The document discusses the concept of optical illusions, particularly the perception that square A is darker than square B, and emphasizes how irrational perceptions can persist despite knowing they are illusions. It references several influential books such as 'Nudge,' 'Switch,' and 'Thinking, Fast and Slow,' highlighting the challenges of irrational thinking in social and policy contexts. The author advocates for understanding these perceptions in order to make better choices, despite their misleading nature.