The document summarizes two methods to detect abnormalities inside a buried marble block using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). The first method directly detected a block buried 0.2m deep using GPR. Hyperbolas in the radargram indicated the block position and internal cracks. The second method used GPR simulation software to model signals from a block buried at 0.5m, validating GPR can distinguish usable blocks from those with fractures or debris. Both methods show GPR and simulations can effectively locate marble blocks and internal cracks for quarry exploitation.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
1. The document describes Awnish Gupta's research on graphene and carbon nanotubes. It summarizes 7 different studies including methods for preparing graphene through mechanical exfoliation and chemical methods. It also discusses Raman scattering studies of graphene layers and temperature-dependent studies.
2. The document also summarizes 3 studies on growing and characterizing carbon nanotubes through chemical vapor deposition. This includes controlling the density, diameter, and length of isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes.
3. Purification methods for removing impurities from arc-discharge produced carbon nanotubes is also summarized, including dry oxidation to remove amorphous carbon and acid treatment to remove metal nanoparticles.
Sub-windowed laser speckle image velocimetry by fast fourier transform technique
Abstract
In this work, laser speckle velocimetry, a unique optical method for velocity measurement of fluid flow has been described. A laser sheet is developed and is illuminated on microscopic seeded particles to produce the speckle pattern at the recording plane. Double frame- single-exposure speckle images are captured in such a way that the second speckle image is shifted exactly in a known direction. The auto-correlation method has the ambiguity of direction of flow. To rectify this, spatial shift of the second image has been premeditated. Cross-correlation of sub interrogation areas is obtained by Fast Fourier Transform technique. Four sub-windows processed to obtain the velocity information with vector map analysis precisely.
An Automatic Neural Networks System for Classifying Dust, Clouds, Water, and ...Waqas Tariq
This paper presents an automatic remotely sensed system that is designed to classify dust, clouds, water and vegetation features from red sea area. Thus provides the system to make the test and classification process without retraining again. This system can rebuild the architecture of the neural network (NN) according to a linear combination among the number of epochs, the number of neurons, training functions, activation functions, and the number of hidden layers. Theproposed system is trained on the features of the provided images using 13 training functions, and is designed to find the best networks that has the ability to have the best classification on data is not included in the training data.This system shows an excellent classification of test data that is collected from the training data. The performances of the best three training functionsare%99.82, %99.64 and %99.28for test data that is not included in the training data.Although, the proposed system was trained on data selected only from one image, this system shows correctly classification of the features in the all images. The designed system can be carried out on remotely sensed images for classifying other features.This system was applied on several sub-images to classify the specified features. The correct performance of classifying the features from the sub-images was calculated by applying the proposed system on some small sections that were selected from contiguous areas contained the features.
Multi-layer HIS of Circular Protrusions; Design & Analysisjmicro
This document summarizes a study on the design and analysis of multi-layer high impedance surfaces (HIS) with circular protrusions. Two types of multi-layer HIS structures are investigated: one with a square array and one with a triangular array of circular patches. The reflection phase characteristics of the multi-layer structures are analyzed and found to have significantly lower zero-reflection phase frequencies compared to a conventional 2D HIS structure. A parametric study is performed to understand the effects of thickness, height, radius, and gap on reflection phase. Different via configurations are also analyzed to reduce manufacturing complexity.
This document describes a simple method for fabricating plastic microlens arrays with controllable shape and high fill-factor using 3D diffuser lithography and plastic replication. A diffuser is inserted into the conventional lithography process to randomize the UV light paths and form lens-like 3D latent images in thick photoresist. Microlens molds are then replicated by casting liquid PDMS onto the photoresist patterns. The focal length of the fabricated hemispherical microlenses ranges from 13-88 μm depending on UV exposure dose. Curing PDMS at 85°C produces smoother molds with surface roughness of 2.6 nm compared to room temperature curing.
This document describes a technique for measuring interdiffusion in metallic multilayers during rapid heating using in situ X-ray reflectivity measurements. Key points:
- X-ray reflectivity is a sensitive probe for measuring interdiffusion as it is affected by changes in the composition modulation of the multilayer over time.
- A curved sample approach is used to collect a full reflectivity pattern simultaneously over a range of angles using a position-sensitive detector, allowing for in situ measurements during heating.
- Initial interdiffusion rates are determined from the decay of reflectivity peak intensities with increasing temperature. The activation energy for interdiffusion is found to be consistent with a grain boundary diffusion mechanism.
- At
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
1. The document describes Awnish Gupta's research on graphene and carbon nanotubes. It summarizes 7 different studies including methods for preparing graphene through mechanical exfoliation and chemical methods. It also discusses Raman scattering studies of graphene layers and temperature-dependent studies.
2. The document also summarizes 3 studies on growing and characterizing carbon nanotubes through chemical vapor deposition. This includes controlling the density, diameter, and length of isolated single-walled carbon nanotubes.
3. Purification methods for removing impurities from arc-discharge produced carbon nanotubes is also summarized, including dry oxidation to remove amorphous carbon and acid treatment to remove metal nanoparticles.
Sub-windowed laser speckle image velocimetry by fast fourier transform technique
Abstract
In this work, laser speckle velocimetry, a unique optical method for velocity measurement of fluid flow has been described. A laser sheet is developed and is illuminated on microscopic seeded particles to produce the speckle pattern at the recording plane. Double frame- single-exposure speckle images are captured in such a way that the second speckle image is shifted exactly in a known direction. The auto-correlation method has the ambiguity of direction of flow. To rectify this, spatial shift of the second image has been premeditated. Cross-correlation of sub interrogation areas is obtained by Fast Fourier Transform technique. Four sub-windows processed to obtain the velocity information with vector map analysis precisely.
An Automatic Neural Networks System for Classifying Dust, Clouds, Water, and ...Waqas Tariq
This paper presents an automatic remotely sensed system that is designed to classify dust, clouds, water and vegetation features from red sea area. Thus provides the system to make the test and classification process without retraining again. This system can rebuild the architecture of the neural network (NN) according to a linear combination among the number of epochs, the number of neurons, training functions, activation functions, and the number of hidden layers. Theproposed system is trained on the features of the provided images using 13 training functions, and is designed to find the best networks that has the ability to have the best classification on data is not included in the training data.This system shows an excellent classification of test data that is collected from the training data. The performances of the best three training functionsare%99.82, %99.64 and %99.28for test data that is not included in the training data.Although, the proposed system was trained on data selected only from one image, this system shows correctly classification of the features in the all images. The designed system can be carried out on remotely sensed images for classifying other features.This system was applied on several sub-images to classify the specified features. The correct performance of classifying the features from the sub-images was calculated by applying the proposed system on some small sections that were selected from contiguous areas contained the features.
Multi-layer HIS of Circular Protrusions; Design & Analysisjmicro
This document summarizes a study on the design and analysis of multi-layer high impedance surfaces (HIS) with circular protrusions. Two types of multi-layer HIS structures are investigated: one with a square array and one with a triangular array of circular patches. The reflection phase characteristics of the multi-layer structures are analyzed and found to have significantly lower zero-reflection phase frequencies compared to a conventional 2D HIS structure. A parametric study is performed to understand the effects of thickness, height, radius, and gap on reflection phase. Different via configurations are also analyzed to reduce manufacturing complexity.
This document describes a simple method for fabricating plastic microlens arrays with controllable shape and high fill-factor using 3D diffuser lithography and plastic replication. A diffuser is inserted into the conventional lithography process to randomize the UV light paths and form lens-like 3D latent images in thick photoresist. Microlens molds are then replicated by casting liquid PDMS onto the photoresist patterns. The focal length of the fabricated hemispherical microlenses ranges from 13-88 μm depending on UV exposure dose. Curing PDMS at 85°C produces smoother molds with surface roughness of 2.6 nm compared to room temperature curing.
This document describes a technique for measuring interdiffusion in metallic multilayers during rapid heating using in situ X-ray reflectivity measurements. Key points:
- X-ray reflectivity is a sensitive probe for measuring interdiffusion as it is affected by changes in the composition modulation of the multilayer over time.
- A curved sample approach is used to collect a full reflectivity pattern simultaneously over a range of angles using a position-sensitive detector, allowing for in situ measurements during heating.
- Initial interdiffusion rates are determined from the decay of reflectivity peak intensities with increasing temperature. The activation energy for interdiffusion is found to be consistent with a grain boundary diffusion mechanism.
- At
This document examines how surface contamination affects the accuracy of X-ray reflectometry (XRR) measurements of thin film structures. It simulates XRR data for clean and contaminated titanium nitride films on silicon substrates, at both laboratory and synchrotron source intensities. Using Bayesian statistical analysis, it determines that surface contamination can dominate thickness measurement uncertainties, minimizing advantages of higher intensity data. Even knowing the contamination composition does not significantly reduce thickness uncertainties. Effective cleaning is necessary for high XRR measurement accuracy.
This research article investigates the surface roughness and electrical conductivity of ultra-thin tin dioxide (SnO2) layers deposited by spray pyrolysis. Two sets of samples with different precursor concentrations and volumes were analyzed using X-ray reflectivity. XRR analysis revealed that increasing the precursor volume led to thicker layers with higher electron densities. Higher precursor concentration resulted in denser layers with larger thicknesses. Sheet resistance measurements showed lower values for thicker layers, correlated with their higher electron densities from XRR analysis.
The document analyzes the design of quartz tuning fork resonators using analytical methods, finite element modeling, and experimental testing. Key findings include:
1) Resonance frequency was modeled using analytical beam theory, Sezawa's theory accounting for base clamping, and finite element analysis, with the aim of fabricating samples at 31.964 kHz.
2) Samples were manufactured using photolithography and tested, with measured frequencies from 31.228 to 31.462 kHz, attributed to inaccuracies in tine width fabrication.
3) Finite element analysis was used to comprehensively analyze how various design parameters, like tine geometry and electrodes, affect the static capacitance C0.
This document describes a method for fabricating both negative and positive patterns on a single layer of positive photoresist. The method involves locally crosslinking the photoresist using laser exposure, followed by a flood UV exposure and development. The crosslinked areas form a negative pattern, while the non-exposed areas form a positive pattern. Experimental results showed that the height of the negative pattern can be controlled by varying the laser exposure energy and other processing parameters.
Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antenna Array at 3.8 GHz for WiMax Applicationiosrjce
The aim of this work is to miniaturize microstrip patch antenna array resonating at 3.8 GHz
suitable for WiMax application using defected ground structure (DGS).The DGS has been employed to shift the
resonance frequency of an initial microstrip antenna array from 5.2 GHz to 3.8 GHz by disturbing the
antenna’s current distribution. The proposed DGS is integrated in the ground plane under the patch antenna
array for size reduction. Finally, the miniaturization up to 45% with respect to the conventional microstrip
antenna is successfully accomplished. A prototype of the antenna was fabricated with the RT-Duriod substrate.
This technique has been validated experimentally and measured results were found to be in good agreement
with simulated results.
Air- and water-stable halide perovskite nanocrystals protected with nearly-mo...Pawan Kumar
Halide perovskites are exciting candidates for broad-spectrum photocatalysts but have the problem of ambient stability. Protective shells of oxides and polymers around halide perovskite nano- and micro-crystals provide a measure of chemical and photochemical resilience but the photocatalytic performance of perovskites is compromised due to low electron mobility in amorphous oxide or polymer shells and rapid charge carrier recombination on the surface. Herein an in situ surface passivation and stabilization of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals was achieved using monolayered graphenic carbon nitride (CNM). Extensive characterization of carbon nitride protected CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (CNMBr) indicated spherical CsPbBr3 nanoparticles encased in a few nm thick g-C3N4 sheets facilitating better charge separation via percolation/tunneling of charges on conductive 2D nanosheets. The CNMBr core-shell nanocrystals demonstrated enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance and photocurrent reaching up to 1.55 mA cm−2. The CNMBr catalyst was successfully deployed for CO2 photoreduction giving carbon monoxide and methane as the reaction products.
Multi sensor data fusion for change detectionsanu sharma
This document summarizes a study that used multi-sensor data fusion to detect changes in a coastal zone in Trabzon, Turkey between 2000 and 2003. The study fused higher resolution aerial photographs and IKONOS panchromatic data with lower resolution ETM+ multispectral data to create 1m resolution multi-spectral images for both time periods. Post-classification comparison of the fused images from 2000 and 2003 was then used to detect changes in the coastal zone due to highway construction, identifying an area of 186023 m2 of new filled earth. Fusion was performed using the à trous wavelet transform algorithm to preserve spectral content while improving spatial resolution for accurate change detection.
This document presents the design and simulation of two microstrip patch antennas with aperture coupling at different frequencies. The first antenna operates at 5.8 GHz and has a bandwidth of 566.8 MHz. The second antenna operates at 2 GHz and has a bandwidth of 431.36 MHz. Both antennas were designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio. The simulation results show that both antennas achieved good gain, directivity and return loss within their operating bands making them suitable for applications such as WiMAX and WLAN. The document also analyzes the effects of varying different antenna design parameters on the performance.
Graphical User Interface for Benthic MappingIDES Editor
A Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed for
a user-friendly implementation of a water depth correction
model. The Interactive Data Language (IDL)-based tool
provides the prospective users with an interface that can be
applied to perform water depth correction on hyperspectral
images that contain shallow water bodies containing benthic
habitat information. Users can select a pixel or a subset of a
hyperspectral image to be corrected and define water
correction for water depths of 0-2.0 m and for turbidity values
of 0-20 NTU (Nephalometric Turbidity Unit) using the GUI.
The results demonstrate that the GUI is an effective benthic
mapping tool for shallow littoral areas; and it can be
incorporated as a module in currently available commercial
image processing software.
Los días 22 y 23 de junio de 2016 organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces un simposio internacional sobre 'Materiales bidimensionales: explorando los límites de la física y la ingeniería'. En colaboración con el Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), científicos de este prestigioso centro de investigación mostraron las propiedades únicas de materiales como el grafeno, de solo un átomo de espesor, y al mismo tiempo más resistente que el acero y mucho más ligero.
11.the optical constants of highly absorbing films using the spectral reflect...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that determined the optical constants of thin films of rhodium metal using spectral reflectance measurements. The researchers measured the reflectance of rhodium films of varying thicknesses using a double beam spectrophotometer. They then used Kramers-Kronig relations to calculate the phase angle from the reflectance data and determine the real refractive index and extinction coefficient. Their method provides accurate optical constants without needing transmission measurements. They found the refractive index and extinction coefficient were nearly equal for thin films and that their method compared well to values from other interference-based techniques.
Insertion layer in a mid ir band-pass filter structure to improve optical tra...Alexander Decker
This document describes research on improving the optical transmittance of a mid-infrared band-pass filter structure. The researchers modeled a filter structure of alternating germanium and zinc sulfide layers with a quartz substrate. They found that inserting an additional germanium layer improved transmittance. Specifically, a structure with 10 layer pairs and an 80% thickness germanium insertion layer had the highest transmittance of around 0.9 compared to structures without an insertion layer or with thicker insertion layers. The insertion layer location on the bottom near the substrate also produced better results than on top. Varying the layer thicknesses shifted the transmission spectrum but did not significantly affect other characteristics.
Effect of Sn Doping on Structural and Electrical Properties of ZnO Thin Films...journal ijrtem
Abstract: Un-doped and tin (Sn) doped ZnO films were deposited on heated glass substrates by chemical spray pyrolysis method
(CSP). The effect of Sn concentration on the structural, surface morphological and electrical properties of the SnO2 films was
investigated. XRD analyses showed that the obtained films are polycrystalline in nature with hexagonal structure with preferred
orientation of (101). Doping with tin (Sn) causes increase in the grain size. Atomic force microscopy images showed that the root
mean square of the average surface roughness's varied from (1.48 to 3.58) as dopant concentration increased from 0 to 5 wt.%. The
electrical properties of the Sn ZnO films were strongly influenced by doping concentration. The electrical resistance of the films was
sharply decreased as dopant concentration increased.
Keywords: (ZnO) thin films, Sn Doping, Structural and electrical Properties
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses using waste plastic as a modifier for asphalt and cement concrete pavements. It summarizes previous research coating aggregates with plastic waste and blending plastic into asphalt at different ratios. The author aims to evaluate properties of coated aggregates and polymer-modified asphalt, including Marshall stability and compressive strength. Test results showed increases in stability and strength compared to unmodified materials, indicating plastic waste has potential as a pavement modifier. This could provide an eco-friendly use of plastic waste.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a low-cost and efficient strip line band pass filter for Bluetooth applications. The paper presents the design of a band pass filter with a center frequency of 2.4GHz and bandwidth of 150MHz. The filter was designed using simulation software and tested on a spectrum analyzer. Strip line band pass filters can reduce size while providing good pass band gain and stop band attenuation characteristics. The designed filter meets the bandwidth needs for Bluetooth transmission and can be integrated into Bluetooth transceiver systems.
This document summarizes a research paper on simulating and investigating the performance of a series active power filter using hysteresis current control.
The paper presents the simulation of a hysteresis current controlled, three-phase series active power filter to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics and reactive power required by a non-linear load. The series active filter employs a simple method for calculating the reference compensation voltage based on p-q theory. The results show the active filter maintains total harmonic distortion well within IEEE standards, providing satisfactory mitigation of harmonics, reactive power compensation, and power factor improvement.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document presents a comparative analysis of vertical handoff in IEEE 802.11 WLAN and CDMA networks. It discusses vertical handoff strategies and methods, and related work on handoff performance analysis in 802.11 networks. The paper then presents an existing vertical handoff algorithm between WLAN and CDMA networks, and defines variables used to determine handoff delay and throughput. Simulation results are shown comparing throughput and handoff delay for real-time and non-real-time services under different conditions in a network modeled based on WLAN and CDMA technologies.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses implementing JPEG image compression on an ARM processor. It begins with an introduction to real-time embedded systems and ARM processors. The main steps of JPEG compression are then described, including discrete cosine transform (DCT), quantization, zig-zag scanning, and entropy coding. The authors implemented JPEG decoding on an ARM processor using these steps. They found the output from the ARM implementation matched the output from MATLAB at each processing step. This demonstrates the ARM processor is capable of performing JPEG compression in an efficient embedded application such as a digital camera.
This document examines how surface contamination affects the accuracy of X-ray reflectometry (XRR) measurements of thin film structures. It simulates XRR data for clean and contaminated titanium nitride films on silicon substrates, at both laboratory and synchrotron source intensities. Using Bayesian statistical analysis, it determines that surface contamination can dominate thickness measurement uncertainties, minimizing advantages of higher intensity data. Even knowing the contamination composition does not significantly reduce thickness uncertainties. Effective cleaning is necessary for high XRR measurement accuracy.
This research article investigates the surface roughness and electrical conductivity of ultra-thin tin dioxide (SnO2) layers deposited by spray pyrolysis. Two sets of samples with different precursor concentrations and volumes were analyzed using X-ray reflectivity. XRR analysis revealed that increasing the precursor volume led to thicker layers with higher electron densities. Higher precursor concentration resulted in denser layers with larger thicknesses. Sheet resistance measurements showed lower values for thicker layers, correlated with their higher electron densities from XRR analysis.
The document analyzes the design of quartz tuning fork resonators using analytical methods, finite element modeling, and experimental testing. Key findings include:
1) Resonance frequency was modeled using analytical beam theory, Sezawa's theory accounting for base clamping, and finite element analysis, with the aim of fabricating samples at 31.964 kHz.
2) Samples were manufactured using photolithography and tested, with measured frequencies from 31.228 to 31.462 kHz, attributed to inaccuracies in tine width fabrication.
3) Finite element analysis was used to comprehensively analyze how various design parameters, like tine geometry and electrodes, affect the static capacitance C0.
This document describes a method for fabricating both negative and positive patterns on a single layer of positive photoresist. The method involves locally crosslinking the photoresist using laser exposure, followed by a flood UV exposure and development. The crosslinked areas form a negative pattern, while the non-exposed areas form a positive pattern. Experimental results showed that the height of the negative pattern can be controlled by varying the laser exposure energy and other processing parameters.
Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antenna Array at 3.8 GHz for WiMax Applicationiosrjce
The aim of this work is to miniaturize microstrip patch antenna array resonating at 3.8 GHz
suitable for WiMax application using defected ground structure (DGS).The DGS has been employed to shift the
resonance frequency of an initial microstrip antenna array from 5.2 GHz to 3.8 GHz by disturbing the
antenna’s current distribution. The proposed DGS is integrated in the ground plane under the patch antenna
array for size reduction. Finally, the miniaturization up to 45% with respect to the conventional microstrip
antenna is successfully accomplished. A prototype of the antenna was fabricated with the RT-Duriod substrate.
This technique has been validated experimentally and measured results were found to be in good agreement
with simulated results.
Air- and water-stable halide perovskite nanocrystals protected with nearly-mo...Pawan Kumar
Halide perovskites are exciting candidates for broad-spectrum photocatalysts but have the problem of ambient stability. Protective shells of oxides and polymers around halide perovskite nano- and micro-crystals provide a measure of chemical and photochemical resilience but the photocatalytic performance of perovskites is compromised due to low electron mobility in amorphous oxide or polymer shells and rapid charge carrier recombination on the surface. Herein an in situ surface passivation and stabilization of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals was achieved using monolayered graphenic carbon nitride (CNM). Extensive characterization of carbon nitride protected CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (CNMBr) indicated spherical CsPbBr3 nanoparticles encased in a few nm thick g-C3N4 sheets facilitating better charge separation via percolation/tunneling of charges on conductive 2D nanosheets. The CNMBr core-shell nanocrystals demonstrated enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance and photocurrent reaching up to 1.55 mA cm−2. The CNMBr catalyst was successfully deployed for CO2 photoreduction giving carbon monoxide and methane as the reaction products.
Multi sensor data fusion for change detectionsanu sharma
This document summarizes a study that used multi-sensor data fusion to detect changes in a coastal zone in Trabzon, Turkey between 2000 and 2003. The study fused higher resolution aerial photographs and IKONOS panchromatic data with lower resolution ETM+ multispectral data to create 1m resolution multi-spectral images for both time periods. Post-classification comparison of the fused images from 2000 and 2003 was then used to detect changes in the coastal zone due to highway construction, identifying an area of 186023 m2 of new filled earth. Fusion was performed using the à trous wavelet transform algorithm to preserve spectral content while improving spatial resolution for accurate change detection.
This document presents the design and simulation of two microstrip patch antennas with aperture coupling at different frequencies. The first antenna operates at 5.8 GHz and has a bandwidth of 566.8 MHz. The second antenna operates at 2 GHz and has a bandwidth of 431.36 MHz. Both antennas were designed and simulated using CST Microwave Studio. The simulation results show that both antennas achieved good gain, directivity and return loss within their operating bands making them suitable for applications such as WiMAX and WLAN. The document also analyzes the effects of varying different antenna design parameters on the performance.
Graphical User Interface for Benthic MappingIDES Editor
A Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed for
a user-friendly implementation of a water depth correction
model. The Interactive Data Language (IDL)-based tool
provides the prospective users with an interface that can be
applied to perform water depth correction on hyperspectral
images that contain shallow water bodies containing benthic
habitat information. Users can select a pixel or a subset of a
hyperspectral image to be corrected and define water
correction for water depths of 0-2.0 m and for turbidity values
of 0-20 NTU (Nephalometric Turbidity Unit) using the GUI.
The results demonstrate that the GUI is an effective benthic
mapping tool for shallow littoral areas; and it can be
incorporated as a module in currently available commercial
image processing software.
Los días 22 y 23 de junio de 2016 organizamos en la Fundación Ramón Areces un simposio internacional sobre 'Materiales bidimensionales: explorando los límites de la física y la ingeniería'. En colaboración con el Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), científicos de este prestigioso centro de investigación mostraron las propiedades únicas de materiales como el grafeno, de solo un átomo de espesor, y al mismo tiempo más resistente que el acero y mucho más ligero.
11.the optical constants of highly absorbing films using the spectral reflect...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that determined the optical constants of thin films of rhodium metal using spectral reflectance measurements. The researchers measured the reflectance of rhodium films of varying thicknesses using a double beam spectrophotometer. They then used Kramers-Kronig relations to calculate the phase angle from the reflectance data and determine the real refractive index and extinction coefficient. Their method provides accurate optical constants without needing transmission measurements. They found the refractive index and extinction coefficient were nearly equal for thin films and that their method compared well to values from other interference-based techniques.
Insertion layer in a mid ir band-pass filter structure to improve optical tra...Alexander Decker
This document describes research on improving the optical transmittance of a mid-infrared band-pass filter structure. The researchers modeled a filter structure of alternating germanium and zinc sulfide layers with a quartz substrate. They found that inserting an additional germanium layer improved transmittance. Specifically, a structure with 10 layer pairs and an 80% thickness germanium insertion layer had the highest transmittance of around 0.9 compared to structures without an insertion layer or with thicker insertion layers. The insertion layer location on the bottom near the substrate also produced better results than on top. Varying the layer thicknesses shifted the transmission spectrum but did not significantly affect other characteristics.
Effect of Sn Doping on Structural and Electrical Properties of ZnO Thin Films...journal ijrtem
Abstract: Un-doped and tin (Sn) doped ZnO films were deposited on heated glass substrates by chemical spray pyrolysis method
(CSP). The effect of Sn concentration on the structural, surface morphological and electrical properties of the SnO2 films was
investigated. XRD analyses showed that the obtained films are polycrystalline in nature with hexagonal structure with preferred
orientation of (101). Doping with tin (Sn) causes increase in the grain size. Atomic force microscopy images showed that the root
mean square of the average surface roughness's varied from (1.48 to 3.58) as dopant concentration increased from 0 to 5 wt.%. The
electrical properties of the Sn ZnO films were strongly influenced by doping concentration. The electrical resistance of the films was
sharply decreased as dopant concentration increased.
Keywords: (ZnO) thin films, Sn Doping, Structural and electrical Properties
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses using waste plastic as a modifier for asphalt and cement concrete pavements. It summarizes previous research coating aggregates with plastic waste and blending plastic into asphalt at different ratios. The author aims to evaluate properties of coated aggregates and polymer-modified asphalt, including Marshall stability and compressive strength. Test results showed increases in stability and strength compared to unmodified materials, indicating plastic waste has potential as a pavement modifier. This could provide an eco-friendly use of plastic waste.
This document summarizes a research paper that designed a low-cost and efficient strip line band pass filter for Bluetooth applications. The paper presents the design of a band pass filter with a center frequency of 2.4GHz and bandwidth of 150MHz. The filter was designed using simulation software and tested on a spectrum analyzer. Strip line band pass filters can reduce size while providing good pass band gain and stop band attenuation characteristics. The designed filter meets the bandwidth needs for Bluetooth transmission and can be integrated into Bluetooth transceiver systems.
This document summarizes a research paper on simulating and investigating the performance of a series active power filter using hysteresis current control.
The paper presents the simulation of a hysteresis current controlled, three-phase series active power filter to improve power quality by compensating for harmonics and reactive power required by a non-linear load. The series active filter employs a simple method for calculating the reference compensation voltage based on p-q theory. The results show the active filter maintains total harmonic distortion well within IEEE standards, providing satisfactory mitigation of harmonics, reactive power compensation, and power factor improvement.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document presents a comparative analysis of vertical handoff in IEEE 802.11 WLAN and CDMA networks. It discusses vertical handoff strategies and methods, and related work on handoff performance analysis in 802.11 networks. The paper then presents an existing vertical handoff algorithm between WLAN and CDMA networks, and defines variables used to determine handoff delay and throughput. Simulation results are shown comparing throughput and handoff delay for real-time and non-real-time services under different conditions in a network modeled based on WLAN and CDMA technologies.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses implementing JPEG image compression on an ARM processor. It begins with an introduction to real-time embedded systems and ARM processors. The main steps of JPEG compression are then described, including discrete cosine transform (DCT), quantization, zig-zag scanning, and entropy coding. The authors implemented JPEG decoding on an ARM processor using these steps. They found the output from the ARM implementation matched the output from MATLAB at each processing step. This demonstrates the ARM processor is capable of performing JPEG compression in an efficient embedded application such as a digital camera.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
- J.Hemamalini is seeking a goal-oriented role where she can utilize her skills and help the organization achieve its defined goals.
- She has over 4 years of experience in customer service and operations management at Maersk Global Service Centre.
- Her key strengths include training and coaching team members, maintaining processes and documentation, and delivering excellent customer service.
This document contains a resume for Mahdi Darbandi, a 24-year-old single man from Iran who recently graduated with a Bachelor's degree in power electrical engineering. His work experience includes internships in electrical engineering and installation. He is currently seeking a full-time position and is willing to work anywhere in Iran or outside of Iran.
1ª division provincial benjamin sala 1ª vpepelumila
Este documento resume los resultados de 14 jornadas de un campeonato de fútbol juvenil entre 8 equipos. El C.D. San Cristóbal de Segovia lidera la clasificación con 37 puntos, seguido por el C.D.Polideportivo Sepulveda con 24 puntos y el Sporting Nava de la Asunción y el C.D. Quintanar Palacio también con 24 puntos.
Voto Carlos Porto - Contas Eduardo Campos 2013Paulo Veras
O documento apresenta o relatório de voto do conselheiro relator sobre a prestação de contas do governo de Pernambuco referente ao exercício de 2013. O relatório técnico analisou a conjuntura econômica do estado, verificando que Pernambuco manteve taxas de crescimento acima da média nacional, porém piorou sua posição no ranking de geração de empregos em 2013. O relatório também apontou melhorias nos índices de saneamento básico, mas apontou que a taxa de crimes violentos no estado permanece acima da
This document describes a new polarimetric ground penetrating radar (GPR) system and algorithms to reduce noise and recognize buried targets. It includes:
1) A clustered planar array of crossed dipole antennas is used to obtain high resolution 2D images from four polarization channels (xx, yy, xy, yx).
2) A granular noise filter and shape smoothing filter are applied to enhance signal-to-noise ratio and extract the buried object shape from the GPR images.
3) A shape recognition algorithm compares the extracted shape to a reference target to determine if there is a match or mismatch for target identification.
4) Finite-difference time-domain simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed GPR
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) has the ability to map subsurface geological structures and detect variations in moisture that could help understand geothermal exploration. However, GPR is limited to shallow depths of less than 50 meters, where most geothermal reservoirs are located. This study uses GPR data from Beijing to create digital models of the subsurface and identify potential geothermal indicators like quartz sinters. The results demonstrate GPR's capability to detect geochemical markers associated with geothermal activity and map prospective geothermal reservoir locations. While GPR has limitations for deep exploration, it shows potential as a new efficient tool for initial geothermal prospecting.
Application of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) In Detecting Target of InterestIRJET Journal
The document summarizes research using ground penetrating radar (GPR) to detect various targets of interest at different locations on the Universiti Sains Malaysia campus. GPR was used to detect a suspected cavity at one location, a drainage pipe at another, an underground bunker, and pipes. Graphs of amplitude vs. depth and time were produced from the GPR data. The depth of targets estimated from the graphs matched the depths calculated using the two-way travel time of the electromagnetic waves and known velocities of the subsurface materials. The research demonstrated GPR is effective for shallow subsurface investigation in different mediums and depths can be verified using travel time equations.
Ground penetrating radar is a nondestructive geophysical method that uses pulsed radio waves to image the subsurface. It produces a continuous cross-sectional profile of subsurface features without excavation. The radar pulses are reflected by changes in the dielectric properties of underground materials. Higher frequency antennas have better resolution but shallower penetration, while lower frequencies can penetrate deeper but with less detail. GPR has advantages of being rapid, nondestructive, and providing near real-time data, but its depth of penetration is limited by factors like moisture, clay and salt content. It has applications in geology, engineering, archaeology and other fields to locate buried objects and structures.
Ground Penetrating Radar And 2-D Geoelectricity Application For Detecting Lan...IJERA Editor
The potential of landslide in some area in Abang district, Karangasem Regency, Bali, has been identified by
using ground penetrating radar and geoelectricity with dipole – dipole configuration. The Research has been
conducted in 6 sites. The interpretations of GPR and Geoelectricity revealed the presence of clay (8.52 cm/ns
and 11.8 – 18.6
m), saturated sand (12.11 cm/ns and 216
m) and water penetration (3.23 – 4.27 cm/ns
and 7.5 – 60
m) at 2 – 5 meter below the subsurface. The slip surface is detected at 5 – 8 m depth. The result
of sample laboratory test show high plasticity limit (27.13 – 24.51) and liquid limit (34.50 - 30.00) which leads
to landslide phenomenon.
1) Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses and their reflections to image the subsurface. It can detect objects, changes in material, and voids or cracks.
2) GPR transmits electromagnetic waves into the ground that are reflected back to a receiver antenna when they encounter buried objects or boundaries between materials with different electromagnetic properties. The travel time and strength of the reflected signals are used to infer subsurface structures.
3) GPR data can be processed and analyzed to generate 2D profiles and 3D images showing subsurface reflections from buried objects, cracks, voids, and stratigraphic layers to depths ranging from a few centimeters to several meters depending on the antenna frequency and subsurface properties
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface. It can detect objects, changes in material, and voids or cavities underground. GPR works by transmitting electromagnetic pulses into the ground and measuring the time it takes for the pulses to reflect back to a receiver antenna. Different materials and objects underground cause different reflections that appear as hyperbolic patterns in GPR images. GPR systems consist of a transmitter antenna, receiver antenna, control unit and display. The frequency used depends on the desired depth of penetration and resolution needed. GPR has advantages of being non-invasive, fast, and able to provide 3D images of underground structures, but its effectiveness is limited by certain soil or terrain conditions.
New Miniature Planar Microstrip Antenna Using DGS for ISM ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The aim of this paper is to use defected ground structures (DGS) in order to miniaturize a
microstrip patch antenna. The DGS structure is integrated in the ground plane to improve the performance
of the planar antenna, and shifted the resonance frequency from 5.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz, with a
miniaturization up to 83%. The antenna is designed, optimized, and miniaturized by using the CST MWstudio,
mounted on an FR-4 substrate having a dielectric constant 4.4, a loss tangent tan (ɸ)=0.025,
thickness of 1.6 mm with the whole area of 34X34 mm2.The proposed antenna is suitable for ISM
(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) applications at 2.5 GHz with S11 ≤(-10) dB. The antenna is fed by
50ohm input impedance and it has good performances in terms of matching input impedance and radiation
pattern. The proposed antenna was fabricated and tested.Simulation and measurement results are in good
agreement.
Overset grid generation with inverse scattering technique for object and crac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents the forward backward time stepping (FBTS) technique with finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and overset grid generation (OGG) method was applied for the reconstruction of object and crack detection. Object and crack detection is widely used in structural health monitoring (SHM) application especially in civil structure to detect the buried object and also cracks. The proposed numerical approach has been validated by investigating different kind of ratio of grid size between the main mesh and sub-mesh. Then, the proposed numerical approach is implemented in the analysis of the detection of objects such as concrete blocks and cracks underground. Here, the numerical errors between the actual result and simulated result had been calculated by using relative error. It is shown that the proposed approach has 5.22% error and nearer to the actual value.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on ground penetrating radar systems. It discusses how GPR works by emitting radar pulses that reflect off underground objects and interfaces between materials, allowing buried objects and soil layers to be detected. The key components of a GPR system are described, including transmitting and receiving antennas that control resolution, and a control unit, display, and power supplies. Factors like soil type and antenna frequency determine maximum penetration depth. GPR provides accurate, non-destructive imaging of the subsurface and has applications in archaeology, geology, utility detection, and more.
GPR systems work by sending a tiny pulse of energy into a material via an antenna. An integrated computer records the strength and time required for the return of any reflected signals. Subsurface variations will create reflections that are picked up by the system and stored on digital media. These reflections are produced by a variety of material such as geological structure differences and man-made objects like pipes and wire.
Ground Penetrating Radar, also known as GPR, is a tool that is used to find Underground Utilities, Underground Storage Tanks (USTs), and in some cases, Graves. The depth and accuracy are dependent on a number of variables, such as soil density, moisture content, and antenna frequency. We use a 350 MHz antenna, which has the potential to reach depths of up to 35 ft (in perfect situations).
Geophysical survey for the risk managementMario Naldi
This document discusses managing risk through geophysical survey methods for due diligence assessments. It describes how non-invasive geophysical surveys such as electromagnetic, ground penetrating radar, and electrical resistivity tomography can identify subsurface hazards cost effectively by mapping buried utilities, tanks, waste, and other underground anomalies before invasive investigations. Large scale surveys identify potential risks while small scale surveys characterize identified anomalies to better inform follow up actions.
Geophysical survey for the risk managementMario Naldi
This document discusses managing risk through geophysical survey methods for due diligence assessments. It describes how non-invasive geophysical surveys such as electromagnetic, ground penetrating radar, and electrical resistivity tomography can identify subsurface hazards cost effectively by mapping buried utilities, tanks, waste, and other underground anomalies before invasive investigations. Large scale surveys identify potential risks while small scale surveys characterize identified anomalies to better inform follow up actions.
Application of Seismic Reflection Surveys to Detect Massive Sulphide Deposits...iosrjce
Seismic reflection techniques, the most widely used geophysical method for hydrocarbon exploration
has the capability to delineate and provide better images of regional structure for exploration of mineral
deposits in any geological settings. Previous tests on detection and imaging of massive sulphide ores using
seismic reflection techniques have been done mostly in crystalline environments. Application of seismic
reflection techniques for imaging sedimentary hosted massive sulphide is relatively new and the few experiments
carried out are at local scale (<500m). In this study, we analyze the feasibility of such regional exploration by
modelling three massive sulphide ore and norite lenses scenario using 2D seismic survey with relatively sparse
source-receiver geometry to image these deposits within 1.5km depth range. Results from the modelling
experiment demonstrate that 2-Dimensional seismic reflections survey can be used to detect massive sulphides
at any scale. The test further indicates that geologic setting and acquisition parameters are very important for
the detection of these ore bodies. Overall, the outcomes of the results support our started objective which is to
demonstrate that seismic reflection surveys can be used to detect the presence of sediment hosted massive
sulphides at regional scale
Cavities detection with ground penetrating radar in limestone dominated rock ...Firman Syaifuddin
As one of geophysical method ground penetrating radar uses electromagnetic wave propagation to detecting the anomaly object, the strong relationship between the physical properties of geological material and their electromagnetic properties enable to identification of physical structures in the sub surface. Cavities in limestone dominated rock formation sometimes made problem when construction build above in this area, as prevention to the damage affected by cavities, before construction starting to build we have to identified the possible cave location to preparing special treatment to minimize the risk. Present of cavities give electromagnetic anomaly event and the reflection signal representing changing of electrical properties when we use ground penetrating radar. We applied attributes extraction adopted from seismic method to extracting information about cavities. We use sweetness attribute extraction to identified present of cavities in limestone dominated rock formation
This document proposes a technology using magneto-optic thin film sensors to study magnetic fields in deep space through wide-area arrays deployed by spacecraft. Each sensor would measure local magnetic fields and disturbances, with data communicated to reconstruct magnetic activity over large regions. The arrays could also control large space systems through parallel computing principles. The sensors use bismuth-substituted iron-garnet films that respond to magnetic fields through the magneto-optic Faraday effect, providing high sensitivity and domain wall velocity. Deployed arrays would allow unprecedented magnetic mapping beyond spacecraft's direct reach.
GPR, or ground penetrating radar, is a non-destructive geophysical technique that uses high frequency electromagnetic waves to image the shallow subsurface. It works by transmitting waves into the ground from an antenna and detecting the reflected signals, with the reflection times corresponding to layer depths. GPR can create 2D or 3D images of underground structures based on contrasts in electrical properties like conductivity and dielectric permittivity, which are affected by material and moisture. Common applications include utility detection, archaeology, and mapping stratigraphy, but performance depends on ground conditions.
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems can detect both metal and plastic land mines buried underground by transmitting microwave radio frequencies into the ground and detecting changes in electromagnetic properties below the surface. GPR provides a safe, non-destructive method for locating land mines. The document discusses the capabilities and limitations of GPR systems for land mine detection, including how they work, example systems like one developed by NIITEK, and factors that influence detection range like soil properties and target characteristics.
1. Ahmed Faize*, Abdellah Driouach / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1036-1039
The Use of Ground Penetrating Radar for the Detection and
Study of a Buried Marble and in Situ Location of Possible Cracks
Ahmed Faize*, Abdellah Driouach*
*Department of Electromagnetism, University of Tetouan Morocco
ABSTRACT data processing must be performed. Forward
This work described the use of two methods to modeling allows us to experiment with and predict
detect possible abnormalities, debris and cracks the way in which variations in subsurface material
inside block of marble. The first method was properties (and the related variation in dielectric
based on the direct detection of block of marble properties) are captured in GPR data.
buried at depth of 0.2 m using Ground GPR is used for the exploration of the subsoil in
Penetrating Radar (GPR). The second method several research fields such as the detection of
was based on the use of simulation software landmines [5], geology [6], civil engineering [7],
named GprMax2D for the same block but at glaciology [8, 9] and archeology [10]. It was also
depth of 0.5 m. Our results showed that GPR successfully applied to 2D imaging of cracks and
technology combined with adequate simulation fractures in resistive soils such as gneiss [11].
software may be used in the field of exploitation Elsewhere, the use of GPR has been suggested
of marble in specialized careers. Indeed, they for the exploration of some careers of granite [12].
allow in situ distinguishing between usable GPR has been previously used to map fractures in
blocks of marble with higher quality and blocks non buried marble quarry [13, 14]. However, to our
with fractures or leftover debris in their interior. knowledge, such work has never been done on
buried marble.
Keywords - Ground Penetrating Radar; In this work we extend the use of GPR for the
Simulation; Marble detection a buried blocks of marble. In fact, the
marble may present some defects such as cracks
I. INTRODUCTION and non desired internal breaks, resulting in debris
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) is a similar of marble or plaque of lower quality.
technique to the seismic imagery reflection [1]. It The objective of this work is i) to try to detect a
uses electromagnetic waves that propagate and bloc of marble that was buried by extrapolating
refract in heterogeneous medium in order to scan, to structural data obtained from the surface of bloc of
localize and to identify quantitative variations marble, and ii) to detect the depth and the
within electric and magnetic proprieties of the soil. continuity of cracks within this bloc. To do so, we,
GPR frequencies usually range from 10 MHz to 2.6 first, carried out a GPR survey on buried real bloc
GHz. When using lower frequency antenna of marble, followed by a simulation of GPR signals
(between 10 and 100 MHz) investigated depth will on the some bloc buried inside a dielectric medium,
be higher (more than 10 m), however resolution which is a simulated soil (𝜀 𝑟 = 3, 𝜎 =
remains lower [2]. 0.0001 𝑆/𝑚 ). The simulation is performed using
The treatment of geophysical data is based on GprMax software, whose calculations are based on
numeric modeling of signals captured by the radar. the finite difference time domain (FDTD) [15].
Within electromagnetic field numeric modeling
appeared at the beginning of the seventies [3] and II. OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF THE
coincided with the introduction of powerful and GPR
accessible microprocessors that allow realization of GPR is a nondestructive method that has been
personal calculation within a short time [4]. It is proved for internal imaging of several types of
possible to model the physical proprieties geological materials such as granite and engineered
implicated in any geophysical technique by using materials such as concrete construction and other
either forward modeling or inverse modeling. buried structures (pipes, cables ...). The signal can
Forward modeling takes as model subsoil that penetrate into the soil and into material buried
includes all of its appropriate physical proprieties within the soil, allowing its detection as well as its
and uses theoretical equations in order to simulate depth below the ground surface.
the response of the receiver. This, in turn, will The operating principles of various existing
determine a given technique to measure through the GPR radar are based on the same principle: a
model. However, reverse modeling uses data transmitting antenna is placed in contact with the
collected from the field in order to create a model ground, emitting short pulses towards the ground
of subsoil that will fit better with the original data. (Figure 1 (b) Tx). The electromagnetic wave
To obtain reliable data, a number of measures and generated propagates inside the ground that is
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2. Ahmed Faize*, Abdellah Driouach / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1036-1039
considered as a dielectric medium. If an obstacle III. RESULT
(Marble in our case) is encountered, a part of the A. Experimental part
signal emitted by the antenna of GPR returns to the The blocks of marble used, has for dimension: 1.3
soil surface (reflected wave) and then detected by m length and 1 m width (Fig. 2). This block is
the receiving antenna (Figure 1 (b) Rx). This buried at a depth of 0.2 m. For measurements, 24
recovered wave reflects a trace of subsoil at a profiles of 1 m of length (in the x direction), 30
specific point and at given time. As the user moves profiles of 1.4 m of length (y direction) and 0.2 m
the GPR radar above the studied field, new signals spacing between two profiles, were taken. Each
are transmitted and reflected signals are again emission and reflection signal is recorded during a
recovered at the receiving antenna. This process period of 32 ns.
(sending and receiving generated signals) leads to The position of the block of the marble is
the acquisition of a set of traces of soil, as revealed, with a precision, by the radargram
numerical data, following a straight prospecting obtained by the GPR (Fig. 3).A radargram (Fig.3
direction thereby establishing what it is called a and Fig.4) is typically carried out using the
radargram or a B-scan (Figure 1 (c)) of the studied displacement of a 2.3 GHz antenna. Arrows
medium. The treatment of the data set is provided numbered 1, in Figure 2, indicate the position of
by specialized software that allows the obtaining of cracks in the studied marble block. The pseudo-
hyperbola (Figure 1 (c)). Note that the hyperbola horizontal events seen in figure 3 indicate the
observed in this figure, is an extremely important positions of upper and lower edges of the block
index, since it gives, suitable information about (The arrows number 2). We observed a difference
localization of buried objects. of signal amplitudes, given by the GPR. This
difference is due to the variation of relative
permittivity values. The hyperbolas indicated by
arrow 3 in Figure 4 show the diffraction of the
incident waves on the corners of blocks of marble.
These waves were diffracted by constructive
interference, giving rise to two diffraction
hyperbolas (commented on above) in each of the
horizontal edges of the rectangular surface. The
discontinuity observed in the upper of block,
indicates the presence of breaks at this level (Fig. 4,
arrow 4).
Fig.1: Schematic explanation of the principle of
the GPR.
Before interpretation, GPR processing filters
were used in order to reduce clutter or any
unwanted noise in the raw-data, to enhance
extraction of information from received signals and
to produce an image of the subsurface with all the
features and/or targets of interest, which makes Fig.2: Photo of block of marble that will be
GPR data interpretation easier. Each radargram was buried and studied by the GPR
filtered using Reflexw V4.5.0 software [16] by
applying the processing sequences described below.
1. Dewow filtering (1.2 ns)
2. Bandpass frequency (380/700/4600/5200)
3. Energy decay (0.45)
4. Background removal based on all traces
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3. Ahmed Faize*, Abdellah Driouach / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1036-1039
Fig.3: Radargram of block of marble in line 10
along the x axis Fig.5: B scan of GPR signals obtained using
GprMax2D for model composed of Marble
(𝜺 𝒓 = 𝟓. 𝟓, 𝝈 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟓 𝑺/𝒎 )
IV. CONCLUSION
Using GPR technology combined with adequate
simulation software is very useful in the field of
exploitation of marble in specialized careers.
Indeed, it allows obtaining a detailed picture of the
subsoil, allowing to distinguish, in a quick, cheap
and effective manner, the blocks of marble with
higher quality and without defects (therefore
usable) from blocks which fractures or rests of
fragments in their inside.
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4. Ahmed Faize*, Abdellah Driouach / International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 www.ijera.com
Vol. 2, Issue 4, July-August 2012, pp.1036-1039
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