The document discusses various topics related to agriculture in Kerala, India, including: 1) Historically prevalent native plant and animal varieties that were well-suited to the local climate and disease resistant. 2) How hybridization can be used to create stronger plants and animals by crossing breeds or species. 3) The tissue culture process which clones plants in a sterile lab environment to produce disease-free offspring at scale. 4) Recommended agricultural animal varieties and crops for the Kerala climate. 5) The use of manure-yielding microbes to aid soil decomposition and fertilization.

1. ONLINE ASSIGNMENT
TOPIC -AGRICULTURE
BY
SURUMI.K
REGISTER NO: 13367025

2. INTRODUCTION
The greenery of Kerala has been the result of the inseparable relationship between our climate soil and vegetation we had a lot of native varieties of plants suitable to our climate and were disease resistant varieties of rice like Thavalakkanan, kulappala ,chitten kilichundan mangoe tree which yield sweet mangoes in plenty palayankodan etc.our yam and colocasia had butter like softness when cooked vechoor cow which yielded milk sufficient for one family had been our own. it was less expensive to manage them as they had a short stature and high disease resistance .
With the advent of the high yielding highbred varieties most of the native varieties have become endangered or estinct. as a result our native biological wealth depletes and it creates a severe crisis we seem to forgot even the basic fact that we can develop high quality varieties only from the native varieties that have which shood the test of time.

3. HYBRIDISATION
When a plant or animal is breed with a plant or animal from different stock the process is know n as hybridization it is frequently practiced in agriculture to make stronger healthier plants with desirable characteristics the most common type of hybridization involves crossing two organism of different breeds with in the same species. This is called cross breeding.
In agriculture it is vitally important to maintain genetic diversity and by extension to health and longevity of a crop. in animal breeding hybridization is used to create new breeds or to make a breed stronger. by hybridizing breeders bring fresh genes into the mix although the resulting animal is not pure breed. Depending on the rules of the study book for the breed, it is may or may not matter. In another variation two animals of different species with in the same genes are breed to each other this is not always possible.

4. TISSUE CULTURE
Tissue culture is a process that involves exposing plant tissue to a specific regimen of nutrients, hormones, and light under sterile, in vitro conditions to produce many new plants, each a clone of the original mother plant, over a very short period of time. AgriForest's tissue culture plants are characterized by disease free growth, a more fibrous, healthier root system, a bushier branching habit, and a higher survival rate.
There are three main steps to the tissue culture process: STAGE I is the initiation phase. It concerns the establishment of plant tissue in vitro by sterilizing the material and initiating it into culture.
STAGE II is the multiplication phase. At this stage, the in vitro plant material is re-divided and placed in a medium with plant growth regulators that induce the proliferation of multiple shoots. This process is repeated many times until the number of plants desired is reached.

5. STAGE III is the root formation phase. It involves the introduction of hormones to induce rooting and the formation of complete plantlets.
Following these three stages, the plants are then moved from the laboratory to the greenhouses for acclimatization and further development.
AGRICULTURAL VARIETIES
Sunandini ,jersey ,swiss brown etc are highly yielding cattle suitable for the climate of kerala, murrah,badavari,niliravi etc are better quality buffaloes and malabary and jamnapari are better varieties of goats. Good qualities of birds like minorka, gramalakshmi, ankona and giriraja ducks like muscovi,pekkins,royans and quails like bob white and Japanese quails belong to this group
Edible fish, ornamental fish and prawns can be reared economically. Gourami,karpe,rohu and katla are suitable for rearing. Gold fish angel fish and molly are ornamental fish. Honey is nutrient and medically valuable ideal food. be keeping is a profitable job especially in our state which has plenty of rubber plantations varieties like melliferra and apis are widely used in Epiculture. the quality and demand of silk clothes increase the requirements of silk. making use of

6. this possibilities Seri culture can be done profitably mulberry plants can be grown as intercrop in coconut groves. the larva which hatches out of the egg of the silk worm moth is feed with mulberry leaves. when its body is inside the cocoons at are stage of its growth we can extract silk from the cocoons.
MANURE YEILDING MICROBES
If we add the micro organisms that help in the decomposition of organic materials to soil. the process of decomposition will be quick and complete. there are micro organisms which can convert nitrogen into nitrates and phosphorous which is insoluble in water into soluble form. Azotobacter converts the atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. Ammonia is useful to plants as nitrogenous fertilizer .culture of Azotobacter is available in the market it is highly effective for crops like coconut, tapioca, sugar etc. The aquatic plants azola two act as a good bio fertilizer the special type of cells found in the cyanovacteria living in this plant can convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogenius fertilizer. fungi which belong to the family of mycorrhiza helps plants to get phosphorous fertilizer.

7. REFERENCE
1. Agarwal, A, and N. Perrin 2008.climate adaptation, Local Institutions, and Rural Livelihoods. IFPRI working paper W081-6 Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
2. Antle, J. M, and S.M Capalbo 2010.”Adaptation of Agricultural and Food Systems to Climate Change: An Economic Policy Perspective.” Applied Economic Perspective and Policy 32:386- 416
CONCLUSION
Agriculture is the production of food, feed,fibre and other goods by the systematic growing and harvesting of plants and animals. it is the science of working land and using to raise plants and animals. Agriculture is the business and science that is behind the cultivation and development of soil and land for farming it also involves livestock production and management.