The document summarizes the analysis of several Linux rootkits using the Volatility memory forensics framework. It describes how the Average Coder rootkit hides processes, modules and users by hooking various file operations. It also details how the KBeast rootkit hides its module, hooks system calls and network connections. Finally, it discusses how the Jynx rootkit operates by preloading a shared library to hook filesystem and network functions and implement a backdoor. The document demonstrates how Volatility plugins can detect these rootkits and recover hidden data.
Agenda:
The Linux kernel has multiple "tracers" built-in, with various degrees of support for aggregation, dynamic probes, parameter processing, filtering, histograms, and other features. Starting from the venerable ftrace, introduced in kernel 2.6, all the way through eBPF, which is still under development, there are many options to choose from when you need to statically instrument your software with probes, or diagnose issues in the field using the system's dynamic probes. Modern tools include SystemTap, Sysdig, ktap, perf, bcc, and others. In this talk, we will begin by reviewing the modern tracing landscape -- ftrace, perf_events, kprobes, uprobes, eBPF -- and what insight into system activity these tools can offer. Then, we will look at specific examples of using tracing tools for diagnostics: tracing a memory leak using low-overhead kmalloc/kfree instrumentation, diagnosing a CPU caching issue using perf stat, probing network and block I/O latency distributions under load, or merely snooping user activities by capturing terminal input and output.
Speaker:
Sasha is the CTO of Sela Group, a training and consulting company based in Israel that employs over 400 developers world-wide. Most of Sasha's work revolves around performance optimization, production debugging, and low-level system diagnostics, but he also dabbles in mobile application development on iOS and Android. Sasha is the author of two books and three Pluralsight courses, and a contributor to multiple open-source projects. He blogs at http://blog.sashag.net.
This presentation gives an overview of Linux kernel block I/O susbsystem functionality, importance of I/O schedulers in Block layer. It also describes the different types of I/O Schedulers including the Deadline I/O scheduler, Anticipatory I/O Scheduler, Complete Fair queuing I/O scheduler and Noop I/O scheduler.
IRQs: the Hard, the Soft, the Threaded and the PreemptibleAlison Chaiken
The Linux kernel supports a diverse set of interrupt handlers that partition work into immediate and deferred tasks. The talk introduces the major varieties and explains how IRQs differ in the real-time kernel.
Linux io introduction-fudcon-2015-with-demo-slidesKASHISH BHATIA
Linux provide facilities to expose emulated LUNs to initiators using Linux-IO (LIO) scsi target implementation . LIO not only support exposing conventional block devices but also supports other storage interfaces like file or memory based LUNs. Also it supports multiple fabric interfaces - FC, FCoE, iscsi and many more.
LIO can be used in SAN environments with minimal storage resources.
Native support for LIO in linux hypervisors and in Openstack make it a good storage option for cloud deployments.
This presentation includes demo slides with LIO iscsi target implementation.
Agenda:
The Linux kernel has multiple "tracers" built-in, with various degrees of support for aggregation, dynamic probes, parameter processing, filtering, histograms, and other features. Starting from the venerable ftrace, introduced in kernel 2.6, all the way through eBPF, which is still under development, there are many options to choose from when you need to statically instrument your software with probes, or diagnose issues in the field using the system's dynamic probes. Modern tools include SystemTap, Sysdig, ktap, perf, bcc, and others. In this talk, we will begin by reviewing the modern tracing landscape -- ftrace, perf_events, kprobes, uprobes, eBPF -- and what insight into system activity these tools can offer. Then, we will look at specific examples of using tracing tools for diagnostics: tracing a memory leak using low-overhead kmalloc/kfree instrumentation, diagnosing a CPU caching issue using perf stat, probing network and block I/O latency distributions under load, or merely snooping user activities by capturing terminal input and output.
Speaker:
Sasha is the CTO of Sela Group, a training and consulting company based in Israel that employs over 400 developers world-wide. Most of Sasha's work revolves around performance optimization, production debugging, and low-level system diagnostics, but he also dabbles in mobile application development on iOS and Android. Sasha is the author of two books and three Pluralsight courses, and a contributor to multiple open-source projects. He blogs at http://blog.sashag.net.
This presentation gives an overview of Linux kernel block I/O susbsystem functionality, importance of I/O schedulers in Block layer. It also describes the different types of I/O Schedulers including the Deadline I/O scheduler, Anticipatory I/O Scheduler, Complete Fair queuing I/O scheduler and Noop I/O scheduler.
IRQs: the Hard, the Soft, the Threaded and the PreemptibleAlison Chaiken
The Linux kernel supports a diverse set of interrupt handlers that partition work into immediate and deferred tasks. The talk introduces the major varieties and explains how IRQs differ in the real-time kernel.
Linux io introduction-fudcon-2015-with-demo-slidesKASHISH BHATIA
Linux provide facilities to expose emulated LUNs to initiators using Linux-IO (LIO) scsi target implementation . LIO not only support exposing conventional block devices but also supports other storage interfaces like file or memory based LUNs. Also it supports multiple fabric interfaces - FC, FCoE, iscsi and many more.
LIO can be used in SAN environments with minimal storage resources.
Native support for LIO in linux hypervisors and in Openstack make it a good storage option for cloud deployments.
This presentation includes demo slides with LIO iscsi target implementation.
Securing Applications and Pipelines on a Container PlatformAll Things Open
Presented at: Open Source 101 at Home
Presented by: Veer Muchandi, Red Hat Inc
Abstract: While everyone wants to do Containers and Kubernetes, they don’t know what they are getting into from Security perspective. This session intends to take you from “I don’t know what I don’t know” to “I know what I don’t know”. This helps you to make informed choices on Application Security.
Kubernetes as a Container Platform is becoming a de facto for every enterprise. In my interactions with enterprises adopting container platform, I come across common questions:
- How does application security work on this platform? What all do I need to secure?
- How do I implement security in pipelines?
- What about vulnerabilities discovered at a later point in time?
- What are newer technologies like Istio Service Mesh bring to table?
In this session, I will be addressing these commonly asked questions that every enterprise trying to adopt an Enterprise Kubernetes Platform needs to know so that they can make informed decisions.
In this PowerPoint, learn how a security policy can be your first line of defense. Servers running AIX and other operating systems are frequent targets of cyberattacks, according to the Data Breach Investigations Report. From DoS attacks to malware, attackers have a variety of strategies at their disposal. Having a security policy in place makes it easier to ensure you have appropriate controls in place to protect mission-critical data.
Live Memory Forensics on Android devicesNikos Gkogkos
This presentation deals with some RAM forensics on the Android OS using the LiME tool for getting a RAM dump and the Volatility framework for the analysis part!
Part 04 Creating a System Call in LinuxTushar B Kute
Presentation on "System Call creation in Linux".
Presented at Army Institute of Technology, Pune for FDP on "Basics of Linux Kernel Programming". by Tushar B Kute (http://tusharkute.com).
Container security: seccomp, network e namespacesKiratech
Le slides hanno l'obiettivo di evidenziare le nuove features di sicurezza introdotte nell'ultima release docker sia descrivendone il funzionamento sia mostrando, attraverso alcune demo, l'eventuale impatto in ambienti di produzione. Viene fatta una comparazione, in termini di analisi del rischio, tra ambienti host utilizzanti engine inferiore a release 1.9 e nuove versioni, soffermandosi su mancanze e future implementazioni.
Blackhat USA 2016 - What's the DFIRence for ICS?Chris Sistrunk
Digital Forensics and Incident Response (DFIR) for IT systems has been around quite a while, but what about Industrial Control Systems (ICS)? This talk will explore the basics of DFIR for embedded devices used in critical infrastructure such as Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), Remote Terminal Units (RTUs), and controllers. If these are compromised or even have a misoperation, we will show what files, firmware, memory dumps, physical conditions, and other data can be analyzed in embedded systems to determine the root cause.
This talk will show examples of what and how to collect forensics data from two popular RTUs that are used in Electric Substations: the General Electric D20MX and the Schweitzer Engineering Labs SEL-3530 RTAC.
This talk will not cover Windows or *nixbased devices such as Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) or gateways.
Introduction to Linux Kernel by Quontra SolutionsQUONTRASOLUTIONS
Course Duration: 30-35 hours Training + Assignments + Actual Project Based Case Studies
Training Materials: All attendees will receive,
Assignment after each module, Video recording of every session
Notes and study material for examples covered.
Access to the Training Blog & Repository of Materials
Pre-requisites:
Basic Computer Skills and knowledge of IT.
Training Highlights
* Focus on Hands on training.
* 30 hours of Assignments, Live Case Studies.
* Video Recordings of sessions provided.
* One Problem Statement discussed across the whole training program.
* Resume prep, Interview Questions provided.
WEBSITE: www.QuontraSolutions.com
Contact Info: Phone +1 404-900-9988(or) Email - info@quontrasolutions.com
An introduction to Linux Container, Namespace & Cgroup.
Virtual Machine, Linux operating principles. Application constraint execution environment. Isolate application working environment.
Similar to OMFW 2012: Analyzing Linux Kernel Rootkits with Volatlity (20)
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...ThomasParaiso2
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
2. Who Am I?
• Digital Forensics Researcher @ Terremark
• Volatility Core Developer & Registry Decoder
Co-Developer
• Former Blackhat, DFRWS, BSides, and SOURCE
speaker
2
3. Linux Support for Volatility
• New in 2.2
• Over 30 plugins
• Supports x86 and x86_64
• Profiles for common kernel versions [4]
– You can also make your own [5]
3
4. Analyzing Average Coder [1]
• Loads as an LKM
• Hides processes, logged in users, and kernel
modules
• Operates by overwriting file_operation
structures in the kernel
4
5. file_operations
• One for each active file in the kernel
• Has function pointers open, close, read,
readdir, write, and so on
• Referenced every time a file is accessed by the
kernel
• By hooking a file’s ops structure, a rootkit can
control all interactions with the file
5
6. Hiding the Kernel Module
• Average Coder hides itself by hooking the read
member of /proc/modules
• This is the file used by lsmod to list modules
• This effectively hides from lsmod and the
majority of other userland tools
6
7. Hiding Processes
• There is one directory per-process under
/proc, named by the PID
– e.g. init has a directory of /proc/1/
• To hide processes, the readdir member of
/proc is hooked
• PIDs to be hidden are filtered out
7
8. Communicating with Userland
• Average coder receives commands from the
attacker through /proc/buddyinfo
• Hooks the write member which normally is
unimplemented
8
9. Possible Commands
• hide – hide the LKM
• hpid – hide process
• hdport / hsport – hide network ports
• huser – hide user
• root – elevate process to uid 0
9
10. Detecting f_op hooks
• The linux_check_fop plugin enumerates the
/proc filesystem and all opened files and
verifies that each member of every file ops
structure is valid
• Valid means the function pointer is either in
the kernel or in a known (not hidden) loadable
kernel module
10
11. # python vol.py -f avgcoder.mem --profile=LinuxCentOS63x64
linux_check_fop
Volatile Systems Volatility Framework 2.2_rc1
Symbol Name Member Address
------------------------ ---------------- ------------------
proc_mnt: root readdir 0xffffa05ce0e0
buddyinfo write 0xffffa05cf0f0
modules read 0xffffa05ce8a0
11
12. Hiding Users
• /var/run/utmp stores logged in users
• Avg Coder uses path_lookup to find the inode
structure for this file
• It then hooks the read member of the i_fop
structure to filter out hidden users from w and
who
12
13. Detecting utmp Tampering – Pt 1
• To determine if the file is hooked, we need to
find it in memory
• We use the linux_find_file plugin with the –F
option
• This simulates path_lookup
13
15. Detecting utmp Tampering – Pt 2
• We now know where the inode is in memory
• We can use the -i option to linux_check_fop to
check a particular inode
15
16. # python vol.py -f avgcoder.mem --
profile=LinuxCentOS63x64 linux_check_fop -i
0x88007a85acc0
Volatile Systems Volatility Framework 2.2_rc1
Symbol Name Member Address
----------------------------- ---------------- ------------------
inode at 88007a85acc0 read 0xffffa05ce4d0
16
17. Detecting utmp Tampering – Pt 3
• We know utmp is hooked
• Our live system analysis, whether manual or
scripted, will have been lied to
• So we want to recover the real file
17
19. .bash_history
• Stores the commands entered by users on the
bash command line
• Invaluable forensics artifact
• Often the focus of anti-forensics:
– unset HISTFILE
– export HISTFILE=/dev/null
– export HISTSIZE=0
– ssh -T
19
20. Bash History in Memory [2]
• All commands in the current session are
stored in-memory regardless of the previous
anti-forensics tricks used
• The times the commands were executed are
also stored in memory regardless if
timestamps are enabled!
• Recovering this information would be
interesting…
20
22. </Average Coder>
• Detected the rootkit many ways
• The techniques shown are applicable to a
number of rootkits
22
23. Analyzing KBeast [3]
• Loads as an LKM
• Hides processes, files, directories, and
network connections and provides keylogging
capabilities
• Gains control by hooking the system call table
and /proc/net/tcp
• Hides itself from modules list
23
24. Hiding the Module
• Removes itself from the modules list
• Rootkit stays active but is not detected by
lsmod
• Many other rootkits use this technique
24
25. Detection through sysfs
• sysfs provides a kernel-to-userland interface
similar to /proc
• /sys/module contains a directory per kernel
module, named by the name of the module
25
26. linux_check_modules
• The linux_check_modules plugin leverages
sysfs to detect the hidden module
• Gathers the modules list and every directory
under /sys/modules and compares the names
• No known rootkit hides itself from sysfs
26
27. # python vol.py -f kbeast.this --
profile=LinuxDebianx86 linux_check_modules
Volatile Systems Volatility Framework 2.2_rc1
Module Name
-----------
ipsecs_kbeast_v1
27
28. System Call Table Hooking
• KBeast hooks a number of system calls in
order to hide attacker activity
• read, write, getdents, kill, open, unlink, and
more…
• These hooks allow the rootkit to alter control
flow over a wide range of userland activity
28
30. Hiding Network Connections
• KBeast hooks the show member of
tcp4_seq_afinfo
• This is a sequence operations structure used
to populate /proc/net/tcp
• netstat uses this to list connections
• Hidden connections are simply filtered out
from reading
30
31. Validating Network Ops Structures
• The linux_check_afinfo plugin checks the file
operations and sequence operations of:
– tcp6_seq_afinfo
– tcp4_seq_afinfo
– udplite6_seq_afinfo
– udp6_seq_afinfo
– udplite4_seq_afinfo
– udp4_seq_afinfo
31
32. # python vol.py -f kbeast.lime --profile=LinuxDebianx86
linux_check_afinfo
Volatile Systems Volatility Framework 2.2_rc1
Symbol Name Member Address
----------- ------ ----------
tcp4_seq_afinfo show 0xe0fb9965
32
34. Jynx / LD_PRELOAD
• LD_PRELOAD is an env variable that, when set,
loads a shared library into every process
• Any function defined in the pre-loaded library
is called before the real function
• Very powerful for debugging purposes and
abused by many malware samples
34
35. Jynx/Jynx 2
• Popular LD_PRELOAD based malware sample
• Hooks all functions related to reading the
filesystem and network
– open/opendir/stat/fstat/fopen
– unlink/access
– accept
• Uses the accept hook to implement a
network-based backdoor
35
39. Recovering the Shared Object
• linux_find_file can recover the entire shared
object
• Can then do binary analysis to determine
what functions are hooked, password to the
backdoor, etc [6]
39
40. Other Plugins
• A number of other Volatility plugins can be
used to perform and to aid in malware
analysis
• Use in conjunction with each other to get the
best results!
40
41. Networking Plugins
• linux_ifconfig
– Lists if interface is in promiscuous mode
• linux_arp
– Prints the ARP cache (detect lateral movement)
• linux_route_cache
– Prints the routing cache (external IP addresses
communicated with)
41
42. Networking Plugins Cont.
• sk_buff_cache
– Recover packets from the kmem_cache
• pkt_queues
– Recover queued packets on open/active sockets
42
43. File Access & Mappings
• linux_dentry_cache
– Recover the full path and metadata of accessed
files
• linux_vma_cache
– Recovering files mapped into processes (shared
libraries, mmap’d data files, etc)
43
44. Processes
• linux_psaux
– Recover command line arguments
• linux_pslist_cache
– Recovers processes from the kmem_cache
(including exited ones)
• linux_pidhashtable
– Recovers processes from the pid hash table
• linux_psxview
– Lists all processes and if they are found in process
list, cache, and/or hash table
44
45. Conclusion
• Volatility’s Linux support provides powerful
rootkit & IR analysis
• We did not even cover all the plugins…
• Exciting features to come soon related to
Android processing!
45
46. The End
• Volatility:
– http://volatility-labs.blogspot.com/
– http://code.google.com/p/volatility/
– @volatility
• Me
– http://www.memoryanalysis.net
– @attrc
46