An operating system is an interface between the user and computer hardware that manages files, processes, memory and peripheral devices. It performs basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, input/output handling and controlling devices. There are different types of operating systems including batch, time-sharing, distributed and network operating systems. Batch operating systems run jobs non-interactively in batches while time-sharing systems allow interactive use by allocating CPU time to users. Distributed systems communicate over a network and network operating systems manage data, users and security for multiple devices on a private network.
These slides shortly explain Computer Software and Its types with Examples.
Prepared by: Ahmad Hussain, Department of English, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,Pakistan.
Email: mr.literature123@gmail.com
A computer languages are the languages by which a user command a computer to work on the algorithm which a user has written to get an output.
View it to know more about computer language !!!
These slides shortly explain Computer Software and Its types with Examples.
Prepared by: Ahmad Hussain, Department of English, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,Pakistan.
Email: mr.literature123@gmail.com
A computer languages are the languages by which a user command a computer to work on the algorithm which a user has written to get an output.
View it to know more about computer language !!!
Operating System is a collection of programs that handle many of technical details Related to using a computer. In many ways ,an operating system is most important type of computer program. Without it your computer would be useless.
Definition:-Operating system are program that manages resources, provide user interface, and run applications.
Functions Of Operating System
Features Of Operating Systems
Advantages of Linux
A short explanation of Architecture of operating system. In this slide i explain about monolithic OS , layer OS, microkernel OS and networked and distributed OS with their architecture.
It is a Unix like operating system.
It can run on 32 bit and 64 bit hardware.
Linux OS, is a freely distributable, cross-platform
Supports multiple processors.
True multi-tasking, multi-user OS.
Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System.
Portable - Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardwares in same way.Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.
Open Source - Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
Multi-User - Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
Multiprogramming - Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time.
Hierarchical File System - Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/ user files are arranged.
Shell - Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call application programs etc.
Security - Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.
A complete intoduction to Computer Software and Different types of Computer Software.
The Best ppt to any beginner to learn computer software.
thank you
Operating System is a collection of programs that handle many of technical details Related to using a computer. In many ways ,an operating system is most important type of computer program. Without it your computer would be useless.
Definition:-Operating system are program that manages resources, provide user interface, and run applications.
Functions Of Operating System
Features Of Operating Systems
Advantages of Linux
A short explanation of Architecture of operating system. In this slide i explain about monolithic OS , layer OS, microkernel OS and networked and distributed OS with their architecture.
It is a Unix like operating system.
It can run on 32 bit and 64 bit hardware.
Linux OS, is a freely distributable, cross-platform
Supports multiple processors.
True multi-tasking, multi-user OS.
Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System.
Portable - Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardwares in same way.Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.
Open Source - Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
Multi-User - Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
Multiprogramming - Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can run at same time.
Hierarchical File System - Linux provides a standard file structure in which system files/ user files are arranged.
Shell - Linux provides a special interpreter program which can be used to execute commands of the operating system. It can be used to do various types of operations, call application programs etc.
Security - Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection/ controlled access to specific files/ encryption of data.
A complete intoduction to Computer Software and Different types of Computer Software.
The Best ppt to any beginner to learn computer software.
thank you
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use by Mark John LadoMark John Lado, MIT
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use
More on https://www.markjohn.cf/courses
This course will deliberate on the basics of an operating system, which may include Computer Memory, the Operating System, its Graphical User Interface, The Windows Operating System, and Desktop, Operating System Installation.
Introduction to Operating Systems: Function, Evolution, Different Types, Desirable Characteristics and features of an O/S, Operating Systems Services: Types of Services, Different ways of providing these Services – Utility Programs, System Calls.
Embedded System,
Real Time Operating System Concept
Architecture of kernel
Task
Task States
Task scheduler
ISR
Semaphores
Mailbox
Message queues
Pipes
Events
Timers
Memory management
Introduction to Ucos II RTOS
Study of kernel structure of Ucos II
Synchronization in Ucos II
Inter-task communication in Ucos II
Memory management in Ucos II
Porting of RTOS.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. What is Operating System ?
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a
computer user and computer hardware. An operating system
is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices
such as disk drives and printers.
Functions of Operating System
1. Resource management.
When parallel accessing happens in the OS means when multiple
users are accessing the system the OS works as Resource manager ,
its responsibility is to provide hardware to user. It decrease load in
the system.
2. Process Management.
It includes various tasks like scheduling and termination of the
process. It is done with the help of CPU scheduling algorithms.
3. Storage management.
The file system mechanism used for management of the file storage.
NIFS,CFS,CIFS etc are some file system. All the data is stored in
various tracks of hard disks that are all managed by the storage
management. It included Hard disk.
4. Memory Management.
The operating system controls the primary memory or main memory.
Primary memory is a large array of bytes or words where each byte
or word is assigned a certain address. It is a fast storage, and it can
be accessed directly by the CPU which is present inside the system. If
2. a program wants to be executed, it should be first loaded in the main
memory.
5. Security or Privacy Management.
The operating system uses a password protection to protect user
data it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data,
but for external functionality we need to install malware software to
protect the system.
Components of computer System.
• Computer Users : - are the users who use the overall computer
system.
• Application Softwares :- are the softwares which users use directly
to perform different activities. These softwares are simple and easy
to use like Browsers, Word, Excel, different Editors, Games etc. These
are usually written in high- level languages, such as Python, Java and
C++.
• System Softwares: - are the softwares which are more complex in
nature and they are more near to computer hardware. These
software are usually written in low-level languages like assembly
language and includes Operating Systems (Microsoft Windows,
macOS, and Linux). Compiler, and Assembler etc.
Computer Hardware includes Monitor, Keyboard, CPU,
Disks, Memory, etc.
3. Types of Operating System
An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing files,
processes, and memory. Thus operating system acts as the manager
of all the resources, i.e. resource manager. Thus, the operating
system becomes an interface between user and machine.
Types of Operating Systems: Some widely
used operating systems are as follows-
1. Batch Operating System –
This type of operating system does not interact with the computer
directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the
same requirement and group them into batches. It is the
responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs.
Advantages of Batch Operating System:
1. It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job
to complete. Processors of the batch systems know how long
the job would be when it is in queue
2. Multiple users can share the batch systems
3. The idle time for the batch system is very less
4. It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
1. The computer operators should be well known with batch
systems
2. Batch systems are hard to debug
4. 3. It is sometimes costly
4. The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job
fails
5. Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System,
Bank Statements, etc.
2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems –
Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work
smoothly. Each user gets the time of CPU as they use a single system.
These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can
be from a single user or different users also. The time that each task
gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS
switches over to the next task.
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
1. Each task gets an equal opportunity
2. Fewer chances of duplication of software
3. CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
1. Reliability problem
2. One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user
programs and data
3. Data communication problem
4. Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix, etc.
5. 3. Distributed Operating System –
These types of the operating system is a recent advancement in the
world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over
the world and, that too, with a great pace. Various autonomous
interconnected computers communicate with each other using a
shared communication network. Independent systems possess their
own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled
systems or distributed systems. These system’s processors differ in
size and function. The major benefit of working with these types of
the operating system is that it is always possible that one user can
access the files or software which are not actually present on his
system but some other system connected within this network i.e.,
remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that
network.
Advantages of Distributed Operating System:
1. Failure of one will not affect the other network communication,
as all systems are independent from each other
2. Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
3. Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast
and durable Load on host computer reduces
4. These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily
added to the network
5. Delay in data processing reduces
6. Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:
1. Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication
2. To establish distributed systems the language which is used are
not well defined yet
3. These types of systems are not readily available as they are
very expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly
complex and not understood well yet
4. Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS, etc.
4. Network Operating System –
These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage
data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking
functions. These types of operating systems allow shared access of
files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions
over a small private network. One more important aspect of Network
Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the
underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their
individual connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are
popularly known as tightly coupled systems.
Advantages of Network Operating System:
1. Highly stable centralized servers
2. Security concerns are handled through servers
3. New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily
integrated into the system
4. Server access is possible remotely from different locations and
types of systems
7. Disadvantages of Network Operating System:
1. Servers are costly
2. User has to depend on a central location for most operations
3. Maintenance and updates are required regularly
4. Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft
Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX,
Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc.
5. Real-Time Operating System –
❖ These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval
required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This
time interval is called response time.
❖ Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements
that are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control
systems, robots, etc.
Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as follows:
Hard Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are meant for applications where time constraints are
very strict and even the shortest possible delay is not acceptable.
These systems are built for saving life like automatic parachutes or
airbags which are required to be readily available in case of any
accident. Virtual memory is rarely found in these systems.
8. Soft Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are for applications where for time-constraint is less strict.
Advantages of RTOS:
❖ Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and
system, thus more output from all the resources
❖ Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these
systems are very less. For example, in older systems, it takes
about 10 microseconds in shifting one task to another, and in
the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
❖ Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less
importance to applications which are in the queue.
❖ Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the
size of programs are small, RTOS can also be used in embedded
systems like in transport and others.
❖ Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
❖ Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in
these types of systems.
9. Disadvantages of RTOS:
➢ Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on few applications to avoid errors.
➢ Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources
are not so good and they are expensive as well.
➢ Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and
difficult for the designer to write on.
➢ Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device
drivers and interrupts signals to respond earliest to interrupts.
➢ Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these
systems are very less prone to switching tasks.
➢ Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are: Scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control
systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems,
etc.
10. Generations Of Operating system
❖The First Generation ( 1945 - 1955 ): Vacuum Tubes and
Plugboards
Digital computers were not constructed until the second
world war. Calculating engines with mechanical relays
were built at that time. However, the mechanical relays
were very slow and were later replaced with vacuum
tubes. These machines were enormous but were still
very slow.
❖The Second Generation ( 1955 - 1965 ): Transistors and
Batch Systems
Transistors led to the development of the computer
systems that could be manufactured and sold to paying
11. customers. These machines were known as mainframes
and were locked in air-conditioned computer rooms
with staff to operate them. The Batch System was
introduced to reduce the wasted time in the computer.
❖The Third Generation ( 1965 - 1980 ): Integrated
Circuits and Multiprogramming
The third generation operating systems also introduced
multiprogramming. This meant that the processor was not idle
while a job was completing its I/O operation. Another job was
scheduled on the processor so that its time would not be
wasted.
❖ The Fourth Generation ( 1980 - Present ): Personal
Computers
Personal Computers were easy to create with the development
of large-scale integrated circuits. These were chips containing
thousands of transistors on a square centimeter of silicon.
Because of these, microcomputers were much cheaper than
minicomputers and that made it possible for a single individual
to own one of them.
❖Multiprogramming OS :-
Is an ability of an operating system that executes more than
one program using a single processor machine. More than one
task or program or jobs are present inside the main memory at
one point of time. Buffering and spooling can overlap I/O and
CPU tasks to improve the system performance but it has some
12. limitations that a single user cannot always keep CPU or I/O
busy all the time.
Advantages
The advantages of multiprogramming operating system are as
follows −
➢ CPU utilization is high because the CPU is never goes to idle
state.
➢ Memory utilization is efficient.
➢ CPU throughput is high and also supports multiple interactive
user terminals.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of multiprogramming operating system are
as follows −
➢ CPU scheduling is compulsory because lots of jobs are ready to
run on CPU simultaneously.
➢ User is not able to interact with jobs when it is executing.
➢ Programmers also cannot modify a program that is being
executed.
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