This document discusses using waste plastic as a modifier for asphalt and cement concrete pavements. It summarizes previous research coating aggregates with plastic waste and blending plastic into asphalt at different ratios. The author aims to evaluate properties of coated aggregates and polymer-modified asphalt, including Marshall stability and compressive strength. Test results showed increases in stability and strength compared to unmodified materials, indicating plastic waste has potential as a pavement modifier. This could provide an eco-friendly use of plastic waste.
This document discusses reactive powder concrete (RPC), an ultra-high strength cement composite. RPC consists of cement, silica fume, quartz powder, steel fibers, and superplasticizers. It has very low porosity and permeability, and can achieve compressive strengths over 150 MPa. RPC provides advantages like reduced structural weight, seismic resistance, and impermeability. However, it also has higher material costs and long-term properties are still unknown.
The document discusses Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC), which was developed in France in the early 1990s. The first RPC structure was the Sherbrooke Bridge in Canada erected in 1997. RPC is composed of very fine powders, steel fibers, and superplasticizer that gives it ultra-high strength and durability ranging from 200 to 800 MPa. Some applications of RPC include bridges and structures requiring light, thin components or extra safety.
The document discusses a project to study the performance of reactive powder concrete using locally available waste materials. It will study replacing components of RPC with foundry sand and fly ash to determine how properties are affected. A literature review was conducted on previous studies of RPC and component replacements. The methodology will involve determining mix designs, casting test specimens, and conducting tests like compressive strength to analyze results. The goal is to utilize industrial waste materials in a technically sound and environmentally safe way in RPC.
This document discusses reactive powder concrete (RPC), an ultra-high strength and ductile cementitious composite material. RPC consists of portland cement, silica fume, crushed quartz, fine quartz sand, steel fibers and superplasticizers. It achieves high strength through optimizing particle packing and applying pressure. RPC has compressive strengths from 200-800 MPa, making it suitable for structural applications where high strength and ductility are required, such as nuclear containment structures and footbridges. Case studies demonstrate how RPC enables the construction of slender structures.
Factors affecting the strength of reactive powder concrete rpcIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on factors affecting the strength of reactive powder concrete (RPC). RPC is an ultra-high strength concrete containing cement, silica fume, sand, quartz powder and steel fibers. The study developed RPC mixes with compressive strengths up to 150 MPa. It tested the effects of water-binder ratio, silica fume content, quartz powder addition, and high-temperature curing on compressive strength. The highest strength of 146 MPa was achieved. It was found that lower water-binder ratio, higher silica fume content, addition of quartz powder, and high-temperature curing increased compressive strength by up to 10%.
The document presents a project proposal to study the performance of reactive powder concrete (RPC) using locally available waste materials like foundry sand and fly ash. The objectives are to understand waste utilization and examine how RPC properties like strength and ductility are affected when mixed with these materials. A literature review found that foundry sand and fly ash can improve concrete strengths when substituted at certain percentages. The work plan outlines different mixes to be tested with varying replacement levels of foundry sand and fly ash. The project aims to provide insights into developing more sustainable RPC mixtures.
High-performance concrete provides enhanced properties and performance compared to normal concrete. It is made with specially selected materials and mixture designs to achieve high strength, durability, and other desired characteristics. Common properties of HPC include high early strength, high modulus of elasticity, low permeability, chemical resistance, and resistance to cracking and damage from freezing and thawing or deicing chemicals. HPC is often used in infrastructure projects such as bridges and tunnels where high performance is critical.
This document discusses reactive powder concrete (RPC), an ultra-high strength cement composite. RPC consists of cement, silica fume, quartz powder, steel fibers, and superplasticizers. It has very low porosity and permeability, and can achieve compressive strengths over 150 MPa. RPC provides advantages like reduced structural weight, seismic resistance, and impermeability. However, it also has higher material costs and long-term properties are still unknown.
The document discusses Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC), which was developed in France in the early 1990s. The first RPC structure was the Sherbrooke Bridge in Canada erected in 1997. RPC is composed of very fine powders, steel fibers, and superplasticizer that gives it ultra-high strength and durability ranging from 200 to 800 MPa. Some applications of RPC include bridges and structures requiring light, thin components or extra safety.
The document discusses a project to study the performance of reactive powder concrete using locally available waste materials. It will study replacing components of RPC with foundry sand and fly ash to determine how properties are affected. A literature review was conducted on previous studies of RPC and component replacements. The methodology will involve determining mix designs, casting test specimens, and conducting tests like compressive strength to analyze results. The goal is to utilize industrial waste materials in a technically sound and environmentally safe way in RPC.
This document discusses reactive powder concrete (RPC), an ultra-high strength and ductile cementitious composite material. RPC consists of portland cement, silica fume, crushed quartz, fine quartz sand, steel fibers and superplasticizers. It achieves high strength through optimizing particle packing and applying pressure. RPC has compressive strengths from 200-800 MPa, making it suitable for structural applications where high strength and ductility are required, such as nuclear containment structures and footbridges. Case studies demonstrate how RPC enables the construction of slender structures.
Factors affecting the strength of reactive powder concrete rpcIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on factors affecting the strength of reactive powder concrete (RPC). RPC is an ultra-high strength concrete containing cement, silica fume, sand, quartz powder and steel fibers. The study developed RPC mixes with compressive strengths up to 150 MPa. It tested the effects of water-binder ratio, silica fume content, quartz powder addition, and high-temperature curing on compressive strength. The highest strength of 146 MPa was achieved. It was found that lower water-binder ratio, higher silica fume content, addition of quartz powder, and high-temperature curing increased compressive strength by up to 10%.
The document presents a project proposal to study the performance of reactive powder concrete (RPC) using locally available waste materials like foundry sand and fly ash. The objectives are to understand waste utilization and examine how RPC properties like strength and ductility are affected when mixed with these materials. A literature review found that foundry sand and fly ash can improve concrete strengths when substituted at certain percentages. The work plan outlines different mixes to be tested with varying replacement levels of foundry sand and fly ash. The project aims to provide insights into developing more sustainable RPC mixtures.
High-performance concrete provides enhanced properties and performance compared to normal concrete. It is made with specially selected materials and mixture designs to achieve high strength, durability, and other desired characteristics. Common properties of HPC include high early strength, high modulus of elasticity, low permeability, chemical resistance, and resistance to cracking and damage from freezing and thawing or deicing chemicals. HPC is often used in infrastructure projects such as bridges and tunnels where high performance is critical.
Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is an advanced composite material with ultra-high strength and durability. It removes coarse aggregates to increase compressive strength beyond high-performance concrete. RPC consists of sand, cement, quartz powder, silica fumes, superplasticizer, and steel fibers. Its optimal composition and heat curing yield compressive strengths up to 800 MPa. RPC exhibits high flexural strength, very low water absorption and permeability, and excellent resistance to chloride ion penetration, making it suitable for demanding applications like nuclear waste containment. However, RPC is more expensive than high-performance concrete.
This document summarizes a project report on high strength (M70) and high performance concrete. It lists the project team members and their institution. It then provides details on the properties, methods to achieve, parameters, and material selection for high performance concrete. The document discusses the work done on mix design, laboratory tests, mix preparation, test results and conclusions for M70 concrete.
Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is a very strong and durable building material developed in the 1990s. It consists of a finely-ground mixture of cement, silica fume, quartz flour, water and steel fibers that is cured at a high temperature. RPC has extremely high compressive strength, even over 200 MPa, along with high flexural strength and very low permeability. It has been used in bridges, seawalls, buildings and other structures where high strength and durability are required. However, RPC is more expensive to produce than normal concrete due to its specialized composition and processing requirements.
A pdf file on High Performance Concrete giving full details about High Performance Concrete, their use,advantages,disadvantages,strength,applications,tensile strength,bridges.
The document summarizes an experimental investigation that tested the behavior of reactive powder concrete (RPC) columns before and after strengthening with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets under eccentric axial loads. 12 columns were tested, with 3 made of normal concrete and 9 made of RPC. The columns were tested to failure, then strengthened with CFRP jacketing and retested. Results showed that CFRP jacketing increased failure loads up to 185% and reduced lateral displacements, allowing for more ductile failures than the original columns. Including steel fibers in RPC columns further increased failure loads and ductility.
This document summarizes the composition and properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC). RPC consists of very fine powders of cement, micro silica sand, quartz powder, minimal water, and steel fibers which provide high strength of 200-800 MPa and ductility. It was developed to eliminate flaws in other concretes and uses coarse aggregates. RPC exhibits improved abrasion resistance, lower water absorption and corrosion rates, and reduced chloride diffusion compared to regular concrete. While costly, it is suitable for applications where high strength and weight savings are beneficial, though long-term properties and construction details require more research.
The project was undertaken to design M50 grade concrete using GGBS cement and POZZOLANA cement and comparing the fresh concrete and hard concrete properties with concrete designed using conventional cement.
BEHAVIOR OF REACTIVE POWDER CONCRETE SLABS EXPOSED TO FIRE FLAMEIAEME Publication
This work is devoted to study the behavior as well as the mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC) slabs subjected to fire flame. The experimental program includes investigation the effect of burning temperature and duration on some important mechanical properties of RPC compared with normal strength concrete (NSC) such as compressive strength, modulus of rupture, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. Additional tests are also conducted to study the effect of temperature, duration, existence of steel reinforcement and slab thickness on the flexural or punching shear behavior of simply supported RPC slabs having dimensions of (520×520×50mm) under concentrated load at the center of the slab. The test results showed that the performance of RPC specimens at fire were worse than that of conventional concrete due to increased spalling. All RPC samples were spalled and loss their mechanical properties under burning at (600ºC) for (60 mins.) duration. Slab thickness of (50 mm) was enough to resist fire exposure at high temperature level without spalling of the upper surface of concrete
The strength of a material is defined as the ability to resist stress without failure.
It is important to note that High strength and High-performance concrete are not synonymous.
Concrete is defined as High strength concrete on the basis of its compressive strength measured at a given age.
In early 1970’s any concrete mixture that showed 40MPa or more compressive strength at 28 days were design as High strength concrete.
Later 60-100MPa concrete mixture was commercially developed and used in the construction of high rise buildings and long-span bridges in many parts of the world.
Examples of structures of super high-strength concrete in engineeringYasin Engin
This document summarizes properties of structures that used super-high-strength concrete, including notable buildings and bridges. It provides details on the location, year completed, dimensions, concrete strength, water-to-binder ratio, and cement/additive contents. Examples include the Petronas Towers in Malaysia with concrete strength of 85 MPa, the Laurentienne Building in Canada with strength of 120 MPa, and the Millau Viaduct in France with concrete reaching 199 MPa. The document concludes by noting that Samsung C&T is working to commercialize 200 MPa concrete to enable even taller structures.
This presentation provides an overview of concrete and its use in Nepal. It discusses the key ingredients of concrete - cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It describes different types of cement and aggregates used in Nepal. The presentation outlines the basic concrete mixing, placing, compaction, and curing processes. It also discusses the types and strengths of concrete used for different construction applications in Nepal, as well as common concrete tests. Emerging concrete technologies being used include steel fiber reinforced, polymer, and self-compacting concrete. In conclusion, the use of concrete has grown significantly in Nepal over the last decade for various infrastructure projects.
This document discusses ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) and its properties and production methods. It describes the materials used in UHPC including cement, silica fume, quartz fines, fine aggregates, and steel fibers. The mixing and curing processes are also outlined. UHPC is shown to have high compressive strength over 150MPa, low permeability, and excellent durability. Its residual flexural tensile strength allows it to be used without conventional reinforcement. While UHPC has great benefits, its high cost currently limits its widespread use. Special applications like precast elements and manhole covers show promise to help reduce costs. Proper mix design and material quality control are needed to achieve UHPC's outstanding mechanical and
Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is an ultra-high-performance concrete with compressive strengths over 120,000 psi, tensile strengths of 3000-7000 psi, and flexural strengths of around 14,000 psi. It achieves these improved properties through a very dense mix of fine particles, silica fume, steel fibers, and a low water-to-cement ratio. RPC is nearly impermeable and durable, with low shrinkage and creep. Potential applications include structures requiring light, thin components like bridge and building components. However, RPC is very expensive to produce and no design codes currently exist for it.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve issues with inadequate concrete compaction. SCC is highly flowable under its own weight and fills formwork without vibration. It was pioneered by Professor Hajime Okamura and has seen increasing use globally since 2000. The document discusses the constituents, properties, testing, and advantages of SCC compared to traditional vibrated concrete.
high performance concrete by ABHINAV RAWATAbhinav Rawat
High performance concrete (HPC) provides improved strength, durability, workability, and toughness compared to normal concrete. HPC achieves these properties through the use of high-quality cement, supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash and silica fume, and superplasticizers. The main purpose of HPC is to enhance the life of structures by improving impermeability and durability. HPC requires sufficient workability despite very low water-cement ratios, attained through superplasticizers. Strength ranges from 60 to 150 MPa, while improved elastic modulus and dimensional stability counteract undesirable volume changes.
RPC is an ultra-high strength concrete with improved properties achieved through enhanced homogeneity, compactness, and microstructure. It replaces coarse aggregates with fine powders and optimizes particle packing to increase density. Heat curing activates pozzolanic reactions and improves strength and durability. Steel fibers provide ductility. Two types of RPC exist - RPC 200 which achieves 200 MPa strength, and RPC 800 which uses stainless steel fibers and reaches 800 MPa through high temperature curing and applied pressure.
This document provides information on self-compacting concrete (SCC) and light-weight concrete. It defines SCC as concrete that can flow and fill formwork without vibration due to its high fluidity. Benefits of SCC include faster construction, improved quality, and a safer work environment. Light-weight concrete is defined as having a density of less than 2200kg/m3, containing porous aggregates, and including an expanding agent. Examples of structures built with SCC include Burj Dubai and an airport control tower in Stockholm. Requirements for producing SCC and light-weight concrete are also outlined.
The document discusses redesigning the structure of a main spindle box for a machine tool using polymer concrete instead of cast iron. It summarizes the process undertaken, which included static, dynamic, and thermal analysis of the original cast iron design and redesigned polymer concrete design. The analyses showed the polymer concrete design had higher natural frequencies, better damping performance, and a 50% reduced mass compared to the original cast iron design while still meeting structural requirements. The document concludes the redesign successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using polymer concrete for machine tool structures.
Este documento contiene una lista de 22 nombres de estudiantes en una clase. Los nombres están organizados alfabéticamente sin más detalles proporcionados sobre cada estudiante. El documento comienza y termina con marcadores para indicar el inicio y fin de la lista de nombres.
Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is an advanced composite material with ultra-high strength and durability. It removes coarse aggregates to increase compressive strength beyond high-performance concrete. RPC consists of sand, cement, quartz powder, silica fumes, superplasticizer, and steel fibers. Its optimal composition and heat curing yield compressive strengths up to 800 MPa. RPC exhibits high flexural strength, very low water absorption and permeability, and excellent resistance to chloride ion penetration, making it suitable for demanding applications like nuclear waste containment. However, RPC is more expensive than high-performance concrete.
This document summarizes a project report on high strength (M70) and high performance concrete. It lists the project team members and their institution. It then provides details on the properties, methods to achieve, parameters, and material selection for high performance concrete. The document discusses the work done on mix design, laboratory tests, mix preparation, test results and conclusions for M70 concrete.
Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is a very strong and durable building material developed in the 1990s. It consists of a finely-ground mixture of cement, silica fume, quartz flour, water and steel fibers that is cured at a high temperature. RPC has extremely high compressive strength, even over 200 MPa, along with high flexural strength and very low permeability. It has been used in bridges, seawalls, buildings and other structures where high strength and durability are required. However, RPC is more expensive to produce than normal concrete due to its specialized composition and processing requirements.
A pdf file on High Performance Concrete giving full details about High Performance Concrete, their use,advantages,disadvantages,strength,applications,tensile strength,bridges.
The document summarizes an experimental investigation that tested the behavior of reactive powder concrete (RPC) columns before and after strengthening with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets under eccentric axial loads. 12 columns were tested, with 3 made of normal concrete and 9 made of RPC. The columns were tested to failure, then strengthened with CFRP jacketing and retested. Results showed that CFRP jacketing increased failure loads up to 185% and reduced lateral displacements, allowing for more ductile failures than the original columns. Including steel fibers in RPC columns further increased failure loads and ductility.
This document summarizes the composition and properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC). RPC consists of very fine powders of cement, micro silica sand, quartz powder, minimal water, and steel fibers which provide high strength of 200-800 MPa and ductility. It was developed to eliminate flaws in other concretes and uses coarse aggregates. RPC exhibits improved abrasion resistance, lower water absorption and corrosion rates, and reduced chloride diffusion compared to regular concrete. While costly, it is suitable for applications where high strength and weight savings are beneficial, though long-term properties and construction details require more research.
The project was undertaken to design M50 grade concrete using GGBS cement and POZZOLANA cement and comparing the fresh concrete and hard concrete properties with concrete designed using conventional cement.
BEHAVIOR OF REACTIVE POWDER CONCRETE SLABS EXPOSED TO FIRE FLAMEIAEME Publication
This work is devoted to study the behavior as well as the mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC) slabs subjected to fire flame. The experimental program includes investigation the effect of burning temperature and duration on some important mechanical properties of RPC compared with normal strength concrete (NSC) such as compressive strength, modulus of rupture, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity. Additional tests are also conducted to study the effect of temperature, duration, existence of steel reinforcement and slab thickness on the flexural or punching shear behavior of simply supported RPC slabs having dimensions of (520×520×50mm) under concentrated load at the center of the slab. The test results showed that the performance of RPC specimens at fire were worse than that of conventional concrete due to increased spalling. All RPC samples were spalled and loss their mechanical properties under burning at (600ºC) for (60 mins.) duration. Slab thickness of (50 mm) was enough to resist fire exposure at high temperature level without spalling of the upper surface of concrete
The strength of a material is defined as the ability to resist stress without failure.
It is important to note that High strength and High-performance concrete are not synonymous.
Concrete is defined as High strength concrete on the basis of its compressive strength measured at a given age.
In early 1970’s any concrete mixture that showed 40MPa or more compressive strength at 28 days were design as High strength concrete.
Later 60-100MPa concrete mixture was commercially developed and used in the construction of high rise buildings and long-span bridges in many parts of the world.
Examples of structures of super high-strength concrete in engineeringYasin Engin
This document summarizes properties of structures that used super-high-strength concrete, including notable buildings and bridges. It provides details on the location, year completed, dimensions, concrete strength, water-to-binder ratio, and cement/additive contents. Examples include the Petronas Towers in Malaysia with concrete strength of 85 MPa, the Laurentienne Building in Canada with strength of 120 MPa, and the Millau Viaduct in France with concrete reaching 199 MPa. The document concludes by noting that Samsung C&T is working to commercialize 200 MPa concrete to enable even taller structures.
This presentation provides an overview of concrete and its use in Nepal. It discusses the key ingredients of concrete - cement, aggregates, water, and admixtures. It describes different types of cement and aggregates used in Nepal. The presentation outlines the basic concrete mixing, placing, compaction, and curing processes. It also discusses the types and strengths of concrete used for different construction applications in Nepal, as well as common concrete tests. Emerging concrete technologies being used include steel fiber reinforced, polymer, and self-compacting concrete. In conclusion, the use of concrete has grown significantly in Nepal over the last decade for various infrastructure projects.
This document discusses ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) and its properties and production methods. It describes the materials used in UHPC including cement, silica fume, quartz fines, fine aggregates, and steel fibers. The mixing and curing processes are also outlined. UHPC is shown to have high compressive strength over 150MPa, low permeability, and excellent durability. Its residual flexural tensile strength allows it to be used without conventional reinforcement. While UHPC has great benefits, its high cost currently limits its widespread use. Special applications like precast elements and manhole covers show promise to help reduce costs. Proper mix design and material quality control are needed to achieve UHPC's outstanding mechanical and
Reactive powder concrete (RPC) is an ultra-high-performance concrete with compressive strengths over 120,000 psi, tensile strengths of 3000-7000 psi, and flexural strengths of around 14,000 psi. It achieves these improved properties through a very dense mix of fine particles, silica fume, steel fibers, and a low water-to-cement ratio. RPC is nearly impermeable and durable, with low shrinkage and creep. Potential applications include structures requiring light, thin components like bridge and building components. However, RPC is very expensive to produce and no design codes currently exist for it.
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) was developed in Japan in the 1980s to solve issues with inadequate concrete compaction. SCC is highly flowable under its own weight and fills formwork without vibration. It was pioneered by Professor Hajime Okamura and has seen increasing use globally since 2000. The document discusses the constituents, properties, testing, and advantages of SCC compared to traditional vibrated concrete.
high performance concrete by ABHINAV RAWATAbhinav Rawat
High performance concrete (HPC) provides improved strength, durability, workability, and toughness compared to normal concrete. HPC achieves these properties through the use of high-quality cement, supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash and silica fume, and superplasticizers. The main purpose of HPC is to enhance the life of structures by improving impermeability and durability. HPC requires sufficient workability despite very low water-cement ratios, attained through superplasticizers. Strength ranges from 60 to 150 MPa, while improved elastic modulus and dimensional stability counteract undesirable volume changes.
RPC is an ultra-high strength concrete with improved properties achieved through enhanced homogeneity, compactness, and microstructure. It replaces coarse aggregates with fine powders and optimizes particle packing to increase density. Heat curing activates pozzolanic reactions and improves strength and durability. Steel fibers provide ductility. Two types of RPC exist - RPC 200 which achieves 200 MPa strength, and RPC 800 which uses stainless steel fibers and reaches 800 MPa through high temperature curing and applied pressure.
This document provides information on self-compacting concrete (SCC) and light-weight concrete. It defines SCC as concrete that can flow and fill formwork without vibration due to its high fluidity. Benefits of SCC include faster construction, improved quality, and a safer work environment. Light-weight concrete is defined as having a density of less than 2200kg/m3, containing porous aggregates, and including an expanding agent. Examples of structures built with SCC include Burj Dubai and an airport control tower in Stockholm. Requirements for producing SCC and light-weight concrete are also outlined.
The document discusses redesigning the structure of a main spindle box for a machine tool using polymer concrete instead of cast iron. It summarizes the process undertaken, which included static, dynamic, and thermal analysis of the original cast iron design and redesigned polymer concrete design. The analyses showed the polymer concrete design had higher natural frequencies, better damping performance, and a 50% reduced mass compared to the original cast iron design while still meeting structural requirements. The document concludes the redesign successfully demonstrated the feasibility of using polymer concrete for machine tool structures.
Este documento contiene una lista de 22 nombres de estudiantes en una clase. Los nombres están organizados alfabéticamente sin más detalles proporcionados sobre cada estudiante. El documento comienza y termina con marcadores para indicar el inicio y fin de la lista de nombres.
El documento describe las competencias para la vida que los estudiantes deberían desarrollar al finalizar la educación básica, incluyendo competencias para el aprendizaje permanente, manejo de información, convivencia y situaciones. El perfil de egreso propone una serie de rasgos que los estudiantes deben mostrar relacionados con el desarrollo de competencias para funcionar en cualquier ámbito. Los planes de estudio están diseñados para promover desafíos intelectuales que los estudiantes puedan aplicar para seguir aprendiendo de forma continua.
Este documento describe las principales formas del relieve terrestre como montañas, mesetas, llanuras y valles, y explica cómo se forman y clasifican. También describe los procesos de erosión como la eólica, pluvial, fluvial, glacial y marina que modifican gradualmente el relieve terrestre a través del desgaste de las rocas y suelos.
IRJET- Performance Evaluation of Wooden Charcoal as Filler in Stone Matrix As...IRJET Journal
The document evaluates the performance of using wooden charcoal as a filler in stone matrix asphalt (SMA). SMA is a gap-graded asphalt mixture made of 70-80% coarse aggregate that provides strength and rut-resistance. The study examines the Marshall properties of SMA mixtures containing different fillers like stone dust, cement, and fly ash, and compares them to mixtures containing wooden charcoal filler. The optimum binder content is determined using the Marshall method. Previous studies on SMA properties related to mix design and the effect of mineral fillers on SMA performance are also reviewed. The main objective is to evaluate the suitability of wooden charcoal as a filler in SMA.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Modified Bituminous Mix Using Wood-waste...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into modifying bituminous mixes using various waste materials like crumb rubber, high density polyethylene (HDPE), and wood waste. Marshall stability tests were performed on bituminous mixes with different proportions of these materials. The key findings were:
1) Bituminous mixes with 3% bitumen, 1.5% crumb rubber, 0.5% HDPE, and 3% bitumen, 1% crumb rubber, 0.5% HDPE, 0.5% wood waste showed the highest Marshall stabilities, indicating better pavement resistance.
2) The mix with 3% bitumen, 1% crumb rubber, 0.5% HDPE,
IRJET- An Experimental Investigation on Structural Properties of Polymer ...IRJET Journal
The document presents the results of an experimental investigation on the structural properties of polymer modified fiber reinforced concrete. Specifically, it examines the stress-strain behavior of concrete modified with styrene butadiene rubber latex polymer and containing 0.5-9.5% crimped steel fibers by weight of cement. Tests were conducted to determine the workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and shear strength of the modified concrete. The results show that workability initially increases with polymer but decreases with higher fiber content. Compressive and flexural strengths generally improve with addition of polymers and fibers up to an optimum fiber content, above which strengths decrease. Ductility is found to increase in the polymer and fiber reinforced concrete compared to
IRJET - Experimental Studies on Behaviour of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experimental study on the behavior of geopolymer concrete. Fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) were used to fully replace Ordinary Portland cement in producing geopolymer concrete mixtures. Testing showed that geopolymer concrete made from fly ash and GGBS had higher compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths compared to OPC concrete. Using a superplasticizer further increased the strengths. The study concluded that geopolymer concrete is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to OPC concrete that merits use in construction.
This document summarizes a study that investigated replacing natural fine aggregate (sand) with granular slag, an industrial byproduct, in cement mortar applications. The study tested cement mortar mixes with 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% replacements of natural sand with granular slag. It found that partial substitutions of up to 75% improved mortar flow properties and compressive/tensile strengths. Brick mortar crushing and pull strengths also improved at 50-75% replacements. The study concluded granular slag can be used as an alternative to natural sand in masonry and plastering applications.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IRJET - Flexural Behaviour on Fiber Reinforced Bubble Deck Beam with Recycled...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the flexural behavior of fiber reinforced bubble deck beams that use recycled aggregates. A bubble deck beam is a beam where the core material in the middle is replaced with hollow spheres to reduce weight. In this study, the core concrete of beams was partially replaced with high-density polyethylene balls. Recycled coarse aggregates were used to replace 100% of natural coarse aggregates. Recron 3s polyester fibers were added in dosages from 1-4% by weight of fine aggregate to improve concrete properties. Beams were cast and tested to determine flexural strength, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, and split tensile strength at various curing periods. The results were compared to a control beam without fibers
An Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Red Mud Fibre Reinforced C...IRJET Journal
- Researchers conducted an experiment to investigate how partially replacing cement with red mud fibre reinforced concrete affects concrete properties.
- They tested concrete mixtures with 0-20% cement replaced by red mud, along with 0.5% and 1% galvanized iron fibres by volume.
- Test results showed compressive and tensile strength increased up to 8% cement replacement by red mud, with the 1% fibre mixture performing better, gaining up to 18.9% higher compressive strength. Higher replacements saw strengths decline.
IRJET- The Effect of Nitric Acid on Concrete Made using Rice Husk Ash, Stone ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study that analyzed the effect of nitric acid on concrete made with rice husk ash, stone dust, and steel fiber. Various concrete samples were tested including a control M25 concrete and concretes with partial replacements of cement with rice husk ash and natural sand with stone dust. Some samples also included 1% steel fiber. The compressive strength of the samples was tested after 7, 28, and 56 days of curing in tap water and a 5% nitric acid solution. The results showed that the nitric acid resistance of the rice husk ash concrete, rice husk ash and stone dust concrete, and rice husk ash, stone dust concrete with steel fiber was higher than the control concrete.
IRJET- An Experimental Investigation of Concrete using Vermiculite as Partial...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates the use of vermiculite as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Vermiculite is chosen because it improves workability, fire resistance, crack resistance, and shrinkage resistance while being chemically inert. Concrete mixes are designed for M30 grade concrete with 10%, 15%, and 20% replacement of fine aggregate by vermiculite. Testing shows the 15% replacement mix achieves the highest compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength compared to the other mixes and normal concrete. The study concludes vermiculite concrete provides improved properties while being more economical and environmentally friendly than traditional concrete.
Construction is one among the fastest expanding industries on the planet. According to current global figures, approximately 30 billion tones of cement are needed each year. limestone is the primary source of conventional Portland cement, a severe scarcity of limestone could occur in the next 25 to 50 years. Furthermore, one tonne of cement produces one tonne of CO2, which is a huge environmental issue. The thermal industry generates fly ash, which is simply thrown on the ground and takes up a lot of space. The above concerns will be resolved by reordering them in Geopolymer Concrete. Because Geopolymer concrete does not include any cement, cement manufacturing will be reduced, resulting in less pollution of the atmosphere from carbon dioxide emissions.
Effects of High Density Polyethylene and Crumb Rubber Powder on Properties of...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study that investigated the effects of adding high density polyethylene (HDPE) and crumb rubber powder (CRP) on the properties of asphalt mix. Physical tests showed that adding HDPE and CRP decreased the penetration and increased the softening point of asphalt, indicating improved resistance to deformation at high temperatures. Marshall stability tests also showed that adding 5% HDPE and 10% CRP increased the stability of asphalt mixtures. Rutting tests further revealed that mixtures with HDPE and CRP had lower rutting depths and higher dynamic stability, demonstrating improved permanent deformation resistance. The study concluded that HDPE and CRP can effectively be used as additives to improve the high temperature properties and
IRJET - Study on Partial Replacement of Cement by Ground Granulated Blast Fur...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on partially replacing cement with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and adding carbon fibers to concrete. The main objective is to design M30 grade concrete and test the strength and durability by replacing 40% of cement with GGBS and adding 0-1.5% carbon fibers by volume. Test results showed increases in compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths of the carbon fiber reinforced concrete. Literature on the uses of GGBS and carbon fibers in concrete is also reviewed, finding that GGBS replacement between 40-45% and carbon fiber addition can improve strength and durability. The study aims to determine how GGBS and carbon fibers affect the mechanical and
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Effect of Addition of Rice Husk Ash and Super Plasticizer on Pervious ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of adding rice husk ash and super plasticizers on the properties of pervious concrete. Specifically, it examines partial replacement of cement with rice husk ash at 15% by weight of cement and addition of super plasticizers at 0.10% and 0.20%. Tests were performed to determine the workability, compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of different pervious concrete mixtures using various aggregate sizes. The results showed that mechanical properties generally increased with use of smaller aggregate sizes compared to larger sizes or all-in aggregates. Pervious concrete mixtures also exhibited lower strength overall compared to conventional concrete.
Effect of Addition of Rice Husk Ash and Super Plasticizer on Pervious Concrete
Gp2411851191
1. Afroz Sultana.SK, K.S.B. Prasad/ International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1185-1191
Utilization of Waste Plastic as a Strength Modifier in
Surface Course of Flexible and Rigid Pavements
Afroz Sultana.SK1, K.S.B.Prasad2
1
PG student, Department of civil engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Assistant professor, Dept. of civil engineering, GMR Institute of Technology, Rajam, Andhra Pradesh, India
Abstract Despite the large number of polymeric products,
The present study investigates the relatively few are suitable for modification of asphalt
potential use of waste plastic as a modifier for cement and are compatible with asphalt cement.
asphalt concrete and cement concrete pavement. Polymers used for asphalt modification can be
Plastic waste, consisting of carry bags, cups etc can grouped into three main categories: thermoplastic
be used as a coating over aggregate and this coated elastomers, plastomers, and reactive polymers.
stone can be used for road construction. Different Thermoplastic elastomers are obviously able to confer
ratios of plastic such as Polypropylene (PP), Low good elastic properties on the modified binder; while
Density Polyethylene (LDPE), and High Density plastomers and reactive polymers are added to
Polyethylene (HDPE) by weight of asphalt were improve rigidity and reduce deformations under load
blended with 80/100 paving grade asphalt. [1].The following are some of the examples of
Unmodified and modified asphalt binders were polymers.
subjected to rheological test. The performance SBS (radial and linear) – good fatigue resistance,
tests including, Marshall Stability, loss of stability high creep rate, but oxidation susceptibility.
tests were conducted using plastic coated PE – high thermal extension but low stiffness.
aggregates and polymer modified bitumen on SBR – very good aging and weather resistance but
HMA mixtures. Work has been done by using low tear strength, low ozone resistance, oxidation
plastic coated aggregates in cement concrete susceptibility.
pavements. The results showed better values for Polybutadiene (PB) – excellent wear resistance,
asphalt concrete. This is an eco-friendly process. impact resilience, but low strength.
PP – good chemical resistance, good fatigue
Key Words - waste polymer, Hot Mix Asphalt resistance but oxidative degradation, high mould
(HMA), plastic coated aggregates, polymer shrinkage and thermal expansion was observed.
modified bitumen, Marshall Stability, M20 plain The vigorous tests at the laboratory level proved
cement concrete. that the bituminous concrete mixes prepared using the
treated bitumen binder fulfilled all the specified
1. INTRODUCTION Marshall mix design criteria for surface course of
One of the main components of hot mix asphalt road pavement. There was a substantial increase in
(HMA) is asphalt cement binder. Asphalt is used Marshall Stability value of the BC mix, in the order of
primarily construction of roads and as a major two to three times higher value in comparison with
component in roofing materials due to its remarkable the untreated or ordinary bitumen. Polyethylene
binding and waterproofing properties. The behavior of which belongs to plastomer gives rigidity to the
asphalt cement in service is governed by their initial binder and reduces the deformation under load. The
engineering properties as well as by the mechanical affect of this is more profound when the concentration
and environmental conditions to which they are of polyethylene was kept below 1% by weight of the
subjected. The steady increase in high traffic intensity base bitumen.
in terms of commercial vehicles, the increase in over However the present study investigates about the
loading of trucks and the significant variation in daily use of waste plastic as coating over aggregates and as
and seasonal temperature demand improved road a modifier in bitumen. The highlights of the study are
characteristics. Under these situations, it is essential to To evaluate the properties of aggregates by coating
modify the asphalt cement using modifiers to improve plastic over it and by blending the plastic with
its engineering properties. On the other hand, the bitumen in different ratios (LDPE, HDPE, PP) and
environmental problem such as disposal of waste comparing with unmodified materials.
plastic is major concern. To overcome the problems To evaluate the performance tests like Marshall
the modifiers (waste plastic) are used. Among various Stability and loss of stability using polymer
types of modifiers, polymers are probably the most modified bitumen and plastic coated aggregates.
promising. To know the compressive strength of cubes using
plastic as coated over aggregates.
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2. Afroz Sultana.SK, K.S.B. Prasad/ International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1185-1191
2. MATERIALS & METHOD
2.1 Aggregate, Bitumen, polymer 2.2 Cement, Fine Aggregate, Water
Materials used in this study include 80/100 Cement is the core material in concrete, which
penetration grade. Bitumen is obtained from HPCL, acts as a binding agent and imparts strength to the
Visakhapatnam. Aggregate used for the study was concrete. The cement used for this study is of grade
brought from a local Quarry near Rapaka, 10km away 43 and the properties of cement used are given in
from Rajam (Andhra Pradesh). The physical Table 4.
properties of aggregate and bitumen are shown in TABLE 4
Table 1 and 2. Properties of Cement
Property Results
TABLE 1
Physical Properties of Coarse Aggregates Specific gravity 3.15
Specification Initial setting time 60min
Property Test Result
Requirement
Specific Specific Final setting time 450min
2.83 -
Gravity Gravity
Water Water
0.02 Max 2 % For plain and reinforced cement concrete
absorption absorption
Aggregate (PCC and RCC) or prestressed concrete (PSC)
Strength Impact 23.7 Max 27 % works, fine aggregate shall consist of clean, hard,
value strong and durable pieces of crushed stone, or natural
Crushing sand or a suitable combination of natural sand,
Strength strength 24.5 Max 30 % crushed stone. All fine aggregates shall conform to
value IS: 383 and tests for conformity shall be carried out
as per 1S: 2386, (Parts I to VIII). The properties of
TABLE 2 fine aggregates are presented in the Table 5.
Physical Properties of Bitumen
Method of Test TABLE 5
Characteristics Requirements
Test Results Properties of Sand
Specific IS Property Results
1.021 0.99 Min
Gravity 1202:1978
Zone III
IS
Softening Point 52 40 to 60 Bulking of sand 5%
1205:1978
IS Fineness modulus of
Penetration 93 80 to 100 2.9
1203:1978 sand
IS
Ductility 77 75 Min IS: 456-2000 covers requirement for water used
1208:1978
for mixing and curing of concrete. Portable water is
The polymer used for modification supplied generally considered satisfactory for mixing
by Shyama Plastics (Vishakhapatnam), were low concrete. Mixing and curing with salty water shall
density polyethylene (LDPE), High density not be permitted.
polyethylene (HDPE) and Polypropylene (PP). LDPE,
PP and HDPE were in shredded form of size 2-3mm. 2.3 Polymer-Aggregate Formulation (plastic
The specifications of the polymer used were tabulated coated aggregates)
in Table 3. First the waste polymer is selected and is
shredded into pieces which passes through 4.75 and
TABLE 3 2.36 mm and mixed with hot stone with uniform
Specifications for Properties of Plastics mixing. When heated to around 150oC to 170oC, they
melt and in their molten state they spread over the
Low density High
Type of Polypropyle stone as a thin liquid, which acts as a binder. Tests
polyethylen density
plastic ne were conducted by using these plastic coated
e polyethylene
aggregates and results showed improved values
Chemical (–CH2– (CH2=CH2) .
CH2=CHCH3
unit CH2–)n n 2.4 Polymer-Asphalt Formulation (polymer
Density modified bitumen)
0.910 - 0.928 0.91-0.94 0.945-0.962
(g/cc) The bitumen about 400 gm was heated in oven
Softening till fluid condition and polymer was slowly added,
140-160 100-120 120-130
point while the speed of the mixer was maintained at 120
Solubility Nil Nil Nil rpm and temperature was kept between 160°C and
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3. Afroz Sultana.SK, K.S.B. Prasad/ International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1185-1191
170°C. The concentration of PP, LDPE and HDPE The combination of aggregate (modified and
used, were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3 and 5% by weight unmodified), filler and binder (modified and
of blend. Mixing was continued for 30 min to produce unmodified) was mixed mechanically at a
homogenous mixtures. Empirical test such as temperature of 165oC for 1.5 min.
penetration, softening point and ductility were then The specimens formulated were then compacted
conducted on the prepared samples. at 145oC using Marshall Apparatus.
2.5 Preparation Of Concrete Cubes 3. LABORATORY EVALUATION
Coarse aggregates are heated to a temperature of A series of tests were carried out on unmodified
100-150oC. The waste plastics obtained in the and modified materials that is aggregates and bitumen
shredded form are added throughout the heated for different percentages of waste plastic (pp, LDPE,
aggregates and mixed thoroughly. It is then cooled for HDPE) as additive. The tests that were conducted
two to three hours and it is mixed with cement, sand include the following:
and water to prepare concrete mix as per IS 10262- Aggregate Tests such as aggregate impact,
2009. Now concrete cubes are casted which of aggregate crushing, Los Angeles abrasion test,
dimension of 10x10x10cm.The specimens are kept for water absorption.
curing and tested for its compressive strength for Rheological tests, such as penetration, ductility
different days(3,7,28 days) . and softening point.
Performance tests such as Marshall Stability and
2.6 Optimization of the mixtures
loss of stability for different types of plastic by
Marshall Mix design procedure is normally used varying % of plastic.
to optimize the HMA mixtures. In HMA mix design, Compressive strength of concrete cubes by using
usually the Marshall method of mix design is used to plastic coated aggregates in cement concrete
verify satisfactory voids in HMA mixtures. cubes.
Laboratory specimens were prepared using seventy
five blows of the Marshall hammer per side. The 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
optimum asphalt content for HMA mixtures is usually
selected to produce 3–5% air voids. The specimens 4.1 Engineering Properties Of Aggregate
were then removed from the mold and left to cure in The engineering properties of aggregates have
air for 24 hrs. been increased by the addition of plastic as a coating
The optimum asphalt content for the control HMA over aggregates by increasing the percentage of
mixture was found to be 4% at 4% air voids. plastic and results were tabulated in Table 6. The
The following steps were performed for the results show that there is an increase in the properties
formulation of compacted specimens: of aggregates. There is an improvement in impact
The mixture of aggregates (unmodified and value, abrasion value and Los Angeles value. Fig 1, 2
modified) and filler was heated to 160oC in an and 3 shows the comparative graph between % of
electrically controlled oven. plastic and aggregate properties.
The binder (modified and unmodified) was
heated up to 160oC in an electrically controlled
oven.
TABLE 6
Natural and Plastic Coated Aggregates (unmodified and modified)
Aggregate impact value Los Angeles Abrasion Aggregate Crushing
Stone % of
(IS 2386 (part IV) - Test (IS 2386 (part IV) - Value (IS 2386 (part IV)
aggregates plastic
1963) % 1963) % - 1963)%
Without
0 23.7 22.24 24.5
plastic
PP LDPE HDPE PP LDPE HDPE PP LDPE HDPE
With 1 19.5 17.9 18.2 18.56 16.68 20.44 23.4 20.19 21.56
plastic 2 15.3 14.1 12.42 17.48 14 16.3 18.5 13.55 17.4
3 10.2 9.7 8.45 16.4 12.2 11.42 15.6 11.74 13.28
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4. Afroz Sultana.SK, K.S.B. Prasad/ International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1185-1191
Figure 1 variation of crushing value with different % Figure 3 variation of abrasion value with different %
of plastic. of plastic
4.2 Rheological Tests
The rheological properties of waste plastic–
asphalt binders were evaluated such as softening
point, ductility, penetration test and the results are
presented in Table 7. The results indicate that waste
plastic is effective in improving the rheological
properties of asphalt cement. Examining Table 7, it
can be seen that there is an increase in softening point
and decrease in penetration and ductility values.
Figure 4, 5 shows the comparative graph between %
of plastic and properties of bitumen.
Figure 2 variation of impact value with different % of
plastic
TABLE 7
Tests Conducted on Natural and Modified Bitumen
% of Softening point(oC) Penetration value (mm) Ductility (cm)
plastic (IS: 1205 – 1978) (IS: 1203 - 1978) (IS: 1208 – 1978)
PP LDPE HDPE PP LDPE HDPE PP LDPE HDPE
0 52.25 52.5 52.28 9.3 9.7 8.9 77 80 83
0.5 52.75 52.8 53 7.91 9.1 8.64 61 70.55 75.3
1 58.75 53.5 53 6.68 7.7 8.4 37 63.2 67.28
1.5 60.2 57.25 54.5 6.25 6.84 6.9 25 55.78 58
2 61.75 62.3 58 5.45 6.3 5.4 14.66 50.3 49.6
3 63.25 65 67.4 4.86 4.26 4.3 12 42.6 33
4 65.25 72.5 73 4.43 4.0 3.9 11.33 40 26.45
5 74.25 74 79 3.36 3.6 2.3 9.83 32.5 19
Figure 4 variation of softening point with different % Figure 5 Variation of penetration value with different
of plastic % of plastic
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5. Afroz Sultana.SK, K.S.B. Prasad/ International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1185-1191
4.3 Engineering properties of HMA mixtures
4.3.1 Marshall Properties
The aggregate gradation used for preparing
Marshall Mix design is shown in Table 8. Specimens
of unmodified and modified mixtures were prepared
for different percentages of plastic (PP, LDPE) and
bitumen to determine the Marshall properties by using
both plastic coated aggregates (PCA) and polymer
modified bitumen (PMB). Specimens were placed in Figure 6 variation of stability with % of plastic (PP)
water bath at 60oC for 30 min and then loaded at a for PCA and PMB
ratio of 50.8 mm/min and the stability and flow values
were recorded. Marshall Stability test is conducted on
both plastic coated aggregates and polymer modified
bitumen. Marshall Test results were summarized in
Table 9. From Fig. 6, it can be seen that the addition
of waste plastic raises the Marshall Stability values. It
can be said that these bituminous binders provide
better resistance against permanent deformations due
to their high stability. Based on stability values, it can
also be seen that for plastic coated aggregates the
optimum percentage of plastic is 8% and for polymer
modified bitumen is 6% for PP type of plastic and Figure 7 variation of stability with % of plastic
from Fig. 7 it can be seen that 8% is optimum for (LDPE) for PCA and PMB
LDPE type of plastic.
4.3.2 Loss of stability
TABLE 8
This test is intended to measure the loss of
Aggregate Gradation for Marshall Mix Design
Marshall Stability resulting from the action of water
Cumulative % of on compacted bituminous mixtures and is done
passing, by weight of according to ASTM D 1075-88. The result is a
Size of the
aggregates numerical index of reduced stability obtained by
aggregate
(by fuller and Thomson comparing the Marshall stability with the stability of
equation) specimens that have been immersed in water for a
20 100 prescribed period. Marshall Specimen tests were
12.5 80.93 prepared by using the optimum binder content for
10 73.2 each test. Separate the set of specimens into two
groups. One set of samples were tested using the
4.75 53 Marshall method at a period of 30min (at 60 oC).
2.36 38.2 Immerse the other set in water (at 60oC) for 24 hours
600 20.63 and then it is tested for retained strength. The results
300 15.2 are computed as a ratio of soaked stability to
150 11.1 unsoaked stability, and expressed it as a percentage as
0.075 8.096 given in (1)
Index or reduced stability = (S 2/S1) x100 (1)
TABLE 9
Stability Values for % of Plastic
Where,
Plastic coated Polymer modified S1 = average stability of unsoaked specimens
% of
aggregate bitumen S2 = average stability of soaked specimens
plastic
sample(PCA) sample(PMB) Mixes with an index of less than 75 percent are
PP LDPE PP LDPE rejected or an approved method of processing
0 12 12 12 12 aggregate and treating asphalt is required to increase
4 12.13 17.42 11.8 13.38 the index to a minimum of 75 percent. From fig 8, 9 it
6 12.45 18.51 13.15 15.61 is observed that the retained stability index has been
8 13.38 20.04 12.43 18.648 increased for both type of plastic used. Hence by
using waste plastic retained stability has also
10 13.34 19.17 12.52 17.08 increased.
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Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1185-1191
cement concrete.This may happens due to weak
TABLE 10 bonding between the constituents of concrete.
Loss of Stability Values for Different % of Plastic @
60oc
Loss of stability(KN)
Plastic Coated Polymer Modified
Aggregates Bitumen
PP LDPE PP LDPE
% of 30
24hr 30 30 30
plast min 24hr 24hr 24hr
(s2) min min min
ic (s1)
0 16.3 12.8 16.3 12.8 16.3 12.8 16.3 12.8 Figure 10 compressive strength of cubes for 3, 7, 28
days
4 16.8 13.6 17.5 13.7 15.4 12.3 15.7 12.7
18.0 5. CONCLUSIONS
6 14.9 18.9 14.5 16 13.2 16.9 14.0
5 From the preliminary studies of aggregates and
8 19.8 16.4 21.0 16.3 14.5 11.7 18.4 15.4 bitumen, the following conclusions are drawn
1. By using plastic as a coating over aggregates, the
10 17 13.9 20 16.6 13.4 10.5 16.5 13.4 properties of aggregates are improved. This shows
hat weak aggregates can be used in construction
by using plastic as a binder material.
2. By adding plastic to the unmodified bitumen, the
rheological properties have been improved. There
is an increase in the softening point and decrease
in penetration and ductility values. The decrease in
penetration value which indicates the hardness of
the bitumen.
By conducting Marshall Stability the following
conclusions can be drawn.
1. By increasing the percentage of plastic, the
Figure 8 variation of index of retained strength with stability values are increased and required
% of plastic for plastic coated aggregates quantities of binder contents are decreased.
2. Based on the stability values, the optimum
percentage of plastic is 8%, 6% for plastic coated
aggregate samples and polymer modified
bitumen samples respectively for PP type of
plastic, and 8% is optimum for LDPE type of
plastic for both plastic coated aggregate and
polymer modified samples.
3. Based on stability values the plastic coated
aggregate samples are more stable than polymer
modified bitumen and can use be used in higher
percentages of plastic.
Figure 9 variation of index of retained strength with 4. The low density polythene type of plastic shows
% of plastic for polymer modified bitumen samples. better performance values than polypropylene.
5. The performance values showed that there is
4.4 Study On Concrete Cubes better improvement in flexible pavement rather
than rigid pavements. By conducting the loss of
The mix design is done according to 10262-
stability test, the results obtained is greater than
2009.The plastic coated aggregates were mixed with
75% and this shows that these mixes can perform
the cement, sand and water. Cubes were casted and
well in adverse situations.
tested for compressive strength. The results are shown
By conducting compressive strength of cubes
in figure 10.
using plastic coated aggregates, there is no significant
From the figure 10, it is observed that there is a
increase in the strength of cubes.
drastical change in the compressive strength when
compared with plastic coated aggregates to plain
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Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1185-1191
By using these plastic wastes for road construction, [11] Vasudevan R, “Tar Road with Plastics Waste –
there is a possibility of reducing disposal of waste A Successful Experiment in Mumbai”,
plastic which is harmful to the environment. Environmental information system (Envis)
Indian Centre for Plastics in the Environment,
Vol.3, pp 1-2, 2005.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT [12] Khanna S.K. and C.E.G Justo, “Highway
I thank Mr. K.S.B. Prasad for his support and Materials Testing” Nem chand and bros.,
guidance in completion of this study, and also Roorkee, India, pp 63-87, 2007.
thankful to the lab technician and other lab assistants. [13] Prithvi Singh kandhal & M.P.Dhir (2011), “Use
of Modified Bituminous Binders In India:
current imperatives”, Journal of the Indian
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