Oral presentation skills

ORAL PRESENTATION
SKILLS
A PRACTICAL GUIDE
© C. STORZ and the English language teachers of the Institut national de
télécommunications, EVRY FRANCE.

Carl Storz et al. Oral Presentation Skills Août 2002 2
Preface
This text, the result of years of experience and research, is intended to be an aid for
anyone wishing to speak in public to fellow students, colleagues or other interested groups.
This text provides the essential elements and some tips on preparing and organizing a
successful oral presentation in English or any other language. The same structure can also be
used to some extent in the context of a written text, i.e. dividing the text into three parts -
introduction, development and conclusion. Other useful elements for the written text include
expressions to indicate lists, narrative, links and examples. In return, we would ask you the reader
and practitioner to send any comments, corrections or questions to make about this document to
Carl.Storz@int-evry.fr.
This short paper is divided into several sections, each one being based on a particular point
which is important to think about in preparing for and giving an oral presentation. The first one
deals with preparation and planning, the most important stage. The second one deals with the
structure of the speech and necessary language. The third speaks about visuals and how to
make the best use of them. The fourth discusses how to create interest and establish and
maintain a relationship with the audience. The fifth deals with body language and finally, the sixth
contains a few comments on using the voice and correct pronunciation. Actual language used to
express the above is given in italics. Comments and questions you could ask yourself in
preparing each part are also included. At the end, you will find a bibliography of materials
available in the Resource Center of the Department of Languages and Humanities at the INT for
further work on oral presentations or listening practice.
It is also important to remember that there are perhaps several formulae for an oral
presentation, this being just one.1 Are you explaining a procedure, trying to convince or
persuade, give information or outline possible courses of action? What you are trying to do in
your presentation should have a bearing on how you present. There are also cultural aspects to
take into consideration in that different communities will react differently to the same presentation:
English-speaking as against a French-speaking audience, a scientific forum, a literary group or an
assembly of business managers. Each one will expect and react in various ways according to the
linguistic, scientific, academic or business culture it is familiar with. Different people speak in
different ways in different languages and different conventions depending on to whom, where,
when and why they are speaking. All of these questions are, of course, vital to take into
consideration during the preparation.
1 Most companies probably offer some kind of training in presenting. Some even have specific guidelines or style
sheet for slides. Also over time you will develop your own personal style.
Remember anyone can give a good presentation. Don’t worry if you are not naturally extrovert.
Preparation and practice can be the keys to success!

I. PREPARATION AND PLANNING
I.1 ESSENTIAL PREPARATION AND PLANNING
CHECKLIST
This is a checklist of the essential elements to
consider in preparing and planning an oral
presentation. Use it yourself by filling in the boxes on
the right under “My Ideas”.
QUESTIONS TO ASK
YOURSELF
EXAMPLES MY IDEAS
1. What is the aim? ü to buy my product
ü to adopt my
recommendations
ü to join the club
ü to give me a job
2. What is my title? ü The new Mokia 2001
ü How to reduce production
costs
ü The INT Chess Club
3. Who am I speaking to? ü What are the benefits to
the audience of my
product/report/speech?
ü Are these people the
decision makers?
ü What do they know of the
subject?
ü How does this change my
approach?
ü What sort of questions will
they ask me? What are
the answers?
ü What aspects will they be
interested in?
4. What are the main points
I want to make?
1, 2, 3; first, second, third;
point a, point b, point c
5. What do I want the
audience to do after listening
to my presentation?
We must invite them:
ü to buy my product
ü to accept my findings
ü to join the club
ü to give me a job

I.2 Other questions concerning physical aspects.
Who is the audience?
How many people will there be in the audience?
Check beforehand, if you can, the place where you are going to make your
presentation.
Where will it take place?
How big is the room?
What equipment is there in the room? What equipment do I
need?
Does the equipment work?
Are you going to need a black or whiteboard?
Have you got chalk and / or a felt tip pen?
Do you need an overhead projector or a screen?
Are they in place? Is there a podium? Where are you going to
put your notes /papers /transparencies?
Do you need an adapter or extension lead?
Can the information be seen?
Can you present the information and not get in the way?
Do you need a pointer?
Will you need to dim the lights or draw the curtains?
Are you going to need handouts or any other documents? How many? Do they
present a good image of you and your company?
When?
What time of day is it? What day is it? Will the audience be more or less receptive
when listening?
How long?
In relation to what the audience knows or time constraints, what can I eliminate if
necessary?
Other
Am I dressed appropriately? Shoes polished? Are my hands and fingernails clean?
Experienced
Experienced presenters are able to improvise and adapt to changing circumstances
but you may have only one chance to present your information, so be prepared.

II. STRUCTURE OF AN ORAL PRESENTATION
A good oral presentation is well structured; this makes it
easier for the listener to follow.
Basically there are three parts to a typical presentation: the
beginning, the middle and the end (or introduction, body and
conclusion). We are going to look at each part in turn and present
the language needed to express both the structure and the
content.
II.1 THE BEGINNING OR THE INTRODUCTION
The beginning of a presentation is the most important part. It is when you establish
a rapport with the audience and when you have its attention. More detailed
techniques can be found in part IV.
II.1.A Get the audience's attention and signal the beginning.
Right. Well. OK. Erm. Let's begin.
Good. Fine. Great. Can we start?
Shall we start? Let's get the ball rolling.
Let's get down to business.
In English-speaking countries it is not uncommon for the speaker to begin with a
joke, an anecdote, a statement made to surprise or provoke in order to gain the
audience's attention, to make people want to listen, to feel relaxed and even to
introduce the subject. This may or may not be appropriate in your country; you are
probably the best judge. Certainly humour is difficult to convey and would not be
appropriate in all contexts.
A good technique is to try to get your audience involved in your talk either by
asking direct or rhetorical questions. Ask for a show of hands for example, in response
to a question or, present information in such a way that the audience can identify with
it. You can give an anecdote, unusual or surprising facts, or an illustration from real
life could be employed here.
II.1.B Greet audience.
It is important to greet the audience by saying something like:
Hello ladies and gentlemen.
Good morning members of the jury.
Good afternoon esteemed guests
Good evening members of the board
Fellow colleagues Mr. Chairman/Chairwoman
Thank you for your kind introduction
II.1.C Introduce oneself, (name, position, and company)
Do this not only to give important information so people can identify you but also
to establish your authority on the subject and to allow the audience to see your point
of view on the subject (you are a student, researcher, responsible for, director of,
neophyte, layman).2
Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen, let me introduce myself.
2 It is a good idea to put your name, company’s name, company logo, title and date of the presentation on all the
transparencies or handouts.

Good morning everyone, I'd like to start by introducing myself.
My name is...
I am a student at the INT
I am a doctoral candidate,
I am X. Y. from 3 Com. I'm the manager of…
I am a researcher from … I've been working on the subject now for X years...
I've had wide experience in the field of ...
Good morning, my name is Lawrence Couderc. I am a student at the INT and I
would like to talk to you today about some of my findings in a study I did on…
Sometimes, especially when invited to speak, the host introduces the guest,
gives the same information as above and then gives the floor to
the guest speaker.
I am very pleased and proud to introduce …who is…. He/she is
known for…
Now I'll turn the floor over to today's speaker. (to take the floor,
to have the floor, to give the floor to someone.)
II.1.D Give title and introduce subject
What exactly are you going to speak about? Situate the subject in time and
place, in relation to the audience and/or its importance. Give a rough idea or a
working definition of the subject.
I plan to speak about...
Today I'm going to talk about...
The subject of my presentation is...
The theme of my talk is...
I've been asked to give you an overview of...
Cultural aspects may be important here; scientists want to demonstrate their
work and findings while managers and humanities people want to share ideas and
reflections with their audience. It may be the result of a desire to persuade and
convince. It may be comparison of two or more products, plans or proposals.
Why are you going to speak about it?
I have chosen to speak about this because...
I was asked to speak about X because...
Have you set any limits on the scope of your talk? What won't you speak about?
It may be very useful to eliminate certain areas before you start so as to avoid
confusion or deviation from your main task. It also protects you from criticism later
for not covering certain aspects or issues.
Have you estimated the time it will take? 3
It is useful to give the listeners some
idea of how long you will speak so as to maintain their attention better.
I will not speak about...
I have limited my speech to
My talk will last about 15 minutes
3 Concerning time, professional people are very often pressed for time. The average person’s attention span is also
very, very short. Conclusion: the shorter the better!

I will speak for 15 minutes.
You may want to give acknowledgements here too. If you have been sponsored,
supported or encouraged by a particular firm, organization, professor, etc. you may
want to recognise their contribution. Your research and paper may have been the
work of a collaborative effort and you should acknowledge this too giving the names
of all the participants.
At some point you should ask a question or somehow try to determine the
attitude and knowledge of the audience. How do they feel about the subject? You will
then have to modify the contents, as you never know exactly what to expect.
Have you ever heard of...?
You may already know…
I feel sure that some of you…
Every day you encounter...
To get the audience's attention and perhaps to find out where they are you could
introduce the subject by saying:
Have you ever heard of/seen X?
You've probably seen countless times...
You may have wondered...
II.1.E Give your objectives (purpose, aim, goals)
The main purpose of an informative speech is to have the
audience understand and remember a certain amount of
information. You should therefore have two purposes: a general
purpose and a specific one. The former is to inform: to give an
overview, to present, to summarize, to outline; to discuss the
current situation or to explain how to do something or how
something is done. The latter is what you want the audience to take
away with them after listening to you, what you want them to do, what
they should remember.
My purpose in doing this paper is to give you a solid background on the subject of
oral presentation skills so that in the future, at the INT or elsewhere, you can deliver
a successful speech in front of a group.
What I would like to do today is to explain
to illustrate...
to give you the essential background information on...
to outline...
to have a look at...
What I want my listeners to get out of my speech is...
If there is one thing I'd like to get across to you today it is that…
Once you have established your specific objectives you may go on to formulate
your content.4
II.1.F Announce your outline.
You want to keep the outline simple so 2 or 3 main points are usually enough.
Concerning grammar the headings of the outline should be of the same grammatical
form.
I have broken my speech down/up into X parts.
I have divided my presentation (up) into Y parts.
4Change the purpose of the speech (or the time, place and audience) to see how the outline changes.

In the first part I give a few basic definitions.
In the next section I will explain
In part three, I am going to show...
In the last part I would like/want to give a practical example...5
II.1. G Questions and comments from the audience.
You should also let the audience know at some point in the introduction when
and whether they may ask questions.
I'd ask you to save your questions for the end.
There will be plenty of time at the end of my speech for a discussion.
You may interrupt me at any moment to ask questions or make comments.
Please stop me if you don't understand any thing I say but could you keep any
specific questions until after I've finished.
II.1.H Make a transition between the introduction and the body.
You should refer to your transparency or outline.
Now let us turn to point one.
Let us now move on to the second part, which is, as I said earlier….
5 Notice the variety of ways of indicating parts (in the first part, section, part three, the last place) and variety of
grammar, i.e. verbal forms that follow.
One student actually began with definitions of key technical words that would come up in the speech. What do you
think of that idea?
Depending on the context or specific cultural environment you may or may not want to use a transparency. For
example, in a professional corporate context it may look a bit scholastic to project an outline. However, in giving a
paper, since the objective is didactic you could put it on a transparency and refer back to it from time to time.
If you are giving a technical presentation a glossary might be useful and avoid unecessary
interuptions. Always explain abbreviations and say acronyms giving their full name when
you first mention them and be especially careful with the pronunciation.

II.2 THE MIDDLE OR THE BODY
II.2.A Content.
What information should you give in your speech? All your information should
support your purpose. In most cases you will have to limit the content, as time is
usually precious!
II.2.B Quantity
How much information should you give? Enough to clearly develop your ideas.
Don’t forget to illustrate through examples.
II.2.C Sequencing your ideas.
Here are a few possibilities for organizing your ideas: logical; chronological
order; from general to specific; from known to unknown; from accepted to
controversial; cause/effect; problem/solution. Whatever sequencing you choose, the
headings should be all of the same grammatical form.
II.2.D Keeping the audience's attention
The beginning and the end or the first and last parts of a talk are what listeners
will remember best. Think of ways you can keep the audience's attention throughout
the rest of the speech. (See part IV.)
II.2. E Signposting or signaling where you are.
Just as when you are driving along a road that you don't
know very well, you depend on signs to guide you, you need to
guide the listener by using expressions to tell him/her where you
are going. That is to say, first announce what you are going to
say (give an example, reformulate etc.) and then say what you
want to say. This is very like verbal punctuation. Indicate when
you have finished one point and then go on to the next one. It is
redundant in text but very useful in oral presentations.
Experienced presenters will also clearly pause, change their stance and the pitch of
their voice as they move from one part of a presentation to another.
Listing information
Lists are often a necessary evil. Vary your language whenever possible and avoid
reading directly.
There are three things we have to consider: one, two, and three.
A, B, C.
Now let us look at the first aspect which is...
First of all,…
In the first place…6
Linking ideas, sections/making transitions
Indicate the end of one section and the beginning of the next.
That's all I would like to say about... (subject of part A) and now let us turn to ....
Now that we've seen... let us turn to…
6 Do not use, in a first time, at first, at last, firstable.

Outlining options. If there are alternative ways of looking at a topic or proposal,
outline them to show you are familiar with the different ways of dealing with a
situation.
There seem to be two possible ways of dealing with this...
We've looked at this from the point of view of the manufacturer but what about if
we were to...
A number of options present themselves at this point....
If what you are dealing with demands a comparison of strengths and weaknesses
indicate clearly the different aspects and underline the points you feel are important
or secondary.
What exactly are the benefits?
On the plus side we can add...
This is not the only weakness of the plan...
We cannot ignore the problems that such an action would create...
We do not need to concern ourselves with…
Of lesser interest are…
To be clear and concrete. Use examples, rephrasing, summaries etc.:
To give an example:
Now let's take an example.
An example of this can be found...
To illustrate this…
Let's see this through an example.
For example,
For instance,
e.g.
To rephrase:
Let me rephrase that,
In other words
Another way of saying the same
thing is
That is to say
i.e.
To summarize:
To summarize
To sum up,
Let me summarize by saying
So that concludes my overview
In conclusion
Briefly said
In short,
What I've tried to show in this part...
To recap what we've seen so far...
To emphasize
What is very significant is...
What is important to remember...
I'd like to emphasize the fact that...
I’d like to stress the importance of...
to highlight...
to underline...
What I tried to bring out...
What we need to focus on...
To refer to what you have said
previously:
As I have already said earlier...
As we saw in part one...
To repeat what I've said already…
To refer to what you will say:
We will see this a little
later on.
This will be the subject of
part 3.
We will go into more
detail on that later.
For now, suffice to say...
To refer to what an
expert says:
I quote the words of ...
In the words of…
According to...
Here I'd like to quote…
As Mr. X says in his book...
There is a famous quotation that
goes...
To refer to common knowledge:
As you all may well know...
It is generally accepted that...
As you are probably aware (of)...

II.3 THE END OR CONCLUSION
The end of a talk should never come as a surprise to an audience; it needs
special consideration.
II.3.A Content
The end or the conclusion of your talk should include four parts: a
brief reminder of what you tried to show in your speech and how you tried
to do so, a short conclusion, thanks to the audience for listening, and an
invitation to ask questions, make comments or open a discussion. 7
At the end you should briefly summarize your speech in a few lines to make
sure the audience has retained the main points. Alternatives are: to state the
point of the speech; give the essential message to retain; list the main points
and what you want the audience to remember; review informally or indirectly by
using a quote, a comparison or example.
Then you should give some kind of conclusion. That is to say you should
give a message that logically comes out of the ideas developed in your speech.
This could be a commentary, the lessons learned, some recommendations, or the
next steps. You could also make a call to action; the audience should have to do
something.
Thirdly, thank the audience for being there.
Finally, ask for questions and comments or invite a discussion. If you
choose the former, you put yourself in a superior position compared to the
audience and should be considered as an expert. You will need to be very
prepared intellectually and psychologically to transfer control to the audience and
be able to answer any questions. However, in the case of the latter, you put
yourself more or less on equal terms with the audience and do not have to be
the expert with all the answers! The audience may have some clear ideas or
some practical knowledge about the subject themselves!
Naturally you need to signpost the end of your talk. This may take the form of
a recapitulation of the main points.
I'd like to summarize/sum up
At this stage I would like to run through/over the main points...
So, as we have seen today....
As I have tried to explain this morning BT finds itself in....
Or there may be recommendations or proposals that you wish to make;
As a result we suggest that…
In the light of what we have seen today I suggest that...
My first proposal is...
Above all when you conclude do not do it abruptly or as if surprised to get to
the end of your talk.
In conclusion I would like to say that...
My final comments concern...
I would like to finish by reminding everyone that...
7 Do not introduce new information.

You may at this point wish to distribute a vocabulary list or more detailed
information that you wish to make available.
I've prepared a slim folder of the proposals...
In the sheets that are now being distributed you will find a breakdown of
the...
And finally you may well have to deal with questions.
I'd be happy to answer any questions....
If there are any questions please feel free to ask.
Thank you very much for your attention and if there are any suggestions or
comments
II.3.B Dealing with difficult questions
8
1. Make sure you understand the question.
Ø Ask a question to see if you understand
Ø Repeat the question in your own words to check that you have
understood.
Ø if not, ask the questioner to repeat
2. In answering:
Ø delay the answer (ask for time and/or repeat the question)
Just a minute please. What is a...?
How can I put it?
I'm glad you asked that question.
That's a good question/point/remark.
Can I answer that question later?
Ø admit that you are not responsible.
I saw that in the work of…
Ø agree but give an alternative point of view
I agree with you but there is another way of looking at it.
II.4 SUMMARY OF PART II
To give a successful presentation and at the same time a good image of yourself
or your firm, careful preparation and organization are required. You need to take into
consideration who you are speaking to, when, where, and why, as all of these details
will have an impact on your structure and content. A well-structured speech with a
step-by-step approach is one that is easy to follow. Besides structure, it is also
necessary to be relatively repetitive. A good 'rule' is announce what you are going to
say, say it and finally, say what you've said.
Be careful with the figures. Pronunciation (proper names, cognates, numbers)
and presentation are important, practice beforehand! This is equally important for the
key words of your presentation. It is particularly annoying for the audience to hear the
same word mispronounced repeatedly.
In addition to careful preparation - good structure and vocabulary – and
organization, a message passes in other ways. According to experts 55% of the
message is non-verbal. Using images (visuals); body language and voice are extremely
important and will be examined in the following sections.
8 Palmer is very good on tactics to employ in dealing with difficult questions. (See bibliography)

III. VISUALS
9
What are visuals?
Ø graphs charts
Ø maps photos
Ø drawings images
Ø models video/film
Ø objects
What media are used?
Ø transparencies/slides
Ø
Power Point©
slides
10
Ø video projection/projector
Ø handouts
It is often a good idea to give out a paper copy, called a handout, an
outline, a glossary of key words, sources, any other visuals you plan to use, so
people can take them away, not waste time in taking notes on key concepts.
What is the vocabulary of the equipment used?
9 We have tried to give an overview of visuals here. For more information on describing visuals, especially
graphs and the movement of the curve on a graph, see Simon Sweeney in bibliography.
10 There is some resistance to the use of Powerpoint™ everywhere. Criticism includes the pre-formatting,
ubiquity, bulleted ideas, boredom, lack of personal style and so on. (See Parker, Ian. “Absolute Powerpoint”.
The New Yorker, May 28, 2001, pp. 76-83.)
Ø blackboard, whiteboard,
paperboard
Ø chalk, felt tip pen or marker,
eraser
Ø podium, lectern, overhead,
Ø overhead projector system (OHP)
Ø screen
Ø pointer
Ø microphone, mike
Ø opaque projector
What should you put on a visual?
Ø key words
Ø technical words
Ø lists
Ø examples
Ø diagrams
Ø charts
Vocabulary of graphs/chart
Ø line graph (algorithmic, linear
curve, line)
Ø bar chart
Ø flip chart
Ø diagram
Ø pie chart (segment, slice of the
pie)
Ø flow chart
Ø organization chart

Why use visuals?
Ø to focus the audience's attention
Ø to illustrate points easier to understand in visual form but difficult in a verbal form
(e.g. statistics)
Ø to reinforce ideas
Ø to change focus from aural/oral to visual
Ø to involve and motivate the audience
Ø to involve all the senses
Ø to serve as logical proof
Ø to save time and avoid putting information on a board
Ø to avoid turning your back to the audience when writing on a board
Ø to help the speaker
Text to put on a visual
Ø name, conference/company and company logo, date, title of presentation. Try to
do this consistantly but not to the detriment of a table or image.
Ø full sentences are not to be used, unless a quote is given, give round figures
Ø N.B. keep text to a minimum
Size, layout, font (typeface) and size, colors.
Ø Size - A4
Ø Layout should be pleasant and easy to read: horizontal/landscape layout is
preferable.
Ø Fonts: Ariel, Helvetica, Times New Roman, Futura, Optima, Verdana, New Century,
Schoolbook and Courier. Some companies impose a particular style.
Ø Font size - maybe 20 or more depending on the size of the room you will be
speaking in. A good idea is to use different sizes for different types of text: i.e. 20
for main headings, 16 for subheadings, 14 for other text.
Ø Use CAPITAL LETTERS, bold face, italics, underlining, reverse (white on black) or
shading to highlight.
Ø If possible, use color transparencies (unless you are just showing text).
How many?
One every two minutes is sufficient. To show too many slides is worse than none at
all.
General and miscellaneous tips.
Have the slides ready and in order.
Check to see if the OHP is plugged in, in working order and in focus.
Test the visual to see if people at the back of the room can see it.
Stand to the side of the screen and face the audience.
Mask to reveal only what you want the audience to see.
Use a pointer or a pen to draw attention to a specific point.
Visuals should be adjusted to the audience.
Visuals should supplement the spoken message.
Large enough for everyone to see. (Good idea to give out a paper copy, i.e. a handout,
not at the same time though, as the audience may not look at you)
Don't display too much information, too many colors or typefaces.
Does the layout work?
Are there any spelling mistakes or grammatical errors? Remember they are going to
be in plain view all the time of your visual.

How should you present a visual in a presentation?
It is not sufficient just to put up a transparency on the screen and expect the
audience to turn its attention to it, to understand it and make the link with what you
are saying. (See Giving Presentations Unit. 4) We would suggest the following
strategy:
It is important to prepare your audience for what they are going to see. This keeps
the audience on their toes and gives you the opportunity to position your visual
correctly.
Let's look at the current distribution of the market, as you can see...
I'm going to show you now the most recent figures available...
My next slide concerns the method by which...
Remember to draw the attention of the audience to the points that you wish to
highlight but avoid redundancy by describing everything that is in the visual!
As you can see....
The first line of figures is the most revealing...
Notice/observe how the increase has had an effect on the...
What is important here is the way that...
You can also try to rephrase your point to give it emphasis, giving the audience
time to absorb the information.
In other words the number of employees has a direct effect on the...
Or to look at it in another way every time you...
That is to say no matter what technique is used, the results remain
IV. CREATING INTEREST AND ESTABLISHING A RELATIONSHIP WITH THE
AUDIENCE
Do not assume the audience will be interested in what you have to
say. Even if they are, minds wander and get distracted. From the very
beginning you need to create interest and continue doing so throughout
your speech. You need to put everything on your side to promote
knowledge acquisition. In informing an audience you have to adjust to
what people think, to constraints, maintain a dialogue (and not a
monologue) and use attractive supporting materials. How can you do this?
Ø Arouse listeners' interest from the beginning. In the introduction show how your
subject or what you are going to say affects or may affect their lives. In other
words, make it personal.
Ø Other techniques are:
• Give an unusual fact or statistic.
• Use words like you, we, us, our.
• Illustrate with a real life story or anecdote.
• Ask the audience to do something. "Raise your hands if you know."
• Ask the audience direct or rhetorical questions. (See below)
Ø Other tips:
• Be brief and clear in giving the subject and purpose.
• The speaker’s attitude is important - knowledge, personality, openness. Be
lively and enthusiastic.
• Use a variety of media sources.

Rhetorical questions
What is a rhetorical question? A question that you ask without expecting it to be
answered. Why use such a question? In using such a question the speaker appears to
be having a dialogue with the listeners. It also should catch their attention.
Have you ever seen/heard/experienced...?
How can we explain this?
What does that mean?
What can be done about that?
What does this imply for you, as a consumer?
Emphasizing/highlighting
Ø Say something is important.
The important thing to remember is...
The essential element is...
Ø Stress verbs with your voice.
We experimented with the concept over a period of three years.
Ø Add auxiliary verbs for emphasis.
We did see a noticeable difference.
Ø Change the word order
What I'd like to show today is the difference between the two products.
Good it may be, easy it isn't.
Ø Repetition
As I've said before...
Let me repeat
Ø Tripling, chunking and other techniques of word play and emphasis should be used
as you become more fluent and confident.
11
This method is clearer, cheaper and more consistent.
Quality is not something that affects the bottom line, it is the bottom line.
11 For more of this see Mark Powell in bibliography.

V. BODY LANGUAGE
The golden rule is "Be natural and relax!"
What is body language?
Eye contact, facial expressions, posture, movements,
gestures.
Why is it useful?
It is a natural part of communication:
Ø to clarify meaning; it is very visual
Ø to vent nervousness
Ø to maintain interest
Ø to emphasize and regulate
Below are just a few examples of both positive and negative body language:
Positive body language
Ø eye contact to keep audiences' attention (Asian audience might feel aggressed.)
Ø facial expressions should be natural and friendly. Don't forget to smile.
• raise eyebrows to show surprise
• open eyes wide
• squint your eyes
• knit your eyebrows to show consternation or puzzlement
Ø posture – stand straight but relaxed (do not slouch or lean)
Ø movement - to indicate a change of focus, keep the audience's attention
• move forward to emphasize
• move to one side to indicate a transition
Ø gesture
• up and down head motion or other movements to indicate importance
• pen or pointer to indicate a part, a place (on a transparency).
• shrug of the shoulders to indicate "I don't know!"
• hands - back and forth = two possibilities, more or less
• arm - movement back, forth
Negative body language
Ø loss of eye contact: looking at notes, looking at screen, at the board, at the
floor
Ø don't stare, or look blankly into people's eyes
Ø swaying back and forth like a pendulum
Ø back turned to the audience
Ø nervous ticks
Ø hands in pockets

VI. VOICE AND PRONUNCIATION
Correct pronunciation is important if one is to be understood correctly. Incorrect
pronunciation is perhaps the first cause of communication breakdown. If the listener is
not accustomed to the speaker’s native language, he/she will not understand a
mispronounced word. Mispronunciation also tires the listener’s ear and he/she will
perhaps even stop trying to understand the speaker if it becomes too difficult.
VI.1 What is pronunciation?
There are two important aspects of pronunciation of
individual words, word stress and the individual sounds
themselves called "phonemes".12
A suggestion: make sure
you know how to correctly pronounce at least the key
technical words or words that your repeat over and over
again in your speech.
Just as in the case of individual words in English a
particular syllable receives stress, so do particular words in
a sentence. Sentence stress concerns stressing particular words in a sentence usually
at regular intervals.13
English speakers stress words that are important for meaning
such as: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, negatives, demonstratives and
interrogatives. Unstressed ones include articles, auxiliary verbs, prepositions, and
conjunctions.
Linking - (as in French) between a consonant and the following vowel and grouping
words into thought groups - needs to be practiced. 14
In the area of pronunciation, the basic problems of French speakers are:
1. Word and sentence stress - not all syllables in a word or in a sentence are stressed
equally.
2. In unstressed syllables the vowel often becomes shorter (schwa: e.g. man in
German).
3. Long English sounds are much longer than corresponding French sounds and the
short sounds of English are shorter than French short sounds.
4. The voice is used to indicate meaning, and intonation is higher or more glided in
English.
VI.2 Voice
The voice, or more precisely the qualities of the voice, should be used to its/their
fullest. 15 Qualities include loudness, speed (fast or slow), variety, pitch (high or low),
silent moments or pauses. The voice is important:
Ø to indicate importance, meaning
Ø to create atmosphere and to avoid sounding monotonous and putting the audience
to sleep!
12 See Carl Storz. English Pronunciation Notebook for Telecommunications Students. Evry: INT, 1993.
13 For excellent practice work in the context of everyday expressions, see Carolyn Graham.Small Talk Jazz Chants.
Oxford: OUP, 1986
14See Judy B. Gilbert. Clear Speech. Cambridge: CUP, 1984.
15 See Tony Lynch. Study Listening. London: CUP, 1986.

VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY
For extra practice in preparing for an oral presentation (or English in general) we
have used and would suggest the following titles, many of which are all available in
the Language Resource Center. (E103)
On oral presentation:
Course materials for learners of English:
Comfort, Jeremy and Derek Utley. (York Associates) Effective Presentations. Oxford:
OUP: 1996.
Ellis, Mark & Nina O' Driscoll. Giving Presentations. Harlow: Longman, 1992.
Howe, Brian. Visitron, the Language of Presentations. Harlow: Longman, 1985.
Lynch, Tony. Study Listening. London: CUP, 1986.
Powell, Mark. Presenting in English. Hove: LTP, 1996.
Sweeney, Simon. English for Business Communication. Cambridge: CUP, 1997.
Other books on oral presentation
Glickstein, Lee. Be Heard Now! New York: Broadway Books, 1998.
Hendricks, Dr. William et al. Secrets of Power Presentations. Franklin Lakes, N.J.:
Career Press, 1996.
Slutsky, Jeff and Aun, Michael. The Toastmasters International Guide to Successful
Speaking. Chicago: Dearborn Financial Publishing, 1997.
Wilder Claudyne and Jennifer Rotondo. Point, Click & Wow! A Quick Guide to Brilliant
Laptop Presentations. 2nd Edition. Hoboken, N.J.: Jossey-Bass, 2002.
On pronunciation and the voice:
Gilbert, Judy B. Clear Speech. 2nd
Edition Cambridge: CUP, 1993.
Graham, Carolyn. Small Talk Jazz Chants. Oxford: OUP, 1986.
Powell, Mark. Presenting in English. Hove: LTP, 1996. See “Using Your Voice” (Section
3)
Rodenburg, Patsy. The Right to Speak: working with the voice. London: Methuen,
1992.
Storz, Carl. English Pronunciation Notebook for Telecommunications Students. Evry:
INT, 1993.
Many Web sites (mostly give more or less the same information) (checked 9/2002)
http://web.mit.edu/writing/Writing_Types/oral.html
http://fbox.vt.edu/eng/mech/writing:workbooks/visuals.html
(on visuals)
http://rpi.edu/dept/llc/writecenter/web/presentation.html
http://writing.colostate.edu/references/speaking.cfm
http://business.englishclub.com/presentations.htm
Famous speeches
- Speech Archives "Hear the Words that Changed the World" -. You can listen to
important speeches in (especially US) history.
Poster sessions (A poster is a particular type of presentation and not jsut a visual.)
http://writing.colostate.edu/references/speaking.cfm/posters/
http://www.gmu.edu/departments/writingcenter/ppt/index.htm
On body language

Baylon C. et X. Mignot. La communication. Paris: Fernand Nahan, 1994. Voir
spéciallement V. “Communication à courte et à longue portée”. (INT 9.492)
Bouvet, Danielle. La dimension corporelle de la parole. Paris: Peeters, 2001.
Bull, Peter. “What does gesture and to the spoken word? In Barlow, H. et al. Images
and Understanding. Cambridge: CUP, 1990. (INT 9.54)
Cabin, Philippe. La Communication. Etat des savoirs. Paris PUF, 1998. (INT 9.492
CAB).

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