SlideShare a Scribd company logo
What is Operating System ?
An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a
computer user and computer hardware. An operating system
is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices
such as disk drives and printers.
Functions of Operating System
1. Resource management.
When parallel accessing happens in the OS means when multiple
users are accessing the system the OS works as Resource manager ,
its responsibility is to provide hardware to user. It decrease load in
the system.
2. Process Management.
It includes various tasks like scheduling and termination of the
process. It is done with the help of CPU scheduling algorithms.
3. Storage management.
The file system mechanism used for management of the file storage.
NIFS,CFS,CIFS etc are some file system. All the data is stored in
various tracks of hard disks that are all managed by the storage
management. It included Hard disk.
4. Memory Management.
The operating system controls the primary memory or main memory.
Primary memory is a large array of bytes or words where each byte
or word is assigned a certain address. It is a fast storage, and it can
be accessed directly by the CPU which is present inside the system. If
a program wants to be executed, it should be first loaded in the main
memory.
5. Security or Privacy Management.
The operating system uses a password protection to protect user
data it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data,
but for external functionality we need to install malware software to
protect the system.
Components of computer System.
• Computer Users : - are the users who use the overall computer
system.
• Application Softwares :- are the softwares which users use directly
to perform different activities. These softwares are simple and easy
to use like Browsers, Word, Excel, different Editors, Games etc. These
are usually written in high- level languages, such as Python, Java and
C++.
• System Softwares: - are the softwares which are more complex in
nature and they are more near to computer hardware. These
software are usually written in low-level languages like assembly
language and includes Operating Systems (Microsoft Windows,
macOS, and Linux). Compiler, and Assembler etc.
Computer Hardware includes Monitor, Keyboard, CPU,
Disks, Memory, etc.
Types of Operating System
An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing files,
processes, and memory. Thus operating system acts as the manager
of all the resources, i.e. resource manager. Thus, the operating
system becomes an interface between user and machine.
Types of Operating Systems: Some widely
used operating systems are as follows-
1. Batch Operating System –
This type of operating system does not interact with the computer
directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the
same requirement and group them into batches. It is the
responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs.
Advantages of Batch Operating System:
1. It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job
to complete. Processors of the batch systems know how long
the job would be when it is in queue
2. Multiple users can share the batch systems
3. The idle time for the batch system is very less
4. It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
1. The computer operators should be well known with batch
systems
2. Batch systems are hard to debug
3. It is sometimes costly
4. The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job
fails
5. Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System,
Bank Statements, etc.
2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems –
Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work
smoothly. Each user gets the time of CPU as they use a single system.
These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can
be from a single user or different users also. The time that each task
gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS
switches over to the next task.
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
1. Each task gets an equal opportunity
2. Fewer chances of duplication of software
3. CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
1. Reliability problem
2. One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user
programs and data
3. Data communication problem
4. Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix, etc.
3. Distributed Operating System –
These types of the operating system is a recent advancement in the
world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over
the world and, that too, with a great pace. Various autonomous
interconnected computers communicate with each other using a
shared communication network. Independent systems possess their
own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled
systems or distributed systems. These system’s processors differ in
size and function. The major benefit of working with these types of
the operating system is that it is always possible that one user can
access the files or software which are not actually present on his
system but some other system connected within this network i.e.,
remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that
network.
Advantages of Distributed Operating System:
1. Failure of one will not affect the other network communication,
as all systems are independent from each other
2. Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
3. Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast
and durable Load on host computer reduces
4. These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily
added to the network
5. Delay in data processing reduces
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:
1. Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication
2. To establish distributed systems the language which is used are
not well defined yet
3. These types of systems are not readily available as they are
very expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly
complex and not understood well yet
4. Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS, etc.
4. Network Operating System –
These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage
data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking
functions. These types of operating systems allow shared access of
files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions
over a small private network. One more important aspect of Network
Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the
underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their
individual connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are
popularly known as tightly coupled systems.
Advantages of Network Operating System:
1. Highly stable centralized servers
2. Security concerns are handled through servers
3. New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily
integrated into the system
4. Server access is possible remotely from different locations and
types of systems
Disadvantages of Network Operating System:
1. Servers are costly
2. User has to depend on a central location for most operations
3. Maintenance and updates are required regularly
4. Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft
Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX,
Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc.
5. Real-Time Operating System –
❖ These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval
required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This
time interval is called response time.
❖ Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements
that are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control
systems, robots, etc.
Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as follows:
Hard Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are meant for applications where time constraints are
very strict and even the shortest possible delay is not acceptable.
These systems are built for saving life like automatic parachutes or
airbags which are required to be readily available in case of any
accident. Virtual memory is rarely found in these systems.
Soft Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are for applications where for time-constraint is less strict.
Advantages of RTOS:
❖ Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and
system, thus more output from all the resources
❖ Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these
systems are very less. For example, in older systems, it takes
about 10 microseconds in shifting one task to another, and in
the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds.
❖ Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less
importance to applications which are in the queue.
❖ Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the
size of programs are small, RTOS can also be used in embedded
systems like in transport and others.
❖ Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
❖ Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in
these types of systems.
Disadvantages of RTOS:
➢ Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their
concentration is very less on few applications to avoid errors.
➢ Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources
are not so good and they are expensive as well.
➢ Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and
difficult for the designer to write on.
➢ Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device
drivers and interrupts signals to respond earliest to interrupts.
➢ Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these
systems are very less prone to switching tasks.
➢ Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are: Scientific
experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control
systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems,
etc.
Generations Of Operating system
❖The First Generation ( 1945 - 1955 ): Vacuum Tubes and
Plugboards
Digital computers were not constructed until the second
world war. Calculating engines with mechanical relays
were built at that time. However, the mechanical relays
were very slow and were later replaced with vacuum
tubes. These machines were enormous but were still
very slow.
❖The Second Generation ( 1955 - 1965 ): Transistors and
Batch Systems
Transistors led to the development of the computer
systems that could be manufactured and sold to paying
customers. These machines were known as mainframes
and were locked in air-conditioned computer rooms
with staff to operate them. The Batch System was
introduced to reduce the wasted time in the computer.
❖The Third Generation ( 1965 - 1980 ): Integrated
Circuits and Multiprogramming
The third generation operating systems also introduced
multiprogramming. This meant that the processor was not idle
while a job was completing its I/O operation. Another job was
scheduled on the processor so that its time would not be
wasted.
❖ The Fourth Generation ( 1980 - Present ): Personal
Computers
Personal Computers were easy to create with the development
of large-scale integrated circuits. These were chips containing
thousands of transistors on a square centimeter of silicon.
Because of these, microcomputers were much cheaper than
minicomputers and that made it possible for a single individual
to own one of them.
❖Multiprogramming OS :-
Is an ability of an operating system that executes more than
one program using a single processor machine. More than one
task or program or jobs are present inside the main memory at
one point of time. Buffering and spooling can overlap I/O and
CPU tasks to improve the system performance but it has some
limitations that a single user cannot always keep CPU or I/O
busy all the time.
Advantages
The advantages of multiprogramming operating system are as
follows −
➢ CPU utilization is high because the CPU is never goes to idle
state.
➢ Memory utilization is efficient.
➢ CPU throughput is high and also supports multiple interactive
user terminals.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of multiprogramming operating system are
as follows −
➢ CPU scheduling is compulsory because lots of jobs are ready to
run on CPU simultaneously.
➢ User is not able to interact with jobs when it is executing.
➢ Programmers also cannot modify a program that is being
executed.
READ MORE

More Related Content

What's hot

ANTIVIRUS AND VIRUS Powerpoint presentation
ANTIVIRUS AND VIRUS Powerpoint presentationANTIVIRUS AND VIRUS Powerpoint presentation
ANTIVIRUS AND VIRUS Powerpoint presentation
abhijit chintamani
 
Computer viruses and antiviruses PPT
Computer viruses and antiviruses PPTComputer viruses and antiviruses PPT
Computer viruses and antiviruses PPT
Eva Harshita
 
Operating System PPT
Operating System PPTOperating System PPT
Operating System PPT
Rajneesh Chaubey
 
Introduction to Operating Systems
Introduction to Operating SystemsIntroduction to Operating Systems
Introduction to Operating Systems
Mukesh Chinta
 
Basics of Operating System
Basics of Operating SystemBasics of Operating System
Basics of Operating System
Soumit Ghosh
 
Types of software
Types of softwareTypes of software
Types of softwarelatifah2001
 
Operating system and its types
Operating system and its types Operating system and its types
Operating system and its types
vimal kumar arora
 
Computer & it's components
Computer & it's componentsComputer & it's components
Computer & it's components
luckygamer
 
Operating system architecture
Operating system architectureOperating system architecture
Operating system architecture
Sabin dumre
 
Operating System BCA 301
Operating System BCA 301Operating System BCA 301
Operating System BCA 301
cpjcollege
 
Operating system.ppt (1)
Operating system.ppt (1)Operating system.ppt (1)
Operating system.ppt (1)Vaibhav Bajaj
 
Types of Operating System
Types of Operating SystemTypes of Operating System
Types of Operating System
Hemant Raj
 
different types of computers
different types of computersdifferent types of computers
different types of computers
preetikapri1
 
Linux operating system - Overview
Linux operating system - OverviewLinux operating system - Overview
Linux operating system - Overview
Ashita Agrawal
 
DOS commands
DOS commandsDOS commands
DOS commands
preetikapri1
 
How Computer Viruses Work
How Computer Viruses WorkHow Computer Viruses Work
How Computer Viruses WorkCerise Anderson
 
Computer Software & It's types.
Computer Software &  It's types.Computer Software &  It's types.
Computer Software & It's types.
Mohit Dhankher
 
OPERATING SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERGENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
Rajat More
 

What's hot (20)

ANTIVIRUS AND VIRUS Powerpoint presentation
ANTIVIRUS AND VIRUS Powerpoint presentationANTIVIRUS AND VIRUS Powerpoint presentation
ANTIVIRUS AND VIRUS Powerpoint presentation
 
Computer viruses and antiviruses PPT
Computer viruses and antiviruses PPTComputer viruses and antiviruses PPT
Computer viruses and antiviruses PPT
 
Operating System PPT
Operating System PPTOperating System PPT
Operating System PPT
 
Introduction to Operating Systems
Introduction to Operating SystemsIntroduction to Operating Systems
Introduction to Operating Systems
 
Basics of Operating System
Basics of Operating SystemBasics of Operating System
Basics of Operating System
 
Types of software
Types of softwareTypes of software
Types of software
 
Operating system and its types
Operating system and its types Operating system and its types
Operating system and its types
 
Computer & it's components
Computer & it's componentsComputer & it's components
Computer & it's components
 
Operating system architecture
Operating system architectureOperating system architecture
Operating system architecture
 
Operating System BCA 301
Operating System BCA 301Operating System BCA 301
Operating System BCA 301
 
Operating system.ppt (1)
Operating system.ppt (1)Operating system.ppt (1)
Operating system.ppt (1)
 
Types of Operating System
Types of Operating SystemTypes of Operating System
Types of Operating System
 
different types of computers
different types of computersdifferent types of computers
different types of computers
 
Linux operating system - Overview
Linux operating system - OverviewLinux operating system - Overview
Linux operating system - Overview
 
DOS commands
DOS commandsDOS commands
DOS commands
 
How Computer Viruses Work
How Computer Viruses WorkHow Computer Viruses Work
How Computer Viruses Work
 
Computer Software & It's types.
Computer Software &  It's types.Computer Software &  It's types.
Computer Software & It's types.
 
OPERATING SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM
OPERATING SYSTEM
 
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERGENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER
 
Storage
StorageStorage
Storage
 

Similar to OPERATING SYSTEM.pdf

Operating System
Operating SystemOperating System
Operating System
A. S. M. Shafi
 
Demo.pptx
Demo.pptxDemo.pptx
Demo.pptx
Baswamy Cse
 
OS.pptx
OS.pptxOS.pptx
OS.pptx
NG911
 
CS197OSTYPES.pdf
CS197OSTYPES.pdfCS197OSTYPES.pdf
CS197OSTYPES.pdf
Omid695066
 
Platform Technologies Report (1).pptx
Platform Technologies Report (1).pptxPlatform Technologies Report (1).pptx
Platform Technologies Report (1).pptx
BeviljeanCharcos
 
Classifications of OS.pptx
Classifications of OS.pptxClassifications of OS.pptx
Classifications of OS.pptx
Balamurugan M
 
OS introduction.pptx
OS introduction.pptxOS introduction.pptx
OS introduction.pptx
DivyaKS18
 
Operating System-adi.pdf
Operating System-adi.pdfOperating System-adi.pdf
Operating System-adi.pdf
Prof. Dr. K. Adisesha
 
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use by Mark John Lado
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use by Mark John Lado4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use by Mark John Lado
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use by Mark John Lado
Mark John Lado, MIT
 
OperatingSystemFeature.pptx
OperatingSystemFeature.pptxOperatingSystemFeature.pptx
OperatingSystemFeature.pptx
CharuJain396881
 
Unit 1_Operating system
Unit 1_Operating system Unit 1_Operating system
Unit 1_Operating system
JayeshGadhave1
 
Introduction to Operating Systems
Introduction to Operating SystemsIntroduction to Operating Systems
Introduction to Operating Systems
Shweta Shah
 
Unit 4 Real Time Operating System
Unit 4 Real Time Operating SystemUnit 4 Real Time Operating System
Unit 4 Real Time Operating System
Dr. Pankaj Zope
 
Operating System Simple Introduction
Operating System Simple IntroductionOperating System Simple Introduction
Operating System Simple Introduction
Diwash Sapkota
 
Operating System Introduction
Operating System IntroductionOperating System Introduction
Operating System Introduction
dipaknandankar
 
Sak os
Sak osSak os
Sak os
shwethakori
 
Os unit i
Os unit iOs unit i
Os unit i
SandhyaTatekalva
 
Ch1 - OS.pdf
Ch1 - OS.pdfCh1 - OS.pdf
Ch1 - OS.pdf
OmarKamil1
 
Unit I OS.pdf
Unit I OS.pdfUnit I OS.pdf
Unit I OS.pdf
UmaYadav45
 
Unit 1 q&a
Unit  1 q&aUnit  1 q&a

Similar to OPERATING SYSTEM.pdf (20)

Operating System
Operating SystemOperating System
Operating System
 
Demo.pptx
Demo.pptxDemo.pptx
Demo.pptx
 
OS.pptx
OS.pptxOS.pptx
OS.pptx
 
CS197OSTYPES.pdf
CS197OSTYPES.pdfCS197OSTYPES.pdf
CS197OSTYPES.pdf
 
Platform Technologies Report (1).pptx
Platform Technologies Report (1).pptxPlatform Technologies Report (1).pptx
Platform Technologies Report (1).pptx
 
Classifications of OS.pptx
Classifications of OS.pptxClassifications of OS.pptx
Classifications of OS.pptx
 
OS introduction.pptx
OS introduction.pptxOS introduction.pptx
OS introduction.pptx
 
Operating System-adi.pdf
Operating System-adi.pdfOperating System-adi.pdf
Operating System-adi.pdf
 
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use by Mark John Lado
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use by Mark John Lado4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use by Mark John Lado
4 Module - Operating Systems Configuration and Use by Mark John Lado
 
OperatingSystemFeature.pptx
OperatingSystemFeature.pptxOperatingSystemFeature.pptx
OperatingSystemFeature.pptx
 
Unit 1_Operating system
Unit 1_Operating system Unit 1_Operating system
Unit 1_Operating system
 
Introduction to Operating Systems
Introduction to Operating SystemsIntroduction to Operating Systems
Introduction to Operating Systems
 
Unit 4 Real Time Operating System
Unit 4 Real Time Operating SystemUnit 4 Real Time Operating System
Unit 4 Real Time Operating System
 
Operating System Simple Introduction
Operating System Simple IntroductionOperating System Simple Introduction
Operating System Simple Introduction
 
Operating System Introduction
Operating System IntroductionOperating System Introduction
Operating System Introduction
 
Sak os
Sak osSak os
Sak os
 
Os unit i
Os unit iOs unit i
Os unit i
 
Ch1 - OS.pdf
Ch1 - OS.pdfCh1 - OS.pdf
Ch1 - OS.pdf
 
Unit I OS.pdf
Unit I OS.pdfUnit I OS.pdf
Unit I OS.pdf
 
Unit 1 q&a
Unit  1 q&aUnit  1 q&a
Unit 1 q&a
 

Recently uploaded

ASME IX(9) 2007 Full Version .pdf
ASME IX(9)  2007 Full Version       .pdfASME IX(9)  2007 Full Version       .pdf
ASME IX(9) 2007 Full Version .pdf
AhmedHussein950959
 
Halogenation process of chemical process industries
Halogenation process of chemical process industriesHalogenation process of chemical process industries
Halogenation process of chemical process industries
MuhammadTufail242431
 
Courier management system project report.pdf
Courier management system project report.pdfCourier management system project report.pdf
Courier management system project report.pdf
Kamal Acharya
 
Nuclear Power Economics and Structuring 2024
Nuclear Power Economics and Structuring 2024Nuclear Power Economics and Structuring 2024
Nuclear Power Economics and Structuring 2024
Massimo Talia
 
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary AttacksImmunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
gerogepatton
 
Standard Reomte Control Interface - Neometrix
Standard Reomte Control Interface - NeometrixStandard Reomte Control Interface - Neometrix
Standard Reomte Control Interface - Neometrix
Neometrix_Engineering_Pvt_Ltd
 
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdfGen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
gdsczhcet
 
Railway Signalling Principles Edition 3.pdf
Railway Signalling Principles Edition 3.pdfRailway Signalling Principles Edition 3.pdf
Railway Signalling Principles Edition 3.pdf
TeeVichai
 
WATER CRISIS and its solutions-pptx 1234
WATER CRISIS and its solutions-pptx 1234WATER CRISIS and its solutions-pptx 1234
WATER CRISIS and its solutions-pptx 1234
AafreenAbuthahir2
 
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
MdTanvirMahtab2
 
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdfTop 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
Teleport Manpower Consultant
 
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
block diagram and signal flow graph representationblock diagram and signal flow graph representation
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
Divya Somashekar
 
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdf
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfAutomobile Management System Project Report.pdf
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdf
Kamal Acharya
 
ethical hacking-mobile hacking methods.ppt
ethical hacking-mobile hacking methods.pptethical hacking-mobile hacking methods.ppt
ethical hacking-mobile hacking methods.ppt
Jayaprasanna4
 
weather web application report.pdf
weather web application report.pdfweather web application report.pdf
weather web application report.pdf
Pratik Pawar
 
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella Parts
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsForklift Classes Overview by Intella Parts
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella Parts
Intella Parts
 
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSE
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL   GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSETECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL   GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSE
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSE
DuvanRamosGarzon1
 
The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair.pdf
The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair.pdfThe Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair.pdf
The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair.pdf
Pipe Restoration Solutions
 
HYDROPOWER - Hydroelectric power generation
HYDROPOWER - Hydroelectric power generationHYDROPOWER - Hydroelectric power generation
HYDROPOWER - Hydroelectric power generation
Robbie Edward Sayers
 
DESIGN A COTTON SEED SEPARATION MACHINE.docx
DESIGN A COTTON SEED SEPARATION MACHINE.docxDESIGN A COTTON SEED SEPARATION MACHINE.docx
DESIGN A COTTON SEED SEPARATION MACHINE.docx
FluxPrime1
 

Recently uploaded (20)

ASME IX(9) 2007 Full Version .pdf
ASME IX(9)  2007 Full Version       .pdfASME IX(9)  2007 Full Version       .pdf
ASME IX(9) 2007 Full Version .pdf
 
Halogenation process of chemical process industries
Halogenation process of chemical process industriesHalogenation process of chemical process industries
Halogenation process of chemical process industries
 
Courier management system project report.pdf
Courier management system project report.pdfCourier management system project report.pdf
Courier management system project report.pdf
 
Nuclear Power Economics and Structuring 2024
Nuclear Power Economics and Structuring 2024Nuclear Power Economics and Structuring 2024
Nuclear Power Economics and Structuring 2024
 
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary AttacksImmunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
 
Standard Reomte Control Interface - Neometrix
Standard Reomte Control Interface - NeometrixStandard Reomte Control Interface - Neometrix
Standard Reomte Control Interface - Neometrix
 
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdfGen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
Gen AI Study Jams _ For the GDSC Leads in India.pdf
 
Railway Signalling Principles Edition 3.pdf
Railway Signalling Principles Edition 3.pdfRailway Signalling Principles Edition 3.pdf
Railway Signalling Principles Edition 3.pdf
 
WATER CRISIS and its solutions-pptx 1234
WATER CRISIS and its solutions-pptx 1234WATER CRISIS and its solutions-pptx 1234
WATER CRISIS and its solutions-pptx 1234
 
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
 
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdfTop 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
Top 10 Oil and Gas Projects in Saudi Arabia 2024.pdf
 
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
block diagram and signal flow graph representationblock diagram and signal flow graph representation
block diagram and signal flow graph representation
 
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdf
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfAutomobile Management System Project Report.pdf
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdf
 
ethical hacking-mobile hacking methods.ppt
ethical hacking-mobile hacking methods.pptethical hacking-mobile hacking methods.ppt
ethical hacking-mobile hacking methods.ppt
 
weather web application report.pdf
weather web application report.pdfweather web application report.pdf
weather web application report.pdf
 
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella Parts
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsForklift Classes Overview by Intella Parts
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella Parts
 
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSE
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL   GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSETECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL   GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSE
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSE
 
The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair.pdf
The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair.pdfThe Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair.pdf
The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair.pdf
 
HYDROPOWER - Hydroelectric power generation
HYDROPOWER - Hydroelectric power generationHYDROPOWER - Hydroelectric power generation
HYDROPOWER - Hydroelectric power generation
 
DESIGN A COTTON SEED SEPARATION MACHINE.docx
DESIGN A COTTON SEED SEPARATION MACHINE.docxDESIGN A COTTON SEED SEPARATION MACHINE.docx
DESIGN A COTTON SEED SEPARATION MACHINE.docx
 

OPERATING SYSTEM.pdf

  • 1. What is Operating System ? An Operating System (OS) is an interface between a computer user and computer hardware. An operating system is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file management, memory management, process management, handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. Functions of Operating System 1. Resource management. When parallel accessing happens in the OS means when multiple users are accessing the system the OS works as Resource manager , its responsibility is to provide hardware to user. It decrease load in the system. 2. Process Management. It includes various tasks like scheduling and termination of the process. It is done with the help of CPU scheduling algorithms. 3. Storage management. The file system mechanism used for management of the file storage. NIFS,CFS,CIFS etc are some file system. All the data is stored in various tracks of hard disks that are all managed by the storage management. It included Hard disk. 4. Memory Management. The operating system controls the primary memory or main memory. Primary memory is a large array of bytes or words where each byte or word is assigned a certain address. It is a fast storage, and it can be accessed directly by the CPU which is present inside the system. If
  • 2. a program wants to be executed, it should be first loaded in the main memory. 5. Security or Privacy Management. The operating system uses a password protection to protect user data it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data, but for external functionality we need to install malware software to protect the system. Components of computer System. • Computer Users : - are the users who use the overall computer system. • Application Softwares :- are the softwares which users use directly to perform different activities. These softwares are simple and easy to use like Browsers, Word, Excel, different Editors, Games etc. These are usually written in high- level languages, such as Python, Java and C++. • System Softwares: - are the softwares which are more complex in nature and they are more near to computer hardware. These software are usually written in low-level languages like assembly language and includes Operating Systems (Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux). Compiler, and Assembler etc. Computer Hardware includes Monitor, Keyboard, CPU, Disks, Memory, etc.
  • 3. Types of Operating System An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing files, processes, and memory. Thus operating system acts as the manager of all the resources, i.e. resource manager. Thus, the operating system becomes an interface between user and machine. Types of Operating Systems: Some widely used operating systems are as follows- 1. Batch Operating System – This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same requirement and group them into batches. It is the responsibility of the operator to sort jobs with similar needs. Advantages of Batch Operating System: 1. It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job to complete. Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would be when it is in queue 2. Multiple users can share the batch systems 3. The idle time for the batch system is very less 4. It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems Disadvantages of Batch Operating System: 1. The computer operators should be well known with batch systems 2. Batch systems are hard to debug
  • 4. 3. It is sometimes costly 4. The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails 5. Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System, Bank Statements, etc. 2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems – Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each user gets the time of CPU as they use a single system. These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be from a single user or different users also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches over to the next task. Advantages of Time-Sharing OS: 1. Each task gets an equal opportunity 2. Fewer chances of duplication of software 3. CPU idle time can be reduced Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS: 1. Reliability problem 2. One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs and data 3. Data communication problem 4. Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix, etc.
  • 5. 3. Distributed Operating System – These types of the operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the world and, that too, with a great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess their own memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled systems or distributed systems. These system’s processors differ in size and function. The major benefit of working with these types of the operating system is that it is always possible that one user can access the files or software which are not actually present on his system but some other system connected within this network i.e., remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that network. Advantages of Distributed Operating System: 1. Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems are independent from each other 2. Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed 3. Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable Load on host computer reduces 4. These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the network 5. Delay in data processing reduces
  • 6. Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System: 1. Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication 2. To establish distributed systems the language which is used are not well defined yet 3. These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive. Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood well yet 4. Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS, etc. 4. Network Operating System – These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking functions. These types of operating systems allow shared access of files, printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a small private network. One more important aspect of Network Operating Systems is that all the users are well aware of the underlying configuration, of all other users within the network, their individual connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly known as tightly coupled systems. Advantages of Network Operating System: 1. Highly stable centralized servers 2. Security concerns are handled through servers 3. New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the system 4. Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of systems
  • 7. Disadvantages of Network Operating System: 1. Servers are costly 2. User has to depend on a central location for most operations 3. Maintenance and updates are required regularly 4. Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft Windows Server 2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell NetWare, and BSD, etc. 5. Real-Time Operating System – ❖ These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is called response time. ❖ Real-time systems are used when there are time requirements that are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control systems, robots, etc. Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as follows: Hard Real-Time Systems: These OSs are meant for applications where time constraints are very strict and even the shortest possible delay is not acceptable. These systems are built for saving life like automatic parachutes or airbags which are required to be readily available in case of any accident. Virtual memory is rarely found in these systems.
  • 8. Soft Real-Time Systems: These OSs are for applications where for time-constraint is less strict. Advantages of RTOS: ❖ Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system, thus more output from all the resources ❖ Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very less. For example, in older systems, it takes about 10 microseconds in shifting one task to another, and in the latest systems, it takes 3 microseconds. ❖ Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance to applications which are in the queue. ❖ Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the size of programs are small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and others. ❖ Error Free: These types of systems are error-free. ❖ Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these types of systems.
  • 9. Disadvantages of RTOS: ➢ Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration is very less on few applications to avoid errors. ➢ Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so good and they are expensive as well. ➢ Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the designer to write on. ➢ Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and interrupts signals to respond earliest to interrupts. ➢ Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are very less prone to switching tasks. ➢ Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are: Scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic control systems, etc.
  • 10. Generations Of Operating system ❖The First Generation ( 1945 - 1955 ): Vacuum Tubes and Plugboards Digital computers were not constructed until the second world war. Calculating engines with mechanical relays were built at that time. However, the mechanical relays were very slow and were later replaced with vacuum tubes. These machines were enormous but were still very slow. ❖The Second Generation ( 1955 - 1965 ): Transistors and Batch Systems Transistors led to the development of the computer systems that could be manufactured and sold to paying
  • 11. customers. These machines were known as mainframes and were locked in air-conditioned computer rooms with staff to operate them. The Batch System was introduced to reduce the wasted time in the computer. ❖The Third Generation ( 1965 - 1980 ): Integrated Circuits and Multiprogramming The third generation operating systems also introduced multiprogramming. This meant that the processor was not idle while a job was completing its I/O operation. Another job was scheduled on the processor so that its time would not be wasted. ❖ The Fourth Generation ( 1980 - Present ): Personal Computers Personal Computers were easy to create with the development of large-scale integrated circuits. These were chips containing thousands of transistors on a square centimeter of silicon. Because of these, microcomputers were much cheaper than minicomputers and that made it possible for a single individual to own one of them. ❖Multiprogramming OS :- Is an ability of an operating system that executes more than one program using a single processor machine. More than one task or program or jobs are present inside the main memory at one point of time. Buffering and spooling can overlap I/O and CPU tasks to improve the system performance but it has some
  • 12. limitations that a single user cannot always keep CPU or I/O busy all the time. Advantages The advantages of multiprogramming operating system are as follows − ➢ CPU utilization is high because the CPU is never goes to idle state. ➢ Memory utilization is efficient. ➢ CPU throughput is high and also supports multiple interactive user terminals. Disadvantages The disadvantages of multiprogramming operating system are as follows − ➢ CPU scheduling is compulsory because lots of jobs are ready to run on CPU simultaneously. ➢ User is not able to interact with jobs when it is executing. ➢ Programmers also cannot modify a program that is being executed. READ MORE