This document outlines various systemic diseases that can cause ocular pathologies and lists 11 categories of diseases: 1) connective tissue diseases; 2) spondyloarthropathies; 3) digestive-inflammatory bowel disease; 4) multisystem noninfectious diseases; 5) infectious; 6) mucocutaneous; 7) cardiovascular; 8) endocrine-metabolic; 9) myopathies; 10) neurologic diseases; and 11) haematological disease. For each category, specific diseases are named and briefly described in relation to their ocular manifestations. Common ocular symptoms seen in autoimmune diseases include keratoconjunctivitis sicca, scleritis, uveitis,
This document discusses several systemic diseases that can affect the eyes, including:
- Hypertensive retinopathy, which can damage the retina, choroid and optic nerve due to high blood pressure. It is classified based on the severity of retinal vascular changes.
- Dysthyroid eye disease, also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, which is associated with thyroid disease and causes proptosis, lid retraction, and inflammation of extraocular muscles and orbital fat. It can also lead to intraocular issues like choroidal folds.
- Uveitis, which is inflammation of the uveal tract that can be anterior, intermediate, or posterior based on location. It has various causes and presentations.
This document discusses various systemic diseases that can manifest ocularly and be detected on eye examination. It covers 10 categories of disease including congenital, traumatic, vascular, neoplastic, autoimmune, idiopathic, infectious, metabolic/endocrine, and drugs/toxins. For each category, specific diseases are described along with their characteristic ocular signs and symptoms. The importance of comprehensive eye exams for evaluating systemic health is emphasized.
The ocular presentation of systemic diseasesRuwida Alorfy
The document summarizes various ocular manifestations of systemic diseases. It discusses how conditions like diabetes, hypertension, sarcoidosis, thyroid disease, and infections can present with issues like uveitis, cataracts, retinal vessel abnormalities, proptosis, ptosis, and abnormal eye movements. It provides details on characteristic signs, potential etiologies, and implications for underlying systemic illnesses for each type of ocular presentation.
This document discusses scleritis, which is inflammation of the sclera. It describes the different types of scleritis including anterior diffuse, nodular, and necrotizing scleritis as well as posterior scleritis. Potential causes are noted such as rheumatoid arthritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and connective tissue disorders. Signs, symptoms, and treatments are provided for each type of scleritis. Imaging techniques like ultrasound and CT scans are also mentioned for evaluating posterior scleritis.
Scleritis and episcleritis affect the layers of the sclera and surrounding tissues. Episcleritis is usually benign and recurrent, occurring as either simple or nodular types. Scleritis can be anterior and non-necrotizing, nodular, or necrotizing. Complications of scleritis include keratitis, uveitis, glaucoma, hypotony, and perforation. Treatment involves topical steroids, NSAIDs, immunosuppressants, or antibiotics depending on the type and cause.
Ocular manifestations of systemic diseasesshovon2026
This document discusses the ocular manifestations of various systemic diseases. It begins by outlining the eye examination process and then lists 11 categories of systemic diseases that can involve the eyes: 1) Connective tissue diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, 2) Spondyloarthropathies like ankylosing spondylitis, 3) Inflammatory bowel diseases, 4) Multisystem diseases like sarcoidosis and Behcet's, 5) Infectious diseases, 6) Mucocutaneous diseases, 7) Cardiovascular diseases, 8) Endocrine-metabolic diseases like diabetes, 9) Myopathies, 10) Neurologic diseases, and 11) Hematological
Comprehensive review of Ophthalmic Manifestations of Systemic Disorders for undergraduate medical students and general practionaers. Lecture was taken by Associate Professor Dr. Zia ul Mazhry at Central Park Medical College Lahore Pakistan.
This document provides information on episcleritis and scleritis. It begins with an overview of scleral anatomy and innervation. It then compares and contrasts episcleritis and scleritis, noting that episcleritis is usually self-limiting and not sight threatening, while scleritis can be vision threatening and is often associated with systemic diseases. The document further details the different types of scleritis, associated risk factors and systemic diseases, clinical presentations, diagnostic testing, complications, and treatment approaches. Infectious scleritis is also briefly discussed.
This document discusses several systemic diseases that can affect the eyes, including:
- Hypertensive retinopathy, which can damage the retina, choroid and optic nerve due to high blood pressure. It is classified based on the severity of retinal vascular changes.
- Dysthyroid eye disease, also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, which is associated with thyroid disease and causes proptosis, lid retraction, and inflammation of extraocular muscles and orbital fat. It can also lead to intraocular issues like choroidal folds.
- Uveitis, which is inflammation of the uveal tract that can be anterior, intermediate, or posterior based on location. It has various causes and presentations.
This document discusses various systemic diseases that can manifest ocularly and be detected on eye examination. It covers 10 categories of disease including congenital, traumatic, vascular, neoplastic, autoimmune, idiopathic, infectious, metabolic/endocrine, and drugs/toxins. For each category, specific diseases are described along with their characteristic ocular signs and symptoms. The importance of comprehensive eye exams for evaluating systemic health is emphasized.
The ocular presentation of systemic diseasesRuwida Alorfy
The document summarizes various ocular manifestations of systemic diseases. It discusses how conditions like diabetes, hypertension, sarcoidosis, thyroid disease, and infections can present with issues like uveitis, cataracts, retinal vessel abnormalities, proptosis, ptosis, and abnormal eye movements. It provides details on characteristic signs, potential etiologies, and implications for underlying systemic illnesses for each type of ocular presentation.
This document discusses scleritis, which is inflammation of the sclera. It describes the different types of scleritis including anterior diffuse, nodular, and necrotizing scleritis as well as posterior scleritis. Potential causes are noted such as rheumatoid arthritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, and connective tissue disorders. Signs, symptoms, and treatments are provided for each type of scleritis. Imaging techniques like ultrasound and CT scans are also mentioned for evaluating posterior scleritis.
Scleritis and episcleritis affect the layers of the sclera and surrounding tissues. Episcleritis is usually benign and recurrent, occurring as either simple or nodular types. Scleritis can be anterior and non-necrotizing, nodular, or necrotizing. Complications of scleritis include keratitis, uveitis, glaucoma, hypotony, and perforation. Treatment involves topical steroids, NSAIDs, immunosuppressants, or antibiotics depending on the type and cause.
Ocular manifestations of systemic diseasesshovon2026
This document discusses the ocular manifestations of various systemic diseases. It begins by outlining the eye examination process and then lists 11 categories of systemic diseases that can involve the eyes: 1) Connective tissue diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and lupus, 2) Spondyloarthropathies like ankylosing spondylitis, 3) Inflammatory bowel diseases, 4) Multisystem diseases like sarcoidosis and Behcet's, 5) Infectious diseases, 6) Mucocutaneous diseases, 7) Cardiovascular diseases, 8) Endocrine-metabolic diseases like diabetes, 9) Myopathies, 10) Neurologic diseases, and 11) Hematological
Comprehensive review of Ophthalmic Manifestations of Systemic Disorders for undergraduate medical students and general practionaers. Lecture was taken by Associate Professor Dr. Zia ul Mazhry at Central Park Medical College Lahore Pakistan.
This document provides information on episcleritis and scleritis. It begins with an overview of scleral anatomy and innervation. It then compares and contrasts episcleritis and scleritis, noting that episcleritis is usually self-limiting and not sight threatening, while scleritis can be vision threatening and is often associated with systemic diseases. The document further details the different types of scleritis, associated risk factors and systemic diseases, clinical presentations, diagnostic testing, complications, and treatment approaches. Infectious scleritis is also briefly discussed.
This document discusses approaches to vision loss. It defines various patterns of vision loss including transient monocular, persistent monocular, and binocular vision loss. It describes causes of transient monocular vision loss such as amaurosis fugax which can be due to circulatory, ocular, or neurologic factors. Key factors in evaluating vision loss include whether it is monocular or binocular, the pattern and degree of loss, tempo of onset, and associated symptoms. Common causes of sudden monocular vision loss discussed include central retinal artery occlusion and optic neuritis.
The document discusses retinal vein occlusion (RVO), specifically central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), including its demographics, pathogenesis, classification as either ischemic or non-ischemic CRVO, management through examination, investigation and treatment options, and guidelines on systemic evaluation and management. CRVO results from obstruction of venous outflow causing increased pressure and damage to retinal capillaries and is classified based on the location and extent of occlusion, with ischemic CRVO having a poorer visual prognosis without timely treatment.
This document provides an overview of pterygium, including:
1. The anatomy and histology of the conjunctiva where pterygium develops.
2. Risk factors for pterygium include ultraviolet light exposure, which may cause genetic mutations in limbal stem cells through oxidative stress and altered expression of growth factors.
3. Pterygium is believed to develop from these genetically altered limbal stem cells, disrupting the normal balance between corneal and conjunctival epithelium and allowing conjunctiva to grow onto the cornea.
Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune disorder affecting the eyes that is commonly associated with Graves' disease and hyperthyroidism. It causes inflammation and swelling of the muscles and fatty tissues behind the eyes. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features including proptosis, lid retraction, optic neuropathy, and restrictive myopathy, as well as treatments such as steroids, radiation, orbital decompression surgery, and eyelid surgery. Management involves treatment of both the eye symptoms and any underlying thyroid abnormalities.
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO), also known as shingles or zoster, is a viral disease caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV) that causes a painful skin rash in one or more dermatomes of the fifth cranial nerve, which innervates the eye and orbit. It presents a risk of ocular involvement. Clinically, it manifests as acute skin lesions and various ocular diseases in both the acute phase and chronic phase, including conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, retinitis, increased intraocular pressure, and postherpetic neuralgia. Management involves oral or intravenous antiviral therapy in the acute phase as well
This document discusses branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), including its pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, investigations, and management. BRVO is caused by obstruction of one of the retinal veins, usually at the arteriovenous crossing point. It can lead to macular edema, neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Treatment involves anti-VEGF injections, steroids, laser photocoagulation, and occasionally surgery. Several clinical trials have evaluated therapies for BRVO, finding that anti-VEGF drugs and steroids reduce macular edema but laser provides little additional benefit when combined with anti-VEGF treatment.
This document discusses the extraocular muscles. It begins with an overview of the extraocular muscles and their nerve supply. It then provides more detailed information on the individual muscles, including their origin, insertion, blood supply, innervation and actions. It discusses concepts like Listing's law, Hering's law of equal innervation and Sherrington's law of reciprocal innervation. Clinical significance and applications to conditions like strabismus are also mentioned.
Gradual vision loss is caused by many conditions that develop over weeks to years. The most common causes are age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and refractive errors. A thorough history and eye exam can help identify the cause by examining symptoms, visual acuity, the retina, and optic nerve. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may include eye drops, laser therapy, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
This document discusses episcleritis and scleritis. It defines episcleritis as an inflammatory condition affecting the episcleral tissue between the conjunctiva and sclera. Scleritis is characterized by edema and cellular infiltration of the scleral and episcleral tissues. The document classifies episcleritis and scleritis, describes their signs and symptoms, potential causes, diagnostic testing, and treatment options which may include topical or systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications. Complications are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of inflammatory optic neuropathy, specifically optic neuritis. It begins with the anatomy of the optic nerve and its divisions. It then discusses the signs, classification, and common types of optic neuropathy, focusing on inflammatory optic neuritis. It covers the pathophysiology, risk factors, locations of involvement on the optic nerve, and etiological classifications of optic neuritis. The remainder of the document discusses demyelinating optic neuritis in more detail, including its association with multiple sclerosis, workup, symptoms, signs, visual field defects, course, treatment, and results from the ONTT and CHAMPS/CHAMPIONS studies.
1) A 20-year-old boy presented with gradual decrease in night vision over 6 months. Examination revealed signs consistent with retinitis pigmentosa including bone-spicule pigmentation and waxy pale optic discs.
2) Retinitis pigmentosa is a hereditary retinal dystrophy where rod photoreceptor cells are initially and predominantly affected, followed by cone degeneration. It typically causes night blindness and progressive loss of peripheral vision.
3) There is no cure for retinitis pigmentosa. Treatment aims to slow progression and improve quality of life through low vision aids, vitamin supplements, and emerging therapies like gene and retinal prosthesis. Prognosis depends on inheritance pattern, with
Ocular injuries can be classified as open globe, closed globe, or periocular injuries. Open globe injuries involve a full thickness break in the eye wall, while closed globe injuries do not penetrate the full thickness. Periocular injuries involve the tissues surrounding the eye. Common closed globe injuries include conjunctival and corneal abrasions, hyphema, and retinal detachment. Lid lacerations may require repair depending on their location. Blunt eye trauma requires examination of visual acuity and eye anatomy to check for injuries like ruptured globe or optic nerve damage. Suspected open globe injuries or those with vision loss require emergent ophthalmology referral.
Angle closure glaucoma is characterized by a shallow anterior chamber that forces the iris against the trabecular meshwork, obstructing drainage of aqueous humor and increasing intraocular pressure. It most commonly affects older females and Asians. Predisposing factors include pupil block from iris contact with the lens and peripheral iris flattening. Symptoms include rapidly worsening vision, eye pain, redness, nausea and photophobia. Signs include corneal edema, fixed mid-dilated pupil, elevated intraocular pressure, and narrow iridocorneal angles on gonioscopy. Management involves emergency treatment to lower pressure through medications or surgery like laser iridotomy to create an opening in the iris.
The document describes the anatomy and causes of various cranial nerve palsies. It discusses the third, fourth, sixth, and trochlear nerves. For each nerve, it outlines the nuclear location, anatomical course, common causes of palsy for adults and children, associated signs and symptoms, and important diagnostic considerations. Evaluation may include medical history, examination of eye movements and pupil function, and neuroimaging in certain cases to identify potentially compressive lesions.
Sclera is the opaque outer fibrous tunic of the eyeball. Diseases of the sclera include episcleritis, which involves inflammation of the outer episcleral layer, and scleritis, which is a deeper inflammation of the sclera proper. Scleritis can be non-necrotizing or necrotizing, and is often associated with autoimmune disorders. Other scleral conditions include blue sclera seen in certain genetic disorders, and staphylomas which are localized bulgings of a weakened sclera lined by inner ocular layers.
This document discusses lens-induced glaucoma (LIG), which can occur when the lens plays a role in elevated eye pressure and vision loss. The main types of LIG are discussed, including phacomorphic glaucoma caused by a swollen lens blocking fluid outflow. Symptoms include eye pain and vision changes. Examination may reveal high pressure and lens abnormalities. Treatment focuses on lowering pressure through drugs or surgery, and removing the causative lens issue through cataract extraction. Public awareness of cataract signs is important for early detection and treatment to preserve vision in cases of LIG.
Ocular manifestations of tuberculosis infectionShahid Manzoor
Ocular manifestations of TB can affect any part of the eye. Secondary ocular TB results from hematogenous spread from a distant site. Presentations include adnexal lesions like lupus vulgaris and eyelid granulomas. Anterior segment involvement includes conjunctivitis, granulomas, keratitis and iridocyclitis. Posterior segment manifestations are choroidal tubercles, tuberculomas, serpiginous-like choroiditis and subretinal abscesses. Neuro-ophthalmic signs consist of optic nerve tubercles or neuritis. Complications include cataracts, glaucoma, cystoid macular edema and retinal detachment. Treatment involves antitubercular drugs
Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare neurological and skin disorder characterized by a facial birthmark and abnormalities of the brain and eyes. It results from errors in development before birth. Symptoms may include seizures, glaucoma, developmental delays, and weakness on one side of the body. The severity varies from case to case. Treatment focuses on controlling seizures, managing glaucoma, and reducing the birthmark with laser treatments. Prognosis depends on when seizures start - earlier seizures are linked to greater intellectual impairments.
Retinal vasculitis is an inflammatory eye disease affecting the retinal vasculature. It can present as periphlebitis (vein involvement), periarteritis (artery involvement), or angiitis (combination). Symptoms include gradual vision loss, floaters, and photopsia. Signs include vascular sheathing, hemorrhages, edema, and neovascularization. It can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, malignancies, or be idiopathic. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, along with corticosteroids, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy if needed. Intermediate uveitis is a chronic form characterized by vitritis, snowballs,
This document provides an overview of visual field testing and interpretation. It begins with definitions of key visual field terminology. It then discusses the normal limits of the visual field and provides a brief history of visual field testing. The document outlines the major methods of visual field testing, including kinetic and static perimetry. It also discusses interpreting visual field reports and common visual field defects.
Ocular manifestations of systemic diseaseRiyad Banayot
The document discusses various ocular manifestations of systemic diseases. It covers categories of systemic diseases that can affect the eyes such as congenital, vascular, endocrine/metabolic, autoimmune, infectious, and neoplastic diseases. It provides details on eye examinations and discusses specific diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, migraines, and various blood disorders; explaining their effects on the eyes including retinopathy, vascular changes, and vision loss. Diabetes is highlighted as the most common cause of blindness, with details on proliferative and non-proliferative retinopathy.
The document discusses various ocular manifestations of systemic diseases. Some key points:
- The eyes can be involved in diseases affecting other parts of the body. Ocular signs may provide diagnostic clues.
- Corneal diseases are related to skin/mucous membrane disorders and collagen disorders. Cataracts are related to genetic, metabolic, infectious and toxic causes.
- Retinal diseases are related to cardiovascular, collagen and endocrine diseases, as well as skin/gastrointestinal disorders and hematological/infectious conditions.
- Thyroid eye disease causes puffy eyelids, eye discomfort and double vision. It involves extraocular muscle and orbital fat infiltration.
- Neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis
This document discusses approaches to vision loss. It defines various patterns of vision loss including transient monocular, persistent monocular, and binocular vision loss. It describes causes of transient monocular vision loss such as amaurosis fugax which can be due to circulatory, ocular, or neurologic factors. Key factors in evaluating vision loss include whether it is monocular or binocular, the pattern and degree of loss, tempo of onset, and associated symptoms. Common causes of sudden monocular vision loss discussed include central retinal artery occlusion and optic neuritis.
The document discusses retinal vein occlusion (RVO), specifically central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), including its demographics, pathogenesis, classification as either ischemic or non-ischemic CRVO, management through examination, investigation and treatment options, and guidelines on systemic evaluation and management. CRVO results from obstruction of venous outflow causing increased pressure and damage to retinal capillaries and is classified based on the location and extent of occlusion, with ischemic CRVO having a poorer visual prognosis without timely treatment.
This document provides an overview of pterygium, including:
1. The anatomy and histology of the conjunctiva where pterygium develops.
2. Risk factors for pterygium include ultraviolet light exposure, which may cause genetic mutations in limbal stem cells through oxidative stress and altered expression of growth factors.
3. Pterygium is believed to develop from these genetically altered limbal stem cells, disrupting the normal balance between corneal and conjunctival epithelium and allowing conjunctiva to grow onto the cornea.
Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves' ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune disorder affecting the eyes that is commonly associated with Graves' disease and hyperthyroidism. It causes inflammation and swelling of the muscles and fatty tissues behind the eyes. The document discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features including proptosis, lid retraction, optic neuropathy, and restrictive myopathy, as well as treatments such as steroids, radiation, orbital decompression surgery, and eyelid surgery. Management involves treatment of both the eye symptoms and any underlying thyroid abnormalities.
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO), also known as shingles or zoster, is a viral disease caused by the varicella zoster virus (VZV) that causes a painful skin rash in one or more dermatomes of the fifth cranial nerve, which innervates the eye and orbit. It presents a risk of ocular involvement. Clinically, it manifests as acute skin lesions and various ocular diseases in both the acute phase and chronic phase, including conjunctivitis, keratitis, uveitis, retinitis, increased intraocular pressure, and postherpetic neuralgia. Management involves oral or intravenous antiviral therapy in the acute phase as well
This document discusses branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), including its pathogenesis, clinical features, complications, investigations, and management. BRVO is caused by obstruction of one of the retinal veins, usually at the arteriovenous crossing point. It can lead to macular edema, neovascularization, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Treatment involves anti-VEGF injections, steroids, laser photocoagulation, and occasionally surgery. Several clinical trials have evaluated therapies for BRVO, finding that anti-VEGF drugs and steroids reduce macular edema but laser provides little additional benefit when combined with anti-VEGF treatment.
This document discusses the extraocular muscles. It begins with an overview of the extraocular muscles and their nerve supply. It then provides more detailed information on the individual muscles, including their origin, insertion, blood supply, innervation and actions. It discusses concepts like Listing's law, Hering's law of equal innervation and Sherrington's law of reciprocal innervation. Clinical significance and applications to conditions like strabismus are also mentioned.
Gradual vision loss is caused by many conditions that develop over weeks to years. The most common causes are age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and refractive errors. A thorough history and eye exam can help identify the cause by examining symptoms, visual acuity, the retina, and optic nerve. Treatment depends on the specific condition but may include eye drops, laser therapy, surgery, or lifestyle changes.
This document discusses episcleritis and scleritis. It defines episcleritis as an inflammatory condition affecting the episcleral tissue between the conjunctiva and sclera. Scleritis is characterized by edema and cellular infiltration of the scleral and episcleral tissues. The document classifies episcleritis and scleritis, describes their signs and symptoms, potential causes, diagnostic testing, and treatment options which may include topical or systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications. Complications are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of inflammatory optic neuropathy, specifically optic neuritis. It begins with the anatomy of the optic nerve and its divisions. It then discusses the signs, classification, and common types of optic neuropathy, focusing on inflammatory optic neuritis. It covers the pathophysiology, risk factors, locations of involvement on the optic nerve, and etiological classifications of optic neuritis. The remainder of the document discusses demyelinating optic neuritis in more detail, including its association with multiple sclerosis, workup, symptoms, signs, visual field defects, course, treatment, and results from the ONTT and CHAMPS/CHAMPIONS studies.
1) A 20-year-old boy presented with gradual decrease in night vision over 6 months. Examination revealed signs consistent with retinitis pigmentosa including bone-spicule pigmentation and waxy pale optic discs.
2) Retinitis pigmentosa is a hereditary retinal dystrophy where rod photoreceptor cells are initially and predominantly affected, followed by cone degeneration. It typically causes night blindness and progressive loss of peripheral vision.
3) There is no cure for retinitis pigmentosa. Treatment aims to slow progression and improve quality of life through low vision aids, vitamin supplements, and emerging therapies like gene and retinal prosthesis. Prognosis depends on inheritance pattern, with
Ocular injuries can be classified as open globe, closed globe, or periocular injuries. Open globe injuries involve a full thickness break in the eye wall, while closed globe injuries do not penetrate the full thickness. Periocular injuries involve the tissues surrounding the eye. Common closed globe injuries include conjunctival and corneal abrasions, hyphema, and retinal detachment. Lid lacerations may require repair depending on their location. Blunt eye trauma requires examination of visual acuity and eye anatomy to check for injuries like ruptured globe or optic nerve damage. Suspected open globe injuries or those with vision loss require emergent ophthalmology referral.
Angle closure glaucoma is characterized by a shallow anterior chamber that forces the iris against the trabecular meshwork, obstructing drainage of aqueous humor and increasing intraocular pressure. It most commonly affects older females and Asians. Predisposing factors include pupil block from iris contact with the lens and peripheral iris flattening. Symptoms include rapidly worsening vision, eye pain, redness, nausea and photophobia. Signs include corneal edema, fixed mid-dilated pupil, elevated intraocular pressure, and narrow iridocorneal angles on gonioscopy. Management involves emergency treatment to lower pressure through medications or surgery like laser iridotomy to create an opening in the iris.
The document describes the anatomy and causes of various cranial nerve palsies. It discusses the third, fourth, sixth, and trochlear nerves. For each nerve, it outlines the nuclear location, anatomical course, common causes of palsy for adults and children, associated signs and symptoms, and important diagnostic considerations. Evaluation may include medical history, examination of eye movements and pupil function, and neuroimaging in certain cases to identify potentially compressive lesions.
Sclera is the opaque outer fibrous tunic of the eyeball. Diseases of the sclera include episcleritis, which involves inflammation of the outer episcleral layer, and scleritis, which is a deeper inflammation of the sclera proper. Scleritis can be non-necrotizing or necrotizing, and is often associated with autoimmune disorders. Other scleral conditions include blue sclera seen in certain genetic disorders, and staphylomas which are localized bulgings of a weakened sclera lined by inner ocular layers.
This document discusses lens-induced glaucoma (LIG), which can occur when the lens plays a role in elevated eye pressure and vision loss. The main types of LIG are discussed, including phacomorphic glaucoma caused by a swollen lens blocking fluid outflow. Symptoms include eye pain and vision changes. Examination may reveal high pressure and lens abnormalities. Treatment focuses on lowering pressure through drugs or surgery, and removing the causative lens issue through cataract extraction. Public awareness of cataract signs is important for early detection and treatment to preserve vision in cases of LIG.
Ocular manifestations of tuberculosis infectionShahid Manzoor
Ocular manifestations of TB can affect any part of the eye. Secondary ocular TB results from hematogenous spread from a distant site. Presentations include adnexal lesions like lupus vulgaris and eyelid granulomas. Anterior segment involvement includes conjunctivitis, granulomas, keratitis and iridocyclitis. Posterior segment manifestations are choroidal tubercles, tuberculomas, serpiginous-like choroiditis and subretinal abscesses. Neuro-ophthalmic signs consist of optic nerve tubercles or neuritis. Complications include cataracts, glaucoma, cystoid macular edema and retinal detachment. Treatment involves antitubercular drugs
Sturge-Weber syndrome is a rare neurological and skin disorder characterized by a facial birthmark and abnormalities of the brain and eyes. It results from errors in development before birth. Symptoms may include seizures, glaucoma, developmental delays, and weakness on one side of the body. The severity varies from case to case. Treatment focuses on controlling seizures, managing glaucoma, and reducing the birthmark with laser treatments. Prognosis depends on when seizures start - earlier seizures are linked to greater intellectual impairments.
Retinal vasculitis is an inflammatory eye disease affecting the retinal vasculature. It can present as periphlebitis (vein involvement), periarteritis (artery involvement), or angiitis (combination). Symptoms include gradual vision loss, floaters, and photopsia. Signs include vascular sheathing, hemorrhages, edema, and neovascularization. It can be caused by infections, autoimmune diseases, malignancies, or be idiopathic. Treatment involves identifying and treating the underlying cause, along with corticosteroids, laser photocoagulation, and vitrectomy if needed. Intermediate uveitis is a chronic form characterized by vitritis, snowballs,
This document provides an overview of visual field testing and interpretation. It begins with definitions of key visual field terminology. It then discusses the normal limits of the visual field and provides a brief history of visual field testing. The document outlines the major methods of visual field testing, including kinetic and static perimetry. It also discusses interpreting visual field reports and common visual field defects.
Ocular manifestations of systemic diseaseRiyad Banayot
The document discusses various ocular manifestations of systemic diseases. It covers categories of systemic diseases that can affect the eyes such as congenital, vascular, endocrine/metabolic, autoimmune, infectious, and neoplastic diseases. It provides details on eye examinations and discusses specific diseases like diabetes mellitus, hypertension, migraines, and various blood disorders; explaining their effects on the eyes including retinopathy, vascular changes, and vision loss. Diabetes is highlighted as the most common cause of blindness, with details on proliferative and non-proliferative retinopathy.
The document discusses various ocular manifestations of systemic diseases. Some key points:
- The eyes can be involved in diseases affecting other parts of the body. Ocular signs may provide diagnostic clues.
- Corneal diseases are related to skin/mucous membrane disorders and collagen disorders. Cataracts are related to genetic, metabolic, infectious and toxic causes.
- Retinal diseases are related to cardiovascular, collagen and endocrine diseases, as well as skin/gastrointestinal disorders and hematological/infectious conditions.
- Thyroid eye disease causes puffy eyelids, eye discomfort and double vision. It involves extraocular muscle and orbital fat infiltration.
- Neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis
The eye is a mirror which reflect the health of other systems in the human body.
The human eye, as an organ, can offer critical clues to the diagnosis of various systemic illnesses.
Ocular changes are common in various endocrine disorders such as diabetes mellitus and Graves’ disease.
Awareness of the associations between the ocular manifestations and endocrine disorders is the first step in the diagnosis and management of these complex patients.
The document discusses various ocular manifestations of systemic diseases. It describes eye complications that can arise from conditions like diabetes mellitus, vitamin deficiencies, endocrine disorders of the pituitary, thyroid and pineal glands, kidney disease, temporal arteritis, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, syphilis, sarcoidosis and myasthenia gravis. Common signs include conjunctivitis, uveitis, optic neuritis, cataracts, retinal damage, exophthalmos and ocular muscle palsies. The eye can provide important clues to underlying metabolic and systemic illnesses.
The document discusses several common systemic diseases that can affect the eye, including infectious diseases like toxoplasmosis and tuberculosis, as well as non-infectious conditions like diabetes, connective tissue diseases, and vasculitides. It then provides more detailed information about three conditions - thyroid eye disease, sarcoidosis, and phacomatoses - describing their typical ocular manifestations and systemic involvement.
Ocular Manifestations of HIV outlines common eye diseases seen in patients with HIV/AIDS. A study in Ethiopia found 60% of HIV patients had at least one ocular manifestation, most commonly retinal microvasculopathy (24%). Posterior segment manifestations include opportunistic infections like cytomegalovirus retinitis (30-40% of patients) and varicella zoster virus retinitis. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations occur in 10-15% of patients and include optic neuritis, optic atrophy, and cranial nerve palsies. Children with HIV have fewer ocular manifestations than adults.
Horton Summary Presentation English 2009ugobarbieri
This document provides information about Horton International, a global executive search firm. It details the company's presence across various regions, representative clients in different industries, key success factors such as commitment and consultative approach, industries and functions served, and profiles of three senior partners.
This document discusses diabetes and its effects on the eyes. It provides information on the three main types of diabetes, potential eye complications of diabetes including fluctuating vision, cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. It describes treatments for diabetic retinopathy including laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy surgery. It stresses the importance of early detection through regular eye exams to prevent vision loss from diabetic retinopathy.
manifestaciones otológicas de enfermedades sistemicasGuencho Diaz
Este documento resume diversas enfermedades infecciosas y no infecciosas que pueden causar hipoacusia. Describe virus como el herpesvirus, virus de la rubeola y varicela que pueden causar hipoacusia congénita o adquirida. También cubre enfermedades autoinmunes como la enfermedad de Ménière, vasculitis y esclerodermia que afectan el oído interno y pueden causar pérdida auditiva. Finalmente, revisa enfermedades óseas como la enfermedad de Paget,
Sympathetic ophthalmia and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease are both rare granulomatous uveitides that can cause bilateral eye inflammation. Sympathetic ophthalmia occurs after trauma or surgery to one eye, while VKH disease is thought to be an autoimmune response against ocular and skin melanocytes. Both can lead to vision loss if not treated promptly with high-dose corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Imaging like fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography are useful for monitoring disease activity and response to treatment.
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of non-caseating granulomas in multiple organs. Ocular involvement occurs in 25-60% of sarcoidosis patients and most commonly manifests as chronic anterior uveitis. Other ocular features include conjunctival and lacrimal gland nodules, keratitis, optic neuropathy, and posterior uveitis. Systemic features commonly involve the lungs, skin, and lymph nodes. Investigations include blood tests, imaging, and tissue biopsy demonstrating granulomas. Treatment involves topical or oral corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Complications include cataracts, glaucoma, cystoid macular edema,
El documento describe la enfermedad de Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH), una inflamación bilateral de la uvea y las meninges. Se discuten la historia, epidemiología, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico diferencial y tratamiento de la VKH. La VKH es más común en personas de ascendencia asiática y negra, y se cree que está relacionada con la predisposición genética HLA-DRB1*04:05. Los síntomas incluyen uveítis, despigmentación de la piel y ojos, y
1) VKH disease is a multisystem disorder characterized by granulomatous panuveitis with exudative retinal detachments and associated neurologic and cutaneous manifestations.
2) It was first described separately by three doctors (Vogt, Koyanagi, and Harada) in the early 20th century before being recognized as a single disease.
3) It has distinct prodromal, uveitic, chronic, and chronic recurrent stages with characteristic ocular and systemic findings at each stage. International criteria have been developed to classify its complete, incomplete, and probable forms.
This document discusses Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It is caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene leading to absence of the dystrophin protein. The document outlines the clinical presentation and stages of DMD from early childhood to late stages requiring wheelchair use. It also discusses diagnostic testing, management including cardiac and nutritional support, genetic counseling and potential future treatments like exon skipping drugs.
Myopathies are disorders that affect muscle structure or function unrelated to nerve or neuromuscular junction disorders. Common symptoms include muscle weakness, hypertrophy, and myotonia. Investigation includes serum CK, EMG, and muscle biopsy. Myopathies can be inherited like muscular dystrophies or acquired through infection, inflammation, endocrine/metabolic disorders, or toxins. Ayurveda views myopathies as disorders of mamsa dhatu caused by vitiation of vata and srotas involvement. Treatment focuses on vata shamana, mamsa dhatu pushti, and srotorodha hara using massage, oils, decoctions, and
This document provides information on a case study presentation about muscular dystrophy (MD). It begins with an introduction to MD, explaining that it is a rare and progressive neuromuscular disorder leading to physical disability and reduced life expectancy. It then discusses the characteristics and types of MD in more detail. The case study itself involves an older female patient who presents with muscle weakness, functional limitations, and is at risk of losing independence. The document outlines her history, symptoms, treatments recommended, and research related to MD management.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, typically affecting the small joints in the hands and feet. It results in warm, swollen, and painful joints and symptoms often worsen with rest. While the cause is unknown, it involves the immune system attacking the synovium lining of joints, causing swelling and damage over time. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, physical exam findings, and blood tests for rheumatoid factor or anti-CCP antibodies. Complications can include joint deformity and damage, as well as increased risk of osteoporosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, heart and lung problems.
This study examined 75 patients with celiac disease to determine the prevalence of neurological manifestations. 13 patients (17.3% of the study population) had neurological symptoms, including cerebellar ataxia, epilepsy, migraine, myopathies, carpal tunnel syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, and cognitive impairment. The most common manifestation was intestinal symptoms in 69 patients (92%). The study aims to increase awareness of neurological conditions as potential presentations of undiagnosed celiac disease.
Vasculitis refers to inflammation of blood vessels which can be cutaneous or systemic. It is characterized by destruction of vessel walls by leukocytes leading to ischemia and tissue damage. It can be triggered by infections, medications, or underlying diseases. Classification systems categorize vasculitis based on vessel size. Common types include hypersensitivity vasculitis, cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, urticarial vasculitis, and erythema elevatum diutinum. Pathogenesis involves immune complex deposition, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, and cellular immune responses.
This document provides information on uveitis, including its definition, causes, classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Uveitis is defined as inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye. It can be caused by infection, drugs, non-infectious factors, or be associated with systemic diseases. Uveitis is classified anatomically based on which part of the eye is affected (anterior, intermediate, posterior, panuveitis), and can also be classified clinically, pathologically, or based on etiology. Common signs and symptoms include eye pain, redness, blurred vision, and floaters. Diagnosis involves examination and potential laboratory testing. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms and prevent sight loss,
This document provides information on uveitis, including:
- Epidemiology data showing it is the third leading cause of blindness in developed countries, with highest rates in those over 65.
- Classification systems for uveitis based on location (anterior, intermediate, posterior, panuveitis) and duration (acute vs chronic).
- Signs and symptoms include redness, pain, photophobia, blurry vision, and floaters. Clinical signs depend on location and can include cells in the anterior chamber or snowballs in the vitreous.
- Differential diagnoses and specific types of non-infectious uveitis are discussed, including associations with autoimmune diseases like anky
This document discusses uveitis in systemic diseases. It begins with an introduction defining the uvea and uveitis. It then discusses how uveitis can be associated with various systemic diseases and the importance of a thorough history and physical exam. The document outlines various classifications of uveitis and clinical features. It then discusses principles of diagnosis and treatment of uveitis in specific systemic diseases like spondyloarthropathies, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Behcet's disease, sarcoidosis, and others. It describes characteristics, investigations and management considerations for uveitis related to these systemic conditions.
This document outlines a lecture on renal pathology for medical students. It begins with the intended learning outcomes, which are to understand kidney embryology, structures, disease classification, and glomerular disease terminology and pathogenesis. It then covers the normal kidney anatomy and histology, as well as its functions. Kidney diseases are classified based on the structures involved or clinical presentations. Glomerular diseases cause damage to the glomeruli that disrupt blood filtration and cause protein or blood in the urine. Immune complexes or antibodies deposited in the glomerular basement membrane can activate the complement system and recruit cells that damage the filtration barrier. A quiz ends the lecture material.
This document provides an overview of systemic vasculitis for medical residents. It defines vasculitis as inflammation of blood vessels and explains how different types of vasculitis can affect different vessel sizes and organ systems. The document outlines the clinical approach to diagnosing vasculitis through history, physical exam, lab tests, imaging studies and tissue biopsies. It then discusses several specific types of vasculitis in more detail, including giant cell arteritis, granulomatous polyangiitis (Wegener's), and microscopic polyangiitis. The presentation provides information on clinical manifestations, diagnostic criteria, pathology findings, and treatments for these forms of vasculitis.
This document provides information on uveitis, including epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, symptoms, clinical signs, grading, etiologies, and differential diagnoses. Some key points:
- Uveitis affects approximately 15 per 100,000 people in the US each year and is a leading cause of blindness. It is more common in those over 65, females, and presents as chronic and unilateral inflammation.
- Uveitis results from inflammation of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body, choroid) which can be infectious, autoimmune, traumatic, or idiopathic in nature. This causes an inflammatory cascade in the eye.
- It is classified based on location (
Vasculitis refers to a group of diseases characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. The document defines and classifies different types of vasculitis based on vessel size. It discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations and management of vasculitis. Giant cell arteritis is provided as an example of large vessel vasculitis that predominantly affects branches of the temporal and ophthalmic arteries in older individuals, with headaches, jaw pain and risk of vision loss as key clinical features.
Diabetic neuropathy is a major cause of neuropathy worldwide and may lead to amputations and incapacity. This study aimed at a detailed and updated review on diabetic neuropathy, focusing on its epidemiology, classification, clinical features, risk factor, diagnostic investigation and treatment. Dr. Siva Rami Reddy E "A Basic Review on Diabetic Neuropathy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21391.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/21391/a--basic-review-on-diabetic-neuropathy/dr-siva-rami-reddy-e
VEXAS syndromes , a diagnostic PuzzlepptxMarwa Besar
This document discusses VEXAS syndrome, a recently discovered autoinflammatory and hematologic condition caused by somatic mutations in the UBA1 gene. It provides details on the clinical manifestations (fevers, inflammatory symptoms affecting skin, joints, lungs, blood vessels), hematological abnormalities (anemia, cytopenias), and challenges in management due to the combined inflammatory and hematological involvement. Diagnosis is confirmed via genetic testing demonstrating UBA1 mutations. Treatment aims to suppress inflammation and eliminate mutant hematopoietic cells, but outcomes remain poor with high mortality.
Ocular manifestations of systemic diseasesshovon2026
This document discusses the ocular manifestations of various systemic diseases. It begins by outlining the importance of eye exams in diagnosing multisystem disorders. Several sections then review the common ocular signs of different disease categories, including connective tissue diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus), infectious diseases (like tuberculosis and syphilis), endocrine disorders (diabetes and thyroid disease), neurological conditions, hematological issues (leukemia), and more. For each condition, the document lists characteristic ocular findings that may indicate involvement of the eyes and assist in overall diagnosis and management of the systemic illness.
1. HLA-associated uveitis refers to intraocular inflammation involving the uvea, retina, and retinal vessels that has been linked to certain HLA genes.
2. Specific HLA genes may predispose individuals to developing uveitis in response to infectious agents through molecular mimicry or an inability to distinguish self from non-self.
3. Many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases have shown associations with particular HLA genes, including ankylosing spondylitis (HLA-B27), Behcet's disease (HLA-B51), and birdshot retinochoroidopathy (HLA-A29).
This document discusses different types of vasculitis, which are inflammatory conditions that affect blood vessels. It describes large vessel vasculitides like Takayasu arteritis and giant cell arteritis, medium vessel vasculitides like polyarteritis nodosa, and small vessel vasculitides like Wegener's granulomatosis. For each type, it provides information on clinical features, symptoms, affected organs, diagnostic imaging findings, and treatments.
A 10-year-old girl presented with pain and swelling in multiple small and large joints of both upper and lower limbs for the past 7 months. On examination, her knees, elbows, and small joints of hands and feet were swollen, warm, tender with restricted movement. Based on the symmetrical involvement of multiple joints, she was provisionally diagnosed with polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Uveitis refers to inflammation of the uveal tract of the eye. It can be classified anatomically as affecting the anterior, intermediate, or posterior segments of the eye. Common causes include autoimmune disorders, infections, and neoplasms. Symptoms and signs depend on the location and severity of inflammation. Treatment involves topical or systemic corticosteroids and immunosuppressive medications. Complications can include vision loss if uveitis is not properly treated.
This document provides an overview of joint pathology, focusing on osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, and infectious arthritis. It discusses the pathogenesis, morphology, and clinical course of each condition. Key points include that osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease caused by mechanical stresses and aging that results in cartilage breakdown. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease involving genetic and environmental factors that results in chronic synovitis and joint destruction. Gout is caused by uric acid crystals precipitating in joints and tissues, causing acute inflammatory attacks. Infectious arthritis occurs when joints are invaded by microorganisms.
Similar to Ophthalmological manifestations of systemic diseases (20)
Este documento describe la obstrucción del conducto nasolagrimal congénita, una causa común de lagrimeo en lactantes. Existen dos enfoques para el tratamiento: algunos autores realizan un sondaje inicial de la vía con anestesia tópica a temprana edad, mientras que otros prefieren esperar hasta el primer año y realizar el procedimiento bajo anestesia general. El autor propone un enfoque inicial conservador mediante la maniobra de Crigler durante los primeros seis meses, y un sondaje con anestesia tópica
Este documento habla sobre ambliopía, una disminución de la agudeza visual sin causa anatómica visible. La autora explica que la ambliopía es la causa más común de pérdida de visión en niños y es prevenible y tratable. Describe los diferentes tipos de ambliopía y el tratamiento, que incluye estimular el ojo afectado y neutralizar el ojo dominante a través de oclusión u otras técnicas. El pronóstico depende de factores como la edad de inicio, detección tempran
Casos clínicos y discusión: foseta papilar, neovasos corneales, papiledemaEmpar Sanz Marco
Este documento presenta dos casos clínicos relacionados con la fovea óptica y su tratamiento. Describe la fisiopatología, opciones de tratamiento clásicas como fotocoagulación y nuevos tratamientos como láser, vitrectomía con gas o inyección de plaquetas en la fovea. También analiza dos casos tratados con este último método con buenos resultados.
This document summarizes the best of the year in macular degeneration and provides updates on several topics:
1. A new classification system is proposed for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings.
2. OCT is helping to evaluate foveal microstructure, choroidal thickness, and pseudocysts in dry AMD prognosis and treatment monitoring for wet AMD.
3. Studies are exploring newer anti-VEGF drugs, treatments for refractory neovascularization like methotrexate, and radiation therapy.
4. Updates are provided on treatments for central serous chorioretinopathy including anti-VEGF drugs
Este documento describe varias enfermedades que causan queratitis y adelgazamientos periféricos de la córnea, incluyendo la queratitis periférica ulcerativa (PUK), la úlcera de Mooren, la queratitis marginal de Fuchs, la escleroqueratitis, la degeneración marginal de Terrien, la degeneración marginal pelúcida, los dellen y la degeneración marginal senil. Describe sus características clínicas, etiología, presentación, diagnóstico diferencial y tratamiento.
This document appears to be analyzing the results of glaucoma drainage implant surgeries in 10 patients. It includes a table with patient details like age, gender, diagnosis and pre and post-operative intraocular pressures. It then shows mean IOP values for the group at 3, 6 and 12 month follow-ups. A graph depicts the decrease in IOP and number of patients on eyedrops over time. The document also reviews previous studies on various drainage implant devices and their success rates in controlling IOP.
1) A 59-year-old man with a circumscribed choroidal haemangioma (CCH) and hypertension was treated with oral propanolol after his CCH was refractory to laser treatment.
2) After one month of oral propanolol treatment at 120mg per day, the patient's visual acuity improved to 20/20, the macular detachment was resolved, and his blood pressure was under better control.
3) Ten months later, the patient's vision remained stable at 20/20 and macular thickness remained stable, demonstrating the effectiveness of oral propanolol treatment for this patient's CCH.
Este documento describe Acanthamoeba, un protozoo parásito que puede causar queratitis y otras infecciones oculares. Explica los síntomas clínicos, el diagnóstico mediante exámenes como el fresco, PAS y calcofluor, y los protocolos de tratamiento más efectivos que incluyen colirios como clorhexidina, propamidina, voriconazol y metronidazol, así como tratamientos adicionales como cross-linking y fotoqueratectomía láser.
Este documento presenta tres resúmenes de novedades en la prevención del glaucoma: 1) Lentes de contacto inteligentes que pueden monitorear la presión intraocular continuamente para una detección temprana y un tratamiento más efectivo; 2) Avances en el entendimiento genético del glaucoma que pueden conducir a nuevas estrategias de prevención; 3) Mejoras en tomografía de coherencia óptica que permiten una evaluación más precisa de la capa de células ganglionares de la retina, una estructura clave a
Manifestaciones oculares de enfermedades sistémicasEmpar Sanz Marco
Este documento describe las principales patologías oculares asociadas a diversas enfermedades sistémicas, incluyendo enfermedades autoinmunes como la artritis reumatoide y el lupus, enfermedades infecciosas como la tuberculosis y el SIDA, enfermedades cardiovasculares como la hipertensión arterial, trastornos endocrinos como la diabetes, y enfermedades neurológicas como la esclerosis múltiple. Para cada enfermedad sistémica, se detallan los principales hallazgos oftalmológicos as
Antibióticos, antivirales y antifúngicos en las uveítisEmpar Sanz Marco
1) El documento describe diferentes vías de administración y fármacos utilizados para tratar infecciones oculares como uveítis y endoftalmitis, incluyendo antibióticos, antivíricos y antifúngicos. 2) Se discuten antibióticos, antifúngicos y antivíricos administrados tópicamente, subconjuntivalmente, intravítreamente y sistémicamente. 3) Dependiendo de la localización del foco infeccioso, se utiliza un tratamiento basal sistémico junto con fármacos locales admin
antibioticos, antifúngicos y antivíricos en las uveítisEmpar Sanz Marco
Este documento describe el uso de antibióticos en oftalmología, incluyendo su espectro de acción, administración tópica y sistémica, y ejemplos comunes. Explica que inicialmente se usan antibióticos de amplio espectro y luego antibióticos específicos según los resultados del antibiograma, y que la administración tópica incluye colirios y pomadas para tratar infecciones de la superficie ocular. También cubre el uso de vías como la subconjuntival, intravítrea y sist
1) The study evaluated the efficacy and safety of topical tacrolimus 0.03% eyedrops in treating dry eye associated with graft versus host disease in patients resistant to cyclosporine.
2) 14 patients were treated with tacrolimus eyedrops once daily for a minimum of 3 months. Various tests were conducted to evaluate dry eye symptoms and signs.
3) 71% of patients showed significant improvement based on test results. Tacrolimus improved Schirmer test, meniscometry, tear break-up time, and reduced artificial tear use. Some patients experienced local intolerance.
1) La blefarocalasia es un trastorno caracterizado por episodios recurrentes de edema parpebral no doloroso. En fases avanzadas causa atrofia de los tejidos parpebrales, produciendo ptosis, bolsas y hernia de grasa.
2) La patogenia se desconoce pero parece deberse a una reacción inmune que causa depósito de IgA en las fibras elásticas y su desaparición en fases avanzadas.
3) El tratamiento quirúrgico, con reinserción de láminas
1. El documento describe varios casos de edema palpebral recurrente, incluyendo blefarocalasia, angioedema recurrente y miositis orbitaria.
2. La blefarocalasia se caracteriza por edema no doloroso e indoloro que es refractario a corticoides y antihistamínicos.
3. El angioedema recurrente puede ser mediado por mastocitos o bradicinina y su tratamiento depende de si hay déficit del inhibidor C1.
Este documento discute la hipotonía ocular, una complicación frecuente después de la cirugía del glaucoma. Puede ser causada por un exceso de filtración de humor acuoso o una hipoproducción del mismo. El tratamiento incluye opciones médicas y quirúrgicas para manejar la ampolla filtrante hiperfiltrante o la ciclodiálisis. Un diagnóstico y manejo tempranos son importantes para prevenir secuelas como cambios morfológicos y defectos funcionales.
Amantadina rosiglitazona en oftalmologia IFIS en mujeresEmpar Sanz Marco
El documento describe las propiedades y usos de la amantadina. Se utiliza para prevenir y tratar la gripe, tratar el herpes zoster, la fatiga en la esclerosis múltiple y el Parkinson. Puede producir edema corneal, especialmente después de un uso prolongado o en dosis altas. El edema corneal generalmente se resuelve después de suspender la amantadina. Se recomienda un seguimiento oftalmológico periódico para los pacientes que toman amantadina a largo plazo.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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6. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
•
Definition
(Revisión ILAR 2001.Edmonton)
Idiopathic Arthritis in patients younger than 16 years and lasts at least 6 weeks.
Oligo or pauciarticular
Polyarticular RF + /
RFPsoriatic
Enthesitis
•
Classification
•
Risk factor for uveitis
Early onset
female
ANA +
oligoarticular
HLA-DR5
23. Behçet disease
Criteria for Behçet's disease:
Mouth sores (oral ulcers) at least 3 times in 12 months
Any 2 of the following:
•Recurring genital sores/ulcers
•Uveitis
•Skin: Pustules or erythema nodosum
•Positive pathergy (skin prick test)
Joint involvement consists of swelling or tenderness upon examination. The presence of synovitis may be confirmed on imaging studies. Points are allocated as follows:
1 large joint (ie, shoulders, elbows, hips, knees, ankles) = 0 points
2-10 large joints = 1 point
1-3 small joints (with or without involvement of large joints) (ie, MCP, PIP, second-fifth MTP, thumb IP, and wrist joints ) = 2 points
4-10 small joints (with or without involvement of large joints) = 3 points
More than 10 joints (at least 1 small joint, plus any combination of large and additional small joints or joints such as temporomandibular, acromioclavicular, sternoclavicular, etc) = 5 points
At least 1 serology test result is needed for classification. Points are allocated as follows:
Negative RF and negative ACPA = 0 points
Low-positive RF or low-positive ACPA = 2 points
High-positive RF or high-positive ACPA = 3 points
Petty RE, Southwood TR, Manners P. International. League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001.J Rheumatol. 2004 Feb;31(2):390-2.
Definición: Artritis de etiología desconocida que aparece en paciente menor de 16 años y perdura al menos 6 semanas.
Oligoartritis extendida. Artritis 1-4 articulaciones
Exclusiones:historia familiar de psoriasis o FR +.
Poliartritis FR negativo. Artritis ≥5 articulaciones 6 primeros meses, y el FR-3 meses. Se refiere a pacientes
Exclusión fundamental es el FR positivo.
Poliartritis FR positivo. Artritis ≥5 articulaciones 6 primeros meses, y el FR+3 meses.
Exclusión, historia familiar de psoriasis.
Artritis psoriásica. Artritis + psoriasis o historia familiar + dactilitis + alteraciones en las uñas (punteado u onicólisis).
La exclusión fundamental es el FR positivo.
Artritis relacionada con entesitis. Artritis + entesitis/artritis + 2:
Lumbalgia “inflamatoria”
Artralgia sacroilíaca
HLA-B27+
uveítis
historia familiar
Exclusiones:FR positivo o ANA positivo
Artritis no clasificable
Arth
It is a systemic autoimmune disease in which immune cells attack and destroy the exocrine glands that produce tears and saliva
Sjögren's syndrome can exist as a disorder in its own right (Primary Sjögren's syndrome) or it may develop years after the onset of an associated rheumatic disorder such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, primary biliary cirrhosis etc. (Secondary Sjögren's syndrome).
Sicca symptoms (dry eyes and dry mouth)
Parotitis
Patients with Sjögren syndrome may have a history of recurrent parotitis, often bilateral. Although in some patients the parotid glands become so large that the patients report this as a problem, more often the examining physician discovers them.
Cutaneous symptoms
Nonvasculitic cutaneous manifestations in Sjögren syndrome include dryness, eyelid dermatitis, pruritus, and erythema annulare.[31]
Cutaneous vasculitis, such as palpable purpura, develops in some patients with Sjögren syndrome, especially those with hypergammaglobulinemia or cryoglobulinemia.[31, 32] Raynaud phenomenon is observed in approximately 20% of patients.
Pulmonary symptoms
Patients with Sjögren syndrome can develop dryness of the tracheobronchial mucosa (xerotrachea), which can manifest as a dry cough.[33] Less often, patients develop dyspnea from an interstitial lung disease that is typically mild.[33, 34]Patients may develop recurrent bronchitis or even pneumonitis (infectious or noninfectious).
Gastrointestinal symptoms
Dryness of the pharynx and esophagus frequently leads to difficulty with swallowing (deglutition), in which case patients usually describe food becoming stuck in the upper throat.[33]
Lack of saliva may lead to impaired clearance of acid and may result in gastroesophageal reflux and esophagitis.
Abdominal pain and diarrhea can occur. Rarely, patients develop acute or chronic pancreatitis, as well as malabsorption due to pancreatic insufficiency. However, caution is advised when interpreting laboratory results because an elevated amylase level may arise from the parotid gland.
In patients with gastritis, Helicobacter pylori infection should be sought because of its association with gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas.[35]
Patients with Sjögren syndrome are at increased risk for delayed gastric emptying, which can cause early satiety, upper abdominal discomfort, nausea, and vomiting.[36]
Cardiac symptoms
Pericarditis and pulmonary hypertension, with their attendant symptomatology, can occur in Sjögren syndrome.[37] Orthostatic symptoms related to dysfunction of autonomic control of blood pressure and heart rate is associated with increased severity of Sjögren syndrome.[38]
Neurologic symptoms
The occurrence of central nervous system (CNS) and spinal cord involvement in Sjögren syndrome is estimated by various studies to be 8-40%, with manifestations including myelopathy, optic neuropathy, seizures, cognitive dysfunction, and encephalopathy.[24, 39, 40] Attempts must be made to distinguish other causes of these symptoms, including concomitant SLE, multiple sclerosis, cerebrovascular disease, and Alzheimer disease.
Sensory, motor, or sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy, often subclinical, can be detected in up to 55% of unselected patients with Sjögren syndrome.[41]Symptoms of distal paresthesias may be present. Cranial neuropathies can develop, particularly trigeminal neuropathy or facial nerve palsy. Mononeuritis multiplex should prompt a search for a vasculitis.
Progressive weakness and paralysis secondary to hypokalemia due to underlying renal tubular acidosis can occur and is potentially treatable.[42]
Renal symptoms
Renal calculi, renal tubular acidosis, and osteomalacia, nephogenic diabetes insipidus, and hypokalemia can occur secondary to tubular damage caused by interstitial nephritis, the most common form of renal involvement in Sjögren syndrome.
Interstitial cystitis, with symptoms of dysuria, frequency, urgency, and nocturia, is strongly associated with Sjögren syndrome.[43, 44]
Glomerulonephritis can be caused by Sjögren syndrome but is uncommon and is usually attributable to another disorder, such as SLE or mixed cryoglobulinemia.
Genetic disorder which affects the connective tissue (elastine fibers).
Angioid (changes degenerative fibers Bruch membrane). They are grayish and radiate from the optic nerve. Are bilateral and asymmetrical can produce acuity whether visual or macula forming MNVSR
Synechia
Infectious agents: Chlamydiae, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter
yellowish serous papules at soles and palms even nails, scrotum, scalp and trunk.
Diagnostic tests:
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Hypercalcemia
Panda and lambda pattern gammagraphy
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)- Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB): The earliest pathologic finding in patients with sarcoidosis is a mononuclear alveolitis composed of increased CD4+lymphocytes (with an increased CD4/CD8ratio), monocyte-macrophages, and rare B lymphocytes.
Possible physical findings on slit lamp examination include blepharitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) scarring of the palpebral conjunctiva, papillary conjunctival reaction, Trantas dots (limbal deposits of eosinophils), atopic cataracts, and keratoconus.
Unlike vernal conjunctivitis, the lower tarsus is involved more frequently.
Hyperemia, chemosis, and discharge are more common than papillary or cobblestone reaction.
Atopic cataracts develop in patients with long-standing atopic disease (10 or more years).These patients usually are older children or young adults.
The incidence of atopic cataracts is estimated to be 10%, and they are most frequently bilateral.
These cataracts tend to evolve rapidly and may opacify within 6 months.
The cataracts often begin as a posterior subcapsular opacity and develop into an anterior cortex opacity that frequently resembles the shape of a shield or a bearskin rug.
Amaurosis fugax and cervicalgia: risk of carotid dissection
Neurofibromatosis type I, von Recklinghausen
AD, alteraction in chromosome 17
Ocular
• Lisch nodules or melanocytic hamartomas of iris: brown-orange bilateral tumors in
the anterior surface of the iris. In number greater than 2 is a diagnostic criteria
• Myelination of corneal nerves.
• Plexiform neurofibromas in the upper eyelid
• Congenital glaucoma
• Changes in iridocorneal development.
• Congenital uveal ectropion.
• Hamartoma choroidal pigment
• Retinal astrocytic hamartoma (rare).
• Epiretinal membrane.
• Optic nerve glioma (proptosis, decreased of AV without pallor).
• Sphenoid wing dysplasia: pulsatile proptosis.
Neurological:
• optic pathway glioma
Skin:
• Spots in “café latte" (number greater than 6 is diagnostic criteria).
• Ephelides or freckles in armpits and legs (Cowden sign).
• Neurofibromas
Ocular:
Retinal and optic nerve hamartomas: raised, yellowish, multinodular (blackberry-like) and sometimes calcified. Sometimes planes and semitransparent
Peripheral Areas of depigmentation
Iris coloboma
Poliosis
Eyelid and conjunctival angiofibromas
Neurological
Tubers at cerebral cortex and subependymal astrocytomas pathognomonic.
Seizures and mental retardation.
Skin
Achromic lanceolate spots (90%)
Shagreen spots: brownish back plate
infant.
Facial angiofibromas or sebaceous adenomas
Nail fibromas
Kidney and heart:
Renal cysts and angiomyolipomas
Subendocardial rhabdomyomas
ocular:
Diffuse choroidal hemangioma (40%) ipsilateral to facial hemangioma sometimes complicated with: retinal detachment and neovascular glaucoma are difficult to control.
Conjunctival and episcleral angioma.
Heterochromia iris
Congenital glaucoma and buphthalmos homolateral.
Neurological and dermatological:
• Plane angioma at trigeminal territory or facial nevus flameus:
• Leptomeningeal angioma (parieto-occipital is the most frequent): might produce progressive contralateral hemiplegia, epilepsy and mental retardation
Masquerade syndromes are often misdiagnosed as a chronic idiopathic uveitis
leukemic retinopathy (more common in children because they are more immature vessels)
Roth spots (white center)
Vascular beading/coating
Retinal infiltrates (fulminant disease)
Preretinal hemorrhages
Infiltration of the optic nerve
Exudative retinal detechment