Course 8-Unit 3: Perfect modals meaning and form. adjust.Martin Caicedo
The document discusses perfect modal verbs, which combine a modal verb like "should", "could", "may", etc. with the auxiliary "have" and a past participle verb. It explains that the meaning of sentences changes depending on which modal verb is used. Should+have expresses regret about past actions, while would/could/may/might+have speculate about possible past situations. Examples are provided to illustrate expressing regret with "should have" and speculation with modal verbs like "would have".
Participle clauses are adverbial clauses that use participles to provide additional information about the main clause in an economical way. They can be formed using the present participle (-ing form) or past participle (-ed form) and are used to replace time clauses, clauses of reason/result, or passive voice constructions. Present participles are used to describe actions happening at the same time, while past participles are used to describe completed actions or passive constructions. Participle clauses add detail about time, reason, condition or other relationships between two events or situations.
The document discusses the use of possessives with gerunds. It provides examples of sentences containing a gerund and explains that a possessive determiner should be used to indicate who or what is performing the gerund action. It analyzes example sentences, identifying the gerund action, who is performing it, and how it makes the speaker feel. The document emphasizes that a possessive like "those kids'" or "the girl's" should be used because the gerund action belongs to the subject. Alternative constructions using a possessive pronoun are also presented.
Course 8-Unit 3: Perfect modals meaning and form. adjust.Martin Caicedo
The document discusses perfect modal verbs, which combine a modal verb like "should", "could", "may", etc. with the auxiliary "have" and a past participle verb. It explains that the meaning of sentences changes depending on which modal verb is used. Should+have expresses regret about past actions, while would/could/may/might+have speculate about possible past situations. Examples are provided to illustrate expressing regret with "should have" and speculation with modal verbs like "would have".
Participle clauses are adverbial clauses that use participles to provide additional information about the main clause in an economical way. They can be formed using the present participle (-ing form) or past participle (-ed form) and are used to replace time clauses, clauses of reason/result, or passive voice constructions. Present participles are used to describe actions happening at the same time, while past participles are used to describe completed actions or passive constructions. Participle clauses add detail about time, reason, condition or other relationships between two events or situations.
The document discusses the use of possessives with gerunds. It provides examples of sentences containing a gerund and explains that a possessive determiner should be used to indicate who or what is performing the gerund action. It analyzes example sentences, identifying the gerund action, who is performing it, and how it makes the speaker feel. The document emphasizes that a possessive like "those kids'" or "the girl's" should be used because the gerund action belongs to the subject. Alternative constructions using a possessive pronoun are also presented.
The document discusses the changes that occur to verbs and other words when moving a statement from direct to indirect speech. It provides examples of how the tenses of verbs change, and how words like pronouns, adverbs, and modal verbs are altered in an indirect statement. It also notes that no change is needed for the modal verb "used to". The document concludes by listing some incorrect examples using indirect speech and asking the reader to correct them.
This document provides information about and examples of using the present simple and present continuous tenses in English. It explains that the present simple is used for permanent or habitual situations, while the present continuous is used for temporary actions happening now or in the near future. It provides rules and formation examples for both tenses, including affirmative and negative forms, questions, and common time expressions used with each. Practice examples are given at the end for the reader to identify whether sentences require the present simple or present continuous form.
The document discusses the differences between using "will" and "be going to" to express future tense in English. It explains that "will" is used for voluntary actions or promises, while "be going to" expresses planned actions. Both can also be used to make predictions about events outside of one's control. Examples are provided to illustrate the proper usage of each form.
This document discusses English grammar rules for comparatives and superlatives of adjectives. It explains that comparatives are used to compare two things and are formed by adding "-er" to short adjectives or using "more" for long adjectives. Superlatives compare more than two things and are formed by adding "-est" or using "the most". Examples of forming comparatives and superlatives are provided.
This document provides an overview of English verb tenses and structures. It covers the present, past, perfect, and future tenses in both simple and progressive/continuous forms. It also discusses modal verbs and expressions, the passive voice, noun clauses, reported speech, gerunds and infinitives, adjectives and adverbs, relative clauses, nouns/pronouns/articles/quantifiers, conjunctions, prepositions, and phrasal verbs. Each unit provides explanations of form, use, and examples for the given grammar topics.
This document provides examples and exercises to practice using past tense verbs in English sentences. It begins with definitions and examples of past tense. Students are given sentences and asked to rewrite them in past tense, negative form, and questions. Further exercises involve providing the past tense form of given verbs and adding time expressions to sample sentences written in past tense. The document concludes by providing a paragraph writing prompt for students to describe how they spent their New Year's celebration in paragraph form using at least 5 sentences.
This document summarizes different types of conditional sentences in English. It discusses zero, first, second, and third conditionals, providing examples of their structure and usage. Mixed conditionals are also mentioned, which combine different verb tenses in the if-clause and main clause.
This document discusses different discourse markers used to indicate result, reason, purpose, and contrast. It provides examples of how each marker is used to introduce clauses and sentences. For result, it discusses markers like "so" and "as a result". For reason, it covers markers like "because", "since", and "owing to". For purpose, it lists "to", "in order to", and "so as to". For contrast, it examines contrastive markers like "but", "however", "although", and "despite".
This document provides a lesson on using the simple past tense of the verb "to be" in English. It includes:
1) Grammar rules for forming the simple past of "to be" with subjects and complements, including affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms.
2) Examples showing the use of was/were in affirmative, negative, interrogative and WH- question sentences.
3) Information on forming the past tense of regular and irregular verbs, including using the auxiliary "did" in interrogative sentences.
4) Examples of simple past sentences with regular and irregular verbs in affirmative, negative, interrogative and WH- question forms.
The document discusses the present perfect tense in English. It provides examples of its use for recent events, personal experiences without a specific time, and ongoing actions. It contrasts the present perfect with the past simple tense and provides examples of using already, yet, ever, and never with the present perfect. Key uses of the present perfect discussed are to describe recent events, personal experiences without a specific time, and ongoing actions that began in the past and continue in the present.
Conditional sentences have two parts: a condition and a result. There are two types of conditional sentences: real conditionals and unreal conditionals. Real conditionals use the present simple tense for the condition and present or future tense for the result, indicating the result would logically follow if the condition occurred. Unreal conditionals use the past simple tense for the condition and "would" plus a verb for the result, showing the condition is not true and the result may not happen.
The document discusses the words "too" and "enough" and how they are used to describe amounts. "Too" is used to describe having more than necessary of something and having a negative effect, like "It's too cold to work in the garden." "Enough" describes having or not having the right amount of something, like "John isn't patient enough to work as a teacher." "Enough" can also mean "all that is necessary" when used before a noun. Examples are given of using "too" and "not...enough" with adjectives, adverbs, and infinitives.
Reported Speech III: Questions and SuggestionsAntonio Romero
This document discusses how to report questions and suggestions in indirect speech. It explains that questions require the verb "ask" and include "if" when reported, and the word order changes to a statement structure. Yes/no questions start with a verb while wh- questions use an interrogative pronoun. Suggestions use the structure of subject + "suggested that" + subject + verb in the past tense. Examples are provided to illustrate reporting questions and suggestions according to these rules.
Kadesh is enjoying learning about different cultural customs from his classmates at the English Language Institute. He notes that his classmates from Thailand bow to the teacher, while his roommate Lia does not wear shoes inside their shared room. Kadesh finds learning about these various customs from his classmates in Mexico, Thailand, and other places to be a great experience.
The document provides examples of sentences using the grammatical structure "used to + infinitive" including affirmative, negative, and question forms. It gives sample sentences such as "I used to live in a flat when I was a child" and "She used to love eating chocolate, but now she hates it" to demonstrate how to form sentences in the past tense discussing habitual or repeated actions that are no longer true.
The document discusses the changes that occur to verbs and other words when moving a statement from direct to indirect speech. It provides examples of how the tenses of verbs change, and how words like pronouns, adverbs, and modal verbs are altered in an indirect statement. It also notes that no change is needed for the modal verb "used to". The document concludes by listing some incorrect examples using indirect speech and asking the reader to correct them.
This document provides information about and examples of using the present simple and present continuous tenses in English. It explains that the present simple is used for permanent or habitual situations, while the present continuous is used for temporary actions happening now or in the near future. It provides rules and formation examples for both tenses, including affirmative and negative forms, questions, and common time expressions used with each. Practice examples are given at the end for the reader to identify whether sentences require the present simple or present continuous form.
The document discusses the differences between using "will" and "be going to" to express future tense in English. It explains that "will" is used for voluntary actions or promises, while "be going to" expresses planned actions. Both can also be used to make predictions about events outside of one's control. Examples are provided to illustrate the proper usage of each form.
This document discusses English grammar rules for comparatives and superlatives of adjectives. It explains that comparatives are used to compare two things and are formed by adding "-er" to short adjectives or using "more" for long adjectives. Superlatives compare more than two things and are formed by adding "-est" or using "the most". Examples of forming comparatives and superlatives are provided.
This document provides an overview of English verb tenses and structures. It covers the present, past, perfect, and future tenses in both simple and progressive/continuous forms. It also discusses modal verbs and expressions, the passive voice, noun clauses, reported speech, gerunds and infinitives, adjectives and adverbs, relative clauses, nouns/pronouns/articles/quantifiers, conjunctions, prepositions, and phrasal verbs. Each unit provides explanations of form, use, and examples for the given grammar topics.
This document provides examples and exercises to practice using past tense verbs in English sentences. It begins with definitions and examples of past tense. Students are given sentences and asked to rewrite them in past tense, negative form, and questions. Further exercises involve providing the past tense form of given verbs and adding time expressions to sample sentences written in past tense. The document concludes by providing a paragraph writing prompt for students to describe how they spent their New Year's celebration in paragraph form using at least 5 sentences.
This document summarizes different types of conditional sentences in English. It discusses zero, first, second, and third conditionals, providing examples of their structure and usage. Mixed conditionals are also mentioned, which combine different verb tenses in the if-clause and main clause.
This document discusses different discourse markers used to indicate result, reason, purpose, and contrast. It provides examples of how each marker is used to introduce clauses and sentences. For result, it discusses markers like "so" and "as a result". For reason, it covers markers like "because", "since", and "owing to". For purpose, it lists "to", "in order to", and "so as to". For contrast, it examines contrastive markers like "but", "however", "although", and "despite".
This document provides a lesson on using the simple past tense of the verb "to be" in English. It includes:
1) Grammar rules for forming the simple past of "to be" with subjects and complements, including affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms.
2) Examples showing the use of was/were in affirmative, negative, interrogative and WH- question sentences.
3) Information on forming the past tense of regular and irregular verbs, including using the auxiliary "did" in interrogative sentences.
4) Examples of simple past sentences with regular and irregular verbs in affirmative, negative, interrogative and WH- question forms.
The document discusses the present perfect tense in English. It provides examples of its use for recent events, personal experiences without a specific time, and ongoing actions. It contrasts the present perfect with the past simple tense and provides examples of using already, yet, ever, and never with the present perfect. Key uses of the present perfect discussed are to describe recent events, personal experiences without a specific time, and ongoing actions that began in the past and continue in the present.
Conditional sentences have two parts: a condition and a result. There are two types of conditional sentences: real conditionals and unreal conditionals. Real conditionals use the present simple tense for the condition and present or future tense for the result, indicating the result would logically follow if the condition occurred. Unreal conditionals use the past simple tense for the condition and "would" plus a verb for the result, showing the condition is not true and the result may not happen.
The document discusses the words "too" and "enough" and how they are used to describe amounts. "Too" is used to describe having more than necessary of something and having a negative effect, like "It's too cold to work in the garden." "Enough" describes having or not having the right amount of something, like "John isn't patient enough to work as a teacher." "Enough" can also mean "all that is necessary" when used before a noun. Examples are given of using "too" and "not...enough" with adjectives, adverbs, and infinitives.
Reported Speech III: Questions and SuggestionsAntonio Romero
This document discusses how to report questions and suggestions in indirect speech. It explains that questions require the verb "ask" and include "if" when reported, and the word order changes to a statement structure. Yes/no questions start with a verb while wh- questions use an interrogative pronoun. Suggestions use the structure of subject + "suggested that" + subject + verb in the past tense. Examples are provided to illustrate reporting questions and suggestions according to these rules.
Kadesh is enjoying learning about different cultural customs from his classmates at the English Language Institute. He notes that his classmates from Thailand bow to the teacher, while his roommate Lia does not wear shoes inside their shared room. Kadesh finds learning about these various customs from his classmates in Mexico, Thailand, and other places to be a great experience.
The document provides examples of sentences using the grammatical structure "used to + infinitive" including affirmative, negative, and question forms. It gives sample sentences such as "I used to live in a flat when I was a child" and "She used to love eating chocolate, but now she hates it" to demonstrate how to form sentences in the past tense discussing habitual or repeated actions that are no longer true.
The document lists the months of the year in no particular order, with some months grouped under seasonal labels like Spring, Summer, and Fall. Overall it provides a reference of the months and how they relate to the four standard seasons.
The document provides a grammar exercise on modal verbs in Turkish. It contains 20 sentences with blanks to be filled in using modal verbs like "must, can't, may, might, could" and their past tense forms. The sentences cover common uses of modals like speculation, deduction, permission, ability and necessity. Students are asked to fill in the blanks with the appropriate modal verbs or past tense forms.
The document provides exercises to practice using the phrases "Used to" and "Be Used to". It contains three parts:
A) Rewrite sentences using "Used to"
B) Complete sentences using "Used to" or "Be Used to"
C) Provides the answers to the exercises
This document provides a modal verbs exercise in Turkish where students are given sentences and asked to draw conclusions using "Can't", "Must", or "Might". It includes 10 sentences where conclusions can be drawn about a person's wealth, job, identity, pain level, neighbors, salary increase, and identity. The answers are provided at the end.
The document discusses a modal verbs exercise where the reader is asked to fill in the blanks of 20 sentences with the appropriate modal verb. It provides the sentences with blanks and the keys to fill in the correct modal verb for each blank. The sentences cover common uses of modal verbs like ability, permission, possibility, necessity and prohibition.
The document discusses a modal verbs exercise in Turkish. It provides 10 fill-in-the-blank questions for parts A and B requiring the use of modal verbs like "have to", "must", "can", "could" etc. The answers/keys are then provided to complete the exercises.
The document provides a grammar exercise on modals such as "can-can't", "must-mustn't", "have to-don't have to". It contains 3 parts with multiple choice questions to test understanding of ability and obligation. Part A contains sentences to be filled in with "can or can't". Part B contains sentences to be filled in with "can-can't or must-mustn't". Part C contains sentences to be filled in with "must-mustn't or have to-don't have to". The answers or keys are provided at the end.
Present perfect tense & simple past tense alıştırmaalikemal28
This document provides a practice exercise contrasting the simple past tense and present perfect tense. It contains 31 sentences with blanks that must be filled in with either the simple past or present perfect tense of verbs provided. The answers key is then provided to check the responses.
The document discusses using the simple past and past continuous tenses in sentences. It provides 16 examples for the reader to fill in the blanks using those tenses. The answers or keys are then provided.
The document provides an exercise to practice the past continuous tense by filling in blanks and asking/answering example questions. For part A, students are asked to fill in 8 blanks with the past continuous form of the given verbs. For part B, students ask and answer 10 questions using the structure "How did X happen?" while providing an action in the past continuous as the answer. The keys/answers are provided.
1. '' If Clauses / Koşul - Şart Cümleleri '' konusunun detaylarını
incelemeye devam ediyoruz arkadaşlar. Bu sefer '' Omitting If ''
adını verdiğimiz '' If Devrik Cümleleri '' ele alacağız. Sık olarak
kullanılmasa da karşınıza çıkacak olan bu konunun bilinmesi sizi
yabancı dil yeterliliğinde bir adım önde tutar. Konu anlatımı hemen
aşağıdadır.
Koşul - Şart Cümlelerinde '' If '' kullanmadan devrik cümle yapabiliriz. Bunun için '' auxiliary
verb '' adını verdiğimiz '' yardımcı fiil '' i özne ile yer değiştirerek cümle başına getiririz.
Olumsuz cümlede ise '' not '' özneden sonra yazılır. Bu şekildeki devrik cümleler ikinci
bölümde de yer alabilir. Fakat cümle başında yazılması daha çok tercih edilir. Aşağıdaki
genel tabloya hep beraber bir göz atalım.
2. a) Type 1
Bu yapıyı devrik yapmak için '' Should + Subject / Özne + Verb / Fiil '' şeklinde yazabiliriz.
Yani cümle başına '' If '' yerine '' Should '' yazılır. Sonrası yine aynı şekilde ve sırada yazılır.
'' Should '' tıpkı '' If '' in cümle ortasında kullanıldığı gibi cümle ortasında da yazılabilir. Ancak
dediğimiz gibi cümle başındaki kullanımı daha yaygındır. Olumsuz cümlede ise özneden
sonra '' not '' eki getirilir.
If you need any help, you can call me.
Should you need any help, you can call me.
You can call me should you need any help.
( Eğer ) yardıma ihtiyacın olursa beni arayabilirsin.
If he studies hard, he will pass the exam.
Should he study hard, he will pass the exam.
He will pass the exam should he study hard.
( Eğer ) çok çalışırsa sınavı geçecek.
If you don't pay your bills in time, you may get into trouble.
Should you not pay your bills in time, you may get into trouble.
You may get into trouble should you not pay your bills in time.
( Eğer ) faturalarını zamanında ödemezsen sıkıntı yaşayabilirsin.
If Selin comes here, we will go to the cinema together.
Should Selin come here, we will go to the cinema together.
We will go to the cinema should Selin come here.
( Eğer ) Selin buraya gelirse beraber sinemaya gideceğiz.
If you want a friend, don't hesitate to call me.
Should you want a friend, don't hesitate to call me.
Don't hesitate to call me should you want a friend.
( Eğer ) bir arkadaş istersen beni aramaktan çekinme.
3. b) Type 2
Bu yapıyı devrik yapmak içinse '' If '' yerine '' were '' yazılır. Ancak böyle bir durumda iki
seçenek söz konusudur. Yani;
* '' Be '' fiili için '' Were + Subject '' yazılır.
* Diğer fiiller içinse '' Were + Subject / Özne + to Verb / Fiil '' yazılır.
Yine '' Were '' ile yazılan devrik cümle, cümle ortasında da olabilir, fakat cümle başındaki
kullanımı daha yaygındır. Olumsuz cümlede ise de özneden sonra '' not '' eki gelir.
If I were you, I wouldn't think in this way about him.
Were I you, I wouldn't think in this way about him.
I wouldn't think in this way about him were I you.
( Eğer ) senin yerinde olsam onun hakkında böyle düşünmezdim.
If you were here, we would be happy.
Were you here, we would be happy.
We would be happy were you here.
( Eğer ) burada olsaydın mutlu olurduk.
If he weren't ill today, he could join us.
Were he not ill today, he could join us.
He could join us were he not ill today.
( Eğer ) bugün hasta olmasaydı bize katılabilirdi.
If I read this book, I would recommend it to you.
Were I to read this book, I would recommend it to you.
I would recommend it to you were I to read it.
( Eğer ) bu kitabı okusaydım sana tavsiye ederdim.
If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
Were I to have a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
I would travel around the world were I to have a lot of money.
( Eğer ) çok param olsaydı dünyayı dolaşırdım.
4. If the farmers worked hard, they would finish the work earlier.
Were the farmers to work hard, they would finish the work earlier.
They would finish the work earlier were the farmers to work hard.
( Eğer ) çiftçiler çok çalışsaydı işi daha erken bitirirlerdi.
If our family didn't live in Istanbul, we would be less stressed.
Were our family not to live in Istanbul, we would be less stressed.
We would be less stressed were our family not to live in Istanbul.
( Eğer ) ailem İstanbul'da yaşamıyor olsaydı daha az stresli olurdu.
* '' Type 2 '' de Passive / Edilgen cümleleri devrik yaparken '' Were + Subject / Özne + to be
done '' şeklinde yazmamız gerekir. Ancak informal İngilizce'de '' Were + Subject / Özne +
done '' şeklinde de ifade edebiliriz.
If she were taken to the hospital immediately, she could stay alive.
Were she to be taken to the hospital immediately, she could stay alive.
Were she taken to the hospital immediately, she could stay alive.
She could stay alive were she to be taken to the hospital.
She could stay alive were she taken to the hospital.
( Eğer ) acilen hastaneye götürülseydi hayatta kalabilirdi.
Type 3
Bu yapıyı devrik yapmak için '' Had + Subject + Verb3 / Fiil3 '' şeklinde yazmamız gerekir.
Önceki yapılarda olduğu gibi '' Had '' li cümle cümle ortasında yer alabilir ancak cümle
başındaki kullanımı daha yaygındır. Son olarak ise de olumsuz cümlede özneden sonra
'' not '' ekini getiririz.
If you had been more careful, you wouldn't have fallen down.
Had you been more careful, you wouldn't have fallen down.
You wouldn't have fallen down had you been more careful.
( Eğer ) daha dikkatli olsaydın düşmezdin.
5. If he had bought a present for their wedding anniversary, they wouldn't have had a quarrel.
Had he bought a present for their wedding anniversary, they wouldn't have had a quarrel.
They wouldn't have had a quarrel had he bought a present for their wedding anniversary.
( Eğer ) evlilik yıl dönümleri için bir hediye alsaydı tartışmazlardı.
If I had known you were in hospital, I would have visited you there.
Had I known you were in hospital, I would have visited you there.
I would have visited you there had I known you were in hospital.
( Eğer ) hastanede olduğunu bilseydim seni orada ziyaret edecektim.
If the little child hadn't driven me crazy, I wouldn't have hit him.
Had the little child not driven me crazy, I wouldn't have hit him.
I wouldn't have hit him had the little child not driven me crazy.
( Eğer ) küçük çocuk beni çıldırtmasaydı ona vurmayacaktım.
