The document summarizes an OpenStack meetup agenda that included updates on OpenStack and a presentation on OpenStack Orchestration (Heat). The OpenStack updates section mentioned several companies joining or collaborating with the OpenStack foundation. The OpenStack Orchestration section provided an overview of the Heat project, its components, template structure using HOT or CFN, resource types, and major Heat releases. It concluded with resources for learning more about Heat.
"Cooking with Heat" is an introduction to Heat and how to get started integrating OpenStack's infrastructure orchestration into your cloud applications. Presented by Eric Williams for DevOps Exchange London, February 2015
Orchestration across multiple cloud platforms using HeatCoreStack
Heat allows the user to set up HOT templates that describe the dependencies and the flow of the infrastructure resources that should be deployed to meet specific use case requirements. The Heat engine understands the order it needs to orchestrate the execution of the flow defined in the template.
Apart from Orchestrating the template execution on one OpenStack platform we can make HEAT orchestrate across multiple cloud platforms by extending HEAT plug-ins. There are many use cases that can be realized using this approach such as Cloud Bursting which involves provisioning & shifting of workload between environments and Catalog based approach for templates to orchestrate across multi-cloud environment.
It covers the following,
Heat plugin architecture for orchestrating other clouds
Dynamic Authentication for other cloud platforms
Managing centralized Heat template repository with indexing and search
Heat is the main project in the OpenStack Orchestration program. It implements an orchestration engine to launch multiple composite cloud applications based on templates in the form of text files that can be treated like code. A native Heat template format is evolving, but Heat also endeavours to provide compatibility with the AWS CloudFormation template format, so that many existing CloudFormation templates can be launched on OpenStack. Heat provides both an OpenStack-native ReST API and a CloudFormation-compatible Query API.
"Cooking with Heat" is an introduction to Heat and how to get started integrating OpenStack's infrastructure orchestration into your cloud applications. Presented by Eric Williams for DevOps Exchange London, February 2015
Orchestration across multiple cloud platforms using HeatCoreStack
Heat allows the user to set up HOT templates that describe the dependencies and the flow of the infrastructure resources that should be deployed to meet specific use case requirements. The Heat engine understands the order it needs to orchestrate the execution of the flow defined in the template.
Apart from Orchestrating the template execution on one OpenStack platform we can make HEAT orchestrate across multiple cloud platforms by extending HEAT plug-ins. There are many use cases that can be realized using this approach such as Cloud Bursting which involves provisioning & shifting of workload between environments and Catalog based approach for templates to orchestrate across multi-cloud environment.
It covers the following,
Heat plugin architecture for orchestrating other clouds
Dynamic Authentication for other cloud platforms
Managing centralized Heat template repository with indexing and search
Heat is the main project in the OpenStack Orchestration program. It implements an orchestration engine to launch multiple composite cloud applications based on templates in the form of text files that can be treated like code. A native Heat template format is evolving, but Heat also endeavours to provide compatibility with the AWS CloudFormation template format, so that many existing CloudFormation templates can be launched on OpenStack. Heat provides both an OpenStack-native ReST API and a CloudFormation-compatible Query API.
Eric Williams (Rackspace) - Using Heat on OpenStackOutlyer
Rackspace talk about how software defined infrastructure is done on their Rackspace cloud. If you're running OpenStack then this is a great way to learn how to take automation to the next level.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY-yNymyiIA
Join DevOps Exchange London here: http://www.meetup.com/DevOps-Exchange-London
Follow DOXLON on twitter http://www.twitter.com/doxlon
Autoscaling OpenStack Natively with Heat, Ceilometer and LBaaSShixiong Shang
Autoscaling OpenStack Natively with Heat, Ceilometer and LBaaS workshop I delivered at OpenStack Vancouver Summit (May, 2015) jointly with Jason and Sharmin from Cisco System.
More details can be found at https://github.com/grimmtheory/autoscale
Automating Application over OpenStack using WorkflowsYaron Parasol
OpenStack Heat is gaining momentum as a DevOps tool to orchestrate the creation of OpenStack cloud environments. Heat is based on a DSL describing simple orchestration of cloud objects, but lacks better representation of the middleware and the application components as well as more complex deployment and post-deployment orchestration workflows. The Heat community has started discussing a higher level DSL that will support not just infrastructure components.
This session will present a further extended suggestion for a DSL based on the TOSCA specification, which covers broader aspects of an application behavior and deployment such as the installation, configuration management, continuous deployment, auto-healing and scaling. We will also share some of our thoughts on how this DSL can interface with native OpenStack projects, such as Heat, Keystone and Ceilometer.
Presentation of Ceilometer (OpenStack Telemetry) new features in OpenStack Havana and a look at the features coming in IceHouse. Joint presentation done with Julien Danjou at the OpenStack In Action 4 (Dec 5th 2013)
Ceilometer is a tool that collects usage and performance data, while Heat orchestrates complex deployments on top of OpenStack. Heat aims to autoscale its deployments, scaling up when they're running hot and scaling back when idle.
Ceilometer can access decisive data and trigger the appropriate actions in Heat. The result of these two OpenStack projects meeting is value creation in the form of an alarming API in Ceilometer and its consumption in Heat.
Slides presented at the Fall OpenStack Design Summit in Hong Kong
Paul Angus (ShapeBlue) - Push infrastructure with Ansible #DOXLONOutlyer
Ansible is one of the new breed of tools that encompasses configuration management, orchestration and software defined infrastructure. Find out how many companies are spinning up entire environments from source code including vm's, networks, dns, firewalls, load balancers etc.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unPVe2pcego
Join DevOps Exchange London here: http://www.meetup.com/DevOps-Exchange-London
Follow DOXLON on twitter http://www.twitter.com/doxlon
Must Know Azure Kubernetes Best Practices And Features For Better Resiliency ...CodeOps Technologies LLP
Running day-1 Ops on your Kubernetes is somewhat easy, but it is quite daunting to manage day two challenges. Learn about AKS best practices for your cloud-native applications so that you can avoid blow up your workloads.
Watcher, a Resource Manager for OpenStack: Plans for the N-release and BeyondAntoine Cabot
Watcher is an open source software package which provides a flexible and scalable resource optimization service for multi-tenant OpenStack-based clouds.
Watcher provides a complete optimization loop—including everything from a metrics receiver, optimization processor and an action plan applier. This provides a robust framework to realize a wide range of cloud optimization goals, including the reduction of data center operating costs, increased system performance via intelligent virtual machine migration,increased energy efficiency, etc.
The overall goal is that OpenStack-based clouds equipped with Watcher will decrease their Total Cost of Ownership by way of more efficient use of their infrastructure through targeted optimizations and close-loop automation.
In this presentation we will go over the state of Watcher as it is today, its architecture, the team’s accomplishments for the Mitaka release and our plans for the N-release and beyond.
Espresso Logic builds and runs RESTful servers for SQL databases, with advanced support for security at the row/column level, and business logic by JavaScript events and Reactive Programming.
Dans ce document vous trouverez les dernières améliorations faites sur OpenStack et comment certaines technologies Intel dopent la performance et la sécurité de l'environnement Cloud. Quelques exemple avec :
Comment créer des "pool" de VM sécurisées avec possibilité de géo tagging (technologies Intel présentent dans les serveurs HP, DELL, IBM… + Folsom, Nova, Horizon, Open Attestation)
Comment doper la sécurité du nouveau module de gestion des clés d'OpenStack (technologies Intel + Barbican)
Comment benchmarker le stockage object Swift avec COSBench (qui supporte maintenant Ceph, S3 et Amplidata)
Auteurs:
Girish Gopal - Strategic Planning, Intel Corporation
Malini Bhandaru - Security Architect, Intel Corporation
Introduction to Open stack - An Overview SpringPeople
OpenStack is a free & open-source software platform for cloud computing, mostly deployed as an IaaS. In this Slide, we will cover:
- Evolution of Openstack
- Cloud, its types and advantages
- Importance and overview of Openstack
- Openstack course syllabus
Eric Williams (Rackspace) - Using Heat on OpenStackOutlyer
Rackspace talk about how software defined infrastructure is done on their Rackspace cloud. If you're running OpenStack then this is a great way to learn how to take automation to the next level.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY-yNymyiIA
Join DevOps Exchange London here: http://www.meetup.com/DevOps-Exchange-London
Follow DOXLON on twitter http://www.twitter.com/doxlon
Autoscaling OpenStack Natively with Heat, Ceilometer and LBaaSShixiong Shang
Autoscaling OpenStack Natively with Heat, Ceilometer and LBaaS workshop I delivered at OpenStack Vancouver Summit (May, 2015) jointly with Jason and Sharmin from Cisco System.
More details can be found at https://github.com/grimmtheory/autoscale
Automating Application over OpenStack using WorkflowsYaron Parasol
OpenStack Heat is gaining momentum as a DevOps tool to orchestrate the creation of OpenStack cloud environments. Heat is based on a DSL describing simple orchestration of cloud objects, but lacks better representation of the middleware and the application components as well as more complex deployment and post-deployment orchestration workflows. The Heat community has started discussing a higher level DSL that will support not just infrastructure components.
This session will present a further extended suggestion for a DSL based on the TOSCA specification, which covers broader aspects of an application behavior and deployment such as the installation, configuration management, continuous deployment, auto-healing and scaling. We will also share some of our thoughts on how this DSL can interface with native OpenStack projects, such as Heat, Keystone and Ceilometer.
Presentation of Ceilometer (OpenStack Telemetry) new features in OpenStack Havana and a look at the features coming in IceHouse. Joint presentation done with Julien Danjou at the OpenStack In Action 4 (Dec 5th 2013)
Ceilometer is a tool that collects usage and performance data, while Heat orchestrates complex deployments on top of OpenStack. Heat aims to autoscale its deployments, scaling up when they're running hot and scaling back when idle.
Ceilometer can access decisive data and trigger the appropriate actions in Heat. The result of these two OpenStack projects meeting is value creation in the form of an alarming API in Ceilometer and its consumption in Heat.
Slides presented at the Fall OpenStack Design Summit in Hong Kong
Paul Angus (ShapeBlue) - Push infrastructure with Ansible #DOXLONOutlyer
Ansible is one of the new breed of tools that encompasses configuration management, orchestration and software defined infrastructure. Find out how many companies are spinning up entire environments from source code including vm's, networks, dns, firewalls, load balancers etc.
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=unPVe2pcego
Join DevOps Exchange London here: http://www.meetup.com/DevOps-Exchange-London
Follow DOXLON on twitter http://www.twitter.com/doxlon
Must Know Azure Kubernetes Best Practices And Features For Better Resiliency ...CodeOps Technologies LLP
Running day-1 Ops on your Kubernetes is somewhat easy, but it is quite daunting to manage day two challenges. Learn about AKS best practices for your cloud-native applications so that you can avoid blow up your workloads.
Watcher, a Resource Manager for OpenStack: Plans for the N-release and BeyondAntoine Cabot
Watcher is an open source software package which provides a flexible and scalable resource optimization service for multi-tenant OpenStack-based clouds.
Watcher provides a complete optimization loop—including everything from a metrics receiver, optimization processor and an action plan applier. This provides a robust framework to realize a wide range of cloud optimization goals, including the reduction of data center operating costs, increased system performance via intelligent virtual machine migration,increased energy efficiency, etc.
The overall goal is that OpenStack-based clouds equipped with Watcher will decrease their Total Cost of Ownership by way of more efficient use of their infrastructure through targeted optimizations and close-loop automation.
In this presentation we will go over the state of Watcher as it is today, its architecture, the team’s accomplishments for the Mitaka release and our plans for the N-release and beyond.
Espresso Logic builds and runs RESTful servers for SQL databases, with advanced support for security at the row/column level, and business logic by JavaScript events and Reactive Programming.
Dans ce document vous trouverez les dernières améliorations faites sur OpenStack et comment certaines technologies Intel dopent la performance et la sécurité de l'environnement Cloud. Quelques exemple avec :
Comment créer des "pool" de VM sécurisées avec possibilité de géo tagging (technologies Intel présentent dans les serveurs HP, DELL, IBM… + Folsom, Nova, Horizon, Open Attestation)
Comment doper la sécurité du nouveau module de gestion des clés d'OpenStack (technologies Intel + Barbican)
Comment benchmarker le stockage object Swift avec COSBench (qui supporte maintenant Ceph, S3 et Amplidata)
Auteurs:
Girish Gopal - Strategic Planning, Intel Corporation
Malini Bhandaru - Security Architect, Intel Corporation
Introduction to Open stack - An Overview SpringPeople
OpenStack is a free & open-source software platform for cloud computing, mostly deployed as an IaaS. In this Slide, we will cover:
- Evolution of Openstack
- Cloud, its types and advantages
- Importance and overview of Openstack
- Openstack course syllabus
Nagios Conference 2014 - Konstantin Benz - Monitoring Openstack The Relations...Nagios
Konstantin Benz's presentation on Monitoring Openstack The Relationship Between Nagios and Ceilometer.
The presentation was given during the Nagios World Conference North America held Oct 13th - Oct 16th, 2014 in Saint Paul, MN. For more information on the conference (including photos and videos), visit: http://go.nagios.com/conference
tcp cloud presentation at OpenContrail Meetup in May 2015 Vancouver about OpenStack/OpenContrail implementations, Juno integration and SaltStack announcement.
Austin OpenStack Meetup December 2012 presentation. The first part of the session was Chef for OpenStack, the second was Q&A about AT&T's OpenStack private cloud deployments to multiple data centers.
D2 - Automate Custom Solutions Deployment on Office 365 and Azure - Paolo Pia...SPS Paris
Modern solutions are based on complex architectures, which are made of multiple layers and services. Often, to run your solutions, you need to host services on Azure, configure services in Office 365, and provision content in SharePoint Online. Deploying manually such kind of solutions in target environments can be really challenging, time consuming, and error-prone. In this session, you will learn how to automate the provisioning of such kind of solutions using the Microsoft Graph, the Azure Management API, and the REST API more in general. During the session you will see a real case study, based on the open source PnP Partner Pack Setup Wizard.
Teaching Apache Spark Clusters to Manage Their Workers Elastically: Spark Sum...Spark Summit
Devops engineers have applied a great deal of creativity and energy to invent tools that automate infrastructure management, in the service of deploying capable and functional applications. For data-driven applications running on Apache Spark, the details of instantiating and managing the backing Spark cluster can be a distraction from focusing on the application logic. In the spirit of devops, automating Spark cluster management tasks allows engineers to focus their attention on application code that provides value to end-users.
Using Openshift Origin as a laboratory, we implemented a platform where Apache Spark applications create their own clusters and then dynamically manage their own scale via host-platform APIs. This makes it possible to launch a fully elastic Spark application with little more than the click of a button.
We will present a live demo of turn-key deployment for elastic Apache Spark applications, and share what we’ve learned about developing Spark applications that manage their own resources dynamically with platform APIs.
The audience for this talk will be anyone looking for ways to streamline their Apache Spark cluster management, reduce the workload for Spark application deployment, or create self-scaling elastic applications. Attendees can expect to learn about leveraging APIs in the Kubernetes ecosystem that enable application deployments to manipulate their own scale elastically.
As your company accumulates more data, it’s important to leverage all of it to develop new advanced machine learning models. And now, you can scale Spark using Kubernetes. Thanks to the new native integration between Apache Spark’s and Kubernetes, scaling data processing has never been easier. Apache Spark is a well designed high level application that can increase your data processing speed and accuracy. It can handle batch and real-time analytic and data processing workloads. This high level and efficient technology can be used with Java/Spark/Python and R. Joined with Kubernetes, you can get twice the efficiency. Kubernetes is a great engine with the most popular framework for managing compute resources. Unfortunately, running Apache Spark on Kubernetes can be a pain for first-time users.
Join CTO of cnvrg.io Leah Kolben as she brings you through a step by step tutorial on how to run Spark on Kubernetes. You’ll have your Spark up and running on Kubernetes in just 30 minutes.
Running Spark on Kubernetes will help you:
Process larger amounts of data
Segment your data into sub groups
Watch all our webinars at https://cnvrg.io/webinars-and-workshops/
[Presented at All Things Open 2015 in Raleigh, NC, USA]
OpenStack is one of the fastest-growing and exciting open source projects of our time. OpenStack has drawn together technologists from all over the world to create a cloud operating system and a huge, diverse community behind it. This talk will provide an introduction to OpenStack for newcomers to the project of those who just want to know more. We’ll take a brief look at OpenStack’s history, get a technical overview of the project, learn how to contribute, and check out a few emerging trends and hot topics in the OpenStack world.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
3. OpenStack Updates
• Google joins OpenStack Foundation and will work on
getting Kubernetes work with OpenStack Magnum
• IBM buys Bluebox
• Cisco buys Piston
• Rackspace collaborates with Intel to form
OpenStack Innovation Center
• RedHat announces GA of RHEL OpenStack Platform
7
• OpenStack Silicon Valley Aug 26 – 27
• OpenStack Summit Tokyo Oct 27 – 30
3
5. OpenStack Orchestration
Heat
• The OpenStack Orchestration project (Heat)
debuted in Havana Release (October 2013)
“Heat is a service to orchestrate multiple composite
cloud applications using templates, through both an
OpenStack-native REST API and a CloudFormation-
compatible Query API.”
5
6. OpenStack Heat -
Components
• heat command-line client
• heat-api component
• heat-api-cfn (Provides an AWS Query API that is
compatible with AWS CloudFormation)
• heat-engine (Orchestrates the launching of
templates and provides events back to the API
consumer)
6
9. OpenStack Heat –
Orchestration definition
(DSL)
• Two template forms are supported
• Heat Orchestration Template (HOT)
• Amazon Cloud Formation compatible template
(CFN)
9
10. OpenStack Heat – Heat Orchestration
Template (HOT) structure
• description:
o # a description of the template
• parameter_groups:
o # a declaration of input parameter groups and order
• parameters:
o # declaration of input parameters
• resources:
o # declaration of template resources
• outputs:
o # declaration of output parameters
10
17. OpenStack Heat – Major Releases
• Havana
o Initial integration with Tempest
o Initial support for native template language
o Initial integration with keystone trusts functionality
• Ice house
o Operator API
o Autoscaling resources
o Heat engine scaling
o Cloud-init resources
• Juno
o Implementation of new resource types
o Recovery from failures during stack updates
• Kilo
o Improved scaling using nested stacks
o New template functions
o Multiregion stacks
o Pause stack creation/update on a given resource
o Stack lifecycle scheduler hints
17
