Olfaction
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The document summarizes the key aspects of olfaction and the sense of smell. It describes the main parts of the olfactory system including the olfactory bulb, mitral cells, bone, nasal epithelium, glomerulus, and olfactory receptor neurons. It notes that dogs have a much stronger sense of smell than humans, with 300-10,000 times more olfactory receptor neurons. The document also discusses how smells can enhance our experiences and memories, and how loss of smell (anosmia) affects one's ability to experience flavors.
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OLFACTION
Olfaction is very important for us and also for other animals.
Dog’s sense of smell is 1000 times more than humans. People use dog’s keen sense of smell in many ways---
Govt. agencies use specially trained dogs in search and rescue missio
Detection of narcotics.
Detection of forensic cadaver material.
Due to lack of smell the following disorders may be seen---
Anosmia : lack of ability to smell
Hyposmia- decreased ability to smell
Phantosmia- [“hallucinated smell”] often unpleasant in nature
Dysosmia- things smell differently than they should.
Hyperosmia- an abnormally acute sense of smell
Some times olfaction serve as marker for Perkinson’s diseases. Some illness can be diagnosed by their associated smell( e.g. acetone and diabetes). So smell therapy and clinical use of odour is an area for future.
Olfaction
The document discusses the sense of smell (olfaction). It describes how odorants are detected by olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity and signals are sent to brain structures like the olfactory bulb and limbic system. It notes that dogs have a much more sensitive sense of smell than humans, with more olfactory receptor neurons. The summary provides an overview of the key topics and structures involved in the sense of smell.
Anatomy & Physiology Of Olfactory System
This document discusses the physiology and anatomy of olfaction. It describes the olfactory mucous membrane containing receptor cells that detect odors. It explains how stimulation of these cells leads to action potentials that travel to the olfactory bulbs and higher brain centers. The document also discusses theories of olfaction and abnormalities in smell perception as well as quantitative tests and imaging studies used to evaluate the sense of smell.
Taste and smell." Gustatory and Olfactory Pathways
This document discusses taste and smell (gustatory and olfactory) pathways. It describes how smell provides awareness of pleasurable sensations and helps identify toxic foods or chemicals. Olfaction is unique in that it reaches the cerebral cortex without relaying through the thalamus. Clinical manifestations of olfactory lesions can include loss or reduction of smell, distortions or illusions of smell, and hallucinations or delusions caused by temporal lobe or psychiatric disorders. Bilateral anosmia is a common complaint that patients believe causes a loss of taste as well.
Olfaction
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, occurs when odorant molecules bind to olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. Humans have two olfactory systems - the main olfactory system detects airborne chemicals, while the accessory olfactory system detects pheromones. Evolution has led to changes in vertebrate olfaction, including the development of nasal turbinates in mammals which increase surface area for smell. Diseases and disorders can impair olfaction through conductive issues like nasal obstruction or central issues like viral infection of olfactory neurons.
The sense of smell
1) The olfactory mucous membrane is a small area in the roof of the nasal cavity that contains 10-20 million olfactory receptor cells which detect smells.
2) When an odorant molecule binds to a receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade that leads to an action potential in the receptor neuron.
3) The axons of receptor cells project to the olfactory bulbs where they synapse with other neurons and transmit smell information to the central nervous system.
Olfactory pathway
The olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor neurons that detect scents. These neurons have cilia at their ends that contain olfactory receptors which transduce scents. When scents bind to receptors, it creates an electrical signal that travels along the neuron's axon to the olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb then sends this signal to regions of the brain involved in smell perception and the limbic system.
Physiology Of Hearing
The document discusses the physiology of hearing. It covers topics like acoustics, properties of sound, the external ear, middle ear, inner ear, bone conduction, and the auditory pathway. The middle ear functions to transmit sounds from the air to the inner ear fluid through a transducer mechanism involving the vibrations of the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window. Sound waves in the inner ear cause motion of hair cells and generation of nerve impulses that travel through the auditory pathway to the brain.
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OLFACTION
Olfaction is very important for us and also for other animals.
Dog’s sense of smell is 1000 times more than humans. People use dog’s keen sense of smell in many ways---
Govt. agencies use specially trained dogs in search and rescue missio
Detection of narcotics.
Detection of forensic cadaver material.
Due to lack of smell the following disorders may be seen---
Anosmia : lack of ability to smell
Hyposmia- decreased ability to smell
Phantosmia- [“hallucinated smell”] often unpleasant in nature
Dysosmia- things smell differently than they should.
Hyperosmia- an abnormally acute sense of smell
Some times olfaction serve as marker for Perkinson’s diseases. Some illness can be diagnosed by their associated smell( e.g. acetone and diabetes). So smell therapy and clinical use of odour is an area for future.
Olfaction
The document discusses the sense of smell (olfaction). It describes how odorants are detected by olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity and signals are sent to brain structures like the olfactory bulb and limbic system. It notes that dogs have a much more sensitive sense of smell than humans, with more olfactory receptor neurons. The summary provides an overview of the key topics and structures involved in the sense of smell.
Anatomy & Physiology Of Olfactory System
This document discusses the physiology and anatomy of olfaction. It describes the olfactory mucous membrane containing receptor cells that detect odors. It explains how stimulation of these cells leads to action potentials that travel to the olfactory bulbs and higher brain centers. The document also discusses theories of olfaction and abnormalities in smell perception as well as quantitative tests and imaging studies used to evaluate the sense of smell.
Taste and smell." Gustatory and Olfactory Pathways
This document discusses taste and smell (gustatory and olfactory) pathways. It describes how smell provides awareness of pleasurable sensations and helps identify toxic foods or chemicals. Olfaction is unique in that it reaches the cerebral cortex without relaying through the thalamus. Clinical manifestations of olfactory lesions can include loss or reduction of smell, distortions or illusions of smell, and hallucinations or delusions caused by temporal lobe or psychiatric disorders. Bilateral anosmia is a common complaint that patients believe causes a loss of taste as well.
Olfaction
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, occurs when odorant molecules bind to olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. Humans have two olfactory systems - the main olfactory system detects airborne chemicals, while the accessory olfactory system detects pheromones. Evolution has led to changes in vertebrate olfaction, including the development of nasal turbinates in mammals which increase surface area for smell. Diseases and disorders can impair olfaction through conductive issues like nasal obstruction or central issues like viral infection of olfactory neurons.
The sense of smell
1) The olfactory mucous membrane is a small area in the roof of the nasal cavity that contains 10-20 million olfactory receptor cells which detect smells.
2) When an odorant molecule binds to a receptor, it triggers a signaling cascade that leads to an action potential in the receptor neuron.
3) The axons of receptor cells project to the olfactory bulbs where they synapse with other neurons and transmit smell information to the central nervous system.
Olfactory pathway
The olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor neurons that detect scents. These neurons have cilia at their ends that contain olfactory receptors which transduce scents. When scents bind to receptors, it creates an electrical signal that travels along the neuron's axon to the olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb then sends this signal to regions of the brain involved in smell perception and the limbic system.
Physiology Of Hearing
The document discusses the physiology of hearing. It covers topics like acoustics, properties of sound, the external ear, middle ear, inner ear, bone conduction, and the auditory pathway. The middle ear functions to transmit sounds from the air to the inner ear fluid through a transducer mechanism involving the vibrations of the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and oval window. Sound waves in the inner ear cause motion of hair cells and generation of nerve impulses that travel through the auditory pathway to the brain.
Physiology of Special Senses and Perception
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It discusses how sensation is the process of receiving and transmitting sensory information to the brain, while perception involves selecting, organizing, and interpreting that information. Key topics covered include the five senses (vision, audition, olfaction, gustation, and somatic senses), as well as perceptual concepts like attention, constancies, depth perception, and illusions. Sensory thresholds, adaptation, and transduction are described for visual and auditory systems. Overall, the document provides a high-level introduction to sensation and perception.
Physiology of olfaction
This document provides an overview of the physiology of olfaction. It discusses:
- The anatomy of olfactory stimulation including the nasal passageways, olfactory mucus, and olfactory epithelium.
- The main cell types in the olfactory epithelium: ciliated olfactory receptors, microvillar cells, supporting cells, and basal cells.
- How odorant molecules stimulate the olfactory receptors and initiate the transduction pathway.
- The pathways that olfactory information takes from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb and onto various regions in the brain involved in olfaction.
- Theories on olfactory transduction and coding of odorant molecules.
-
Taste
This document discusses taste and the gustatory system. It describes the five primary tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Taste buds located on papillae in the tongue contain receptor cells that detect these tastes. The taste pathway involves nerves carrying signals from taste buds to the brain. Different regions of the tongue are more sensitive to certain tastes. Factors like adaptation can influence taste perception. Taste works closely with smell, and disorders can impact taste sensation. The document provides details on taste receptors, pathways, thresholds, influences on taste, and taste disorders.
Physiology Taste and Smell
The nasal cavity contains the olfactory segment which is lined with olfactory epithelium containing receptors that detect smells. Each olfactory receptor is a neuron with cilia that project into the mucus and connect to the olfactory bulbs. The olfactory bulbs contain neurons that process smell information and project to the olfactory cortex. Taste buds on the tongue and oral cavity contain receptor cells that detect the five basic tastes and transmit information through cranial nerves to the brainstem and thalamus for processing. Abnormalities of smell and taste include anosmia, hyposmia, dysgeusia, and ageusia which can be caused by damage, disease, or other factors.
Physiology of Hearing and Equilibrium
The organ of Corti contains outer and inner hair cells that transmit auditory stimuli through afferent pathways to the brain. Sound is conducted through the outer, middle, and inner ear before stimulating the hair cells. The vestibular system contains semicircular canals and otolith organs that detect head movement and gravity. It transmits signals through vestibular ganglia and nuclei to mediate reflexes for balance and eye movement. Both auditory and vestibular systems integrate sensory information in the brain to process sound and maintain equilibrium.
Taste ppt
The document discusses the chemical senses of taste and smell. It describes how taste and smell receptors detect flavors in food and influence digestion. Taste is detected by taste receptor cells located in taste buds in the oral cavity and throat. There are five basic tastes: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. Taste receptor cells detect different ions and molecules to produce different taste sensations. Taste information is transmitted via cranial nerves to the brainstem, thalamus, and gustatory cortex. The physiology of taste receptor cell activation and taste transduction pathways are also described.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Auditory System
The document describes the anatomy and function of the human auditory system. It discusses the external, middle, and inner ear anatomy. It explains how sound is transduced by the cochlea's basilar membrane and organ of Corti into neural signals. Frequency tuning occurs due to the cochlea's tonotopic organization. Sound localization involves interaural intensity and timing differences processed in the superior olivary nucleus. Auditory pathways project from the cochlea to the auditory cortex. Common auditory disorders include noise-induced and presbycusis hearing loss damaging hair cells.
Olfactory system
Olfaction is one the major sense. In the following presentation, a brief description of the olfactory system is given. In this following topics are discussed: olfactory membrane, olfactory bulb, odor pathway, anosmia, directional smelling and plasticity. By the end of it, you will be able to describe the olfactory pathway of the nervous system.
Olfaction ppt
The document discusses the senses of smell and taste. It describes:
1. Smell (olfaction) and taste are chemical senses that involve chemoreceptors in the nose and mouth that are stimulated by odorant molecules.
2. The sense of smell involves olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity that detect odors and transmit signals through the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex.
3. Adaptation occurs when exposed to constant odors, which decreases perception over time through centrifugal control from the brain to the olfactory bulb.
Taste and smell
The document discusses the physiology of taste and smell. It describes the anatomy and function of taste buds and receptors on the tongue that detect the five basic tastes: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. It also discusses the pathways and centers in the brain involved in taste perception. For smell, it outlines the anatomy of the olfactory epithelium and bulb, and the receptors, binding proteins, and central pathways that underlie olfaction.
Auditory System
The auditory system allows humans to perceive sound. Sound waves enter the outer ear and vibrate the eardrum, transmitting vibrations through three small bones to fluid in the inner ear. Hair cells in the cochlea convert vibrations into nerve signals about sound frequencies and intensities. The brain processes these signals to perceive qualities like pitch and loudness. Damage to hair cells or nerves can cause hearing loss while cortical damage may impact speech understanding.
Olfaction
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is an ancient sensory system that together with taste enables an organism to detect chemicals in the external environment. Olfaction is one of the five major human senses (vision, hearing, olfaction, taste, and touch) that occurs when odorants bind to specific sites in olfactory receptors.Olfaction is present in most species such as insects, worms, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. It is essential for survival by permitting the location of food, mates, and predators, although in humans, olfaction is often viewed as an esthetic sense capable of triggering emotion and memory.
Anatomy and physiology of sense of smell
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the sense of smell. It describes how olfactory nerves originate in the nasal cavity and transmit signals to the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex. It explains that smell detection works as volatile molecules stimulate olfactory receptors in the nose. Factors like sniffing, inflammation, and adaptation can impact one's sense of smell.
Brain and Its Functions- Part 1
This document provides an overview of basic brain anatomy and functions. It is divided into multiple parts. Part 1 discusses the early development of the human embryo's brain within the first 6 weeks. It also covers the basic units of the brain - neurons and synapses. Additionally, it compares the size of human and animal brains. The brain is described as having three main parts: the reptilian brain for instinct, the limbic system for emotion, and the neocortex for higher-level thought. The reptilian brain and limbic system are the evolutionarily older parts of the brain. The document notes that part 2 will provide more details on brain functioning.
Sense of smell
The document summarizes key aspects of the sense of smell (olfaction). It discusses:
1) Smell and taste both use chemoreceptors and can differentiate a large range of chemicals, with smell able to detect more. They project to the cerebral cortex and limbic system, evoking strong emotions.
2) The olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity contains olfactory receptor cells that detect airborne chemicals dissolved in mucus. Supporting cells and glands produce mucus.
3) Signals from olfactory receptors travel along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex for interpretation and integration with memory in the brain.
Chemical senses
Taste and smell are closely linked senses that involve different receptors but overlap in central processing. Taste is detected by taste receptor cells located in taste buds in the tongue, soft palate, and pharynx, which respond to five primary tastes: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. Smell is detected by olfactory receptor neurons located in the nasal cavity that transmit signals through the olfactory bulbs and to the brain. Both senses play an important role in food intake and can influence appetite.
Olfaction and pathway
This document discusses the anatomy and function of the olfactory system. It notes that perception of odors depends on the state of the nasal epithelium and nervous system. It describes how odorant substances reach the olfactory cleft through diffusion or airflow in the nose. It outlines the structures involved in olfaction like the olfactory epithelium, receptor cells, and pathways in the brain. It also discusses clinical conditions that can affect smell and various diseases and medications that can impact the olfactory system.
Physiology of taste
This document provides information on the physiology of taste sensation. It begins with an introduction to taste buds and the sense of taste. It then describes the anatomy of the tongue, including the different types of papillae and taste buds. It explains the primary tastes detected, gustatory pathway, and mechanism of taste stimulation and transduction. Finally, it discusses applied physiology such as various taste disorders and their causes, as well as methods for diagnosing taste sensation abnormalities.
Taste
Taste is detected by taste buds located in the tongue, soft palate, and throat. Taste buds contain receptor cells that are activated by different tastes like sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. When a taste substance comes in contact with receptor cells, it causes a change in cell permeability that leads to generation of nerve impulses. These impulses travel through cranial nerves to the brainstem and cortex for perception and identification of different tastes. Factors like temperature, hormones, age, and diseases can affect a person's ability to perceive different tastes. Taste helps identify nutritious foods as well as toxic substances.
Gustation
This document summarizes the process of gustation (taste) in humans. It describes how taste buds on the tongue, epiglottis and pharynx contain receptors that transmit signals through the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem. These signals are then relayed to the thalamus and insular cortex, which integrate taste information with other sensory and cognitive processes. The document also outlines the five basic taste categories and the molecular mechanisms of sensory transduction for each. Finally, it discusses topography of taste receptors on the tongue and labeled-line coding in the gustatory system.
Olfaction 111029153241-phpapp02
The document discusses the sense of smell (olfaction). It describes how odorants are detected by olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity and signals are sent to brain structures like the olfactory bulb and limbic system. It notes that dogs have a much more sensitive sense of smell than humans, with more olfactory receptor neurons. The summary provides an overview of the key topics and structures involved in the sense of smell.
Bio 166 presentation-A
The document provides an overview of the special senses of taste, hearing, smell, and vision. It includes the following key points:
- Taste is detected by taste buds on the tongue and involves four basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. Taste pathways transmit signals to the brainstem.
- Hearing involves the outer, middle and inner ear. Sound waves cause the eardrum and bones of the middle ear to vibrate, transmitting signals through nerves to the brain.
- Smell receptors in the nose detect odors which activate pathways to areas of the brain involved in memory and emotion.
- Vision involves light entering the eye through the cornea and lens, with
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Physiology of Special Senses and Perception
This document provides an overview of sensation and perception. It discusses how sensation is the process of receiving and transmitting sensory information to the brain, while perception involves selecting, organizing, and interpreting that information. Key topics covered include the five senses (vision, audition, olfaction, gustation, and somatic senses), as well as perceptual concepts like attention, constancies, depth perception, and illusions. Sensory thresholds, adaptation, and transduction are described for visual and auditory systems. Overall, the document provides a high-level introduction to sensation and perception.
Physiology of olfaction
This document provides an overview of the physiology of olfaction. It discusses:
- The anatomy of olfactory stimulation including the nasal passageways, olfactory mucus, and olfactory epithelium.
- The main cell types in the olfactory epithelium: ciliated olfactory receptors, microvillar cells, supporting cells, and basal cells.
- How odorant molecules stimulate the olfactory receptors and initiate the transduction pathway.
- The pathways that olfactory information takes from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb and onto various regions in the brain involved in olfaction.
- Theories on olfactory transduction and coding of odorant molecules.
-
Taste
This document discusses taste and the gustatory system. It describes the five primary tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Taste buds located on papillae in the tongue contain receptor cells that detect these tastes. The taste pathway involves nerves carrying signals from taste buds to the brain. Different regions of the tongue are more sensitive to certain tastes. Factors like adaptation can influence taste perception. Taste works closely with smell, and disorders can impact taste sensation. The document provides details on taste receptors, pathways, thresholds, influences on taste, and taste disorders.
Physiology Taste and Smell
The nasal cavity contains the olfactory segment which is lined with olfactory epithelium containing receptors that detect smells. Each olfactory receptor is a neuron with cilia that project into the mucus and connect to the olfactory bulbs. The olfactory bulbs contain neurons that process smell information and project to the olfactory cortex. Taste buds on the tongue and oral cavity contain receptor cells that detect the five basic tastes and transmit information through cranial nerves to the brainstem and thalamus for processing. Abnormalities of smell and taste include anosmia, hyposmia, dysgeusia, and ageusia which can be caused by damage, disease, or other factors.
Physiology of Hearing and Equilibrium
The organ of Corti contains outer and inner hair cells that transmit auditory stimuli through afferent pathways to the brain. Sound is conducted through the outer, middle, and inner ear before stimulating the hair cells. The vestibular system contains semicircular canals and otolith organs that detect head movement and gravity. It transmits signals through vestibular ganglia and nuclei to mediate reflexes for balance and eye movement. Both auditory and vestibular systems integrate sensory information in the brain to process sound and maintain equilibrium.
Taste ppt
The document discusses the chemical senses of taste and smell. It describes how taste and smell receptors detect flavors in food and influence digestion. Taste is detected by taste receptor cells located in taste buds in the oral cavity and throat. There are five basic tastes: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. Taste receptor cells detect different ions and molecules to produce different taste sensations. Taste information is transmitted via cranial nerves to the brainstem, thalamus, and gustatory cortex. The physiology of taste receptor cell activation and taste transduction pathways are also described.
Anatomy and Physiology of the Auditory System
The document describes the anatomy and function of the human auditory system. It discusses the external, middle, and inner ear anatomy. It explains how sound is transduced by the cochlea's basilar membrane and organ of Corti into neural signals. Frequency tuning occurs due to the cochlea's tonotopic organization. Sound localization involves interaural intensity and timing differences processed in the superior olivary nucleus. Auditory pathways project from the cochlea to the auditory cortex. Common auditory disorders include noise-induced and presbycusis hearing loss damaging hair cells.
Olfactory system
Olfaction is one the major sense. In the following presentation, a brief description of the olfactory system is given. In this following topics are discussed: olfactory membrane, olfactory bulb, odor pathway, anosmia, directional smelling and plasticity. By the end of it, you will be able to describe the olfactory pathway of the nervous system.
Olfaction ppt
The document discusses the senses of smell and taste. It describes:
1. Smell (olfaction) and taste are chemical senses that involve chemoreceptors in the nose and mouth that are stimulated by odorant molecules.
2. The sense of smell involves olfactory receptor cells in the nasal cavity that detect odors and transmit signals through the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex.
3. Adaptation occurs when exposed to constant odors, which decreases perception over time through centrifugal control from the brain to the olfactory bulb.
Taste and smell
The document discusses the physiology of taste and smell. It describes the anatomy and function of taste buds and receptors on the tongue that detect the five basic tastes: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. It also discusses the pathways and centers in the brain involved in taste perception. For smell, it outlines the anatomy of the olfactory epithelium and bulb, and the receptors, binding proteins, and central pathways that underlie olfaction.
Auditory System
The auditory system allows humans to perceive sound. Sound waves enter the outer ear and vibrate the eardrum, transmitting vibrations through three small bones to fluid in the inner ear. Hair cells in the cochlea convert vibrations into nerve signals about sound frequencies and intensities. The brain processes these signals to perceive qualities like pitch and loudness. Damage to hair cells or nerves can cause hearing loss while cortical damage may impact speech understanding.
Olfaction
Olfaction, or the sense of smell, is an ancient sensory system that together with taste enables an organism to detect chemicals in the external environment. Olfaction is one of the five major human senses (vision, hearing, olfaction, taste, and touch) that occurs when odorants bind to specific sites in olfactory receptors.Olfaction is present in most species such as insects, worms, fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. It is essential for survival by permitting the location of food, mates, and predators, although in humans, olfaction is often viewed as an esthetic sense capable of triggering emotion and memory.
Anatomy and physiology of sense of smell
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the sense of smell. It describes how olfactory nerves originate in the nasal cavity and transmit signals to the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex. It explains that smell detection works as volatile molecules stimulate olfactory receptors in the nose. Factors like sniffing, inflammation, and adaptation can impact one's sense of smell.
Brain and Its Functions- Part 1
This document provides an overview of basic brain anatomy and functions. It is divided into multiple parts. Part 1 discusses the early development of the human embryo's brain within the first 6 weeks. It also covers the basic units of the brain - neurons and synapses. Additionally, it compares the size of human and animal brains. The brain is described as having three main parts: the reptilian brain for instinct, the limbic system for emotion, and the neocortex for higher-level thought. The reptilian brain and limbic system are the evolutionarily older parts of the brain. The document notes that part 2 will provide more details on brain functioning.
Sense of smell
The document summarizes key aspects of the sense of smell (olfaction). It discusses:
1) Smell and taste both use chemoreceptors and can differentiate a large range of chemicals, with smell able to detect more. They project to the cerebral cortex and limbic system, evoking strong emotions.
2) The olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity contains olfactory receptor cells that detect airborne chemicals dissolved in mucus. Supporting cells and glands produce mucus.
3) Signals from olfactory receptors travel along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex for interpretation and integration with memory in the brain.
Chemical senses
Taste and smell are closely linked senses that involve different receptors but overlap in central processing. Taste is detected by taste receptor cells located in taste buds in the tongue, soft palate, and pharynx, which respond to five primary tastes: salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. Smell is detected by olfactory receptor neurons located in the nasal cavity that transmit signals through the olfactory bulbs and to the brain. Both senses play an important role in food intake and can influence appetite.
Olfaction and pathway
This document discusses the anatomy and function of the olfactory system. It notes that perception of odors depends on the state of the nasal epithelium and nervous system. It describes how odorant substances reach the olfactory cleft through diffusion or airflow in the nose. It outlines the structures involved in olfaction like the olfactory epithelium, receptor cells, and pathways in the brain. It also discusses clinical conditions that can affect smell and various diseases and medications that can impact the olfactory system.
Physiology of taste
This document provides information on the physiology of taste sensation. It begins with an introduction to taste buds and the sense of taste. It then describes the anatomy of the tongue, including the different types of papillae and taste buds. It explains the primary tastes detected, gustatory pathway, and mechanism of taste stimulation and transduction. Finally, it discusses applied physiology such as various taste disorders and their causes, as well as methods for diagnosing taste sensation abnormalities.
Taste
Taste is detected by taste buds located in the tongue, soft palate, and throat. Taste buds contain receptor cells that are activated by different tastes like sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. When a taste substance comes in contact with receptor cells, it causes a change in cell permeability that leads to generation of nerve impulses. These impulses travel through cranial nerves to the brainstem and cortex for perception and identification of different tastes. Factors like temperature, hormones, age, and diseases can affect a person's ability to perceive different tastes. Taste helps identify nutritious foods as well as toxic substances.
Gustation
This document summarizes the process of gustation (taste) in humans. It describes how taste buds on the tongue, epiglottis and pharynx contain receptors that transmit signals through the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the brainstem. These signals are then relayed to the thalamus and insular cortex, which integrate taste information with other sensory and cognitive processes. The document also outlines the five basic taste categories and the molecular mechanisms of sensory transduction for each. Finally, it discusses topography of taste receptors on the tongue and labeled-line coding in the gustatory system.
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The document discusses the sense of smell (olfaction). It describes how odorants are detected by olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity and signals are sent to brain structures like the olfactory bulb and limbic system. It notes that dogs have a much more sensitive sense of smell than humans, with more olfactory receptor neurons. The summary provides an overview of the key topics and structures involved in the sense of smell.
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The document provides an overview of the special senses of taste, hearing, smell, and vision. It includes the following key points:
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human body and health.pptx
This document summarizes key aspects of human olfaction and the sense of smell. It discusses:
1) How humans have fewer olfactory receptors than other animals like dogs, but our receptors can still detect single odorant molecules.
2) The structures involved in smell including the olfactory epithelium, olfactory sensory neurons, olfactory bulbs, and their connections to the limbic system and cortex.
3) Theories of how we perceive smells, with the dominant theory being that the pattern of odorant binding in the epithelium determines our scent perception.
4) Factors that influence our olfactory detection thresholds and ability to smell over time.
Sense of Smell.docx
The document describes how our sense of smell works. It explains that odor molecules are sniffed into the nose and activate receptors in the olfactory epithelium, triggering neurons that send signals to the brain. Each neuron responds to just one smell molecule, allowing our brains to perceive complex odors. The document also discusses how dogs have a much more developed sense of smell than humans due to differences in their olfactory systems.
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved..docx
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Chapter 17
The Special
Senses
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Special SensesRecall that a sensation is the conscious or subconscious awareness of an internal or external stimulus
For this chapter, “external stimulus” means light rays striking the retina of the eye, sound waves impinging on the tympanic membrane of the ear, molecules in the air and food transmitting smells and tastes to the chemical sensors in the nose an on the tongue, and the force of gravity acting on equilibrium receptors in the inner ear which sense changes in inertia
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Special SensesReceptors for the special senses of smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium are anatomically distinct from one another and are concentrated in specific locations in the head
In addition to the stimuli and the receptors, there are specific afferent pathways and translation sites in the brain for information assembled from these special senses
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Special Senses
General Senses
Include somatic sensations (tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive) and visceral sensations
Are scattered throughout the body
Are relatively simple structures
Special Senses
Include smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium
Are concentrated in specific locations in the head
Are anatomically distinct structures
Form complex neural pathwaysComparing the general senses and the special senses
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Olfaction and TasteOlfaction is the process of perceiving smells. Smell and taste are brought about through the interpretation of chemicals present in the environment
Olfactory and gustatory (taste) impulses travel not only to the cerebral cortex, but also to the limbic systemthis is why we can have emotional responses and trigger strong memories to certain smells and tastesgustation and olfaction work together but olfaction
is much stronger/more sensitive (when someone has a cold it is difficult to taste food)
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
OlfactionThe olfactory epithelium is located in the superior part of the nasal cavity covering the surface of the cribriform plate and extending along the superior nasal concha
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
OlfactionThe olfactory epithelium consists of 3 kinds of cells:
The olfactory receptor is a bipolar neuron with cilia (called olfactory hairs). There are 10-100 million of these receptors in the nose that respond to odorant molecules
Supporting cells provide
support and nourishment
Basal cells are stem cells
that replace olfactory
receptors
*
Copyright © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
OlfactionThe olfactory apparatus can detect about 10,000 different odors, often in concentrations as low as 1/25 billionth of a milligram per milliliter of air .
Olfactory and gustatory receptors
The document discusses chemoreceptors, which include taste receptors and olfactory receptors. Taste and smell rely on chemical receptors being stimulated by certain molecules. Humans can taste sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami; taste and smell are directly related because they use the same types of receptors. Olfactory receptors are located in the nose, while taste receptors are located in the tongue and oral cavity. Both system detect chemicals and transmit signals to the brain.
The Olfactory System Smell
The document summarizes key aspects of the human olfactory system. It describes the main components of the nose involved in smell including the olfactory epithelium containing sensory neurons that interact with odorants. It notes unique properties of olfactory receptor cells, including making direct contact with the brain without a protective barrier. It also discusses the two main parts of the olfactory system - the main olfactory system for odor detection and the accessory olfactory system for pheromone detection.
Smell
Sense of Smell describes how smell works and its importance. It explains that smell is the interpretation of scents through olfactory cells in the nose that connect directly to the brain, making it a chemical sense. Some animals like dogs have a very keen sense of smell that they rely on more than other senses. While smell is as reliable as other senses, all senses can be perceived differently between individuals.
Physiological_and_Psychological_Foundations_of_Sensory_Function.pptx
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of taste and smell. It describes the four types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds, and notes that different areas of the tongue are most sensitive to different tastes. It also outlines the basic anatomy of smell, including the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulbs, and olfactory neurons. Finally, it discusses some functional properties of taste and smell, such as adaptation and mixture interactions.
Special senses olfaction
This document discusses the senses of smell (olfaction) and taste. It notes that smell and taste have a cooperative relationship, with odor contributing approximately 80% of what we perceive as flavor. The main points covered include:
- Smell and taste are classified as special senses along with sight, hearing, and balance
- The olfactory system includes receptors in the nose, olfactory bulbs, and pathways to the brain regions involved in emotion and behavior
- Pheromones influence behaviors through a vomeronasal system present in many animals
- Humans have a less developed sense of smell compared to most animals
- The olfactory epithelium regenerates sensory neurons throughout life but this capacity declines with age
Olfactory Sensation
The document discusses the sense of smell (olfactory) in humans. It explains that smell involves odorant molecules dissolving in mucus in the olfactory epithelium located in the upper part of the nose, activating olfactory receptor neurons. These neurons transmit signals to the olfactory bulb and then parts of the brain involved in emotion and memory. The brain interprets these signals as the perception of specific odors. Richard Axel and Linda Buck discovered that humans have around 1000 olfactory receptor genes and that each receptor neuron expresses only one type.
Group presentation final
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of smell and taste. It describes the main structures involved in each sense, including the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb and pathways for smell, and the various papillae and taste buds on the tongue for taste. It explains how smells and tastes are detected, discriminated, and transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain for processing. Both senses involve receptor cells that detect stimuli, but smell information travels directly to the olfactory cortex while taste information goes through more processing centers in the brainstem and thalamus before reaching the cortex.
My presentation
This document discusses the five basic human senses: sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch. It provides details on the organs and biological processes involved in each sense. For sight, it describes the eye, retina, and optic nerve. For smell, it discusses the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. It notes the five primary tastes detected by taste buds on the tongue. For hearing, it explains how sound waves are captured by the outer ear and transmitted through the middle ear bones to vibrate the cochlea. It describes the nerve endings in the skin that provide the sense of touch all over the body.
Sensory organs
This document summarizes the main sensory organs in the body - vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye, ear, taste buds, olfactory system, and receptors for touch. The eye contains the retina with rods and cones for vision. The ear is divided into external, middle, and inner sections for hearing and balance. Taste buds contain gustatory cells that detect the five basic tastes. The olfactory region contains sensory cells that detect smells. Various receptors throughout the body sense touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.
Mechanism of odour perception
The document discusses the mechanism of odor perception. It begins by defining key terms like olfaction, odorants, and odor thresholds. It then describes how odors are detected by volatile molecules binding to odor receptors in the nose. The pathway involves odorant receptors on olfactory neurons transmitting signals to the olfactory bulb and brain. Factors like age, gender, chemicals and emotions can impact odor perception. The ability to detect thousands of odors comes from each neuron expressing a single odor receptor protein out of hundreds of possible types.
Bees senses
The document discusses the five senses in humans and bees. It explains that humans use their eyes to see, ears to hear, skin to touch, tongue to taste, and nose to smell. For bees, it describes that they have compound eyes to see motion and distance and ocelli to maintain stability and navigate. Bees can see ultraviolet light and colors faster than humans. They use their antennae to smell pheromones and 170 odor receptors to locate pollen and other bees. Bees feel vibrations through their antennae and body to detect sounds. Their sensitive antennae and tongue with taste buds allow them to construct hives and detect sweet, salty, sour and bitter tastes in flowers.
Barrientos, josielyn
Human beings traditionally have five senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch - that provide data for perception. These senses are studied by fields like neuroscience and philosophy of perception. Aristotle was credited with classifying the five traditional senses, while Kant proposed that our knowledge depends on our modes of perception. Each sense has an associated organ - the eye for sight, nose for smell, ear for hearing, tongue for taste, and skin/nerves for touch. The brain interprets signals from these sensory organs to represent and understand the environment.
BIOLOGY RESEARCH PAPER
This document is a biology research paper that investigates how age, gender, and olfactory palate cleansers influence olfactory fatigue. The paper describes how the olfactory system works and how prolonged exposure to smells can cause temporary inability to detect odors, known as olfactory fatigue. An experiment was conducted dividing subjects into groups based on age and gender and having them smell smells with and without palate cleansers in between. The results showed that women and younger subjects experienced less fatigue, and lemon was more effective at curing fatigue than coffee beans. The paper concludes that further studies are still needed to verify these findings.
My presentation
This document discusses the five basic human senses: sight, smell, taste, hearing, and touch. It provides details on the organs and biological processes involved in each sense. For sight, it describes the eye, retina, and optic nerve. For smell, it discusses the olfactory receptors in the nasal cavity. It notes the five primary tastes detected by taste buds on the tongue. For hearing, it explains how sound waves are captured by the outer ear and transmitted through the middle ear bones to vibrate the cochlea. It describes the nerve endings in the skin that provide the sense of touch all over the body.
The five senses
The document summarizes the five main human senses - sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch - and provides details on the sensory organs and mechanisms involved in each. It also discusses additional sensory abilities like balance, proprioception, temperature sensation, and synesthesia. Key points include:
- The eye contains light-sensitive rod and cone cells in the retina which detect color and light and transmit signals to the brain via the optic nerve.
- The ear detects sound vibrations that pass through the outer, middle, and inner ear to the auditory nerve and brain. The inner ear also provides balance and orientation.
- Taste buds on the tongue and palate detect the basic tastes of salty, sweet
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Olfaction
- 1. OlfactionOlfaction The Sense of SmellThe Sense of Smell Gilmore S. Reyes Sherlaine T. Alcantara
- 2. OlfactoryOlfactory(The Sense Of Smell)(The Sense Of Smell) 1: Olfactory bulb 2: Mitral cells 3: Bone 4: Nasal epithelium 5: Glomerulus 6: Olfactory receptor neurons
- 3. Olfactory bulb The olfactory bulb is a structure of the vertebrate forebrain involved in olfaction, the perception of odors Olfactory Bulb
- 4. Mitral cells Mitral cells are neurons that are part of the olfactory system. They are located in the olfactory bulb in the mammalian central nervous system.
- 5. Bone Bones are rigid organs that constitute part of the endoskeleton of vertebrates. They support and protect the various organs of the body especially its part.
- 6. Nasal epithelium Epithelium is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissues line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body, and also form many glands.
- 7. Glomerulus The glomerulus (plural glomeruli) is a spherical structure located in the olfactory bulbof the brain where synapses form between the terminals of the olfactory nerve and thedendrites of mitral, periglomerular and tufted cells.
- 8. Olfactory Receptor NeuronsOlfactory Receptor Neurons is a transduction cell within the olfactory system. Carry impulses directly to the brainCarry impulses directly to the brain Live for 5- 8 weeks & then die.Live for 5- 8 weeks & then die.
- 9. Trivia and Facts!Trivia and Facts! Dogs 300-10,000 times more sensitive toDogs 300-10,000 times more sensitive to smell than humanssmell than humans Why? Humans have 10-40 million olfactoryWhy? Humans have 10-40 million olfactory receptor neurons, dogs have over a billion!!receptor neurons, dogs have over a billion!! female humans sense of olfaction is strongest around the time of ovulation, significantly stronger than during other phases of the menstrual cycle and also stronger than the sense in males
- 10. How is perception affected byHow is perception affected by odor?odor? Odor enhances our experience of the worldOdor enhances our experience of the world (food, surroundings, people).(food, surroundings, people). We associate memories with certainWe associate memories with certain odorants.odorants. We lose the ability to experience “flavors”We lose the ability to experience “flavors” if our sense of smell is impaired.if our sense of smell is impaired. Most universally-rated “pleasant” odorant isMost universally-rated “pleasant” odorant is vanillavanilla
- 11. AnosmiaAnosmia: loss of: loss of sensesense of smellof smell May be toMay be to specificspecific odors orodors or allall odors.odors. Caused by infection to nasal cavity or brainCaused by infection to nasal cavity or brain injury (frontal lobe).injury (frontal lobe). About 2 million people in US are anosmic.About 2 million people in US are anosmic.
- 12. END OF SLIDEEND OF SLIDE