Presentation is an attempt to define agenda for making housing cost-effective through designing, construction, materials and designing green buildings. Paper also looks at the making buildings cost-effective over entire life cycle of the buildings rather than initial cost.
This modular housing based in Belapur, New Mumbai, is designed by Ar. Charles Correa. This project, which was constructed in the 1980s, stands as a perfect example of affordable and high density housing, which is the need of the hour.
GROUP HOUSING : A DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE ACCOMODATES THE GROUP RATHER THAN THE UNIT AND ITS THEREFORE PUBLIC AS WELL AS PRIVATE. IT IS FIMILIAR THROUGH THE WIDWSPREAD DEVELOPMENT OF MASS HOUSING IN THE WORLD IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS OR FAMILIES FIND LIVING SPACE EITHER IN M ULTIPLE DWELLINGS OR SINGLE LINITS PRODUCED IN QUALITY . GROUP HOUSING IS PRODUSED BY MANY KINDS OF CULTURES BY COMMUNAL STATES TO EQALIZE LIVING STANDDARDS BY TYRANTS TO ASSURE A DOCILE LABOUR FORCE, AND BY FEDUAL OR CASTE SYSTEM TO BRINGS TOGETHER MEMBERS OF A CLASS.
2. CLUSTER HOUSING
A SUBDIVISION TECHNIQUES WHERE KNOWN
AS ZERO –LOT –LINE HOUSING OR HIGH DENSITY
HOUSING DWELLING ARE GROUPED TOGHTHER
WITH COMMON AREA LEFT FOR RECREATION .
RAW HOUSING
ONE OF A SERIES OF HOUSES , OFTEN AS SIMILAR
OR IDENTICAL DESIGN, SITUATED SIDE BY SIDE
AND JOINED COMMON WALLS
3. PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA
2 MILLION NON-SLUM URBAN POOR HOUSEHOLD
ARE PROPOSED TO BE COVERDED UNDER THE MISSION.
RAJIV AWAS YOJANA
IT UNCOURAGE “SLUM FREE INDIA” IN CITIES
IN WHICH EVERY CITIZEN HAS ACEES TO BASIC AMENITIES.
PRADHAN MANTRI GRAMIN AWAS YOZANA
PROVIDING FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO RURAL
POOR FOR CONSTRUCTING THEIR HOUSES THEMSELVES.
HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022
MISSSION APPROVED A SUBSTANCIAL INCREAS IN INTEREST
RELIFE ON LOAN FOR THE URBAN POOR
TO PROMOTE AFFORDEBLE HOMES.
INTEREST SUBSIDY SCHEMES FOR HOUSING URBAN
THE SCHEMES ENVISAGES THE PROVISION OF
INTEREST TO EWS AND LIG SEGMENTS TO
ENABLES THEM TO BUY OR CONSTRUCT HOUSES.
4.Lower Income Group
Economic Weaker Section (EWS) means households with monthly household income upto Rs. 5000/- per month or as revised by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India from time to time. Lower Income Group (LIG) means households with monthly household income between Rs. 5001/- to Rs.
5.Development of Group Housing will be under provision
of master plan, Enclave development plan and layout plan.
Minimum area of plot will be 2000sq.m
Land proposed for group housing will be located at 12m
wide exiting road, But the distance of the plot from 18m
(or above) wide road will not be more than 100m.
Slilt floor will be permitted for the purpose of parking in
group housing buildings, height of which of which be
2.1m up to the beam.
if slilt floor is used for purpose other than parking then
it will be counted in F.A.R.
Park and open area will be provided at the rate of
1.0sq.m. per person or 15% of the whole area,
whichever is more, in the plot of area 3000sq.m (or above).
I came to know regarding this competition from rediff.com
Salient features of a well-designed inclusive Neighbourhood (Colony) for the urban poor is characterized by a well conceptualized effort at social cohesion:
I. Housing Unit and Layouts of Cluster Housing
II. Neighbourhood Colony Layouts
III. Basic Physical Infrastructure (Water Supply, Sanitation, Drainage, Roads, Street Lighting, Solid
Waste Management, etc.)
IV. Cohesive Social Infrastructure (Community Centre, Informal Sector Market, Livelihood Centre,
etc.)
This modular housing based in Belapur, New Mumbai, is designed by Ar. Charles Correa. This project, which was constructed in the 1980s, stands as a perfect example of affordable and high density housing, which is the need of the hour.
GROUP HOUSING : A DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE ACCOMODATES THE GROUP RATHER THAN THE UNIT AND ITS THEREFORE PUBLIC AS WELL AS PRIVATE. IT IS FIMILIAR THROUGH THE WIDWSPREAD DEVELOPMENT OF MASS HOUSING IN THE WORLD IN WHICH INDIVIDUALS OR FAMILIES FIND LIVING SPACE EITHER IN M ULTIPLE DWELLINGS OR SINGLE LINITS PRODUCED IN QUALITY . GROUP HOUSING IS PRODUSED BY MANY KINDS OF CULTURES BY COMMUNAL STATES TO EQALIZE LIVING STANDDARDS BY TYRANTS TO ASSURE A DOCILE LABOUR FORCE, AND BY FEDUAL OR CASTE SYSTEM TO BRINGS TOGETHER MEMBERS OF A CLASS.
2. CLUSTER HOUSING
A SUBDIVISION TECHNIQUES WHERE KNOWN
AS ZERO –LOT –LINE HOUSING OR HIGH DENSITY
HOUSING DWELLING ARE GROUPED TOGHTHER
WITH COMMON AREA LEFT FOR RECREATION .
RAW HOUSING
ONE OF A SERIES OF HOUSES , OFTEN AS SIMILAR
OR IDENTICAL DESIGN, SITUATED SIDE BY SIDE
AND JOINED COMMON WALLS
3. PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA
2 MILLION NON-SLUM URBAN POOR HOUSEHOLD
ARE PROPOSED TO BE COVERDED UNDER THE MISSION.
RAJIV AWAS YOJANA
IT UNCOURAGE “SLUM FREE INDIA” IN CITIES
IN WHICH EVERY CITIZEN HAS ACEES TO BASIC AMENITIES.
PRADHAN MANTRI GRAMIN AWAS YOZANA
PROVIDING FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE TO RURAL
POOR FOR CONSTRUCTING THEIR HOUSES THEMSELVES.
HOUSING FOR ALL BY 2022
MISSSION APPROVED A SUBSTANCIAL INCREAS IN INTEREST
RELIFE ON LOAN FOR THE URBAN POOR
TO PROMOTE AFFORDEBLE HOMES.
INTEREST SUBSIDY SCHEMES FOR HOUSING URBAN
THE SCHEMES ENVISAGES THE PROVISION OF
INTEREST TO EWS AND LIG SEGMENTS TO
ENABLES THEM TO BUY OR CONSTRUCT HOUSES.
4.Lower Income Group
Economic Weaker Section (EWS) means households with monthly household income upto Rs. 5000/- per month or as revised by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Government of India from time to time. Lower Income Group (LIG) means households with monthly household income between Rs. 5001/- to Rs.
5.Development of Group Housing will be under provision
of master plan, Enclave development plan and layout plan.
Minimum area of plot will be 2000sq.m
Land proposed for group housing will be located at 12m
wide exiting road, But the distance of the plot from 18m
(or above) wide road will not be more than 100m.
Slilt floor will be permitted for the purpose of parking in
group housing buildings, height of which of which be
2.1m up to the beam.
if slilt floor is used for purpose other than parking then
it will be counted in F.A.R.
Park and open area will be provided at the rate of
1.0sq.m. per person or 15% of the whole area,
whichever is more, in the plot of area 3000sq.m (or above).
I came to know regarding this competition from rediff.com
Salient features of a well-designed inclusive Neighbourhood (Colony) for the urban poor is characterized by a well conceptualized effort at social cohesion:
I. Housing Unit and Layouts of Cluster Housing
II. Neighbourhood Colony Layouts
III. Basic Physical Infrastructure (Water Supply, Sanitation, Drainage, Roads, Street Lighting, Solid
Waste Management, etc.)
IV. Cohesive Social Infrastructure (Community Centre, Informal Sector Market, Livelihood Centre,
etc.)
Baker studied architecture in Birmingham and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest for Europe.During the Second World War, he served in the Friends Ambulance Unit in China and Burma.He worked as an architect for an international and interdenominational Mission dedicated to the care of those suffering from leprosy. He focused on converting or replacing asylums once used to house the ostracized sufferers of the disease - "lepers".He Used indigenous architecture and methods of these places as means to deal with his once daunting problems.
Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and terracotta Mangalore tile shingling with gables and vents allowing rising hot air to escape curved walls to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls.Designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes
Suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients.
Irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind.Brick jali walls, a perforated brick screen which utilises natural air movement to cool the home's interior and create intricate patterns of light and shadow.
Auroville, City of dawn is located in state of Tamil Nadu, India, near Pondicherry in South India. .Auroville was founded as a project on experimental basis of the ‘Sri Arbindo Society’ on Wednesday 28 February 1968. The basic idea originated from Mirra Alfassa ‘The Mother ‘who was spiritually related to India.
Ma envisaged Auroville as an international township for 50,000 residents on the shape of a flower. Architect Roger Anger refined the planning and designed it in shape of Universe.He placed Matrimandir at the center of this city.
Mary Alfassa in her first message regarding the town stated that, "Auroville is meant to be a universal town where men and women of al countries are able to live in peace and progressive harmony, above all creeds, all politics and all nationalities”
.
National Slum Development Program (NSDP) Sumit Ranjan
National Slum Development Program (NSDP)
Housing, 8th sem, B. Arch.
amount, beneficiaries, constraints and recommendations, discription, drawbacks, facilities, financial, funding, government, housing, introduction, managerial, nature, objectives, slums, technical
Self Sustainable Integrated Township : A resource-based planning to improve t...Sahil Singh Kapoor
The objective of this study is to analyze the potential shift towards Integrated Township development with mixed land use, creating employment opportunities close to residential place and requiring minimum land area.
Options for making affordable housing for all a reality in urban India (1)JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to briefly dwelling on affordable housing in the context of India- Explaining the role and importance of housing in urban spaces , issues, challenges and roadblock faced and options available for making housing for all a distinct reality
Housing remains critical, relevant and important for human living, determining quality of life , improving productivity, promoting health and happiness. Nations have suffered perpetually from inadequate housing with large proportion of population compelled to live in slums. Only 13% of the nations globally, have been able to cater to the needs of housing in a satisfactory manner, Developing nations are worst places. Nations having large rural-urban migration are reeling under the pressure of critical housing shortage. Poverty remains the major roadblock in providing housing to majority of people. Nations need to think critically and objectively in the domain of making housing for all a distinct reality. Considering the fact that housing demand is never statistic, never finite , ever evolving and ever devolving like human beings/numbers- nations have to take hard and harsh decisions to create adequate quality/quantity of housing. Providing shelter should be accepted fundamental right of individual and fundamental duty of the state but creating ownership needs to be specifically and invariably avoided in case nations want to solve the problem of housing shortage. Sale and Purchase of housing must be effectively regulated and real estate sector must be made more rational, responsive and responsible to the needs of the shelter of all communities. Allotting land to luxury housing must be minimized and taxed heavily for subsiding the rental housing for the poor. Norms specified for housing must be redefined to make optimum use of land. land norms must be based on the principle of use of land on 24x7x365 to optimize the land for amenities/services. Housing needs to be traded on different footings with effective monitoring of house ownership. No individual should be permitted to hold multiple ownership of housing with ownership restricted to two houses in the entire life span of individual to check speculation and making housing an investment for making money. Housing typology must be changed from plotted development to flatted development to optimise the land and minimise the housing cost. housing technologies must be redefined with affordable materials put in place. Affordable housing remains a challenge which needs involvement of all stake holders including the benefices. Co-operative options remains valuable, which needs to be optimised. Housing must be made individual led- program rather than a Governmnet led mission only. Rural housing must be made more qualitative and technology supported.
Baker studied architecture in Birmingham and graduated in 1937, aged 20, in a period of political unrest for Europe.During the Second World War, he served in the Friends Ambulance Unit in China and Burma.He worked as an architect for an international and interdenominational Mission dedicated to the care of those suffering from leprosy. He focused on converting or replacing asylums once used to house the ostracized sufferers of the disease - "lepers".He Used indigenous architecture and methods of these places as means to deal with his once daunting problems.
Baker's designs invariably have traditional Indian sloping roofs and terracotta Mangalore tile shingling with gables and vents allowing rising hot air to escape curved walls to enclose more volume at lower material cost than straight walls.Designing and building low cost, high quality, beautiful homes
Suited to or built for lower-middle to lower class clients.
Irregular, pyramid-like structures on roofs, with one side left open and tilting into the wind.Brick jali walls, a perforated brick screen which utilises natural air movement to cool the home's interior and create intricate patterns of light and shadow.
Auroville, City of dawn is located in state of Tamil Nadu, India, near Pondicherry in South India. .Auroville was founded as a project on experimental basis of the ‘Sri Arbindo Society’ on Wednesday 28 February 1968. The basic idea originated from Mirra Alfassa ‘The Mother ‘who was spiritually related to India.
Ma envisaged Auroville as an international township for 50,000 residents on the shape of a flower. Architect Roger Anger refined the planning and designed it in shape of Universe.He placed Matrimandir at the center of this city.
Mary Alfassa in her first message regarding the town stated that, "Auroville is meant to be a universal town where men and women of al countries are able to live in peace and progressive harmony, above all creeds, all politics and all nationalities”
.
National Slum Development Program (NSDP) Sumit Ranjan
National Slum Development Program (NSDP)
Housing, 8th sem, B. Arch.
amount, beneficiaries, constraints and recommendations, discription, drawbacks, facilities, financial, funding, government, housing, introduction, managerial, nature, objectives, slums, technical
Self Sustainable Integrated Township : A resource-based planning to improve t...Sahil Singh Kapoor
The objective of this study is to analyze the potential shift towards Integrated Township development with mixed land use, creating employment opportunities close to residential place and requiring minimum land area.
Options for making affordable housing for all a reality in urban India (1)JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to briefly dwelling on affordable housing in the context of India- Explaining the role and importance of housing in urban spaces , issues, challenges and roadblock faced and options available for making housing for all a distinct reality
Housing remains critical, relevant and important for human living, determining quality of life , improving productivity, promoting health and happiness. Nations have suffered perpetually from inadequate housing with large proportion of population compelled to live in slums. Only 13% of the nations globally, have been able to cater to the needs of housing in a satisfactory manner, Developing nations are worst places. Nations having large rural-urban migration are reeling under the pressure of critical housing shortage. Poverty remains the major roadblock in providing housing to majority of people. Nations need to think critically and objectively in the domain of making housing for all a distinct reality. Considering the fact that housing demand is never statistic, never finite , ever evolving and ever devolving like human beings/numbers- nations have to take hard and harsh decisions to create adequate quality/quantity of housing. Providing shelter should be accepted fundamental right of individual and fundamental duty of the state but creating ownership needs to be specifically and invariably avoided in case nations want to solve the problem of housing shortage. Sale and Purchase of housing must be effectively regulated and real estate sector must be made more rational, responsive and responsible to the needs of the shelter of all communities. Allotting land to luxury housing must be minimized and taxed heavily for subsiding the rental housing for the poor. Norms specified for housing must be redefined to make optimum use of land. land norms must be based on the principle of use of land on 24x7x365 to optimize the land for amenities/services. Housing needs to be traded on different footings with effective monitoring of house ownership. No individual should be permitted to hold multiple ownership of housing with ownership restricted to two houses in the entire life span of individual to check speculation and making housing an investment for making money. Housing typology must be changed from plotted development to flatted development to optimise the land and minimise the housing cost. housing technologies must be redefined with affordable materials put in place. Affordable housing remains a challenge which needs involvement of all stake holders including the benefices. Co-operative options remains valuable, which needs to be optimised. Housing must be made individual led- program rather than a Governmnet led mission only. Rural housing must be made more qualitative and technology supported.
Options for Making Housing Affordable a distinct RealityJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation dissects, analyses, define and details role,relevance and importance of housing in human living, employment, industry etc; briefs the roadblocks in promoting supply of housing; quantifying emerging housing shortage; defining affordability and affordable housing; Briefs about Prime Minister Awaas Yojna- options for making housing for all a distinct reality besides defining the technologies which government of India has used in its 6 lighthouse housing projects across India for creating affordable, cost-effective and sustainable affordable housing on mass scale using latest construction technologies
Paper looks critically and objectively, the role and importance of Master Plans in Rationalising the development of cities, issues created and options to make it a better master plan
Need for Convergence in Planning and Implementation Across all MISSIONSJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is a brief attempt to showcase the need and importance of convergence of planning and implementation of all the urban missions in order to achieve holistic development of the urban centres in India and to launch Urban India on fast trajectory of Urban revitalisation. It needs to be expanded further to make it more extensive and meaningful
Presentation is an attempt to look at the rural context of India, role and importance rural settlements have in the overall development of the nation and strategies to make it rational
Destruction is inbuilt in construction and disasters are integral part of creation, growth and development. It is time and opportunity to have a relook at the role, importance and context of Housing in human living and working. Covid 19 has changed the very meaning, relevance of housing as a space in human and community living. Making Homes Healthy and affordable has assumed importance. Dimension of Housing has not only undergone change in its context but also in its role and functions of being an space for working and education besides being place of living. Making available housing to all and making it affordable has assumed importance as a lesson for countering the adverse impact of housing . It is time, that all professionals engaged in the task of planning, designing and construction of housing should redefine the context, fabric, role, relevance and structure of housing. All development agencies engaged in promoting housing and housing construction should work on a new matrix of housing and all governments most redefine their policies and programs to make healthy homes a distinct reality. Housing remains a fulcrum to effectively counter major evils and disasters facing communities , humanity and communities. We need to celebrate and value housing not only as a vital component of human living but also a major options to promote sustainability and achieving SDGs for making this planet healthy. Let society, communities and nation work for making housing supportive and empowering human beings to make them happy, healthy and more productive.
Infrastructure remain the backbone and the foundation of all communities, states and nations to operate efficiently, grow rationally and provide best quality of life to its inhabitants. Infrastructure is known to be great connector and distributors. Nothing can work without the provision of good infrastructures. All developing nations are struggling to provide appropriate infrastructure but have failed to deliver. Infrastructure remain labour and cost- intensive and are dictated by the policies and the programs evolved by the government. Cities have limited capacity, capability and willingness to provide appropriate infrastructure which make them unattractive and less productive. Cities need empowerment and also innovate and look for options which can help them create infrastructure without causing undue financial liabilities. In this regard planned development offers the best option to create and deliver appropriate infrastructures at the local level based on defined norms and standards. Town planning schemes have been reckoned to be the best options to create infrastructure at at local level. Involving communities in creation and determination of priorities shall always remain valuable. Infrastructures should be self-financing and self-sustainable. It should involve best of the quality to make them cost-effective and operationally efficient. Providing adequate supportive infrastructure will always remain crucial and valuable for all the societies and human settlement, both urban and rural. All human settlements must be planned, developed, operated and maintained with appropriate quality infrastructure to make then sustainable, qualitative, livable and operationally efficient.
Presentation tries to look at the villages in the Indian Context in terms of their strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and tries to define concepts to make them more productive , liveable and sustainable
Infrastructures and services are known to be the backbone of any human settlement . They are known to be determinant of the quality of life and operational efficiency of any city. They are also the one regulating the productivity of the city. Infra remain vital for all the urban residents , communities, city and the state. Accordingly, it becomes important that infrastructures on prescribed norms and standards are made available in both quantity and quality in the human habitation. Providing Infra requires lot of resources and technology know how. Accordingly adequate provision in the budget of urban local bodies need to be provided. in addition to providing infra and services, it is critical that they are also maintained properly. Key issues in the infra is the delivery of services. Government must involve private sector in providing services. Services charges also have to be rational to make them affordable. Providing services and infra remains a difficult and innovative option. It offers both a challenge and an opportunity. All ULBs must ensure adequate services of appropriate quality to all its citizens , even poorest of poor, to lead a dignified living.
Presentation details the context, role and importance of both hard and soft infrastructure in making the human living more qualitative, productive, effective and efficient; briefs about the current status of infrastructure in urban India, roadblocks faced by institutions involved in the development of the cities in providing infrastructure and options to create appropriate level of infrastructures in urban India in order to make India a role model of urban development and making India third ranked global economy.
Presentation makes an attempt to brief about the genesis, brief of preparing master plan for an urban settlement to rationalise the growth and development of any urban centre
Hill area planning, development and management, remains both intricate and complex task, requiring specialised skill, expertise, understanding, knowledge and experience. Hills are special for the reason they remain part of the nature and complex bio-sphere system They are storehouse of natural resources. They house natural wealth and best of climate. .Hills have numerous positivities but because of their fragility they remain vulnerable to all development activities undertaken by human species. Tourism has emerged as the double edged weapon in hill area development. Heritage has been subjected to vulnerability. Promoting mobility has led to disaster and population influx has made hill areas vulnerable. Hill areas need healing touch using nature and natural elements. They require care and caution for their sustainable development. They remain the hope to make world more livable and sustainable. Nations must care and respect its hill areas and should eliminates all factors which lead to diluting, damaging the hill area fabric, structure and soul.
Jammu- IIA-Smart Cities -CONCEPTS AND APPAROACHES- 5-6-22.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
World is celebrating golden jubilee of the launching of World Environment Day. Making cities sustainable assumes importance on this day, which is dedicated to promote the wellbeing of the humanity, because cities are known to be major consumers of energy, resources and generators of waste. Cities have been relevant in the past and shall continue to drive nations in promoting economy, employment, services and amenities. However, development and environment remain anti-thesis. It will remain important how professionals work, operate and evolve and devolve their skills for minimizing the conflict and contradictions between the two to make human habitat more sustainable.
Strategy and Options for Planning Inclusive CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation looks at the context of inclusive cities, its relevance in the Indian context, problems faced by Indian cities and what are the options to make cities inclusive, and sustainable
presentation tries to focus on housing, its role and importance for communities and also how it can be made cost- effective in the background of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna
Presentation is an attempt to showcase the role and importance of Green Buildings to make this world sustainable and the approach to designing the green buildings
Similar to Options for Cost- Effective Housing (20)
Role and Relevance of Architects and architecture in SustainabilityJIT KUMAR GUPTA
This brief text on Role, Relevance and importance of Architects and profession of Architecture in making this world and human settlements more livable, climate responsive and sustainable has been prepared as commitment of the professionals and profession of Architects on this World Environment Day ; June 5th , 2024 , with the hope that profession would be understood, valued ,appreciated and empowered in the right context for enabling it play its designated role in making built environment qualitative, cost-effective, energy-efficient, eco-friendly, safe and sustainable.
Bridging gap between resources and responsibilities at Local level.JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Text refers to need, role, relevance and importance of empowering urban local bodies by bridging gap between resources available and responsibilities bestowed, for enabling ULBs to operate and function as institutions of local governance more effectively and efficiently.
Construction Industry Through Artificial Intelligence -.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Considering the role, relevance and importance of construction sector in promoting economy, generating employment and creating wealth besides providing infrastructures and amenities, there is need to make the sector more effective, efficient, productive and sustainable. Driven manually, construction sector remains in the slow lane of creating quality built environment which are cost-effective, energy efficient, least consumers of resources and generators of waste. Artificial intelligence can help and empower the construction to make it more valuable, productive and qualitative besides supportive of environment and ecology. However, construction sector must be ready to co-operate and collaborate with IT industry to look for options and opportunities to make construction sector more qualitative and productive. Majority of urban ills and climate related issues can be resolved if Artificial intelligence can be embedded as integral part of the construction industry right prom planning, designing, construction, operation and management of the built environment and infrastructures. Communities and nations will save lot of valuable non-renewable resources if the construction sector is transformed from human led to technology led by the induction of Artificial intelligence. However, Construction industry has to search the areas where Artificial intelligence can be used effectively and intelligently.
Making Urban India a Role Model of Planned Urban Growth a.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Known for productivity, promoting economy, employment and innovations cities, when properly planned, rationally developed and professionally managed, have been labelled and recognized as engines of economic growth. Prosperity and urbanisation are known to have positive co-relation with rational urbanisation, leveraging growth and development of any community, city, state and region. In majority of developing countries, where urbanisation remains unregulated, forced largely by rural push and less by urban pull, cities invariably remain in crisis, crisis of population, crisis of poverty, crisis of development and management. Cities need to be cared ,incentivized, empowered and made more productive, effective, efficient and humane.
Redefining Globalization, urbanisation and LocalisationJIT KUMAR GUPTA
If cities are to made more livable, humane and productive, it is time that intent, contents and scope of globalization must be revisited and reviewed, both critically and objectively. Globalisation would need redefinition for promoting universality and inclusiveness among people and nations to have basic amenities and quality of life for all its residents , including poorest of the poor to lead a dignified life. Failure to redefine globalization, rationalise urbanisation, restore localization empowering poor and promoting universalisation and inclusivity; will invariably lead to making SDGs merely a paper exercise. In addition, making the world, cities and communities sustainable, livable, safe and inclusive, would remain merely a dream and a mirage, for future generations and communities, making planet earth as their preferred place of residence.
Knowing, Understanding and Planning Cities- Role and Relevance Physical Plan...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities are known for its complexities and operational inefficiencies. cities remain dynamic ,ever evolving, ever devolving, never static and never finite.
All cities remain different, distinct, unique and universal. No two cities are similar. Each city has its own strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Accordingly, problem faced by any city cannot be viewed, dissected, analyzed and enumerated, while sitting within the four walls of the air-conditioned rooms and by the so called intellectual sitting in the so called offices determining the future of cities and towns. Neither the cities can be made more rational by limited knowledge agencies providing consultancy to cities , states and nations.
For realistically and rationally understanding, analyzing the cities and having simple, cost-effective and quality solutions to the problems and challenges faced , Cities have to be walked through and concerns of the various communities have to be properly understood and appreciated.
Prime reason for inability and lack of capacity on the part of majority of physical planners, engaged in the art and science of planning, designing and developing the cities, to address the issues and challenges faced by cities , realistically and rationally, has genesis in the lack of understanding of the origin, growth and development of cities.
Lack of capacity in majority of town planners, has roots in the quality of education imparted and seriousness and commitment on the part of both teachers and taught involved. As it stands today, majority of institutions involved in imparting education in planning are being run on an ad-hoc manner and by proxy. Only few institutions have regular teachers and regular students. Majority of planning institutions are being run on proxy with proxy students and proxy teachers. Education system including curricula used for teaching, needs, review, revision and redefinition to make it more relevant to rational for addressing the issues and challenges faced by the cities and towns.
Land as a Resource for urban finanace- 24-1-23.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
PPt tries to brief Land, as a gift of nature, is being grossly misused, abused , manipulated Land is globally used for providing platform for all human driven activities, based on living, working, culture of body/ mind and travel.
Limited availability, coupled with large number of human beings trying to source land, has invariably created large demand for land resource for human consumption. Land, in urban context, is required for meeting the specific needs of urban dwellers for residential, commercial, institutional, recreational, travel& traffic purposes besides providing space for infrastructures , amenities, services, trade and commerce etc. Land in urban context remains under large demand and command high price due to concentration of large population in small physical area, with stakeholders making competing claims.Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused. In order to make optimum use of land resource on 24x7x365; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all ULBs are made to focus on eliminating culture and practices promoting un-authorized/ illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the cities. Land needs to be effectively leveraged to generate resources for ULBs to make cities vibrant.
COST-EFFETIVE and Energy Efficient BUILDINGS ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Built environment is known for its capacity, capability, role, relevance and importance to change the quality of life of the occupants and communities. Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle through designing, construction, operation. It calls for making buildings green and sustainable.
Making Buildings cost-effective , Energy Efficient ptxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation focuses on options which need to be leveraged to make buildings sustainable, cost-effective, energy efficient, resource efficient, qualitative over its entire life-cycle
Ppt briefs about role, relevance, importance of the rating systems applicable in India, criteria used in assessing
greeness, weightage allocated, , brief of how these rating systems are applied, parameters involved; weightage granted, levels of rating granted , incentives given by states for green rated buildings and brief of suggestions, how to make rating system more effective, efficient, objective and transparent.
The phenomenon of global warming remains more pronounced in the urban areas, for the reason cities house large concentration of people and activities in a small/compact urban space.Densely-built downtown areas tend to be warmer than suburban residential areas or rural areas.. UHI not only raises urban temperatures but also increases ozone concentrations because ozone is a greenhouse gas whose formation will accelerate with the temperature. Tokyo, an example of an urban heat island. Normal temperatures of Tokyo go up higher than those of the surrounding area. However, it needs to be understood and appreciated that climate change is not the cause of urban heat islands but it is causing more frequent and more intense heat waves which in turn amplify the urban heat island effect in cities. Major reasons for ever growing global warming and climate change can be attributed to the; Nature and natural; Human-Driven; population; Rapid Urbanisation; Irrational Urban planning; High Density; Inefficient Transportation ;Large generation/consumption of fossil fuel based Energy; Unsustainable Buildings; Polluting Industry & Manufacturing; Unsustainable Agriculture; Irrational Development; Large scale Deforestation; Lack of open spaces and individual life-choices;
Making and Unmaking of Chandigarh - A City of Two Plans2-4-24.pptJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation is a narrative of a
capital city- known for its innovative planning, designing, construction and management of a new capital . It briefs about the principles used in the planning and designing of city -by the first team of planners led by Albert Mayer and Mathew Nowicki-- followed by the second team led by Le- Corbusier, P Jenerette, Jane B Drew , Maxwell Fry. It also details about the various aspects of the city planning, planning of the sector as a neighbourhood, typologies of
various developmental controls used for regulating the construction of buildings. Innovations used for regulating the growth and development of periphery; redensification of city in case city exceeds its planned population of half a million, creating a narrative of city and periphery, innovative landscaping, defining an edict for the city to educate the future citizens of the capital city to safeguard the future growth and development besides lessons learnt from planning and designing the new cities.
Planning and Designing Green buildings-.issues, options and strategiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Affordability and sustainable development are considered anti-thesis across the world. Generally there exists conflict between the approach to sustainable built environment and affordable buildings. Sustainable development is considered more expensive. According to Middleton, ‘Sustainability and affordability aren’t mutually exclusive goals. It’s not about adding extra, but thinking more carefully about the design of buildings and incorporating technologies that can offset the rising costs of energy, water and other services. Affordability and sustainability are known to fit together perfectly’.
Through excellent design, buildings can be made more sustainable and affordable. Smaller the footprint of buildings, lower will be the upfront costs and embodied energy and lower shall be the running costs of buildings. Looking at the entire context of health, rising cost of amenities/services; Sustainable/Green designs are now being increasingly adopted, to make built environment more cost-effective and affordable. Considering the enormous amount of built environment to be created, India will have no option but to tread the path of sustainability and sustainable development in the built environment. Sustainable built environment would also help in and go a long way in achieving the majority of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals for the reason, built environment is known to be the largest consumer of energy, avoid wasteful use of resources and minimise generation of waste. Global sustainability will be largely contingent upon how effectively and efficiently we can make our buildings sustainable and qualitative through innovative/green design solutions based on local climate and culture, valuing site planning, embedding orientation, cross ventilation, using renewable/waste materials and involving state of the art building technologies.
_Neighborhood Planning in Capital City of Chandigarh- An Appraisal (2) - Copy...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Neighborhood as an idea, concept, option and strategy has been extensively used locally and globally by the Urban Planners to plan and decentralize cities, create cities within cities, promote self-contained communities and to make cities more humane, safe and socially vibrant. Neighborhood has also been used recently to define the city in terms of travel time - making 10/15 minutes city
Accordingly, large typologies of NH ,in terms of planning and designing , with varying shapes, sizes and contents have emerged in the urban context. Americans have used superblock and French using Sector for defining the neighborhood. Despite distinct advantages, holding high degree of relevance in urban and local area planning , NH planning has not been able to deliver the envisioned objectives of safety and social vibrancy. Cities in the process have been socially, economically and physically fragmented, leading to clear division of cities into different communities with little economical and social connectivity. Variance of planning and designing norms followed at NH and sub-neighborhood levels have promoted more dichotomy and contradictions with varying quality of life inducted at local level. Differential population and infrastructures have divided the city into the categories of high/low end NH units. Fabric and morphology of cities, in large cases, has been distorted with urban settlement emerging as a distinct social map of communities graded economically and socially,on the basis of area/location . In the process, the way NH planning concept has been used, neighborhood planning has emerged as an instrument of social and economic segregation/division. In fact in number of cases, concept has been used, misused, abused in intent and content to divide the cities into distinct social and economic layers. Instead of unifying , concept has led to division of cities.
Genesis of modern application of NH can be found in the planning and designing of Chandigarh where entire city fabric of capital city was woven around Sector as the basic unit of planning, concptulasied as self-contained and self-sustaining unit at the local level. However, the way sectors have been planned, it has led to dividing the cities into different and distinct communities. Individual status in Chandigarh can be judged from his/her residence. Concept of Sector has done more damage than good to the fabric of the city. Chandigarh is likely to face considerable problem in making city socially and economically cohesive/vibrant,. Sectors in Chandigarh remain anti-thesis to the basic concept of NH planning of safety, involving walkability, vehicular movement, putting commercial space in the centre. Considering role, relevance, importance and usability , NH needs to be planned, designed with care and caution, in order to make cities socially and economically vibrant, inclusive. NH planning deserves a new definition and approach to make it relevant and rational.
Reviewing, Revising and Redefining Master Plans and Development Plans to Ma...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Looking at its efficacy and efficiency, it can be seen and observed that Master Plans/ Development Plans have done more damage than good for the planned growth and development of the cities to which they have been made applicable. These plans have been violated with impunity both by the people, communities, cities and parastatal agencies; for the betterment/welfare of which these plans were prepared. These plans have been visualized as controller of development rather than promoters of development. Instead of planned development , these plans have been usherers of the unplanned development. These plans are known to be responsible for promoting large number of slums besides making quality of life poor for majority of the urban inhabitants. Cities under Master Plans are also known to promote exclusion rather than inclusion. Master Plans/Development Plans are known to promote prosperity for few and marginalize the large proportions of the local community by making them poor. Instead of catering to urban dynamism, Master Plans/Development Plans try to freeze the city, for next two decades, to which it is made to serve. Accordingly, these plans need to be reviewed , rationalised, revised and redefined to make them better Master Plans/Development Plans
Rationalizing the Planned Growth of Urban India- paper.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Rapid and uncontrolled growth in population experienced by urban areas has adversely impacted and generated considerable pressure on land resource in cities and towns , leading to large scale conversion, sub-division and illegal occupation of urban land. Unregulated and regulated pressure on land has largely been met by means of both formal/informal sub-division and development of land. Growth of the urban settlements and entire mechanism of urban planning and development remains land based/ land focused, based on a strategy of sub-division of the land, dictated by the economic forces prevailing in the market. Irrational and ineffective public policies of urban planning and land sub-division, devoid of prevailing ground realities, have turned out to be incompatible with the demands of urban expansion, leading to large scale un-authorized and illegal sub-division of land. In the process, valuable land resources, gift of nature, has been misused, abused and mutilated in this race of uncontrolled and irrational urbanisation. In order to make optimum use of land resource; making city planning, growth, development and management ,both rational. realistic, orderly and promoter of quality living, it will be critical and essential, that all urban centres are made to focus on eliminating the culture and practices promoting un-authorized/illegal sub-division of land for ushering an environment and era of planned urban development in the country.
Suggestion and Options for integrating villages. within the framework of the...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Preparing Master Plans/Development Plans for any urban settlements, basically and essentially, involves declaring a planning area for which the said long term plans are prepared. Planning area invariably includes and involves, number of rural settlements, which comprise of the planning area besides the urban settlement. It has been observed that in majority of cases, while detailed studies and analysis are carried out of the urban settlements but villages in the study and analysis remain marginalized, diluted and muted. Despite the fact, villages have critical role in the rational development of the urban settlement, but in preparing Master Plans their role and relevance is not made part of the said plan. Accordingly, this text tries to bring out the typologies of villages falling in the planning area and the suggested framework to develop these villages in making Master Plans, better Master Plan. In order to improve Master Plan qualitatively, quantitively, both in intent, contents and scope, It will be appropriate that all the villages falling in the planning area must be studied , analyzed and made integral part of the final outcome of the proposals of Master Plan. In-fact one Chapter must be exclusively dedicated to detail out the issues faced by the Villages and options which can be leveraged to promote the rational growth of villages ,as an integral part of the long term development of the urban settlement , for which the Master Plan is being prepared. This will help not only in integrating the urban- rural settlements falling in the planning area, but would also go a long way in promoting and ensuring rational growth and development of the urban settlement, for which the Master Plan is being prepared.
Making cities Climate Responsive and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
“Decarbonization” of cities ,as an issue ,as an option and as a strategy , has been gaining currency in the parlance of; making planet earth livable and sustainable. “Decarbonization has been globally valued for keeping the global temperature below 1.5C, and achieving the agenda and goals defined in the 17 Sustainable Development Goals, defined by UN for achieving universal sustainability. Despite distinct role and relevance, criticality and importance of decarbonization of cities has neither been properly understood and appreciated nor made integral part of the architectural practice and art and science of designing and construction of buildings. Consuming one -third of global energy (33%) and generating 39% of greenhouse gas emissions buildings have been considered as the major player in the domain of climate change and global warming. Since Architects and Architecture are
actively involved in the making and unmaking of buildings, accordingly it becomes important that planners and architects must play a significant role in making
cities and buildings least consumers of energy and generators of the minimum greenhouse gas emissions. This objective can be achieved if decarbonizing cities/buildings is made a distinct reality . Issue of decarbonizing the cities/buildings assumes importance for the reason, that world’s building floorspace is likely to be become double by the year 2060, with the addition of large number of newcities/ buildings due to rapid urbanization, population growth and economic development ; required for catering to
to the needs of additional population opting for urban living.
Managing Planning and Development of Citie- 26-2-24.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Cities in India are known to be in perpetual crisis; facing numerous crises in terms of; crisis of rational growth, crisis of orderly and planned development; crisis of effective and efficient urban management; crisis of making provision of basic infrastructure and services; crisis of climate change; crisis of global warming; crisis of poverty, pollution and population and crisis of making human living and prevailing environment qualitative. These urban crises have genesis in the fact that cities in India, lack ownership, command, authority and lack of willingness to run and manage cities professionally and objectively. In majority of cases, cities in India are run by proxy. In terms of physical growth and development; large cities are marked by multiplicity of agencies claiming right/ownership of development over the urban areas, whereas smaller cities face absence of such ownership and are made to run, operate and function like orphans
Agenda, Approach and Options for Rationalising and Redefining Future Indian ...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Government of India/state policies, programs, mission and agenda must move providing basic essentials to all its citizens through an efficient, objective and transparent system of governance. For making cities livable and empowering people; right to basics/essential of human living including; Right to shelter, food, clothing universal access to healthcare, education, employment , infrastructures, amenities and mobility; should be made integral part of Indian Constitution by embedding it as Fundamental Rights/Directive Principles of state policy besides making them integral part of planning, development and management/governance process of all human settlements.
7 Alternatives to Bullet Points in PowerPointAlvis Oh
So you tried all the ways to beautify your bullet points on your pitch deck but it just got way uglier. These points are supposed to be memorable and leave a lasting impression on your audience. With these tips, you'll no longer have to spend so much time thinking how you should present your pointers.
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You could be a professional graphic designer and still make mistakes. There is always the possibility of human error. On the other hand if you’re not a designer, the chances of making some common graphic design mistakes are even higher. Because you don’t know what you don’t know. That’s where this blog comes in. To make your job easier and help you create better designs, we have put together a list of common graphic design mistakes that you need to avoid.
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Hello everyone! I am thrilled to present my latest portfolio on LinkedIn, marking the culmination of my architectural journey thus far. Over the span of five years, I've been fortunate to acquire a wealth of knowledge under the guidance of esteemed professors and industry mentors. From rigorous academic pursuits to practical engagements, each experience has contributed to my growth and refinement as an architecture student. This portfolio not only showcases my projects but also underscores my attention to detail and to innovative architecture as a profession.
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
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A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
So, this presentation points designers to some important things that may be missed by an editor that they could eventually discover and call the attention of the editor.
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2. Buildings- Role and Importance
Buildings- constitute manmade environment
Buildings- constitute major component of any city
Buildings- give distinct character to a city
Buildings- are living organism
Buildings -- used by all human beings
All human --activities are performed in buildings
-living, working, care of body & spirits
- Buildings-- vital for human growth
Buildings --provide optimum/worst living conditions
Buildings - make people healthy/sick
Buildings –critical because 80% of human life spent in buildings
Buildings – major consumer of energy (50%)
Buildings - major consumer of resources
Buildings- major consumers of time
Buildings--- generators of waste
Buildings -- have large carbon footprints
Buildings -- responsible for global warming
Buildings -- major determinant of global sustainability
Buildings -- integral part of human journey
Buildings-- will continue to be definers of human growth and development
3. Buildings- Role and Importance
A well designed school building-- makes learning easy and more
meaningful
A well designed house-- makes people happy and healthy
A well designed hospital building --can cure patients quickly
A well designed shopping mall-- can increase sale and profits
-- Large volume of buildings-- yet to be constructed
Buildings---- 700-900 msqmts of built space India need annually
-- to meet increased needs of ever rising population for
- housing,
- education,
- healthcare,
- industry,
- institutions,
-trade and commerce,
- entertainment ,
- leisure etc
Accordingly, buildings need to be designed and constructed
- with care to make them
- cost- effective, time efficient, qualitative and sustainable
4. Buildings- Built Environment
Sustainable buildings –-- make value addition to resources,
environment ,ecology
• Each building—unique, requires different options to design it
• Operational domain of buildings revolve around—
• -- planning,
• --designing,
• --construction,
• --- operation,
• -- maintenance
• --demolition and
• -- reconstruction
Architects/ Engineers/builders/developers /stakeholders
-- have critical role/ responsibility
-- to make value addition to resources ,environment, ecology
and cutting down cost /time and resources besides ensuring
quality of construction.
6. Housing & Constitution of India
Housing is a ‘state subject’ and various state
governments have the power to legislate on the
subject.
Right to property is not a fundamental right but
only a legal right.
7. Housing ,as one of the basic human necessity ,is:
Major determinant of quality of life
Provider of security
Provider of identity to human beings. .
Promoter of large employment- 16% work force of India
promoter of industrialization – 290 industries
Major contributor to economy-Real estate sector contributed 9%
to India’s GDP
Housing also known to have:
Physical, Social , economic and environmental connotations.
Considering multiple connotations—
- providing housing to all sections of population --major priority
for both society/ nation.
8. Housing as a Right
Considering importance of Housing- UN accepted housing as a right and
included it in various declarations--
-- UN Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements (1976),
--The Agenda 21 (1992),
-- Habitat Agenda (1996),
-- UN Global Strategy for Shelter to the Year 2000 (1988)
--UN Global Shelter Strategy captures housing rights in following terms:
--the right to adequate housing is universally recognized by the community of
nations..
--All nations without exception,-- have some form of obligation in the shelter
sector,
--as exemplified by their creation of ministries or housing agencies, by their
allocation of funds to the housing sector, and by their policies, programs and
projects..
-- ..All citizens of all States, poor as they may be,
--have a right to expect
--their Governments to be concerned about their shelter needs, and
--to accept a fundamental obligation
-- to protect and improve houses and neighborhoods, --
-- rather than damage or destroy them.
10. Population Scenario- IndiaIndia second largest urban system globally
after China
Indian Population reached
250 million in 1919
500 million in 1966 (47 yrs. Later)
1000 million in 2000 ( 34 yrs. Later)
1027 million in 2001 (10yrs. Later)
1210 million in 2011 (10 yrs. Later)
By 2050 Indian population --- 1600 million
50% living in Urban India.
Urban India --285.39 million in 2001
377 million in 2011.
Metropolitan Centres --53(2011)
Greater Mumbai --- 18.37 million --most
populous city (2011).
During last 100 years, India witnessed—
- Urbanization level going up by 3 times
- --Urban settlements growing merely 4 times
- --Total Population multiplying 5 times
- -Urban population increasing 15 times and
- -Rural population increasing 3.5 times
15. Indian Urbanisation
Increase in population calls for
providing :
--more housing,
--more educational institutions,
--more healthcare facilities
-- more work places
--more commercial complexes,
--more industrial buildings,
-- more institutional buildings,
-- more multiplexes etc
17. Government of India evolved National policies to
focus on housing as priority sector.
1. First National housing policy 1988 –
Advocated shelter for all of appropriate quality /
space supported by basic amenities .
2. National Housing Policy, 1994-
i. Advocated transitions of public sector role from
provider to facilitator.
ii Enlarged scope of housing- by including
habitat- making neighborhood to be integral part
of city
18. National Urban Housing and Habitat
Policy 2007
The Government of India
Published its housing policy
in the year 2007.
-- The goal of this policy is
to promote affordable
housing for all.
--- 2007 Policy under review- new
policy on anvil
19. National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy (NUHHP)
2007 aims at:
-- `providing Affordable Housing for All
--- with focus on Urban Poor.
-- adopting ‘Regional Approach’
-- Government role as ‘facilitator’ and ‘regulator.’
- Involving private sector in a big way
--- dedicating land for EWS/LIG groups in new housing
projects
-- making available affordable housing for EWS and
LIG categories on ownership / rental basis
-- retaining Governments role in social housing
National Housing and Habitat Policy- 2007
20. Various Five Year Plans
Over the last several decades,
the Govt. of India has initiated
Five Year Plans successively.
The 12th
Five Year Plan ( 2002-17 )
has a special focus on housing
for the poor.
21. Programmes Focus
Slum Clearance and Improvement Scheme
1959
Focus on clearance
Environment Improvement of Urban Slums
( EIUS ) 1972
Focus on environmental improvement,
provision of taps, handpumps, street lights,
toilets, etc.
Minimum Needs Programme 1975 Provision of basic services for slum dwellers
Urban Community Development 1985 Focus on involving communities, funding
from ODA, UK Govt.
Urban Basic Services 1985 Focus on provision of civic services, funding
form UNICEF
National Slum Development Programme
( NSDP ) 1996
Additional Central Assistance to state
governments for slum improvement
Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana ( VAMBAY )
2001
Provision of houses for slum dwellers below
poverty line ( BPL ), central scheme with 50:50
JNNURM Mission II – Basic Services for
Urban Poor ( BSUP ) 2006
Built Housing Units with services for slum
dwellers
Rajiv Awas Yojana ( RAY ) 2010 Full city approach, slum free city plan, variety
of components, flexible in nature
23. Technical Group constituted by Ministry of Housing and Poverty Alleviation
(MHPUA), estimated
urban housing shortage at 24.71 million dwelling units at the
end of 10th
Five Year Plan for 66.30 million urban households.
Group estimated :
--88% shortage in EWS category
-- 11% in LIG whereas
-- MIG/HIG shortage -- merely 0.04 million dwelling units.
Technical Committee also looked at housing shortage in all
categories and observed that housing shortage in :
- ---99.9% of total EWS households,
--10.5% in LIG
--0.2% in MIG/HIG categories
26. Technical Committee (MOHPA)-
• Housing Shortage placed at 26.53 million households in 2012.
• 2.56 million households living in non-serviceable katcha houses
• additional requirement of du will be 1.82 mdu
•Highest shortage in UP-3.07 million du
•Housing shortage in HP—0.06 m(2007)-- 0.04m(2012)
•Urban Housing Shortage HP—7827 (3220+2995+1682) -2011
•Urban -Households- 166043- Census Houses- 1,62,823
•-Urban Population—6,88,552
•Based on current trend of increase in backlog of housing--
34 million houses required by year 2022 --to achieve
national goal of affordable shelter for all.
27.
28. Basic Services for the Urban Poor
( BSUP ) under JNNURM
S.No. All India No. of
Projects under
BSUP
No. of Houses
Occupied
No. of Houses
Unoccupied
1 477 5,84,361 1,09,180
18.68 percent houses are lying vacant !
31. Slum & Non-Slum Households India 2011
A compact area of at least 300 population or about 60-70 households of poorly
built congested tenements, in unhygienic environment usually with inadequate
infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities.
Indicator
Number of
households
(in lakh)
Total (Urban) 789
Slum 137
Non-Slum 652
Number of households (in %)
Slum 17.4
Non-Slum 82.6
32. Increasing Deprivation
In year 2001, India had 523.7 lakh slum
dwellers
In year 2011, India had 654.9 lakh slum
dwellers
25.1 percent decadal growth rate of
slum dwellers
35. Million Plus Cities with High
Proportion of Slum HHs (Top 10
only) - 2011
Million Plus Cities
Proportion of Slum HHs to Total Urban
HHs (%)
1. Greater Visakhapatnam M Corp. 44.1
2. Jabalpur Cantt (CB) 43.3
3. Greater Mumbai (M Corp.) 41.3
4. Vijayawada (M Corp.) 40.6
5. Meerut (M Corp.) 40.0
6. Raipur (M Corp.) 39.0
7. Nagpur (M Corp.) 34.3
8. Greater Hyderabad M Corp. (GHMC) 31.9
9. Kota (M Corp.) 31.8
10. Agra (M Corp.) 29.8
36.
37. • Supply of shelter not kept pace with demand
• Situation worsening due to:
increasing number of migrants.
Pressure on land, urban services /infrastructures
Growth of slums and squatter settlements
• growth of slums a sign of :
inability to afford land / shelter through market and
failure to ensure equitable access to the poor.
• As per Census 2001:
42.6 million ( 23.1%) people living in slums -spread over 640 towns.
24.1 % population in 27 metro cities in declared slums
Bombay (54.1%) and Kolkata (32.5%) recording higher proportions.
•Slums suffer from
absence of adequate water supply,
disposal of human waste
40 % without access to safe drinking water and
over 90 % without access to safe sanitation.
•Slums to constitute major chunk of urban population In future
INDIAN HOUSING SCENARIO
42. BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF RESOURCES
Built environment has significant impact on energy,
environment and resources:
16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal.
25% of wood harvested.
30% of consumption of raw material.
50% of global energy consumption.
35% of world's CO2 emission
40% of Municipal solid waste.
50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use.
30% of the residents having sick building syndrome
• 70% of global warming -- outcome of built environment /
transportation
•Majority of existing buildings-- have low concern for water
and energy conservation..
•Buildings-- need to be designed with utmost care/
considerations for energy/ resources/sustainability.
45. What constitutes Cost of Building
Cost of building viewed in two contexts—
:- Initial Cost of building- short term cost
Life cycle cost of building- Long term cost
Initial Cost --- cost which goes into making of the
building
Whole life cost of building includes:- Cost which is incurred
over the entire life span of building and includes--
the initial cost of building
operational cost of building- HVAC, lighting, water supply etc
Cost of maintenance -- parts replacement cost
Disposal cost or salvage value
Depending on useful life of building
To promote economy in building– Life cycle
cost of building would be critical
- Life cycle cost helps in promoting cost-
effective living rather than cost-effective
housing
47. Initial Cost of BuildingInitial Building Project cost comprises of:
i Cost of Land, Land Registration, land survey
ii Cost of Designing – Cost of surveys , soil testing, designing
building/structure/services / cost of plan approval
iii Cost of developing Site
iv Cost of Construction- materials, labour, machinery
v Cost of Money
vi Carrying Charges
vi Government fees and Taxes
vii Cost of Advertisement
viii Legal expenses
ix Cost of Supervision
x Cost of Manpower and Security
xi. Cost of Equipment and Furniture
xii Transportation and Travel Charges
xiii Cost of Making buildings Green, Energy efficient
xiv Cost of Time
xv Contractor’ Margin
xvi Builder’s Margin
xvii Miscellaneous and Unforeseen Charges
48. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING Initial Cost of the BUILDING means the total cost spent on:
land, planning, designing and
construction
till the time of occupancy.
The components of Initial cost include:
1.Land Cost: Cost incurred in acquiring land and Registration.
It Includes( when land directly purchased from landowners)
--Cost of land
-- cost prior to registration
-- Cost of Documentation
-- Bank Charges – transaction –charges for making payment of land
-- Registration Charges of land
-- Other Charges and fees
-- Miscellaneous Charges
When allotted through any Government Agency
-- Allotment cost
--Interest Cost
--Documentation Cost
-Land Registration Charges
- Fees Charged by Authority
49. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
2. Cost of Designing Building - includes:
Cost of Surveying
Cost of testing soil/ bearing capacity/water table
Fee of the Architect
Building Plan Approval fee/ charges
- Scrutiny fee
--Malba Fee
-- Labour Cess
-Superseded Plan Scrutiny fee
--Revised Building Plan Scrutiny Fee
-- Cost of Structure Design
-- Cost of designing Public Health services
- Cost of designing Electric Services
--Cost of Designing HVAC
-- Cost of mechanical services- lifts, escalators, fire services
-- Cost of other Consultants-Green Rating of Building/ waste
management etc
--- Cost of Feasibility Analysis Report
-- Cost of Environment Impact Studies
50. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
3. Cost of Developing Site:
-- Cost of developing the site includes--
-- clearing the site,
-Cutting and filling
-- providing temporary roads, water supply( water storage)
lighting, fencing,
-- getting temporary water connection
-- getting Temporary electric connection.
---providing site utilities like-
-- site office for project manager/staff and
-- other facilities -- office- stores,
-Cost of Providing space for Parking
- Cost of providing shelter to the workers etc
51. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
4. Cost of Construction of Building :
i. total cost of construction of building.
-cost of civil construction
-- cost of Public health services- water supply,
sewerage, storm water drainage
-- cost of electrical services
--cost of HVAC services
--cost of mechanical services- lifts, escalators etc
ii Cost of materials
iii Cost of labour
iv Cost of Transportation
v Cost of Hiring Equipment
vi Government levies/fees
.
52. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
5. Cost of Money
Amount of money involved
Amount of money garnered from own resources
Amount of money raised from market, financial institutions
etc
Rate of Interest of borrowed money
Time duration of projection
Amount of Interest to be paid
Penal interest to be paid, if any
Interest charges on construction loan till project
completion
Contingency funds
Cost of money involved -- to be kept low to promote
economy in building
53. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
6.Carrying Charges:
Cost of owning of project
Cost of maintaining site in order before / during
construction like-
site security,
fencing
security personnel
-- Cost of services to be paid
Electric charges
Water Charges
54. INITIAL COST OF THE BUILDING
7. Government Charges and Fees include:
Cost of approvals of projects
Change of landuse
Cost of obtaining licences
Internal Development Charges
External Development Charges
Plan Scrutiny fee
Registration Charges for land and Building
Taxes, levies, fee and Charges--Labour Cess, Goods and
Service Tax, malba fee
55. INITIAL COST OF THE PROJECT
vii Contractor Margin
viii Builder’s Margin
ix Cost of Advertisement
x Legal expenses
xi Cost of Supervision
xii Cost of Manpower and Security
xiii. Cost of Equipment and Furniture
xiv Transportation and Travel Charges
xv Cost of Making buildings Green, Energy efficient
xvi Miscellaneous and Unforeseen Charges
XVII Cost OF Time
The Sum total of all shall be called- INITIAL COST
OF BUILDING
56. BUILDING COST- Role of Time
Critical Design Time: time where the important design
decisions are made
Determines project’s ultimate
success----- architecturally, functionally, economically.
Increase in critical design time means—
-- additional fees of architect / other consultants and
--delay in projected start of project.
-- loss of rental for increased amount of time .
However, additional input in critical design can lead to
Savings due to :
--Reduction in initial cost of project
--Savings on operation, maintenance and energy costs of
project
– translating to a large amount considering entire life cycle
of project.
--Reduction in personnel costs ( By employing lesser people
in operations)
58. a) Non- availability of Urban Land at affordable cost
b) Rising Cost of Construction
c) Rising cost of materials
c) High degree of Government charges
d) Rigid land use planning
e) Irrational Building Bye-Law
f) Delayed approval of projects /building plans (16-
24months)-
g) Lack of access to housing finance
h) Outdated technologies
i) Quality of construction
K) Large number of EWS/LIG housing required
59. l) Time -over run
m) Cost– overrun
n) Poor Project management
o) Architectural Design-- utilization of space, low building
efficiency, low carpet area, large circulation area, etc
p) Services- over planning
q) Toilets- Number of toilet and public health services
r) Large openings- windows/doors- involving increased wood work
and use of glass
s) Large number of on site components
t)Limited use of pre-fab/off -site units
u) High degree of non- standardization
v) Waste/loss of material
w) Non-availability of trained work-force
x) Lack of research and development
y) Lack of focus of Industry- mass production of building
components- high cost
62. How to save on Cost of Building
Buildings can be made cost-effective by:
Sourcing land at most competitive price
By adopting optimum Design solutions- architecturally, structurally,
Services etc
Designing with nature and using natural elements
Using cost-effective local materials,
using materials in natural form ,
- using maximum proportion of pre-cast, pre- fabricated , re-cycled
materials ,
materials requiring minimum maintenance , having longer life and
avoiding expensive materials
Using state of art technology in construction-- to save on time , labour,
space materials and money
Managing construction in most optimum manner
Ensuring high quality of construction
Using minimum Time for construction and completion of building/project
Designing Green Buildings –to reduce cost of electricity/water and
generating its own energy
Keeping cost of money minimum- based on rates and time
Keeping Builders, contractor margins at lowest level
Reducing Government levies and fees
64. Designing cost-effective Buildings
Building Design -- most powerful tool to achieve cost- effectiveness –
Buildings need to be designed by adopting integrated approach to
building design which include;
Optimizing the macro climate- climatic zone
Optimizing the local climate
Optimizing the Orientation-
Optimizing the Solar movement-- to maximizes use of free solar
energy for heating /lighting- Generating electricity
Optimizing Wind direction-air flow
Optimizing site planning--- planning with nature, making best use of
site climate/ site potential/ climate, orientation, landscaping
Optimizing space planning in the building-
Optimizing Design of Building envelop- Height, openings, projections,
shading devices -- with minimum energy implication
65. Promoting Economy through Good
Design Good Architectural design on following principles—
Design a compact building with minimum footprints
Design buildings based on specified norms and standards to
avoid their over/under-designing
Adopt a shape which leads to minimum length and area of walls
Building must achieve high space efficiency i.e carpet area
x100/gross area--- with minimum area under walls, circulation
and amenities
Minimising area under walls-- using pre-cast concrete blocks, 7
1/2 “ walls instead of 9” walls/ pre-cast concrete blocks
Evolving design having low wall area/floor area ratio
Evolving design on optimum structural grid
Use innovative technologies-- Rat-Trap brick walls to reduce
number of bricks and mortar used
Use new cost- effective materials ---aerated cement concrete
blocks to reduce the width of walls, weight of wall, number/ size
of joints, use of cement etc
66. Reducing Construction Cost- Design
Design with least amount of wastage & negative spaces.
Stick to right angles and simple room shapes to minimize
complexity of construction.
Build multi- storied construction- since foundation and
roofing costs per square foot are high.
Use local & contemporary materials
Don't increase slab heights
Design lean- Decrease self -load of building-- Plan to use
lightweight bricks to CC blocks ---reduces load in structural
design
Don't design for additional floors if not required
Use UPVC or Aluminium Windows instead of teak wood,
same goes for doors, use flush doors instead.
Use same flooring in all rooms/ toilets, --to reduces
wastage.
Plan Electrical/Plumbing- services carefully- .
Don't compromise on quality--reduce requirements to fit
your budget
67. Economy through Good Design
Promote sharing--Adopt a system of building common walls
between adjoining houses to economise on space, materials,
time / structure
For multi-storeyed buildings--- repeat them one above other
Keep/club your spaces that need plumbing --close together or
above each other to minimize cost
Design all public health services near to supply / drainage
network to reduce length of pipes and cost
Design Green Buildings – saves lot of water and electric energy-
makes building cost- effective over entire life cycle
Provide standard sized doors with limited variations- minimum
door sizes
All finishing/fittings- floor, windows, glass, paneling etc
designed based on standard size products available in market- to
minimise wastage etc-- Build to match standard material
dimensions.
Using pre-caste /pre-fabricated products to the extent possible-
doors/ windows cupboards etc
Avoid fancy/false/decorative structures in building
68. Economy through Good Design
Make your rooms versatile to optimise space utilisation—
-- example - do you really need a living room --same space
can serve many uses. A guest room can be an expensive
luxury
Avoid corridors to extent possible- Corridors can be dead
space-- only used for moving between adjacent spaces
-Avoid single loaded corridors- to optimize space
Think long term-- as cost of ownership spans may be
many years. Some extra insulation and passive heating /
cooling may be beneficial over the length of your home
ownership. .
Select your window placement well-- they are costly - in
first cost and in energy loss---select standard window sizing.
Keep bathrooms to a minimum, --- most expensive room
per square foot in home.
Try to design multi use bathrooms--- with private
enclosures for shower, toilet and sink-- have 3 people using
one bathroom at same time.
71. Best air purifying plants for
general air cleanliness
Areca Palm Snake Plant
Best Air Purifier
Money Plant
Removes Nitrogen Oxides
& absorbs formaldehydes
Improving Indoor Air Quality through Plants –
Air Purifiers
75. DaylightingLocal materials
Indian Way of approaching design
Rediscovery of Indian ethos
We worship 5 elements of Nature (Panchabhutas)
Prithvi (Earth) Sustainable Sites
Jal (Water) Water Efficiency
Agni (Energy) Energy Efficiency
Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality
Akash (Sky) Daylight
ViewsWater body
79. Name of Building Year of
constructi
on
Covered
Area in
SftAr-in
Area
(sq.ft)
IGBC
Rating
%
Increase
in cost
Payback
(Yrs)
CII-Godrej GBC,
Hyderabad
2003 20,000 Platinum 18 % 7 years
ITC Green Centre,
Gurgaon
2004 1,70,000 Platinum 15 % 6 years
Wipro,
Gurgaon
2005 1,75,000 Platinum 8 % 5 years
Technopolis, Kolkata 2006 72,000 Gold 6% 3 years
Spectral Services
Consultants Office, Noida
2007 15,000 Platinum 8% 4 years
Kalpataru Square 2008 3,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years
Suzlon One Earth, Pune 2010 8,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years
Cost of Green Buildings-Indian Experience
81. Integrated Design ProcessFive Climatic Zones In India-
Hot and Dry
Warm and Humid
Moderate / Temperate
Cold (Cloudy/Sunny)
Composite
All zones have specific requirements regarding:
--light,
--heat,
--ventilation and
--thermal comfort
-- Safety
Different zones require different design strategies regarding
--building envelop,
--HVAC, lighting ,
-- fenestration,
-- performance standards
-- Safety of structure
84. Cold (Cloudy/Sunny) Climate Zone-
Comfort requirements and Physical
manifestations in Buildings
AVOID NORTH PLACEMENT OF
BUILDINGS / LIVING ROOMS
Reduce Heat Loss
Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building.
Use of trees as wind barriers.
Increase thermal resistance Roof insulation, wall insulation and
double glazing
Increase thermal capacity (Time Lag) Thicker walls
Increase buffer spaces Air locks/Lobbies
Decrease air exchange rate Weather stripping and reducing air
leakage.
Increase surface absorption Using Darker colours
Promote Heat Gain
Reduce shading Avoid shading of Wall and glass
surfaces
95. Site Climate- Factors considered
i) Understanding Site
ii)Location
iii)Orientation
iv)Wind direction
v)Soil conditions
vi)Topography
vii)Vegetation and Natural Features
viii) Hydrology and Precipitation
ix)Infrastructures
x)Surrounding Land uses & Buildings
xi)Vision / Visual Linkages
97. Site Planning Principles
.
i) Considering the Neighbourhood Character
ii)Making use of Physical Characteristics of the site- shape,
orientation, access, existing structures etc
iii)Respecting site--Minimise changing the Site and Slopes-
least cutting filling
iv)Minimise Fingerprints of Building- low site covered area
v) Respecting nature--Minimum damage to site
vi)Design with Nature and local Culture
vii) Promoting Pedestrianisation
viii) Using hierarchy of
-- Preservation,
-- Conservation and
-- Regeneration
99. Cost efficiency through Building Materials
No mode of creation is more direct / naturally arrived at than
accumulation /agglomeration of materials found close at hand.
i. Using Local Materials materials
• --reduce transportation cost ,
• --Save time, --
• --Make products more cost effective
--Reduce embodied energy requirement of building
ii. Use low weight materials- to reduce dead load of building
iii. Use low-maintenance durable building materials —
--Even if more expensive at installation
-- pay in long run due to less repair, replace, or repaint
iv. Use salvaged materials from demolition sites. –
Old wood, used bricks, distinctive wood doors add inexpensive
character to home without exorbitant cost– One can have
materials at no cost, if willing to haul them away.
v. Use low embodied energy materials
100. Building Materials
Using Green Building materials :
-- rapidly renewable plant materials --
bamboo and straw,
stone, recycled stone, recycled metal ,
--- Non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or
recyclable Products include--
- Recycled industrial goods,
-- Coal combustion products, foundry
sand,
--Demolished debris in construction
projects.
102. Fly Ash Bricks- Advantages
Reduced Embodied Energy: using Fly ash- lime- Gypsum
bricks-- 40% reduction in embodied energy of masonry.
Environment Friendly: Fly ash brick uses unfired Fly Ash
technology hence the CO2 emissions in manufacturing process
limited..
Excellent Thermal Insulation: The buildings using fly ash
bricks are cool in summers and warm in winters.
• Fire Resistance: very high-- as these bricks composed of fly
ash as its major constituents, which is un-burnt residue of the
coal fired in a thermal power plant.
• No Efflorescence: Fly ash bricks resist salt and other sulphate
attack, ensuring no efflorescence in structure.
103. - Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (sand,
calcined gypsum, lime (mineral), cement,
water and Aluminum powder,)-- versatile
lightweight construction material used
as blocks which are:
- Lightweight
- low density with
--excellent insulation properties.
-- good acoustic properties
-- durable
--- good resistance to :
--sulfate attack and
-- damage by fire and frost.
-- used to form inner leaf of a cavity
wall.
-- also used in outer leaf, when they
are usually rendered and in
foundations.
Autoclaved aerated concrete is easily
cut to any required shape.
104. Autoclaved Aerated Concrete•quick and easy to install
•can be routed, sanded, or cut to size on
site using standard carbon steel power
tools
•suited for urban areas with high rise
buildings with high temperature variations
•Due to lower density-- high rise buildings
require less steel /concrete for structure
•requirement of mortar for laying of AAC
blocks is reduced due to lower
number/thickness of 1/8” of joints
•material required for rendering -also lower
due to dimensional accuracy of AAC
•suitable for extreme temperatures,
--eliminates need for separate materials for
construction and insulation--- faster
construction and cost savings
•can be coated with stucco/plaster
compound to guard against
106. UPVC( Unplastisized Polyvinyl
chloride) doors and Windows
The Vinyl windows
--- excellent insulators :
--Reduce heating and cooling
loads by:
- preventing thermal loss
through frame / sash material .
-- not affected by :
-- weather/ air pollution /
--salt, acid rain
--industrial pollution
--pesticides
-smog
--discoloration and
-- structural damage .
- user friendly and Eco-
Friendly ,-- readily accepted and
safe .
107. Bamboo
i. Strength at par with hard wood--- Bamboo extremely strong
natural fibre, on par with hardwoods-- when cultivated,
harvested, prepared and stored properly
-- Bamboo, like true wood, is a natural composite material with
a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.
--Bamboo has higher compressive strength than wood,
brick or concrete and a tensile strength that rivals steel
ii High Flexibility - Bamboo highly flexible--during growth
trained to grow in unconventional shapes.
-- After harvest, may be bent /utilized in archways / curved
areas.
iii. Earthquake- Resistance - Great capacity for shock
absorption, -- makes it useful in earthquake- prone areas.
iv. Lightweight - Bamboo extremely lightweight.
-- Building with bamboo can be accomplished faster with
simple tools than building with other materials.
-Cranes and other heavy machinery rarely required.
v. Cost-effective – Economical--- especially in areas where
cultivated and readily available.
--Transporting cost is also much lesser.
-- Helps achieve cost effective construction.
108. Bamboovi. vi. Durable - Long-lasting --as its wooden correlates, when properly
harvested and maintained.
·vii. Fast Growing--Bamboo fast growing species / renewable resource
which can be cultivated in most types of soil. ·
viii. Simple designing- Designs of Bamboo components being
simple, there is no need of highly skilled labour.
·ix Reducing use of wood-- Dependency on natural forests for wood
reduced thus contributing to the protection of the environment.
·x Eco- friendly-- As it can grow in many types of soil, bamboo
cultivation is suitable for rehabilitation of degraded forests and other
waste lands thus converting them into fertile lands to some extent.
xi Promoting Employment– Creating employment opportunities
especially for rural people --as Bamboo mats manually woven before
making them into Bamboo Mat / Boards, Bamboo Mat Veneer
Composites and Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets.
·xii Promoting Welfare of society/poor- Promotes overall welfare
of the society, particularly of economically weaker section.
xiii Reducing GLOBAL warming- Captures 17 mts CO2 per hectare
per year- more than any specie
xiv Improves indoor air Quality- By removing carbon and adding
oxygen when used as Indoor plant
110. Techniques to reduce cost from area
Reduce plinth area by using thinner wall concept.
Use locally available material in an innovative form
like soil cement blocks in place of burnt brick.
Use energy efficiency materials which consumes less
energy like concrete block in place of burnt brick.
Use environmentally friendly materials which are
substitute for conventional building components like use
R.C.C. Door and window frames in place of wooden
frames.
Pre-plan every component of a house and rationalize
design procedure for reducing size of component in
building
By planning each and every component of a house the
wastage of materials due to demolition of the
unplanned component of the house can be avoided.
113. Reducing Cost of Building
Building Technologies
•Promoting state of art and
• cost-effective building
technologies will be critical in
-----reducing not only period of
construction but
-----also lowering cost of
construction.
114. Standardization and Pre- Fabrication
Standardisation and Pre-fabrication of building components brings--
Speed, safety, quality and sustainable construction
Using Pre-fabrication technologies also promote cost- effectiveness , economy in
time and cost ,
Adopting standardisation and pre-fabrication, of various building
components based on available size of materials promotes:
Reduces cost of construction many time
Ensures highest degree of Quality control
Ensures less waste and
high consistency in strength- steam curing instead of manual/water curing
Suited to mass Construction/ Housing
-- promotes quality of construction and
-- achieves economy of scale
-- reduces time- frame of construction and
--Reduces labour component.
-- Ensures mass production of products
-- Eliminates need for on site fabrication
- collection of material, machinery and labour
115. Advantages of Pre- Fabrication
Factory made products provide assured quality of products
—rational/efficient mechanical processes, skilled workers,
repetitive processes, quality controls etc
Self-supporting, ready made components- reduces formwork,
shuttering and scaffolding
Reduced Construction time- due to mechanical processes and
use of moulds number of time
Allowing earlier return of the capital invested- due to lesser
time
Assured Quality Control- Assembly line setting Vs Site line
setting
Minimize Time lost during bad weather/ hazardous
environment --
Produces Less waste due to recycling of waste
Pre- fabrication units are normally located- where there is
demand, availability/cost of skilled labour, power, materials,
space and overheads are minimum
116. Dis-Advantages of Pre- Fabrication
Requires Careful handling of products – concrete,
glass, steel panels
Issue of Joining pre-fabricated Units – to avoid
failure
Leakages /corrosion at joints- if not handled
properly
Higher Transportation cost- particularly heavy
components
Mechanical equipment required for Loading,
unloading, erection- cranes
Skilled manpower requirement- involving higher
cost
In case of damage/breaking- replacement time
and higher cost
118. Adopting Modular construction
'Modular construction' -- term used to describe the-
use of factory-produced
pre-engineered building units
that are delivered to site and
assembled as large volumetric components
or as substantial elements of a building
Requires selection of most suitable dimensions of structural elements- slab ,
walls, beam, columns etc
Promotes simplification and speedier construction leading to economy.
Creates possibility of using alternatives materials in difficult terrain or areas of
non- availability
Offer off- the- shelf standard components for buildings- Reduced construction
time, materials and cost
Adopting modular components in planning and designing helps in -
simplifying working,
saving time,
reducing wastage,
improving building performance and
saving money
122. Rat-trap bond- main features
Strength equal to standard 10 (250 mm) brick wall,″
-- consumes 25% less bricks.
-- overall saving on materials used for construction
compared to traditional 10 wall -- about 26%.″
-- Air maintains good thermal comfort inside building
--minimises heat gain/heat loss.
Since construction involves aligning bricks from both
sides-- with plain surface facing outwards-- plastering not
necessary can be avoided
Buildings up to two stories can easily be constructed
Baker has pioneered this construction
built houses more than 40 years ago,
-- without showing any signs of distress till now.
• In RCC framed structures-- filler walls can be made of rat-
trap bond
129. Earthquake Resistant Buildings
To make a simple
structure more resistant to
the lateral forces is to tie the
walls, floor, roof, and
foundations into a rigid box
that holds together when
shaken by a quake.
The most dangerous building
construction, from
an earthquake point of view,
is unreinforced brick wall
135. Cost –Effectiveness --- Project Management
For promoting economy, critical to adopt
--strong project and
-- cost- management approach
in planning, designing and construction of project.
Promoting strong project / cost- management helps in:
-- minimising time span for completion of project,
-- bringing high degree of operational efficiency
-- eliminating time overrun
-- eliminating cost-over run,
--optimizing manpower and resources
--minimizes material inventory
--minimizes wastage
136. Reducing Cost of Building
Long term tie up of conventional
materials
Due to longer gestation period of projects/ other
externalities
-- Cost of essential materials invariably goes up
-- sometimes their supply also disrupted
adversely impacting sustainability of project.
To hedge project against the:
cost-escalation and
assured supply
----of essential materials --cement, steel, bricks, tiles sand,
wood etc during project life cycle,
have long term tie up with producers/suppliers of such
materials.
138. Reducing Cost of Building- Taxes
Government charges, fees, taxes form considerable
proportion of total cost of housing.
To reduce building cost -- charges need
rationalisation
Rationalising would involve redefining:
-- land use conversion charges,
-- plan scrutiny fee,
-- Internal Development Charges
-- External development charges.
--Goods and Services Tax ( GST)
140. Chandigarh Experiment with cost-
effective Housing
Chandigarh Designing including Pierre Jeanneret , Jane B. Drew
and Maxwell Fry ,high degree of economy in the housing cost was
achieved through :
High degree of architectural design efficiency.
Structural simplicity
Functional efficiency
Economy in layout of housing clusters.
Small openings
Local building materials
Improved building technologies
141. Chandigarh Experiment with cost-
effective Housing
Pre-cast system for roofing in term of
battens and tiles
Brick jallis
Clustering of services
Terraced/row housing
Optimization of building heights
External facades with exposed brick
surface
Minimum use of wood, glass, steel and
142. Chandigarh Experiment with cost-
effective Housing
Cost effectiveness in these houses has been achieved by:
Adopting a design solution providing for optimum
utilization of space with high degree of design efficiency.
Using row housing as a strategy to minimize the area under
walls.
Using the mechanism of common walls between adjoining
houses to economize on space and cost.
Using the most economical building materials i.e bricks,
available at that time for construction.
Using a modular system of design based on most optimum
grid of 8’-3”.
Using walls as the structural elements to support the roof.
Using pre-cost battens and tiles for the roof (12’ X 6” X 2”).
143. Chandigarh Experiment with cost-
effective HousingClubbing of services within the house and of adjoining
houses to minimize the cost of services.
Extensively using brick jallis for perforation to ensure air,
light and ventilation.
Minimizing size of openings to economize on cost of wood.
Using battened door with cross braces.
Bringing large area under exposed brick work in natural
form on the facades.
Variety in design achieved through recessed entrances,
small square windows, projecting structural walls, exposed
roof battens.
Using pre-cast gargoyles for draining rain water instead of
rain water pipes..
Variation on heights of building with maximum height of
room placed at 9’-6”
Using simple floors made of plain cement
149. Brick arches
Brick arches:
-- The traditional RCC lintels are costly
-- can be replaced by brick arches for small
spans
--save construction cost up to 30–40% over
traditional method of construction
-- By adopting arches of different shapes
-- blended with brick corbelling
-- Good architectural can be given to external
wall surfaces of brick masonry
150. Filler slab in Roof
This is a normal RCC slab where
-- bottom half (tension) concrete portions replaced by filler materials
-- bricks, tiles, cellular concrete blocks, etc.
-- filler materials-- donot compromise with structural strength
-- replace unwanted/non-functional tension concrete,
-- resulting in economy-
-- pleasing pattern ceilings also donot need any plaster
The main features of the filler slab are:
• Consumes less concrete and steel due to reduced weight of slab
--- by introduction of a less heavy, low-cost filler material
--Enhances thermal comfort inside building
-- due to heat-resistant qualities of filler materials
and gap between two burnt clay tiles.
• Makes saving on cost by about 23%.
• Reduces use of concrete and saves cement and steel by about 40%.
151. Compressed Earth Block
• Uniform building component sizes, which result in faster construction.
• Use of locally available materials and reduction of transportation- produced
locally by transporting equipment /machine at work site).
• Modular elements like sheet-metal roofing, and pre-cast concrete
door/window frames can be easily integrated into a CEB structure.
• The use of locally available materials/ manpower-- helps in improving local
economy rather than spending
• Earth used is subsoil --top agricultural soil remains intact.
• The reduction of transportation requirement can also make CEB more
environment-friendly than other materials.
• CO2 emission is practically nil in the production of CEBs.
• If the wet compressive strength is more than 20 kg per sq. cm, then a RCC
roof can be laid and a second storey can be built (Figure 5 b). If the blocks
have more than 8% cement stabilization, then a three-storey, loadbearing
structure can be built. But, in such cases, expert advice is suggested7
• Good quality blocks having lesser water absorption
can safely be used in areas with high rainfall.
167. Way Forward
Cost- effectiveness in buildings can be achieved if--
i. Project and cost management made very strong.
ii. Improved/ state of art technologies used
iii Timeframe for construction reduced
iv Economies of scale used
iv Dwelling unit designed with care
v. Housing units/components standardized
vi. Developing standard product
vii. Government policies rationalised
viii Off table developed Land with approvals made
available
168. Way Forward
Treating Affordable Housing-- a volume Game and not
profit game
Separating ‘Right to Shelter from Right to Ownership of
Shelter
Creating Multiple Options for Shelter
Adopting volume based approach --instead of area to
define size of dwelling unit-- providing more flexibility
in designing
Promoting affordable living instead of affordable
housing
Adopting project based approach
Looking at life-cycle cost of housing instead of initial
cost
169. Considering role /importance of housing--- cost- effective Housing can be
effectively leveraged to
create/ expand large job market for unskilled/ semi-skilled rural migrants;
revitalize Indian industry
promote economy;
achieve higher growth rate and
marginalize poverty in urban India.
Cost- effectve Housing to make our urban centers
--Smart
-more productive
- more effective
- highly efficient
- healthier
-,more habitable
- better organized
-well planned and
- more sustainable
- with assured quality of life.
178. PMAY- Mission Scope& Coverage
Scope---Housing for All” Mission for urban area
implemented during 2015-2022
providing assistance for houses to eligible families by 2022
implemented as Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS)
family not to own a pucca house in any part of India
States/UTs, to decide a cut-off date on which beneficiaries for being
eligible under scheme.
Mission effective from 17.06.2015 up to 31.03.2022.
2. Coverage and Duration
All 4041 statutory towns as per Census 2011 with focus on 500 Class I
cities covered in three phases as follows:
• Phase I (April 2015 - March 2017) to cover 100 Cities selected from
States/UTs
• Phase II (April 2017 - March 2019) to cover additional 200 Cities
• Phase III (April 2019 - March 2022) to cover all other remaining Cities
Flexibility regarding inclusion of additional cities in earlier phases in
case there is a resource backed demand from States/UTs.
180. In-Situ Slum RedevelopmentPrivate partner for redevelopment-- selected thru’ transparent
bidding process
Incentives for additional density/FAR/TDR to be given if
required to make project viable
Grant of Rs. 1 lakh/house on an average for eligible slum dwellers
on public land
Eligibility, cut off dates, beneficiary contribution, system of
allotment, etc. to be decided by State
All tenable slums to be identified
A viable project to be prepared with REHAB component and
FREE SALE component
Consultations to be held
Transit accommodation to be provided
FREE SALE component to be linked to project completion
Govt. agency to make allotments
Single project account
Approval process to be streamlined
181. Credit Linked Subsidy
Credit linked subsidy on home loans taken by
EWS/LIG
Interest rate of 6.5 percent, repayment upto 15
years, loan amount upto Rs.6 lakhs.
EWS 30 sq.m. and LIG 60 sq.m. carpet area
Subsidy channelised thru’ HUDCO/NHB
PLIs to register with HUDCO/NHB
Beneficiary identification thru’ Aadhar/Voter ID
etc.
Self certification/Affidavit as proof of income
182. Affordable Housing in Partnership
Financial assistance for EWS housing projects
Central assistance @ Rs.1.5 lakhs / EWS house
Sale price to be decided by local agencies based
on affordability, viability, etc.
Other concessions can also be given by states.
Project can be a mix of various income groups
but at least 35 percent EWS houses.
Projects can be by public sector alone or in
partnership with private sector.
183. Beneficiary Led Individual House
Construction / Enhancement
To assist individual EWS families
Central assistance of Rs.1.5 lakhs
New house or improvement
Based on integrated city wide
housing project for such individual
beneficiaries
Progress tracking with geo-tagging
184. Technology Sub-Mission
This sub-mission will work on
design and planning
Innovative technologies and materials
Green buildings and
Earthquake and other disaster resistant
technologies
States can partner with willing
IITs/NITs/SPAs for the above
185. Mandatory Conditions
Ease NA permissions
Ease plan sanctioning processes
Ease approval system – one window
Introduce deemed / pre-approved
approvals
Amend rental laws
Provide incentives viz. FAR etc.
186. Capacity Building
5 percent of allocation under the scheme
earmarked for capacity building, IEC and
A&OE.
Resource Centres shall be empanelled for
conducting various programmes
Social Audit shall also be conducted
Appraisal agencies shall also be empanelled
Ministry will create State Level Technical Cells
( SLTCs ) for providing technical help to
states/cities for enhancing their capacities.
187. The Challenges Remain
Making land available at reasonable prices
Ensuring equity and affordability
Bringing modern technology to use in
housing
Inclusion
Legal and institutional reform
Ensuring high supply to combat demand
Low rise high density developments
Editor's Notes
Areca Palm;
Snake Plant
Money Plant – am sure more of them will be having this in their indoors;