principles and physiology of dwarfism, and various methods to achieve dwarfism including dwarfing rootstocks, bioregulators, incompatible scions, viral infection, pruning and training, and genetic engineering. It also presents findings from research studies on the effects of different rootstocks on tree growth and yield of various fruit crops such as apple, mango, and citrus. The document provides detailed information on dwarfing mechanisms and strategies to produce compact dwarf trees with desirable horticultural characteristics.
This document provides information about growing woody ornamentals for cut flowers. It discusses the advantages of woody cuts, including season extension and low pest problems. It recommends selecting plants that produce numerous long stems and have a long vase life. Tips are provided on site preparation, planting, pruning, and harvesting woody cuts. A table lists many suitable plant varieties and their characteristics. Forced branches are discussed as a way to have early flowers. Marketing channels for woody cuts are also described.
Cover crops and green manures provide several key benefits to agricultural systems. They can be planted in winter or summer as cover crops or living mulches. Winter cover crops, like hairy vetch and rye, protect soil and fix nitrogen over winter in colder climates. Summer cover crops, such as cowpeas and soybeans, provide similar benefits during the summer. Cover crops improve soil organic matter, nitrogen levels, microbial activity, nutrient levels, and structure. They also enhance weed suppression, water retention, and help reduce erosion. Farmers must manage cover crops effectively to realize their benefits while avoiding limitations. Cover crops can be incorporated into crop rotations and pest management systems.
This document summarizes information about rootstocks and their effects in different fruit crops. It discusses that a rootstock is the lower portion of a grafted plant that develops the root system. There are two main types of rootstocks - seedling and clonal. An ideal rootstock confers compatibility, disease/pest resistance, and positive effects on scion growth and quality. The document then examines specific rootstocks used in mango, citrus, and apple crops and their effects on traits like tree size, yield, quality, and stress tolerance of the scion cultivars. Different rootstocks can impart dwarfing, alter nutrient uptake, provide salt tolerance, and influence fruit characteristics and production in the grafted plants.
Malus germplasm collections contain over 6734 apple accessions, with over 5000 maintained in field collections. Several research centers in India focus on collecting and conserving apple germplasm, especially in the North West Himalayan region. Breeding objectives for apple include developing varieties with traits like early maturity, high yields, red color, and resistance to diseases and pests. Rootstock breeding aims to create stocks with traits like productivity, tree size control, and resistance to soil problems and woolly aphid. Methods used in apple crop improvement include introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation, and biotechnology.
Minor Small Fruit Crops for New Mexico Gardens - New Mexico State UniversityFiona9864
This document provides information on minor small fruit crops that can be grown in New Mexico gardens, including tayberries, currants, gooseberries, elderberries, bush cherries, and sea buckthorn. It describes the growth habit and cultural requirements of each crop, highlighting varieties that have done well in trials in New Mexico. Most of these crops thrive in partial shade and require well-draining, nutrient-rich soil amended with compost. Proper pruning is important for maintaining productive plants over several years. The fruits can be eaten fresh or used to make jams, jellies, pies, and other products.
This document summarizes information about 16 different walnut varieties: Chandler, Howard, Tulare, Forde, Gillet, Sexton, Cisco, Hartley, Scharsch Franquette, Serr, Vina, Ivanhoe, Solano. It provides details on each variety's harvest timing, leafing date, nut size and quality, tree size and shape, productivity, and suitable pollinizers.
Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and ProductionElisaMendelsohn
This document provides an overview of organic production and marketing of pumpkins and winter squash. It discusses the taxonomy and varieties of different pumpkin and squash species, including those commonly used for culinary purposes, ornamental purposes, and commercial canning. The document covers production topics like planting, soil management, weed control, and pest management, as well as post-harvest handling and marketing considerations for different varieties.
This document provides information on the advance production technology of walnuts. It discusses the botanical details, nutritional value, varieties, propagation, climate requirements, soil type, training, pruning, flowering, bearing, and pest and disease management of walnuts. The key points covered are that walnuts are best propagated through grafting or budding, require well-drained soil and a moderate climate, and mature grafted plants will bear nuts within 4-5 years whereas seedlings take 10-15 years to fruit. Management practices such as irrigation, fertilization, pruning and pest control are important to maximize yield and quality of the walnut crop.
Apple trees grow best in temperate zones with cold winters, moderate summers, and medium to high humidity. They can grow 10-30 feet tall and yield 75-130 pounds of fruit per year. There are nearly 10,000 apple varieties worldwide, with about 7,000 varieties native to North America, though only around 1,000 are commonly grown commercially. Apple trees exist in different sizes depending on the rootstock used, from full size standard trees to dwarf and semi-dwarf trees grafted onto roots that restrict growth. Proper thinning, pruning, pollination, planting, and care are needed to maximize apple production.
This document discusses breeding techniques in plums. It begins by providing the scientific classification of plums, noting they are in the genus Prunus, subgenus Prunus. It then describes the two main species of plums grown worldwide - European plums (Prunus domestica) and Japanese plums (P. salicina). The document outlines plum flowering and pollination, describing flowers and noting most varieties are self-fertile. It concludes by listing some popular plum varieties and discussing plum germplasm collection and breeding programs.
Apple is known as the king of temperate fruits and is cultivated worldwide. The common apple, Malus domestica, is diploid with 34 chromosomes, though some varieties are triploid. Apples originated in Southwest Asia and belong to the Rosaceae family. Major apple producing regions are temperate. India's Himachal Pradesh is known as the Apple Bowl of India. Apples have a long storage life and sorbitol is their major sugar. Through conventional breeding techniques like introduction, selection, hybridization and mutation breeding, many new apple varieties have been developed with traits like disease resistance, early maturity, and adaptation to different climatic conditions. Biotechnology is also being used to develop new apple varieties.
This document provides information on avocado, including its botanical details, origin, production, and uses. It discusses that avocados were introduced to India about 100 years ago from Sri Lanka and are mainly grown in South India. It also summarizes that avocados are large berries containing one seed, and are cultivated for their green, fleshy fruit. Finally, it highlights several varieties of avocados grown commercially, including Fuerte, Hass, and Lula.
This document provides information on walnut taxonomy, quality factors, production, postharvest handling, storage and nutritional value. It describes the main walnut species and their characteristics. Key factors that affect walnut quality include variety, climate, moisture content and harvest time. Proper postharvest handling and storage at 0-10°C and 50-65% RH helps maintain quality by reducing moisture, microbial activity and oxidation. Walnuts are high in antioxidants like omega-3 fatty acids and phytosterols that provide health benefits.
The Wiltshire Horn Sheep is an ancient, horned breed of sheep from Britain known for its high-quality lean meat. Ewes naturally have twins or more without intervention and shed their wool seasonally, requiring no shearing. Their hardiness, lack of wool care needs, good mothering skills, and suitability for a variety of climates make them an ideal choice for small farms and sustainable operations.
NCAT's Organic Livestock Workbook: A Guide to Sustainable and Allowed PracticesElisaMendelsohn
This document provides a summary of NCAT's Organic Livestock Workbook, which is intended to guide organic and transitional livestock producers in following the National Organic Standards. The workbook covers topics such as organic soil management, weed and pest control, livestock living conditions, health care, feeding, and record keeping to help farmers achieve certification. It was developed with input from organic experts and is meant to be consistent with USDA organic regulations.
This document describes a case study of outsourcing IT operations for a defense organization while managing information security risks. The organization wanted to reduce costs by moving back-office functions offshore but was concerned about security risks. By analyzing potential threats, exploits, and mitigations, security experts were able to identify controls to reduce risks to an acceptable level and allow some functions to be moved, while scrambling sensitive data and keeping it secured in an UK enclave. This achieved savings for the organization while strengthening security and partnerships.
Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and ProductionGardening
The National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service (ATTRA) provides information on organic production and marketing of pumpkins and winter squash. ATTRA was developed by the National Center for Appropriate Technology and is funded by the USDA. The document discusses the taxonomy and varieties of pumpkins and winter squash, and provides information on production practices like planting, weed control, and pest management. It also covers harvesting, storage, and marketing considerations for both culinary varieties and ornamental types.
This document provides a summary of organic production and marketing of pumpkins and winter squash. It discusses the different types of cucurbits classified as pumpkins or winter squash, including varieties suited for culinary or ornamental purposes. Production information covers planting, soil management, weed control, and management of pests and diseases. Marketing considerations include varieties for different end uses as well as on-farm marketing of ornamental varieties.
Cole Crops and Other Brassicas: Organic ProductionElisaMendelsohn
Cole crops and other brassicas are grown for their nutritional qualities and pest-suppressive abilities. This document provides information on organic production of cole crops including soil and fertility needs, planting, irrigation, pest management, harvesting, and marketing. Cole crops like broccoli and cauliflower require cool temperatures between 60-65°F and perform best in rotations that utilize their ability to suppress some insects, diseases, and weeds. The genus Brassica oleracea includes many cole crops and their close botanical relationship means they have similar production requirements.
Cole Crops and Other Brassicas: Organic ProductionElisaMendelsohn
Cole crops and other brassicas are grown for their nutritional qualities and pest-suppressive abilities. This document provides information on organic production of cole crops including soil and fertility needs, planting, irrigation, pest management, harvesting, and marketing. Cole crops like broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower require cool temperatures between 60-65°F and similar climates but vary in traits. Their glucosinolate compounds suppress pests and weeds while providing health benefits.
This document provides information on organic hops production in the United States. It discusses the cultural requirements for growing organic hops, including crop rotation, use of compost and manures, and pest management using mechanical and biological controls. It also lists several hops varieties commonly grown in different regions of the U.S. and notes recent research on organic hops production.
This document summarizes organic hops production in the United States. It discusses the cultural requirements for growing organic hops including crop rotation, weed and pest management without synthetic pesticides. It also provides information on popular hops varieties grown in different regions as well as challenges with diseases like downy mildew. Recent research on organic hops production in New York is also mentioned.
This document provides information on organic garlic production. It discusses seed sources, soil fertility management, planting, pest management, harvesting and storage. Garlic is a cool season crop that can be grown in most regions of the US. It prefers well-drained soil with high organic matter. The publication provides details on planting timing and methods. It also outlines organic practices for fertilization, pest control, and choosing high quality seed stock.
This document provides an overview of organic garlic production. It discusses garlic varieties, including hard-neck and soft-neck cultivars. It addresses aspects of organic garlic production such as seed sources, soil fertility management, planting, pest and disease management, harvesting, storage, and marketing considerations. The publication is intended to help farmers understand best practices for organically growing garlic.
Extended Reading Review
Extended Reading Review
Criteria
Ratings
Pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Paper displays solid research including credible sources, both traditional and electronic. Provides in-depth study and understanding of those sources in terms of the book or film reviewed.
Full Marks
12.0 pts
No Marks
0.0 pts
10.5 / 12.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Essay complies with the genre of a review and identifies specific elements for evaluation. Your work explicates and thoroughly analyzes those specific elements you evaluate in the literature or film, gives a balanced judgment of those elements, and discusses how this book or film influences perceptions about farming, farmers, and / or agriculture.
Full Marks
15.0 pts
No Marks
0.0 pts
10.5 / 15.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Essay connects your own thoughts about the farm literature you read or viewed with at least one other required reading from class by comparing, contrasting, and analyzing the text (s) and /or its themes through history, civilization (s), and culture (s), along with any primary or secondary sources you discovered.
Full Marks
15.0 pts
No Marks
0.0 pts
10 / 15.0 pts
This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Paper articulates your thoughts and knowledge through a solid thesis with supporting topic sentences in paragraphs that are well-developed, including use of proper grammar and terms common in the agricultural disciplines.
Full Marks
8.0 pts
No Marks
0.0 pts
5 / 8.0 pts
1
The integrity of biodiversity and culture in the evolution of farming systems
Summary from the author’s viewpoint
Similar to the people Mesoamerica, the Amazon and Andean region, the Indian farmers in North America have consistently over thousands of years planted: beans, maize, squash, and squash, among other crops (Nabhan x). The outstanding characteristic of their contemporary farming system is a rich biodiversity. Their farming systems emerged over many centuries of biological and cultural evolution: it is an evidence of indigenous farmers interacting with nature without access to scientific knowledge, external inputs, or capital. These farmers have often relied on experimental knowledge, weather patterns and locally available resources in coming up with farming systems that have withstood climatic changes (Nabhan xi).
Several agrosystems in the Mesoamerican communities constitute key repositories. The agro-systems, from an agro-ecological viewpoint, appears as the integration of farm units and semi-natural or natural ecosystem in which crop production, as well as plant gathering,are actively done. Plant resources directly rely on the management by various human groups. Therefore, they have continued to evolve with the influence of different farming practices that are shaped by specific cultures.
The greatest challenge to comprehending how native farmers maintain, manage, and preserve the environmen ...
This document provides information about native bee species and their importance as pollinators for agriculture. It discusses how the decline of honey bees has increased reliance on native pollinators. Native bees are often more specialized and efficient pollinators than honey bees for certain crops. The document also describes how farmers can support native bee populations through habitat improvements like providing alternative forage plants and creating artificial nest sites. A case study highlights how Gardens of Goodness Farm in Wisconsin has increased their native bee populations by adding supplemental flowers, enhancing nest sites, and reducing pesticide use.
This document discusses the importance of native bees as agricultural pollinators and provides information on how to support their habitat and populations on farms. It notes that while honey bees are the most important crop pollinator, native bee populations are declining. Creating habitat with diverse native plants that bloom throughout the season, as well as nesting sites, can support native bee populations and help ensure pollination of specialty crops. A case study highlights how Gardens of Goodness Farm has improved conditions for native bees through these practices, resulting in increased pollination and a productive farm business.
This document summarizes an article encouraging backyard gardeners in Missouri to participate in the "Plant a Row for the Hungry" campaign by donating extra produce to local food banks and relief agencies. It notes that while food banks receive lots of processed foods, they rarely get fresh produce and protein sources. Gardeners are asked to plant a little extra of vegetables like tomatoes, peppers, squash and more to donate the excess harvest. Donating directly to local food banks ensures the fresh produce reaches those in need.
Squash Bug and Squash Vine Borer: Organic ControlsElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses organic control methods for squash bug and squash vine borer, two major pests of cucurbits. It presents the life cycles and characteristics of each pest, including that squash bugs suck plant juices and inject toxins while squash vine borer larvae burrow into and destroy plant stems. The publication covers various organically approved control levels including systems-based practices, mechanical and physical controls, and material controls. Row covers, cultural practices, and experimental approaches are also addressed. Recommended strategies include preventive management and exclusion using row covers between planting and flowering.
Squash Bug and Squash Vine Borer: Organic ControlsElisaMendelsohn
This document discusses organic control methods for squash bug and squash vine borer, two major pests of cucurbits. It presents the life cycles and characteristics of each pest, including that squash bugs overwinter as adults and lay eggs in masses on undersides of leaves, while squash vine borer larvae burrow into plant stems. The publication covers various organically approved control levels including systems-based practices, mechanical controls like row covers, and material controls such as alternative insecticides. It also discusses cultural practices like host preference and genetic resistance.
1) The document discusses converting marginal cropland to perennial grassland pasture, using the example of the Moore family in Texas who switched from row crops to cattle grazing.
2) Establishing pasture can improve soil health, reduce costs and risks, and provide ecological benefits like reduced erosion compared to annual cropping.
3) Key considerations for the transition include a financial analysis, selecting suitable grass varieties, and methods for establishing the new pastureland.
The document discusses converting cropland to perennial grassland pasture. It examines the agronomic considerations and methods for establishing pasture on former cropland. Two farm profiles illustrate how the Moore family in Texas successfully transitioned 2000 acres of cropland to pasture, increasing their herd from 200 to 600 cattle and improving their quality of life. Key points covered include economic analysis, weed control, plant selection, establishment methods, and managing established pastures.
This document provides information on using switchgrass as a bioenergy crop, including details on:
- Switchgrass is a native, perennial grass that is well-suited to growing as a biomass crop for ethanol production or direct combustion.
- Varieties and ecotypes of switchgrass are adapted to different regions, and should be selected based on the latitude and soil/climate conditions of the planting location.
- Establishing switchgrass requires planting seed at a shallow depth in spring or fall. Weed control during establishment and limited fertilizer are usually needed for good growth.
- Once established, switchgrass is very productive and can be harvested annually, with highest yields after 3 years of growth. It is well
This document provides an overview manual on on-farm vermicomposting and vermiculture. It discusses the basics of caring for compost worms, including their needs for bedding, food, moisture, aeration and temperature control. Different system types are described, from simple windrows to more advanced flow-through reactors. The value of vermicompost and potential opportunities for farmers are also covered. The manual aims to help farmers understand if working with worms could provide benefits and assess associated efforts, resources and risks.
Manual of On-Farm Vermicomposting and Vermiculturex3G9
This document provides an overview manual on on-farm vermicomposting and vermiculture. It discusses the basics of caring for compost worms, including their needs for bedding, food, moisture, aeration and temperature control. Different system types are described, from simple windrows to more advanced flow-through reactors. The value of vermicompost and potential opportunities for farmers are also covered. The manual aims to help farmers better understand vermicomposting and assess its suitability for their operation.
This document provides an overview of organic pear production, covering key pests and diseases, and their organic management. Pear trees have fewer pest problems than other tree fruits. Fireblight is the most serious disease, but can be managed through resistant cultivars and preventative sprays of antibiotics like streptomycin. Other important pests include pear psylla, which transmits diseases and weakens trees, and can be controlled with dormant oil sprays or sulfur. True bugs also feed on pears and cause damage, and populations can be reduced with trap crops and biological controls. Overall, pears are relatively easy to produce organically with proper cultivar selection and integrated pest management.
Similar to Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and Production (20)
This document provides a sustainability checklist for beef cattle farms. It includes questions about farm resources, management priorities, herd health, reproductive management, forage programs, grazing management, soil and water quality, energy and economic efficiency, quality of life considerations, and goals for improvement. The checklist is intended to help farmers critically evaluate the sustainability of their operations and identify areas for potential enhancement.
Garden Therapy: Links to Articles, Books, Profession Groups, DVDElisaMendelsohn
GARDENING THERAPY Resource List of Articles, Books, Manuals, DVD's, Training Programs and Professional Associations
TOPICS COVERED:
Horticulture Therapy
Healing Gardens
Sensory Gardens
Garden Therapy
Garden Therapy for the Disabled
Garden Therapy for the Mentally Challenged
Garden Therapy for Alzheimer’s Disease
Garden Therapy for Depression
Garden Therapy for Autistic Children
Garden Therapy for the Blind and the Visually Impaired
Garden Therapy for Hospitals
Garden Therapy for Nursing Homes
Garden Therapy for Seniors
Garden Therapy for the Handicapped
Garden Therapy for Prisons, Jails and Correction Facilities
Garden Therapy for Botanical Garden
Garden Therapy and Community Gardens
Garden Therapy for Single Mothers
Garden Therapy for Stress
Garden Therapy for Veterans
Garden Therapy at Veterans Facilities
Garden Therapy for Soldiers
Garden Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
People Plant Connections
Gardening and Physical Fitness
Greenhouse and Garden Therapy for Disabled People
Accessible Gardening
Wheelchair Gardening
Vertical Gardening and Garden Therapy
Container Gardening and Garden Therapy
Adaptive Garden Equipment for Garden Therapy
Tools for Garden Therapy
Urban Trees and Mental Health
Parks and Garden Therapy
Nature and Learning
Greening School Grounds by Design
Garden Therapy for Schools
Plants in the Classroom for Enhanced Learning
Garden Therapy for Pre Schools
Garden Therapy for Daycare
Garden Therapy for Elementary School Bullies
Garden Therapy and Community Development
Garden Therapy and Food Security
Garden Therapy for Low Income People
Garden Therapy for Homeless People
Garden Therapy and Crime Reduction
Garden Therapy and Neighborhood Security
Sistemas Avícolas Alternativos con Acceso a PasturaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe y compara sistemas avícolas alternativos y convencionales. Los sistemas alternativos incluyen aves con acceso a pasturas a través de casas fijas, casas portátiles, corrales de pastura u otros diseños que permiten a las aves expresar su comportamiento natural al aire libre. Estos sistemas son comúnmente a pequeña escala e integrados a granjas diversificadas. El acceso al exterior es una parte importante del bienestar de las aves y permite producción extensiva en comparación con los sistem
Producción Orgánica de Lechugas de Especialidad y Verduras Para EnsaladaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe las técnicas de producción orgánica de lechugas de especialidad y ensaladas. Explica que el mercado de lechugas de especialidad ha crecido, pero que el aumento de la producción ha hecho bajar los precios. Describe diferentes tipos de lechugas y verduras para ensaladas, así como técnicas de preparación del suelo, propagación, control de plagas y cosecha. Resalta la importancia de planificar cultivos para mantener un suministro constante a lo largo de la temporada.
Este documento cubre el procesamiento de aves a pequeña escala, ya sea en la granja o en plantas pequeñas. Describe las etapas clave del procesamiento, como la inmovilización, matanza, sangrado, desplume, evisceración, enfriamiento y empaque. También compara el procesamiento a pequeña, mediana y gran escala, y explica cómo el acceso a instalaciones de procesamiento es crucial para los pequeños productores avícolas.
Planeando la Plantación de Vegetales para una Cosecha ContinuaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento ofrece consejos para planificar plantaciones sucesivas de vegetales con el fin de lograr una cosecha continua a lo largo de la temporada de crecimiento. Explica que es importante mantener registros de plantaciones y cosechas anteriores para determinar las fechas óptimas de siembra. También destaca que el clima y las condiciones de la tierra afectan el crecimiento de los cultivos, por lo que es útil considerar las temperaturas ideales de germinación de cada vegetal. El documento incluye una tabla con esta información y un
Este documento trata sobre la nutrición de rumiantes en pastoreo. Explica que los rumiantes como vacunos, ovinos y caprinos pueden convertir plantas no comestibles para humanos en alimentos mediante la digestión de la celulosa. También destaca que la mayoría de las tierras son aptas solo para pastoreo, no para cultivo, y que el pastoreo es una forma eficiente de convertir la biomasa vegetal en alimentos como carne y leche. Además, resalta la importancia de entender la nutrición de los rumiantes considerando fact
Este documento trata sobre los requerimientos nutricionales para aves de pastura y cómo cubrirlos a través de diferentes ingredientes alimenticios comunes y poco comunes. Explica el valor nutritivo de ingredientes como el maíz, trigo, avena, harina de pescado y frijol soya, y discute consideraciones como la molienda, la formulación de raciones y la nutrición aplicada para diferentes tasas de crecimiento y estilos de alimentación.
Nuevos Mercados para Su Cosecha (audio version)ElisaMendelsohn
Pedro quiere vender sus productos agrícolas pero no puede vender todo en el mercado local y los comerciantes le ofrecen precios bajos. José le sugiere vender a instituciones como escuelas, hospitales y asilos de ancianos. José introduce a Pedro con el comprador de alimentos del hospital local. El comprador está interesado en comprar productos de la granja de Pedro y pide detalles sobre sus productos, precios y disponibilidad. Pedro comienza a vender lechuga al hospital y el comprador pide un volumen mayor, pero Pedro no puede
Los Escarabajos del Pepino: Manejo Integrado de Plagas — MIP Orgánico y Biora...ElisaMendelsohn
Los escarabajos del pepino son plagas importantes de cultivos de cucurbitáceas en los Estados Unidos. Transmiten enfermedades bacterianas y virales y causan daño directo al alimentarse de raíces, tallos, hojas y frutos. Sus ciclos de vida y las medidas orgánicas de control como plantación tardía, cobertores flotantes, cultivos trampa e insecticidas botánicos deben ser comprendidos para implementar estrategias de manejo integrado efectivas.
Las Crónicas Orgánicas No. 1: No Tenga Pánico Vuélvase OrgánicoElisaMendelsohn
Este documento presenta la historia de Pedro, un agricultor, que aprende sobre los beneficios de la agricultura orgánica a través de una visita a una granja orgánica y conversaciones con agricultores orgánicos. Pedro descubre que la agricultura orgánica fomenta la biodiversidad en el suelo y los cultivos, lo que ayuda a controlar plagas de forma natural. Aprende que el uso de pesticidas químicos puede dañar a los organismos benéficos en el suelo y los cultivos. Finalmente, Pedro decide convertir
La Certificación para Granjas Orgánicas y el Programa Orgánico NacionalElisaMendelsohn
Este documento describe los requisitos para la certificación orgánica de granjas y el Programa Orgánico Nacional de los EE.UU. Los agricultores que quieran vender sus productos como orgánicos deben obtener la certificación de un agente acreditado. La certificación asegura a los consumidores que los productos cumplen con las normas orgánicas. El Programa Orgánico Nacional estableció normas uniformes para la certificación y acredita agentes certificadores. Los agricultores deben cumplir con las normas de producción e
Jardinería Comercial: Consideraciones para Producción de Frutas y VerdurasElisaMendelsohn
Este documento proporciona consideraciones para iniciar un negocio de jardinería comercial. Explica que se debe desarrollar un plan de negocios que incluya un plan de marketing enfocado en los mercados. También discute opciones de mercado como mercados de productores, ventas directas, restaurantes e instituciones. Finalmente, enfatiza la importancia de aprender técnicas de producción a través de talleres, conferencias u observando otros productores.
Guía Ilustrada para la Producción de Ovinos y CaprinosElisaMendelsohn
Este documento es una guía ilustrada para la producción de ovinos y caprinos. Proporciona información sobre la selección de animales, la alimentación y el pastoreo, el cuidado de animales jóvenes y de cría, la sanidad, el equipo y el manejo, y la comercialización de productos de ovinos y caprinos. La guía describe las características deseables para una buena conformación en ovinos y caprinos, y ofrece consejos sobre cómo proveer una dieta y pastoreo saludables para estos animales.
Este documento proporciona una guía sobre métodos orgánicos para producir fresas. Cubre técnicas como el control de malezas mediante acolchado de plástico negro, fertilización orgánica, y control biológico de plagas. También discute sistemas de producción como la plantación en camellones con plástico y la producción en túneles, y provee recursos adicionales sobre certificación orgánica y recomendaciones de variedades por estado. La producción orgánica de fresas puede requerir más esf
Este documento describe el equipamiento básico necesario para una pequeña granja avícola, enfocándose en los sistemas de bebederos y comederos. Explica que los bebederos son cruciales para el bienestar de las aves y deben proveer agua limpia de manera confiable para prevenir enfermedades y la muerte de los pollos. También discute brevemente consideraciones para cercos, perchas y cajas nido.
Este documento describe el proceso de certificación orgánica según las normas del Programa Nacional Orgánico del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos. Explica que la certificación permite vender, representar y etiquetar productos como orgánicos, y que involucra inspecciones anuales realizadas por un certificador acreditado para verificar el cumplimiento de las normas. También destaca algunos de los beneficios de la certificación, como mantener mejores registros que ayudan a identificar y resolver problemas de producción con mayor facilidad.
Este documento trata sobre el manejo sostenible de suelos. Explica las propiedades básicas del suelo y los pasos para mejorar y mantener la calidad del suelo de manera sostenible. Cubre temas como la importancia de la materia orgánica y los organismos del suelo, técnicas para mejorar el suelo como el compost y la labranza reducida, y ejemplos de agricultores que han tenido éxito mejorando la calidad de sus suelos.
El Manejo de Gallineros para la Producción AlternativaElisaMendelsohn
Este documento proporciona información sobre el manejo del medio ambiente en la producción avícola alternativa. Explica que tanto el área interior como el exterior son importantes para el bienestar de las aves. Detalla la importancia de la ventilación, temperatura, iluminación y lecho dentro del gallinero. Además, enfatiza que la producción alternativa a menudo ocurre a pequeña escala y puede ser certificada orgánica, requiriendo ciertas prácticas especiales en comparación con la avicultura convencional.
Este documento describe los cuatro pasos que los productores y procesadores orgánicos deben seguir para prepararse adecuadamente para su inspección de certificación orgánica anual. El primer paso es leer las secciones pertinentes de las Normas Orgánicas Nacionales según el tipo de operación. El segundo paso es revisar su Plan de Sistema Orgánico. El tercer paso es revisar la comunicación de la agencia certificadora del año pasado. El cuarto paso es organizar todos los registros requeridos usando las listas proporcionadas. La public
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
2. varieties Dickinson Field, Kentucky Field,
and Buckskin (a hybrid) are “for all practical
purposes” identical. University of Illinois
Extension (http://urbanext.illinois.edu/pumpkins/
varieties) refers to processing pumpkins as “buck-
skin-colored” and includes the Chelsey hybrid
variety.(Wolford and Banks, 2010) Kathleen
Delate’s Gerber trials at Iowa State found varieties
of C. moschata ideal for the organic baby food
market.(Delate, 2003; Adam, 2006)
Additional C. moschata types called “pumpkins”
include the Calabazza pumpkin (West Indies),
Seminole pumpkin, and the Large Neck pump-
kin (identified as the ancestor of butternut squash).
Moschatas are typically necked and characterized
by fine-grained flesh and excellent flavor.
C. mixta “pumpkins” include the Southwest’s
Green-striped Cushaw (so designated because
Halloween crop art. NCAT photo by K. Adam. its flavor fits the pumpkin ideal). The Orange-
striped Cushaw, however, is called a squash.
Related ATTRA Glasener, 2004; Stephens, 2009; Wolford and
C. pepo pumpkins such as Connecticut Field
publications Banks, 2010)
vary greatly in size and color. Miniature pump-
Biorationals: Pumpkins are now associated more with fall kins used as table decorations, often in arrange-
Ecological Pest decorations than with winter food supplies. ments with miniature ears of colored corn, are
Management However, there is a market for the organic C. pepo. Since some other members of this spe-
Database Halloween pumpkin.(Chait, 2009) cies have light-colored rinds (e.g., spaghetti
Cucumber Beetles: squash), it is not surprising that most “white
Certain types of “pumpkins” of superior culi-
Organic and pumpkins” are C. pepo. Cultivars include albino
nary quality are commercially canned, tech-
Biorational Integrated pumpkin, ghost pumpkin, Snowball, Lumina,
nically fitting USDA standards and canning
Pest Management Baby Boo, and Cotton Candy.
regulations for pumpkins and winter squash
Downy Mildew (USDA, 1957; USDA, 1983). Pumpkin variet- The Long Island seed project (LISP, www.liseed.
Control in Cucurbits ies for commercial canning are all C. moschata, org/whitepepo.html) provides an interesting his-
tan-colored (rather than orange), firm-fleshed, tory of white pumpkins, beginning with the
Organic Standards
for Crop Production: and elongated. Walter Reeves (a former Geor- introduction of Cotton Candy by the Rupp
Highlights of the gia Extension agent) of “Gardening in Georgia, Seed Company. The cultivar Casper is one of a
USDA’s National WalterReeves.com” says that the processing few C. maxima white pumpkins.
Organic Program
The C. maxima group is best known for giant
Regulations
Rohrbach Farm varieties of pumpkins and squashes. Atlan-
Principles of
After the 1993 flooding of the Mississippi–
tic Giant began with 18th-century farmers on
Sustainable Weed the Atlantic seaboard crossing Kabocha squash
Missouri River system, Mark Rohrbach of the
Management for with a number of C. maxima hubbard varieties.
Rohrbach Farm, 60 miles north of St. Louis,
Croplands Those crosses are the source of the giant pump-
planted several acres of various types of orna-
Squash Bug and mental pumpkins on low-lying fields formerly kins raised to compete in “biggest pumpkin”
Squash Vine Borer: planted in soybeans, and for a few years the contests today.
Organic Controls Rohrbachs operated a popular agriculture-
entertainment venture. The colorful pumpkin Cucurbitaceae—the cucurbit family, consisting
“crop art” attracted busloads of visitors to of gourds, melons, cucumbers, and squashes
buy pumpkins and decorative squash—as (including pumpkins)—originated more than
well as souvenirs, food, and drink—at the on- 9,000 years ago in Central and South America, the
farm store. All pumpkins left over after the fall first of the “Three Sisters” (corn, beans, squash)
holiday season became compost. to be domesticated. Squash was grown primarily
for its edible seeds, since the flesh of early types
Page 2 ATTRA Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and Production
3. was bitter, like that of their present-day wild
relative, the Buffalo Gourd, C. foetissima, of the
southwestern U.S.
Long before Europeans set foot in the New
World, native South Americans cultivated
improved varieties, seeds of which migrated
north, along with specialized native pollina-
tor bees.(Cane, 2009) Squash and pumpkins
became a mainstay for the early colonists, who
found many culinary and medicinal uses for
them. The first pumpkin “pie” was actually a
pumpkin with its top cut off, seeds removed, and
the cavity filled with a mixture of apples, sweet-
ener, spices, and milk. The top was replaced and
the entire thing was baked.
How is a winter squash
distinguished from a Various types of white pumpkins. NCAT photo by K. Adam.
summer squash?
The stage of maturity when the fruit is ordinarily Marketing Considerations
eaten is what commonly distinguishes a winter
Table 1 below shows that production was steady
squash from a summer squash. Summer squashes
until 2004 when it increased by almost 20%
such as zucchini, yellow crookneck (and the
improved straightneck variety), patty pan, and and has held steady since then. In 2008 alone,
cocozelle are practically inedible when mature. 43,400 acres of pumpkins were harvested for the
fresh market and processing. Current statistics
Although winter squashes show peak flavor and lump together culinary and ornamental uses.
texture when mature (and keep for a long time), Total production was 10.66 million pounds,
they can also be consumed as immature fruits. valued at $13.20 per cwt—a marked price
In the 18th and 19th centuries, Americans on the increase from the previous year.(USDA, 2009)
frontier made a substitute for apple pie from imma-
ture pumpkins. With the proper spicing, such Rain and drought in parts of the U.S. affected
pies are indistinguishable from those made with pumpkin and winter squash production from
the tree fruit. A search through older cookbooks 2005–2008. Ranked by value of produc-
reveals recipes for stuffed mature zucchini and its tion, most pumpkins are raised in New York,
use in relishes, breads, desserts, and even pickles. Ohio, Illinois, California, and Pennsylvania.
Table 1: Annual U.S. pumpkin production, 2001 through 2008 (USDA/NASS)
Pumpkins (all types and uses)
Acreage
Planted Harvested Production Value of production
Year Price per Unit
(All Purposes) (All Purposes) (in cwt.) (in $1,000)
2008 45,600 43,400 10,663 13.20 140,765
2007 49,300 45,900 11,458 10.80 123,519
2006 47,800 43,700 10,494 9.98 104,623
2005 47,800 43,800 10,756 9.64 103,651
2004 49,200 45,000 10,135 9.04 91,609
2003 43,500 39,300 8,151 9.92 80,203
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), www.nass.usda.gov/index.asp (“Crops and Plants”->”Fruits”->”Pumpkins”->Search)
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 3
4. USDA/NASS does not collect separate statis- longer growing season than C. pepo and are
tics on summer squash and winter squash. Total more suitable for commercial organic produc-
squash production in 2008, from 42,400 har- tion.(Reiners and Petsoldt, 2009; Delate, 2002,
vested acres, was 6.69 million pounds, valued 2003; Van Tine and Verlinden, 2003)
at $30.50 per cwt., for total return of $204.3
Risk of crop loss is significantly increased for
million—suggesting that culinary squashes pro-
long-season varieties (C. mixta, C. maxima), due
vide gross returns more than 30% greater than
to increased exposure to drought, pests, and dis-
returns for predominantly ornamental cucurbits.
eases; however, Kabocha and Red Kuri genetics
have provided some insect and disease resistance
Organic pumpkin farm statistics for contest pumpkins. These Japanese types have
Based on a sample of 1460 pumpkin farms excellent taste and texture, as well, and Red Kuri
listed on localharvest.org, there may be 75 or matures in 90 days, unusual for C. maxima.
more farms in the U.S. that market certified
organic ornamental pumpkins. Of the remaining Besides having ornamental and culinary uses,
1,385 pumpkin farms, most advertise use of a pumpkins have long been used as stock feed.
substantially organic production method—or Recently, their rough fiber has suggested their
claim some alternative type of certification. inclusion in diets of household pets (dogs and
Prospective growers of pumpkins or winter cats) with digestive problems (upon recommen-
squash should try to locate a nearby farm and dation of a veterinarian, of course).
make arrangements to visit it. For an in-depth
If you are growing on contract, the process-
look at no-till pumpkin production, see “Farm
Profile: No-till Pumpkins at Cedar Meadow ing company generally specifies the variety to
Farm,” below, and the farm’s website. plant—sometimes providing seed and growing
guidelines. On-farm, value-added processing is
rarely attempted, since additional organic han-
Marketing for the table dler certification would be necessary to produce
a processed organic product on the farm.
If you are planning to raise organic pumpkins
or squash, it is best to have a clear idea of your
potential marketing channels from the outset. Marketing as decorations
Some cultivars are most suited to marketing as The one obvious bright spot in on-farm, value-
ornamentals; others are best marketed for culi- added marketing is decorative cucurbits sold
nary purposes. Some of the best for organic in connection with a farm entertainment busi-
growers are those closely related to the fi ne- ness. Besides conventional “pumpkins” in var-
textured and -flavored butternut squash (C. ious sizes, ornamental cucurbits can include
moschata)—as suggested by University of any with an interesting shape, color, or pat-
Illinois pest resistance rankings.(Grupp, 2005) tern. Some necked squashes, can (like gourds)
Many butternut types have only a moderately be displayed as animals, birds, etc. Gooseneck
squash is a type of cushaw (C. mixta) closely
related to the calabash. Turban squash are pop-
ular items for farm stands. (See the illustrated
“Squash Glossary” of the on-line food magazine
Th e Nibble, www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/
vegetables/squash-glossary.asp.) Carnival (C. pepo)
is basically a striped form of acorn squash. Giant
Hubbard types are used mainly for ornamental
purposes in the U.S., although they are sold in
cut sections in Caribbean and Central American
food markets.
General Production
Information
Information on conventional production meth-
Sales display, historic farm, Missouri. NCAT photo by K. Adam. ods is available from the Cooperative Extension
Page 4 ATTRA Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and Production
5. Service in most states. Much of this infor- Organic farmers rely heavily on crop rotations,
mation is useful to organic growers, as crop residues, animal manures, legumes, green
well. However, information on organic soil manures, composts, and mineral-bearing rock
fertilit y a nd orga nic weed, insect, a nd powders to feed the soil and supply plant nutri-
ents. They manage insects, weeds, and other
disease management is not so readily avail-
pests with mechanical cultivation and cultural,
able. The AT TR A publication Organic
biological, and biorational controls. They do not
Crop Production Overview is recommended use conventional commercial fertilizers, syn-
to those seeking a better understanding of thetic pesticides, or synthetic growth regulators.
the history, philosophy, and practices of Insect pollination of cucurbits is the norm, but
organic farming. hand pollination is possible.(Cane, 2009)
Farm Profile: No-till pumpkins into residues of other previous crops has Fertilizer management
at Cedar Meadow Farm been successful, Groff feels that it loses the Groff side-dresses, broadcasting 40 to
Cheri and Steve Groff’s farm, Holtwood advantages of a seeded cover crop. 80 pounds of dry N (depending on the
(Lancaster County), Pennsylvania, is a The cover crop is mechanically controlled contribution of the cover crop) approx-
main source of ornamental pumpkins with a modified 10-foot Buffalo Rolling imately 3 weeks after planting, and
for fall sales. Stalk Chopper. Groff also uses Roundup does some foliar feeding as well. He
(not allowed in organic production). The sometimes uses supplemental fertilizer
Nearly one-half of pumpkin acreage
stalk chopper has two rows of rollers, (mainly ammonium sulfate, prohibited
there is in no-till cultivation. Groff con-
four in front and four in back, with eight in organic production).
siders soil quality the foundation of
success. He recommends several ways 23-inch blades per roller. The turning Avoiding soil compaction is a major aim
for farmers to improve their soil. While rollers (with their parallel linkage so that of no-till. After a few years, Groff reports,
Cedar Meadow Farm is not certified each roller floats independently) crimp soil becomes much less susceptible to
organic and uses some pesticides, the the cover and push it down. They can be compaction as cover crops build up the
following practices can be applied in run at 8 to 10 miles per hour. The machine soil structure.
organic farming. is fast and economical, in Groff’s view. Lime and manure trucks are scheduled
• Minimize erosion. While in a bad year Groff uses more on the field at the least susceptible
• Use cover crops. pesticides, he has been successful in times, causing as little surface distur-
• Practice crop rotation. eliminating all herbicides when he has bance as possible.
• Use fertilizers that enhance a good thick mulch cover. A heavy cover Groff controls perennial weeds with
soil building. is also ideal for organic growers. intensive crop rotations and occasional
• Minimize the number and Direct seeding spot spraying (not allowed in organic
weight of field operations. Groff direct seeds pumpkins 1 to 1.5 production). A roller-crimper machine
• Minimize tillage. inches deep, with a customized Kinze can be used if the rye cover crop is
• Minimize the use of pesti- no-till planter with Monosem row units, allowed to lodge before rolling and
cides. (In organic production, Rawson coulters, Yetter parallel linkage, planting. A cover crop will not reliably
use only approved pestcides, Martin spading closing wheels, and foam eliminate stubborn perennial weeds
and then only as a last resort, markers. Seeds are planted in 50-foot such as thistles, bindweed, hemp, and
when cultural and biological rows. The leading 13 wave 1-inch coulter dogbane. They must be eliminated
strategies have failed.) is set on the row to cut 4 inches deep, to before going to seed. No-till helps keep
Groff has been raising no-till pumpkins give a nice clean cut through the residue. the seeds of stubborn perennials buried
since 1994, as part of his overall no-till veg- Row cleaners are set so that they don’t deep enough not to sprout.
etable strategy. He frequently points out leave much soil showing on the row. For more information, especially
the cleaner fruit that results from pumpkins Alternatively, Groff can plant seed- about common mistakes, see the
maturing on crop residues or a cover crop. lings into killed cover crops with a cus- Groff website (www.cedarmeadow
The foundation of Groff’s system is fall- tomized RJ Equipment carousel no-till farm.com?PublishedArticles/Proceedings/
seeded establishment of the cover crop transplanter. This transplanter has a Proceedings03.html), as well as Real Life
on pumpkin fields. His favorite mixture is spring-loaded, 20-inch turbo coulter, Experiences in the Uses of Cover Crops
25 pounds of hairy vetch and 30 pounds of followed by a double-disk opener and (www.cedarmeadowfarm.com/Published
rye—providing 40 to 50 pounds of nitro- a short shoe (to hold the transplant). Articles/Proceedings/Proceedings05.html)
gen (N) per acre. Straight vetch residue Angled press wheels tuck the soil firmly and What Growers Can Do To Improve
decomposes too quickly to protect the around the plant and leave virtually no Soil Quality (www.cedarmeadowfarm.
pumpkins as they mature. Rye alone will soil showing afterwards, preserving full com/PublishedArticles/Proceedings/
not provide enough N. Although no-tilling mulch coverage for the whole season. Proceedings06.html).
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 5
6. Soil and Fertility Greenhouse-raised transplants are commonly
used in short-season parts of the U.S. Home
Management gardeners sometimes decide to start seeds in
Squashes prefer a well-drained sandy loam a greenhouse for later transplanting, using
rich in organic matter and with a pH of 6.0 paper or other fi ber containers that can be
to 6.5. The Cooperative Extension Service or easily peeled away from the roots, or tapered
a soil-testing laboratory can provide nutrient pots so that plants can be easily slipped out.
recommendations based on soil tests. Conven- Using one container for each seedling ensures
tional production recommendations (when a minimum of root disturbance. Increased
soil-test results are not available) are to apply labor and materials and waste disposal raise
50 pounds of nitrogen (N), 100 pounds of serious questions about using this method for
phosphorus (P), and 100 pounds of potassium any but the smallest scale of production. In
(K) per acre before planting, with additional certified organic production, organic potting
applications of 25 pounds N and 80 pounds K mix must be used.
per acre at 3 and 6 weeks.(Peet, 2001)
Information about depth of seed placement and
Th e following website from the University spacing is available from seed dealers. In general,
of Georgia, http://pubs.caes.uga.edu/caespubs/ seeds are placed about one inch deep, either in
C
ucurbits pubcd/C853/C853.htm, can assist in con- hills of several seeds, or in rows. If you are using
verting conventional recommendations to a hill system, plant three to five seeds per hill,
are
organic fertilizer rates.(McLaurin and Reeves, then thin to one to three plants per hill. The
warm- 2009) Or call the ATTR A information line hills can be spaced as closely as 4 to 5 feet apart
season annuals, (800-346-9140) for a print copy of University or as much as 8 to 12 feet apart (to allow addi-
preferring 75° of Georgia Circular 853. tional space for later mechanical cultivation).
to 86°F daytime Many organic growers use a winter annual If you plant in rows, perhaps with a mechani-
temperatures and legume cover crop to supply some of the cal seeder, two to three pounds of seed per acre
nitrogen requirements, increase soil health, should be sufficient to achieve the recommended
around 64°F
and suppress weeds. The system has many 3,000 to 4,000 plants per acre.
at night.
benefits, as well as several constraints. For
more information on soil fertility, cover Weed Management
crops, and related topics—including no-till
Mechanical cultivation and hand hoeing
options—visit the ATTR A website at www.
before the plants begin to vine are time-
attra.ncat.org. Specifically, see Sustainable Soil
honored methods of weeding. Cultivation
Management and An Overview of Cover Crops
should be shallow to avoid injuring roots.
and Green Manures.
Mulches, either plastic or from plant resi-
due, are sometimes used to suppress weeds.
Planting When using a plant-based mulch, avoid using
Cucurbits are warm-season annuals, preferring hay because it can harbor weed seed. Drip
75° to 86°F daytime temperatures and around irrigation works well with winter squash
64°F at night. The seeds germinate most production because it is in the ground for the
rapidly when the soil temperature is 86°F. entire growing season. The no-till cover-crop
Winter squash and pumpkins can be direct- system mentioned earlier is one way to
seeded as soon as the soil temperature reaches provide a weed-suppressing mulch of plant
60°F. They need 90 to 120 frost-free days to residues. The ATTR A publication Principles
reach maturity. Plastic mulches of various colors of Sustainable Weed Management for Croplands
can be used to increase the soil temperature and is cited, along with other sources, in the 2009
speed early-season plant growth. The ATTRA Cornell Cooperative Extension database Inte-
publication Season Extension Techniques for grated Crop and Pest Management Guidelines
Market Gardeners discusses pros and cons of for Commercial Vegetable Production: Cornell
using plastic mulches—including disposal Organic Guide for Cucumbers and Squash.
issues in organic production. (Reiners and Petsoldt, 2009)
Page 6 ATTRA Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and Production
7. To avert aphid infestations in sustainable and
Many growers have successfully used tractor- organic agriculture, growers find that preven-
mounted tine weeders on squash. tion strategies are most effective. These include
cultural techniques such as use of physical bar-
The University of Vermont has produced a
riers, mulching, crop rotation, border crops, and
75-minute video, Vegetable Farmers and Their
cover crops. Both synthetic and living mulches
Weed Control Machines, showing farmers
demonstrating the use of machines listed have been shown to reduce populations of alate
below for weed control.(Grubinger and (winged stage) aphids on plants, thereby reduc-
Else, 1997) ing the incidence of aphid-transmitted viruses.
Crops receiving high concentrations of nitrogen
• Rolling cultivators
are more susceptible (attractive) to aphids; there-
• Finger weeders fore, slow release fertilizers may help to avoid
• Basket weeders high aphid infestations.
• Rotary hoes Other pest management strategies (Liburd and
• Batwing shovels Nyoike, 2009) include monitoring and trap-
• Field cultivators ping, using parasitods, predators, or pathogens,
and applying horticultural oils.
• Bezzerides tools
• Flex-tine weeders See ATTR A’s “Biorationals: Ecological
Pest Management Database,” www.ncat.org/
• Sweeps
attra-pub/biorationals, for information on
• Custom flame weeders environmentally friendly pest management.
• Stale seedbed rollers
• Backpack flame weeders Diseases
• Tractor-mounted flame weeders Downy mildew, one of the most serious foliar
diseases of cucurbits, is caused by the fungus
Pseudoperonspora cubensis. It thrives in damp
weather when temperatures range between 45°
Pest Problems and 55°F for more than a month. It is more of
Insects a problem in cooler areas than in warm areas.
Symptoms first appear as yellow patches on
Pumpkins and winter squash are among the
the leaves that then become tan or brown with
most resistant of the cucurbits to certain diseases
white or gray downy fuzz underneath. As the
and insect damage.
disease worsens, the patches turn sooty black.
Squash bugs (Anasa tristis DeGeer) are not As the leaves die, the plants may also shrivel and
often considered a severe pest of large-scale die. Fruit quantity and quality are reduced.
cucurbit production, probably due to the
To avoid downy mildew, plant tolerant cultivars,
absence of suitable overwintering sites in well-
grow vines with plenty of space between them,
managed crop fields and because the bug’s
spray vines with compost tea when conditions
effects are diluted by the vast acreage. Small
are right for the disease to occur, and practice
fields and home gardens are commonly dam-
a three-year rotation. For more details, see the
aged, however.(Capinera, 2003) Squash vine
ATTRA publications Downy Mildew Control in
borer, if precautions are not taken, can kill
Cucurbits and Notes on Compost Teas.
the vines before the fruits mature. Cucumber
beetles are also a problem because they spread Powdery mildew is another major foliar dis-
bacterial wilt (see below). Positive identification ease of cucurbits. Several different fungi cause
of such pests should be sought locally (usually it. Symptoms are a whitish, talcum-like growth
from your county Extension). For an extensive on both the leaf surfaces and stems. Warm
discussion of strategies for dealing with these weather—coupled with high humidity, rainfall,
insect pests in certified organic production or dew—activates dormant spores that infect
systems, see the ATTRA publications Squash the leaves. The disease is most severe when days
Bug and Squash Vine Borer: Organic Control are hot and nights are cool. Older, fruit-bearing
and Cucumber Beetle: Organic Control. plants are affected first. Infected leaves usually
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 7
8. wither and die. In extreme cases, the entire vine The symptoms of mosaic viruses vary but
will die. include mosaic patterns, leaf mottling, ring
spots, blisters and fruit deformation. Besides the
To avoid powdery mildew, plant resistant cul-
use of certified virus-free seeds, control measures
tivars, control insects, avoid overhead watering,
are aimed at minimizing the presence of cucum-
spray vines with compost tea or a baking soda
ber beetles. Strategies for controlling mosaic
solution, remove and destroy vines at the end of
viruses in pumpkins and squash:
each season, and rotate crops. See the ATTRA
publication Use of Baking Soda as a Fungicide for • Control cucumber beetles and aphids
more information. • Eradicate biennial and perennial weeds
• Plant resistant varieties
Black rot (on fruits) is also called gummy stem
blight (on leaves and stems) and is most com- • Remove infected plants when symptoms
mon in the southern U.S. It is also found in first appear
cooler regions, especially on winter squash and • Since later plantings (mostly in the
pumpkins. The fungus Didymella bryoniae South) are at greater risk due to build-
causes black rot. It lives on dry plant material ups of insect populations and disease,
or in the soil, where it can survive for more than plant them as far away as possible from
a year. Free water on leaves for at least one hour early plantings
D
iseased is necessary for infection, and further continu- Bacterial wilt is caused by the bacterium Erwinia
fruits ous leaf wetness is required for lesion expansion. tracheiphila, which overwinters in the bodies of
and vines Fruits are infected either through wounds or by the striped and 12-spotted cucumber beetles. In
should be immediately the extension of leaf lesions. Black rot can cause the spring, the beetles emerge from the ground
loss of squashes and pumpkins in storage. and feed on young plants, introducing bacteria
bagged for off-site
To avoid black rot, manage irrigation to into the leaves or stems. The bacteria reproduce
disposal and not in the water-conducting vessels, producing gums
minimize moisture on leaf surfaces, and
composted. use a minimum two-year crop rotation. “A that interfere with water transport. The beetles and
moisture film from dew, rain, or overhead bacteria are so intimately related that controlling
irrigation is necessary for spore germination.” the beetles will control infection by the bacteria.
(Miller et al., 1996) Once infection has occurred, however, no control
is possible, and wilting plants should be removed,
Angular leaf spot is a bacterial disease caused if practical. The disease is not seed-borne.
by Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans. Th is
disease occurs on all continents on cucumbers, Local county Extension offices or land-grant
gherkins, muskmelons, pumpkins, squash, vege- universities can help in positively identifying
table marrows, and watermelons. The bacterium plant diseases.
causes spotting on the leaves, stems, blossoms
and fruit. It favors warm, humid climates and Harvest, Culling, Curing
can cause fruit to drop or become disfigured.
Strategies for control:
and Storage
• Use disease-free seed Winter squash is judged ready to harvest by the
hardness of the shell—it should not be able to
• Use hot water treatment on seeds
known to be affected by the bacteria be penetrated with a fingernail or have tinges of
green (if a light-colored squash). Another indi-
• Assume three-year old seed to be cator is that vines are mostly dead.(Blanchard,
disease free 2000) Culinary types that are damaged
• Rotate away from all hosts for two years. by insects or machinery should be culled for
• Avoid excessive nitrogen canning or freezing. Ornamental types can be
• Do not plant in fields that receive composted or possibly used for animal feed.
runoff water from other cucurbit fields Diseased fruits and vines (at whatever stage)
• Avoid overhead irrigation should be immediately bagged for off-site
• Avoid working in the fields or harvesting disposal and not composted.
while the plants are wet For long-term storage, undamaged winter
• Cut, rather than tear, fruit from stems squash and pumpkins are cured for 7 to 10 days
to avoid post-harvest rots at 80° to 85°F. In general, longest term storage
Page 8 ATTRA Organic Pumpkin and Winter Squash Marketing and Production
9. is achieved at 50°F and 60% relative humidity.
(Sargent and Treadwell, 2009)
Conclusion
Winter squash and pumpkins, native to the
Western Hemisphere, provide many market-
ing opportunities for growers. Specific variet-
ies are grown for commercial canning, others
for winter storage, ornamentals, or immediate
use. At least 75 farms in the U.S. grew organic
pumpkins in 2009. The largest U.S. market for
most types of pumpkins and winter squash is
as ornamentals and in entertainment farming.
Pumpkins and winter squash are among the
most resistant of the cucurbits to insect and
disease damage. Specific control strategies are
used in organic production. NCAT photo by K. Adam.
References
Adam, Katherine. 2006. Squash Bug and Squash Vine Groff, Sheri and Steve Groff. n.d. No-tillage pumpkins.
Borer: Organic Controls. ATTRA. www.attra.ncat.org/ www.cedarmeadowfarm.com
attra-pub/squash_pest.html
Grubinger, Vern, and Mary Jane Else. 1997. Vegetable
Blanchard, Chris. 2000. Harvest timing critical for winter Farmers and Their Weed Control Machines (video).
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berry/Videos/weedvideo.htm
Cane, Jim. 2009 (last modified). Squash Pollinators of the
Americas Survey (SPAS). USDA/ARS. www.ars.usda.gov/ Grupp, Susan M. 2005 (rev. 2009). The bug review website:
Research/docs.htm?docid=16595 Squash vine borer. Cooperative Extension, University of
Illinois, Urbana, IL. www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/bugreview/
Capinera, John L. 2003 (rev. 2008). Squash Bug (Anasa
squashvineborer.html
tristis DeGeer)(Insecta: Hemiptera: Coreidae). University
of Florida Extension Division Information Service (EDIS), Liburd, O.E., and T.W. Nyoike. 2009. Biology and Manage-
Gainesville, FL. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN234 ment of Aphids in Sustainable Field Production of Cucurbits.
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ifas.ufl.edu/IN761
pumpkins. Jennifer Chait Gardening Blog. August 9.
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To Convert an Inorganic Fertilizer Recommendation to an
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Fresh products. www.ams.usda.gov/amsv1.0/getfile?dDocName http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf
=STELPRDC5050328 Publications in on-going series, written by county Extension
USDA/NASS. 2009. Vegetable Production Statistics. agents, cover topics of soil quality and fertility; management
www.nass.usda.gov/index of weeds, insect pests, and diseases; post-harvest handling,
and organic certification.
Van Tine, Melissa, and Sven Verlinden. 2003. Managing
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West Virginia Extension, Morgantown, WV. 3 p. Thomas. 1996. Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases.
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[Spanish language version available.]
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West Lafayette, IN. Collection of links. www.hort.purdue.edu/ USDA/CSREES Organic Vegetable Production Systems
rhodcv/hort410/squash/squash.htm Wiki www.extension.org/organic_production, www.extension.
Estes, Edmund A., Tony Kleese, and Laura Lauffer. 2003. org/article10598
North Carolina Organic Vegetable Production Cost
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Bonina, Jennifer, and Daniel J. Cantliffe. 2009. Seed
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11. McCormack, Jeff. Organic Cucurbit Seed Production. McCormack, Jeff. Organic Seed Processing and Storage.
Saving Our Seed Project. Garden Medicinals and Garden Medicinals and Culinaries, Mineral, VA. 28 p.
Culinaries, Mineral, VA. 36 p. www.savingourseeds.org/growguides.html
Note: Specific to Mid-Atlantic and South. Podcast
www.savingourseeds.org/growguides.html Funderburk, Sharon. 2008. Production of Sweet
Potatoes and Butternut Squash for the Organic
McCormack, Jeff. Isolation Distances. Baby-Food Market (2 parts). Virginia Biological
Garden Medicinals and Culinaries, Mineral, VA. 21 p. Farming Conference, Feb. 15-16, Richmond, VA.
www.savingourseeds.org/growguides.html www.vabf.org/conf2008pod.php
Notes
www.attra.ncat.org ATTRA Page 11