Olmecs
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As agriculture increased in the fertile Coatzlcoaltl River Valley region of present-day Veracruz, Mexico, some individuals began managing resources and controlling the rich farmland, rising as the elite ruling class of early Olmec communities. The Olmecs transitioned from a non-agricultural to agricultural society around 3,000 BC by cultivating maize, squash, and beans using slash-and-burn farming techniques. This led to population growth and the development of complex intellectual pursuits including calendars, ball games, writing, construction of pyramids, and sculpting of colossal heads.
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latinamericancivilizationsii-130918110334-phpapp02.pdf
The document describes several advanced pre-Columbian civilizations in Latin America including the Maya, Inca, and Aztec empires. These civilizations had complex social hierarchies, religious and governmental institutions, agricultural practices including terraced farming, and calendrical and mathematical systems. They built monumental architecture and engineering works without the use of wheels. The Spanish conquest of these empires in the 15th-16th centuries resulted in a major exchange of plants, animals, technologies, diseases, and immune systems between the Old and New Worlds.
latinamericancivilizationsii-130918110334-phpapp02 (2).pdf
The document describes several advanced civilizations in Latin America including the Mayan, Incan, and Aztec empires. These civilizations had complex social hierarchies, religious and governmental institutions, advanced agricultural practices including terraced farming, and calendars and mathematical systems. They built grand architecture without the use of wheels and developed writing systems including hieroglyphs and knotted string records. The arrival of Europeans led to an exchange of goods, technologies, diseases, and populations that transformed the region.
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- 2. -Present-day state Veracruz -Coatzlcoaltl River Valley -along the Gulf Coast and the Tuxtlas Mountains
- 6. **As Agriculture increased, someone was need to manage resources and the one’s who controlled the rich farm land would naturally have been the ones who rose up as the Elite of the community
- 11. Development of Agriculture • The area supports abundant array of plants and animals (early Olmecs=non-agricultural) • Comfortable existence allowed Olmecs to be free to experiment with cultivation • Food supply increases=population in villages increases & transition made into agricultural society • Earliest crops=Maize (c.3, 000 BC), squash and beans • Slash-and-burn farming
- 12. Intellectual Life • Extensive drainage system made of basalt drain lines • Calendar system (probably developed concept of zero before the Maya) • Ulama (ball game) • Writing system • Pyramids • Colossal heads & sculptures