OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
Open channel flow: Types of flows – Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formula for uniform flow – Most Economical sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical – super critical flows
Non-uniform flows –Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step method- Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW AND HYDRAULIC MACHINERY
Open channel flow: Types of flows – Type of channels – Velocity distribution – Energy and momentum correction factors – Chezy’s, Manning’s; and Bazin formula for uniform flow – Most Economical sections. Critical flow: Specific energy-critical depth – computation of critical depth – critical sub-critical – super critical flows
Non-uniform flows –Dynamic equation for G.V.F., Mild, Critical, Steep, horizontal and adverse slopes-surface profiles-direct step method- Rapidly varied flow, hydraulic jump, energy dissipation
Uniform Flow: Basic concepts of free surface flows,
velocity and pressure distribution,
Mass, energy and momentum principle for prismatic and non-prismatic channels,
Review of Uniform flow: Standard equations,
hydraulically efficient channel sections,
compound sections,
Energy-depth relations:
Concept of specific energy, specific force,
critical flow, critical depth,
hydraulic exponents, and
Channel transitions.
Uniform Flow: Basic concepts of free surface flows,
velocity and pressure distribution,
Mass, energy and momentum principle for prismatic and non-prismatic channels,
Review of Uniform flow: Standard equations,
hydraulically efficient channel sections,
compound sections,
Energy-depth relations:
Concept of specific energy, specific force,
critical flow, critical depth,
hydraulic exponents, and
Channel transitions.
dewatering in different soil conditions, methods, explanation of dewatering methods, : open sumps & ditches, vaccumm method deppwell point method electro osmosis metheod
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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2. TOPIC UNDER OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
Introduction
Types of flow in OCF
Determination of discharge
Different formulas
Most economical channel section
2
3. TOPIC UNDER OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
Specific energy
Hydraulic jump
Back water curve
Serge
3
4. INTRODUCTION
• Open channel flow is defined as the flow under the atmospheric
condition or flow of liquid with free surface.
• Best example of open channel flow is river flow
4
7. TYPES OF FLOW IN OCF
Steady and unsteady flow
Uniform and non- uniform flow
Laminar and turbulent flow
Sub- critical, critical and super critical flow
7
10. • Non uniform flow is further divided in
• Rapidly Varied Flow ( R. V. F.):
Suddenly change of depth in small length
• Gradually Varied Flow ( G. V. F.):
Gradually change of depth in small length
TYPES OF FLOW IN OCF
10
11. • Laminar and Turbulent flow
It id depends on Reynolds no. Which is written as
𝑅𝑒 = 𝜌𝑉𝑅/𝜇
Re < 600 = Laminar flow
Re < 500 − 200 = Transition flow
Re > 2000 = Turbulent flow
TYPES OF FLOW IN OCF
11
12. Sub-critical, Critical and Super-Critical:
It is depend on Froude number.
𝐹𝑒 =
𝑉
𝑔𝐷
𝐹𝑒 < 1 = 𝑆𝑢𝑏 − 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐹𝑒 = 1 = 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝐹𝑒 > 1 = 𝑆𝑢𝑏 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
12
14. • BAZIN’S FORMULA
𝑪 =
𝟏𝟓𝟕. 𝟔
𝟏. 𝟖𝟏 +
𝑲
𝒎
S. No. Nature of Channel inside surface Value of K
1 Smooth cemented or planned wood 0.11
2 Brick or concrete or unplanned wood 0.21
3 Rubble masonry or ashlar or poor brick work 0.83
4 Earthen channel of very good surface 1.54
5 Earthen channel or ordinary surface 2.36
6 Earthen channel or rough surface 3.17
14
15. • MANNING FORMULA
𝑪 =
𝟏
𝑵
𝒎 𝟏 𝟔
S. No. Nature of Channel inside surface Value of N
1 Very smooth surface of glass, plastic or brass 0.010
2 Smooth surface of concrete 0.012
3 Rubble masonry or ashlar or poor brick work 0.017
4 Earthen channels neatly excavated 0.018
5 Earthen channel or ordinary surface 0.027
6 Earthen channel or rough surface 0.030
7 Natural streams, clan and straight 0.030
8 Natural streams with weeds, duppools etc. 0.075 to 0.15
15
16. • Problem:
Find the discharge through a rectangular channel 2.5 m wide, having depth of water 1.5m and bed
slope as 1 in 2000. The channel is Earthen channel of ordinary surface. Use Bazin’s and Manning’s
formula.
Solution:
b=2.5 m
d= 1.5 m
A= b X d
A=2.5 X 1.5
A= 3.75 sqm.
P = d+b+d
P = 1.5 + 2.5 + 1.5
P = 5.5 m
Hydraulic Mean Depth = m = A/P = 3.75/5.5 = 0.682
Slop = i = 1/2000
Value of k = 2.36
Value of N = 0.027 16
19. MOST ECONOMICAL CHANNEL SECTION
• A section of channel is said to be most economical when the cost
of construction of the channel is minimum. Which is depends on
the excavation and lining. If this two thing become cheap than the
section will be the most economical section.
• In short the section which gives more discharge in less perimeter
is known as most economical channel section
19
21. A rectangular channel carries water at the rate of 400 liters/s when bed slope is l in 2000. Find the most economical
dimension of the channel if C = 50.
SOLUTION: - Given
Discharge ( Q ) = 400 liters / s = 0.4 m3/s
Bed Slop i = 1 / 2000
Chezy’s Constant C = 50
For the rectangular channel to be most economical
( i ) Width b = 2d
(ii) Hydraulic mean depth = m = d /2
Area of flow A= b X d = 2d X d = 2𝑑2
Using Equation of discharge
𝑸 = 𝑨 𝑿𝑪 𝒎 𝒊
0.4 = 2𝑑2
𝑿 𝟓𝟎
𝒅
𝟐
𝟏
𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑑 = 0.577 m
𝑏 = 2d = 2 X 0.577 = 1.154 m
21
22. HYDRAULIC JUMP
• When water strike with any object or obstruction in the flow than in down
stream the fluid strike to the surface and again subjected to the rise of level this
rise of level known as hydraulic jump
22
23. BACK WATER CURVE
• The reservoir constructed at the down stream side of the river and this side is at the lower level
to the level of the river. In this process a angle is formed between actual level of dam and actual
level of river that curve known as back water curve.
23