The document discusses operations strategy and its role in supporting business strategy. It covers key topics such as: 1. Developing an operations strategy involves determining competitive priorities like cost, quality, time, and flexibility based on the business strategy. 2. Translating the competitive priorities into production requirements involves decisions around structure (facilities, technology, flows) and infrastructure (planning and control systems). 3. Measuring productivity is important for evaluating performance and continuous improvement. Productivity metrics should be interpreted in the proper context.

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The Role of Operations
Strategy
 Provide a plan that makes best use of
resources which;
 Specifies the policies and plans for using
organizational resources
 Supports Business Strategy as shown on
next slide

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Business/Functional Strategy

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Importance of Operations
Strategy
 Essential differences between
operational efficiency and
strategy:
 Operational efficiency is performing tasks
well, even better than competitors
 Strategy is a plan for competing in the
marketplace
 Operations strategy ensures all tasks
performed are the right tasks

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To Develop a Business
Strategy
 Consider these factors and strategic
decisions:
 What business the company is in (mission)
 Analyze and understand the market
(environmental scanning)
 Identify the company strengths (core
competencies)

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Three Inputs to a Business Strategy

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Key Examples
 Mission: Dell Computer- “to be the most
successful computer company in the world”
 Environmental Scanning: political trends,
social trends, economic trends, market place
trends, global trends
 Core Competencies: strength of workers,
modern facilities, market understanding, best
technologies, financial know-how, logistics

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Developing an Operations
Strategy
Operations Strategy: a plan for the design
and management of operations
functions
 is developed after the business strategy
 focuses on specific capabilities which give
it a competitive edge – competitive
priorities

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Operations Strategy – Designing
the Operations Function

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Competitive Priorities- The Edge
 Four Key Operations Questions:
Will you compete on –
Cost?
Quality?
Time?
Flexibility?
 All of the above? Some? Tradeoffs?

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Competing on Cost
 Offering product at a low price relative to competition
 Typically high volume products
 Often limit product range & offer little
customization
 May invest in automation to reduce unit costs
 Can use lower skill labor
 Probably uses product focused layouts
 Low cost does not mean low quality

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Competing on Quality
 Quality is often subjective
 Quality is defined differently depending on who is
defining it
 Two major quality dimensions include
 High performance design:

Superior features, high durability, & excellent customer service
 Product & service consistency:

Meets design specifications

Close tolerances

Error free delivery
 Quality needs to address
 Product design quality – product/service meets requirements
 Process quality – error free products

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Competing on Time
 Time/speed one of most important
competition priorities
 First that can deliver often wins the race
 Time related issues involve
 Rapid delivery:

Focused on shorter time between order placement and delivery
 On-time delivery:

Deliver product exactly when needed every time

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Competing on Flexibility
 Company environment changes rapidly
 Company must accommodate change by
being flexible
 Product flexibility:

Easily switch production from one item to another

Easily customize product/service to meet specific requirements
of a customer
 Volume flexibility:

Ability to ramp production up and down to match market
demands

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The Need for Trade-offs
 Decisions must emphasize priorities that support business
strategy
 Decisions often required trade offs
 Decisions must focus on order qualifiers and order winners
 Which priorities are “Order Qualifiers”?
Must have excellent quality since everyone expects it
 Which priorities are “Order Winners”?
Dell competes on all four priorities
Southwest Airlines competes on cost
McDonald’s competes on consistency
FedEx competes on speed
Custom tailors compete on flexibility

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Translating to Production Requirements
 Specific Operation requirements
include two general categories
 Structure – decisions related to the
production process, such as characteristics
of facilities used, selection of appropriate
technology, and the flow of goods and
services
 Infrastructure – decisions related to
planning and control systems of operations

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Translating to Production Requirements
 Dell Computer example – structure &
infrastructure

They focus on customer service, cost, and speed
 ERP system developed to allow customers to
order directly from Dell
 Product design and assembly line allow “make to
order” strategy – lowers costs, increases turns
 Suppliers ship components to a warehouse within
15 minutes of the assembly plant - VMI
 Dell set up a shipping arrangement with UPS

17. Strategy Formulation
 Strategy
is a broad plan developed by an organization to take it from where
it is to where it wants to be. A well-designed strategy will help an
organization reach its maximum level of effectiveness in reaching its goals
while constantly allowing it to monitor its environment to adapt the
strategy as necessary.
 Strategy Formulation
is the process of developing the strategy. And the process by which
an organization chooses the most appropriate courses of action to achieve
its defined goals. This process is essential to an organization’s success,
because it provides a framework for the actions that lead to the
anticipated results.

18. Strategy Formulation requires a defined set of six steps for
effective implementation.
1. Define the organization,
2. Define the strategic mission,
3. Define the strategic objectives,
4. Define the competitive strategy,
5. Implement strategies, and
6. Evaluate progress.

19. Step 1. Define the Organization
defining an organization is to identify the company’s
customers. Without a strong customer base, whose
needs are being filled, an organization will not be
successful. A company must identify the factors that are
valued by its customers. Is the value based on a superior
product or service relative to the competition? Are your
customers buying your products for your low prices? Do
you produce products meet image needs of your
customers?

20. Let’s review some of the ways in which companies can
define themselves
1. End Benefits
Organizations must remember that people are buying
benefits not features.
2. Target Market
Companies can become successful by identifying
themselves with a particular target group. This focus
should not be limited only to demographic
segmentation (i.e., age, income, education, gender,
income, family life-cycle, culture) but also by
psychographic indicators.

21. 3. Technology
Computer companies, medical research companies, and other
companies that identify themselves with the tech world will
find that they must be able to quickly adapt to changes in the
marketplace. New products, services, and inventions are
frequently introduced, making this a very difficult and
challenging business environment in which to operate.

22. Step 2. Define the Strategic Mission
An organization’s strategic mission offers a long-range
perspective of what the organization strives for going
forward. A clearly stated mission will provide the
organization with a guide for carrying out its plans.
Elements of a strong strategic mission statement should
include the values that the organization holds the nature of
the business, special abilities or position the organization
holds in the marketplace, and the organization’s vision for
where it wants to be in the future.

23. How to write Strategic Mission?
 Ask "What do we do?"; "How do we do it?"; and "For whom
do we do it,"
 Create a draft mission statement describing how the
company uniquely answers these questions. Touch on the
organization's current operations and the industry it is in.
 Look at competitors in the industry and use their mission
statements for research. Ask yourself what works and what
does not work. Revise your mission statement as needed.
 Get feedback from other members of the organization once
the statement is drafted.

24. Step 3. Define the Strategic Objectives
 This third step in the strategic formulation process requires
an organization to identify the performance targets needed to
reach clearly stated objectives.
 These objectives may include:
market position relative to the competition,
 production of goods and services,
desired market share, improved customer services,
corporation expansion, advances in technology, and sales
increases.

25.  Strategic objectives must be communicated with all
employees and stakeholders in order to ensure success.
All members of the organization must be made aware of
their role in the process and how their efforts contribute
to meeting the organization’s objectives. Additionally,
members of the organization should have their own set
of objectives and performance targets for their
individual roles.

26. Step 4. Define the Competitive
Strategy
 It requires an organization to determine where it fits into the
marketplace. This applies not only to the organization as a
whole, but to each individual unit and department
throughout the enterprise. Each area must be aware of its
role within the company and how those roles enable the
organization to maintain its competitive position.

27.  Three factors must be considered when
determining the overall competitive strategy:
the industry and marketplace, the company’s
position relative to the competition, and the
company’s internal strengths and weaknesses.
 The Industry
The Competition
Strengths & Weaknesses

28. The three factors
1. The Industry
 When evaluating the overall industry, factors to be looked at include:

size of the market,

past and potential market growth,

Competitive profitability,

new market entries, and

industry threats.

29. 2. The Competition
An organization cannot be successful unless it has a full
understanding of the other players in marketplace. A
company must be able to identify the strengths and
weaknesses of the competition and analyze the ways in
which the competition’s products or services meet the
needs of its customer base.

30. 3. Strengths & Weaknesses
SWOT is an acronym for Strengths,
Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats.
Opportunities and threats are external
factors; strengths and weaknesses are internal
factors.

31. Step 5. Implement Strategies
 Developing a strategy is only effective if it is put into
place. An organization may take all the necessary steps to
understand the marketplace, define itself, and identify the
competition. However, without implementing the strategy,
the organization’s work will be of little to no value.
 The methods employed for implementing strategies are
known as tactics. These individual actions enable an
organization to build a foundation for implementation.
Companies are able to identify which of their efforts are
more successful than others and will uncover new methods
of implementation, if necessary.

32. Step 6. Evaluate Progress
 As in any plan, a regular evaluation of processes and results is vital to
ongoing success. An organization must keep track of the progress it is
making as defined by its strategic plan.
 An organization should consider the following questions on a continuous
basis in order to evaluate progress:
 Have market conditions changed that may require a change
in corporate direction?
 Are there new entries in the marketplace to pose a
competitive threat?
 Has the organization been successful in translating their
strategy into actionable steps?
An organization will be able to successfully implement its
strategy both now and in the future through evaluating
feedback.

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Strategic Role of Technology
 Technology should support competitive
priorities
 Three Applications: product technology, process
technology, and information technology
 Products - Teflon, CD’s, fiber optic cable
 Processes – flexible automation, CAD
 Information Technology – POS, EDI, ERP,
B2B

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Technology for Competitive
Advantage
 Technology has positive and negative
potentials
 Positive

Improve processes

Maintain up-to-date standards

Obtain competitive advantage
 Negative

Costly

Risks such as overstating benefits

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Technology for Competitive
Advantage
 Technology should:
 Support competitive priorities
 Can require change to strategic plans
 Can require change to operations strategy
 Technology is an important strategic
decision

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Measuring Productivity
 Productivity is a measure of how efficiently inputs are
converted to outputs
Productivity = output/input
 Total Productivity Measure
Total Productivity = $sales/inputs
$
 Partial Productivity Measure
Partial Productivity = cars/employee
 Multifactor Productivity Measure
Multi-factor Productivity = sales/total $costs

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Productivity Example - An automobile manufacturer has presented the
following data for the past three years in its annual report. As a potential
investor, you are interested in calculating yearly productivity and year to
year productivity gains as one of several factors in your investment
analysis.
2003 2002 2001
Partial Prod. Measure
Unit Car Sales/Employee 24.1 21.2
18.3
Year-to-year Improvement 13.7% 15.8%
Multifactor Prod. Measures
Total Cost Productivity 1.26 1.24 1.19
Year-to-year Improvement 1.6% 4.2%
Which is the best measurement?
2003 2002 2001
Unit car
sales
2,700,000 2,400,000 2,100,000
Employee
s
112,000 113,000 115,000
$ Sales
(billions$)
$49,000 $41,000 $38,000
Cost of
Sales
(billions)
$39,000 $33,000 $32,000

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Interpreting Productivity Measures
 Productivity measures must be compared to
something, i.e. another year, a different company
 Raw productivity calculations do not tell the complete
story unless there are no major structure differences.
 In the prior automobile business example, it is
obvious that some major changes were taking place
to yield 15.8% and 13.7% year-to-year
cars/employee productivity improvements. What
changes could improve car sales per employee?
Automation? Out sourcing? Major re-design?

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Interpreting Productivity Measures
 Other productivity measure questions:
 Is this partial productivity measurement enough to
make an investment decision?
 Is the Total Cost Productivity measure a better
reflection of year to year productivity at 4.2% and
1.6%. Why?
 Should you also look at productivity measures for
the two major competitors for comparison?
 Productivity measure provides information on
how the firm is doing relative to what is critical
to the firm

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Productivity, Competitiveness, and
the Service Sector
 Productivity is a scorecard
on effective resource use
 A nation’s Productivity
effects its standard of living
 US productivity growth
averaged 2.8% from
1948-1973
 Productivity growth slowed
for the next 25 years to
1.1%
 Productivity growth in
service industries has been
less than in manufacturing

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Productivity and the Service
Sector con’t
 Measuring service sector productivity is
a unique challenge
 Traditional measures focus on tangible
outcomes
 Service industries primarily produce
intangible outcomes
 Measuring intangibles is challenging

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Operations Strategy Across
the Organization
 Business strategy defines long-term
plan
 Operations strategy support the
business strategy
 Marketing strategy needs to fully
understand operations capability
 Financial plans in effect support
operations activities.