Oil Factor
•Download as PPT, PDF•
2 likes•464 views
The document discusses several key topics related to the oil industry: 1. It defines measurements used to classify types of crude oil, such as API gravity, and categories like light, medium, and heavy crude. 2. It introduces important oil benchmarks like West Texas Intermediate (WTI) and Brent crude, which are used to price other crude oils around the world. 3. It discusses the work of geologist M. King Hubbert and his theory of peak oil production, which accurately predicted the peak of US oil production in the 1970s. His model is now widely used to predict production peaks for other resources.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
A Brief Introduction To Peak Oil
A critical issue that we are facing NOW. Just that the main stream media dare not report it freely. Something that All of Us Must Know by NOW.
Note that the Animation in the Slides can Only be seen with the Downloaded PPS file.
Peak Oil
The document discusses the concept of peak oil, which refers to the point at which global oil production reaches its maximum and begins an irreversible decline. It notes that oil production from individual fields typically peaks around half of the total recoverable reserves have been extracted, after 25-40 years from discovery. Several analysts are cited who predict the peak of global conventional oil production will occur between 2007-2020. The document also discusses growing global oil demand of around 2% per year and concerns about declining spare production capacity.
peak oil theory
1) Saudi Aramco is the largest oil producer in the world, based in Saudi Arabia which has over 25% of global oil reserves.
2) Saudi Arabia has a population of over 22 million people, including over 5 million non-nationals. Its labor force consists of 7 million people, with 35% non-nationals working in agriculture, industry, and services.
3) Saudi Arabia has a purchasing power of $232 billion and GDP per capita of $10,500, demonstrating significant consumer purchasing power driven by oil wealth.
The Economics of Oil
- John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in 1870 and by 1877 it controlled over 90% of the American oil refining industry. The invention of the combustion engine in 1895 drove increased oil demand and exploration.
- Major oil discoveries were made in the 1930s-40s in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, shifting oil production away from the US. This started America's growing reliance on foreign oil. OPEC was formed in 1960 to give oil exporting countries more leverage.
- Significant events and oil price fluctuations followed, including the 1973 Arab oil embargo against the US and price spikes in the late 1970s and 2008. The BP Gulf of Mexico oil spill in 2010 was the largest and most catastrophic oil spill in history
Geopolitics in oil and gas market
The document discusses how geopolitics impacts oil and gas markets. It outlines several geopolitical factors, including conflicts in the Persian Gulf region which contains over half of global oil reserves. Military threats, domestic instability, and disputes over Caspian Basin resources all pose risks. Over 90% of Gulf oil exports pass through the Strait of Hormuz, and any closure could drastically increase prices. Wars like the Gulf War and Iraq War led to supply disruptions and price volatility. Geography also influences gas markets due to high transportation costs via pipelines.
Macroeconomics
The document summarizes the 1973 and 1979 oil crises. It discusses how in 1973, OPEC declared an oil embargo in response to the Yom Kippur war, causing oil prices to rise from $3 to $12 per barrel. This led to high inflation and recession. In 1979, the Iranian Revolution reduced oil supply and increased prices further. The oil crises had major economic impacts but also stimulated investment in renewable energy and efficiency, helping reduce long-term carbon emissions growth. While OPEC states initially benefited, their influence has waned as alternatives developed.
World oil resources
The document discusses world oil resources, including conventional and unconventional sources. It notes that while conventional oil reserves have remained largely unchanged since the 1960s, unconventional sources like oil sands and shale oil are far more abundant, with earth estimated to hold 45,000 billion barrels of unconventional oil. The largest unconventional reserves are in Canada's Athabasca oil sands and Venezuela's Orinoco basin, together accounting for over two-thirds of world heavy and extra-heavy oil production. While unconventional oil recovery is more difficult, up to 1,000 billion barrels may eventually be producible. OPEC members, led by Saudi Arabia, hold around 75% of world crude oil reserves according to current estimates
World energy outlook
This document provides an analysis and forecast of world oil and North American natural gas markets from Groppe, Long & Littell, an oil and gas analysis firm. Some key points:
- World crude oil production has peaked and will decline while dependency on countries like Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Venezuela increases. Liquids from gas will supplement declining crude supplies.
- North American natural gas production has already peaked and total supply will decline. Imports of LNG will increase while Canadian imports decrease.
- High prices are needed to constrain oil consumption but will drive substitution away from gas and toward lower-cost alternatives for industrial and power users. Nuclear is a logical long-term solution.
Recommended
A Brief Introduction To Peak Oil
A critical issue that we are facing NOW. Just that the main stream media dare not report it freely. Something that All of Us Must Know by NOW.
Note that the Animation in the Slides can Only be seen with the Downloaded PPS file.
Peak Oil
The document discusses the concept of peak oil, which refers to the point at which global oil production reaches its maximum and begins an irreversible decline. It notes that oil production from individual fields typically peaks around half of the total recoverable reserves have been extracted, after 25-40 years from discovery. Several analysts are cited who predict the peak of global conventional oil production will occur between 2007-2020. The document also discusses growing global oil demand of around 2% per year and concerns about declining spare production capacity.
peak oil theory
1) Saudi Aramco is the largest oil producer in the world, based in Saudi Arabia which has over 25% of global oil reserves.
2) Saudi Arabia has a population of over 22 million people, including over 5 million non-nationals. Its labor force consists of 7 million people, with 35% non-nationals working in agriculture, industry, and services.
3) Saudi Arabia has a purchasing power of $232 billion and GDP per capita of $10,500, demonstrating significant consumer purchasing power driven by oil wealth.
The Economics of Oil
- John D. Rockefeller founded Standard Oil in 1870 and by 1877 it controlled over 90% of the American oil refining industry. The invention of the combustion engine in 1895 drove increased oil demand and exploration.
- Major oil discoveries were made in the 1930s-40s in Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, shifting oil production away from the US. This started America's growing reliance on foreign oil. OPEC was formed in 1960 to give oil exporting countries more leverage.
- Significant events and oil price fluctuations followed, including the 1973 Arab oil embargo against the US and price spikes in the late 1970s and 2008. The BP Gulf of Mexico oil spill in 2010 was the largest and most catastrophic oil spill in history
Geopolitics in oil and gas market
The document discusses how geopolitics impacts oil and gas markets. It outlines several geopolitical factors, including conflicts in the Persian Gulf region which contains over half of global oil reserves. Military threats, domestic instability, and disputes over Caspian Basin resources all pose risks. Over 90% of Gulf oil exports pass through the Strait of Hormuz, and any closure could drastically increase prices. Wars like the Gulf War and Iraq War led to supply disruptions and price volatility. Geography also influences gas markets due to high transportation costs via pipelines.
Macroeconomics
The document summarizes the 1973 and 1979 oil crises. It discusses how in 1973, OPEC declared an oil embargo in response to the Yom Kippur war, causing oil prices to rise from $3 to $12 per barrel. This led to high inflation and recession. In 1979, the Iranian Revolution reduced oil supply and increased prices further. The oil crises had major economic impacts but also stimulated investment in renewable energy and efficiency, helping reduce long-term carbon emissions growth. While OPEC states initially benefited, their influence has waned as alternatives developed.
World oil resources
The document discusses world oil resources, including conventional and unconventional sources. It notes that while conventional oil reserves have remained largely unchanged since the 1960s, unconventional sources like oil sands and shale oil are far more abundant, with earth estimated to hold 45,000 billion barrels of unconventional oil. The largest unconventional reserves are in Canada's Athabasca oil sands and Venezuela's Orinoco basin, together accounting for over two-thirds of world heavy and extra-heavy oil production. While unconventional oil recovery is more difficult, up to 1,000 billion barrels may eventually be producible. OPEC members, led by Saudi Arabia, hold around 75% of world crude oil reserves according to current estimates
World energy outlook
This document provides an analysis and forecast of world oil and North American natural gas markets from Groppe, Long & Littell, an oil and gas analysis firm. Some key points:
- World crude oil production has peaked and will decline while dependency on countries like Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Venezuela increases. Liquids from gas will supplement declining crude supplies.
- North American natural gas production has already peaked and total supply will decline. Imports of LNG will increase while Canadian imports decrease.
- High prices are needed to constrain oil consumption but will drive substitution away from gas and toward lower-cost alternatives for industrial and power users. Nuclear is a logical long-term solution.
Crude Oil Fundamentals Explained
Crude oil is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon found in rock formations underground. It is a dark, sticky liquid composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen. Crude oil is the world's most actively traded commodity and is refined into fuels like gasoline and diesel. The first commercial oil wells were drilled in the 1850s in Romania and India, and global crude oil consumption has exceeded 875 billion barrels to date. Crude oil futures are traded on exchanges like NYMEX and MCX, with key factors influencing prices including supply, demand, geopolitics, and weather conditions.
2015 UPDATE: PEAK OIL
This document discusses the concept of "peak oil" which refers to the point at which global oil production reaches its maximum level and then begins a sustained decline. It notes that most oil producing countries have already passed their peak of production. When worldwide production peaks, it will cause spikes in energy prices and potentially devastating economic and social impacts. Alternatives can help but unless lifestyles change, new technologies will not be able to replace dwindling oil supplies. The lagging capacity of the oil industry to address depletion also poses challenges.
70s Crisis
The document summarizes the 1970s energy crisis which originated from the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel and neighboring Arab states. This led to the OPEC oil embargo which caused a negative supply shock and quadrupled oil prices. This first 1970s energy crisis had widespread economic impacts such as high inflation, recession, and changes to energy policy. A second 1979 energy crisis occurred due to the Iranian Revolution which again led to oil price spikes and profits for OPEC. However, OPEC's power declined in the 1980s due to overproduction and increased alternative energy sources in Western countries.
Fossil resources - Fossil fuel market presentation
The document discusses the history and future of fossil fuels. It describes the "Golden Age" of oil from 1859 to 1960 when discoveries grew rapidly. The Hubbert peak theory from 1956 correctly predicted that US oil production would peak around 1970. While new sources have been found, overall production is still expected to decline as conventional sources diminish. The end of cheap and abundant oil poses major economic challenges but also opportunities to transition to more sustainable energy sources.
Crude Oil Price Formation
GROWTH FACTORS AND CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET; Demographic Factors; Oil Demand; Motorization in Asian Countries; Upstream Costs Increase; US Shale Oil Production; Deepwater Production; Iraqi production growth prospects; GTL – challenge for the oil market after 2020
An introduction to the petroleum industry
This document provides an introduction to the petroleum industry, including:
- A brief history of the origins and development of the petroleum industry from illumination and transportation to modern exploration and extraction techniques.
- An overview of key concepts in petroleum geology like different trap types that can contain oil and gas reserves.
- A summary of common classification systems for petroleum reserves like the Petroleum Resources Management System.
- A discussion of the relationships between governments, petroleum companies and different licensing models like concessions, production sharing contracts, and service contracts.
- A high-level look at some other petroleum industry topics like the global oil market, investment decisions, ownership and a short history of the industry
What's the difference between WTI and Brent Crude Oil? [PPT]
If you are not too familiar with traded commodities, odds are that crude oil is one you know a little about. Oil, the magical elixir that much of our lives run on, even if we are not aware of it, is being consumed at a higher rate globally every year. But did you know that there are different kinds of crude oil? If you did, you may have heard of Brent and WTI Crude Oil. Do you know what the difference is between Brent and WTI Crude oil? Did you know there was a difference between the crude oils extracted around the world? If you didn’t, you’re not alone – most people likely don’t know the difference between the two. If you are curious as to what sets various crude oils apart, especially Brent and WTI, this blog post will shed some light on the differences as well as explain a bit about the Crude Oil futures markets and what role Brent and WTI play in the global oil commodity trade. But, before getting into the specifics of Brent and WTI, it might be helpful to first go through what quality metrics differentiate crude oils from one another.
Download a FREE sample of
Commodities FocusEconomics Consensus Forecast
http://www.focus-economics.com/commodities2016
1973 oil crisis
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) implemented an oil embargo in October 1973, prohibiting nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War from purchasing its oil. This led to a 400% increase in oil prices from $2.59 to $11.65 per barrel and high inflation in consuming countries. Western nations responded with measures like fuel rationing and restrictions on driving and flying to reduce energy usage, while also encouraging growth through interest rate cuts. The embargo motivated searching for renewable fuels and was lifted in March 1974 after negotiations.
Crude oil prices fudamentals
Crude oil is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon found in rock formations underground. It provides about 37% of the world's energy after fueling only 4% at the start of the 20th century. Crude oil varies in composition but contains mainly carbon and hydrogen, and is classified by its geographic origin, API gravity measuring density, and sulfur content, with sweet crude containing less sulfur being more valuable. Fundamental factors like supply, demand, economic conditions, and politics affect crude oil prices in addition to technical indicators used in futures markets to hedge price risk.
Oil crisis 1973
The 1973 oil crisis occurred after the Yom Kippur War between Israel and Arab states. OPEC nations imposed an oil embargo on Western nations that supported Israel, drastically increasing oil prices by 400% and causing a global energy crisis. The high oil prices led to inflation, economic downturn, and efforts to develop renewable energy. Countries implemented conservation measures like driving bans and rationing to cope with the shortage and high costs of oil. The embargo ended in 1974 after negotiations, but its effects accelerated alternative energy development and reduced dependence on OPEC oil.
Oil Crisis
The document discusses the 1973 oil crisis and its impacts. It began when OPEC nations proclaimed an oil embargo in 1973 in response to Western support for Israel. As a result, the price of oil rose dramatically from $18 to nearly $40 per barrel. For India, higher oil prices lead to inflation, impact economic growth, and hurt the rupee. If the US reinstates sanctions on Iran as planned, it could further increase oil prices and negatively affect India's plans for the Chabahar port and INSTC transport corridor. The government of India can take steps like procuring crude at discounts, including fuel under GST, and building strategic oil reserves to mitigate impacts.
The Shale Revolution - Myth or Reality?
The document summarizes the shale revolution in the United States and its impacts. It discusses how hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have unlocked oil and gas from shale formations with low permeability. This has led to the US becoming a major producer of shale gas and shale oil. However, the document notes that total US natural gas and crude oil production has peaked, as additions from new shale wells no longer compensate for declines in conventional production. It concludes that while the shale revolution is a reality in the US, it remains a myth elsewhere due to the need for higher prices to be profitable. The US also still imports a significant portion of its oil, so energy independence claims are still more myth than reality.
Black gold (crude oil)
Crude oil is a naturally occurring fossil fuel that is an important economic resource. It is extracted through oil drilling and refined into consumer products like gasoline and kerosene. Edwin Drake drilled the first successful oil well in the US in 1859, sparking massive growth in the oil industry worldwide. OPEC was formed in 1960 by major oil exporting countries to coordinate pricing of oil on the global market. High oil prices negatively impact economies by increasing inflation, government spending on subsidies, and costs for businesses and consumers. Alternatives to oil include solar, wind, hydroelectric, and nuclear energy sources.
Understanding the Major Happenings in the Oil Market. A slippery path!
Looks at the factors that affect the demand and supply of Oil globally; understands the functioning of OPEC, and the different oil benchmarks: crude, opec basket, west texas and dubai. Understands the reasons of the major happenings such as 1973 supply shock, 1979 energy crisis, 1980s oil glut, 1990s energy crisis and the current falling price of oil.
Gradipe06
Y669 International Political Economy, lecture #6, focusing on the politics of oil in the world economy.
"Peak Oil - Myth or Reality?" by Jean Laherrère - ASPO France
The term Peak Oil was created in 2000 after Jean Laherrère and Colin Campbell wrote an article in 1998 in Scientific American which title was "the End of Cheap Oil".
This paper was ignored until 2005 when oil price reached 50$/b anf fully accepted in 2008 when 140 $/b was reached. With the burst of shale oil, many papers have been published on the "Peak Oil Myth" and the fact that the USA would become energy independent thanks to the shale oil & gas revolution.
However the oil production peaked in many countries and the end of cheap oil is more than ever a reality that will strongly impact our economies. New oil projects with higher extraction costs require $100/b+ oil price to be profitable while oil demand (and GDP) contracts when oil price surpasses $120/b !
Oil crisis
The 1973 oil crisis began when OAPEC proclaimed an oil embargo in response to the US support of Israel. This caused oil prices to rise dramatically from $3 to $12 per barrel. India was heavily impacted as it imports most of its oil and saw effects like deterioration of its balance of payments. Petroleum is used for much more than fuel, and is essential for many everyday products from plastics to solvents. If oil were to run out, daily life would change greatly with less reliance on vehicles, plastics, and global transport since alternate fuels have yet to be widely adopted.
How Does Oil Change Politics
The document discusses how oil changed international politics in the 20th century by making the US dependent on foreign oil imports. It explores US strategies to decrease dependence such as drilling in ANWR, but notes constraints like high costs of domestic production and environmental concerns. It also examines the importance of the Persian Gulf as a major oil producer and exporter, and how conflicts in the Middle East impacted global oil prices and trade relations between oil producing and consuming nations.
Crude Oil ( Oil Shocks )
The document provides an overview of crude oil and its effects on the global and Indian economies. It discusses the history of crude oil production, key events like the 1973 and 1979 oil shocks that increased oil prices, and their economic impacts. It also summarizes India's oil reserves, production, refineries, consumption, and efforts to promote alternatives like ethanol blending to reduce reliance on imports.
Oil: History & Outlook
The oil industry has a history spanning over 5,000 years. Major events include the first structured oil well being built in the Gulf of Mexico and oil crises in the 1970s causing price fluctuations. Currently, world oil consumption is around 85 million barrels per day with the top producers being Middle Eastern countries. Factors like OPEC decisions, geopolitical conflicts, and economic conditions influence global oil prices. While oil remains crucial as a non-renewable resource, peak oil production may be reached by 2030, highlighting the need for alternatives.
biodiesel (Arabic)
what is biodiesel? what makes it a good power source? a translated doc for Damascus university
Api Gravity
API gravity is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. It uses a scale of degrees where higher numbers mean less dense and lighter. Crude oil is classified based on its API gravity into light, medium, and heavy. Oil in the 40-45 degree range is most desirable as it yields more gasoline and diesel fuel. Lighter or heavier crudes are penalized similarly because they produce less of these desirable products for refineries.
More Related Content
What's hot
Crude Oil Fundamentals Explained
Crude oil is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon found in rock formations underground. It is a dark, sticky liquid composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen. Crude oil is the world's most actively traded commodity and is refined into fuels like gasoline and diesel. The first commercial oil wells were drilled in the 1850s in Romania and India, and global crude oil consumption has exceeded 875 billion barrels to date. Crude oil futures are traded on exchanges like NYMEX and MCX, with key factors influencing prices including supply, demand, geopolitics, and weather conditions.
2015 UPDATE: PEAK OIL
This document discusses the concept of "peak oil" which refers to the point at which global oil production reaches its maximum level and then begins a sustained decline. It notes that most oil producing countries have already passed their peak of production. When worldwide production peaks, it will cause spikes in energy prices and potentially devastating economic and social impacts. Alternatives can help but unless lifestyles change, new technologies will not be able to replace dwindling oil supplies. The lagging capacity of the oil industry to address depletion also poses challenges.
70s Crisis
The document summarizes the 1970s energy crisis which originated from the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel and neighboring Arab states. This led to the OPEC oil embargo which caused a negative supply shock and quadrupled oil prices. This first 1970s energy crisis had widespread economic impacts such as high inflation, recession, and changes to energy policy. A second 1979 energy crisis occurred due to the Iranian Revolution which again led to oil price spikes and profits for OPEC. However, OPEC's power declined in the 1980s due to overproduction and increased alternative energy sources in Western countries.
Fossil resources - Fossil fuel market presentation
The document discusses the history and future of fossil fuels. It describes the "Golden Age" of oil from 1859 to 1960 when discoveries grew rapidly. The Hubbert peak theory from 1956 correctly predicted that US oil production would peak around 1970. While new sources have been found, overall production is still expected to decline as conventional sources diminish. The end of cheap and abundant oil poses major economic challenges but also opportunities to transition to more sustainable energy sources.
Crude Oil Price Formation
GROWTH FACTORS AND CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET; Demographic Factors; Oil Demand; Motorization in Asian Countries; Upstream Costs Increase; US Shale Oil Production; Deepwater Production; Iraqi production growth prospects; GTL – challenge for the oil market after 2020
An introduction to the petroleum industry
This document provides an introduction to the petroleum industry, including:
- A brief history of the origins and development of the petroleum industry from illumination and transportation to modern exploration and extraction techniques.
- An overview of key concepts in petroleum geology like different trap types that can contain oil and gas reserves.
- A summary of common classification systems for petroleum reserves like the Petroleum Resources Management System.
- A discussion of the relationships between governments, petroleum companies and different licensing models like concessions, production sharing contracts, and service contracts.
- A high-level look at some other petroleum industry topics like the global oil market, investment decisions, ownership and a short history of the industry
What's the difference between WTI and Brent Crude Oil? [PPT]
If you are not too familiar with traded commodities, odds are that crude oil is one you know a little about. Oil, the magical elixir that much of our lives run on, even if we are not aware of it, is being consumed at a higher rate globally every year. But did you know that there are different kinds of crude oil? If you did, you may have heard of Brent and WTI Crude Oil. Do you know what the difference is between Brent and WTI Crude oil? Did you know there was a difference between the crude oils extracted around the world? If you didn’t, you’re not alone – most people likely don’t know the difference between the two. If you are curious as to what sets various crude oils apart, especially Brent and WTI, this blog post will shed some light on the differences as well as explain a bit about the Crude Oil futures markets and what role Brent and WTI play in the global oil commodity trade. But, before getting into the specifics of Brent and WTI, it might be helpful to first go through what quality metrics differentiate crude oils from one another.
Download a FREE sample of
Commodities FocusEconomics Consensus Forecast
http://www.focus-economics.com/commodities2016
1973 oil crisis
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) implemented an oil embargo in October 1973, prohibiting nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War from purchasing its oil. This led to a 400% increase in oil prices from $2.59 to $11.65 per barrel and high inflation in consuming countries. Western nations responded with measures like fuel rationing and restrictions on driving and flying to reduce energy usage, while also encouraging growth through interest rate cuts. The embargo motivated searching for renewable fuels and was lifted in March 1974 after negotiations.
Crude oil prices fudamentals
Crude oil is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon found in rock formations underground. It provides about 37% of the world's energy after fueling only 4% at the start of the 20th century. Crude oil varies in composition but contains mainly carbon and hydrogen, and is classified by its geographic origin, API gravity measuring density, and sulfur content, with sweet crude containing less sulfur being more valuable. Fundamental factors like supply, demand, economic conditions, and politics affect crude oil prices in addition to technical indicators used in futures markets to hedge price risk.
Oil crisis 1973
The 1973 oil crisis occurred after the Yom Kippur War between Israel and Arab states. OPEC nations imposed an oil embargo on Western nations that supported Israel, drastically increasing oil prices by 400% and causing a global energy crisis. The high oil prices led to inflation, economic downturn, and efforts to develop renewable energy. Countries implemented conservation measures like driving bans and rationing to cope with the shortage and high costs of oil. The embargo ended in 1974 after negotiations, but its effects accelerated alternative energy development and reduced dependence on OPEC oil.
Oil Crisis
The document discusses the 1973 oil crisis and its impacts. It began when OPEC nations proclaimed an oil embargo in 1973 in response to Western support for Israel. As a result, the price of oil rose dramatically from $18 to nearly $40 per barrel. For India, higher oil prices lead to inflation, impact economic growth, and hurt the rupee. If the US reinstates sanctions on Iran as planned, it could further increase oil prices and negatively affect India's plans for the Chabahar port and INSTC transport corridor. The government of India can take steps like procuring crude at discounts, including fuel under GST, and building strategic oil reserves to mitigate impacts.
The Shale Revolution - Myth or Reality?
The document summarizes the shale revolution in the United States and its impacts. It discusses how hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have unlocked oil and gas from shale formations with low permeability. This has led to the US becoming a major producer of shale gas and shale oil. However, the document notes that total US natural gas and crude oil production has peaked, as additions from new shale wells no longer compensate for declines in conventional production. It concludes that while the shale revolution is a reality in the US, it remains a myth elsewhere due to the need for higher prices to be profitable. The US also still imports a significant portion of its oil, so energy independence claims are still more myth than reality.
Black gold (crude oil)
Crude oil is a naturally occurring fossil fuel that is an important economic resource. It is extracted through oil drilling and refined into consumer products like gasoline and kerosene. Edwin Drake drilled the first successful oil well in the US in 1859, sparking massive growth in the oil industry worldwide. OPEC was formed in 1960 by major oil exporting countries to coordinate pricing of oil on the global market. High oil prices negatively impact economies by increasing inflation, government spending on subsidies, and costs for businesses and consumers. Alternatives to oil include solar, wind, hydroelectric, and nuclear energy sources.
Understanding the Major Happenings in the Oil Market. A slippery path!
Looks at the factors that affect the demand and supply of Oil globally; understands the functioning of OPEC, and the different oil benchmarks: crude, opec basket, west texas and dubai. Understands the reasons of the major happenings such as 1973 supply shock, 1979 energy crisis, 1980s oil glut, 1990s energy crisis and the current falling price of oil.
Gradipe06
Y669 International Political Economy, lecture #6, focusing on the politics of oil in the world economy.
"Peak Oil - Myth or Reality?" by Jean Laherrère - ASPO France
The term Peak Oil was created in 2000 after Jean Laherrère and Colin Campbell wrote an article in 1998 in Scientific American which title was "the End of Cheap Oil".
This paper was ignored until 2005 when oil price reached 50$/b anf fully accepted in 2008 when 140 $/b was reached. With the burst of shale oil, many papers have been published on the "Peak Oil Myth" and the fact that the USA would become energy independent thanks to the shale oil & gas revolution.
However the oil production peaked in many countries and the end of cheap oil is more than ever a reality that will strongly impact our economies. New oil projects with higher extraction costs require $100/b+ oil price to be profitable while oil demand (and GDP) contracts when oil price surpasses $120/b !
Oil crisis
The 1973 oil crisis began when OAPEC proclaimed an oil embargo in response to the US support of Israel. This caused oil prices to rise dramatically from $3 to $12 per barrel. India was heavily impacted as it imports most of its oil and saw effects like deterioration of its balance of payments. Petroleum is used for much more than fuel, and is essential for many everyday products from plastics to solvents. If oil were to run out, daily life would change greatly with less reliance on vehicles, plastics, and global transport since alternate fuels have yet to be widely adopted.
How Does Oil Change Politics
The document discusses how oil changed international politics in the 20th century by making the US dependent on foreign oil imports. It explores US strategies to decrease dependence such as drilling in ANWR, but notes constraints like high costs of domestic production and environmental concerns. It also examines the importance of the Persian Gulf as a major oil producer and exporter, and how conflicts in the Middle East impacted global oil prices and trade relations between oil producing and consuming nations.
Crude Oil ( Oil Shocks )
The document provides an overview of crude oil and its effects on the global and Indian economies. It discusses the history of crude oil production, key events like the 1973 and 1979 oil shocks that increased oil prices, and their economic impacts. It also summarizes India's oil reserves, production, refineries, consumption, and efforts to promote alternatives like ethanol blending to reduce reliance on imports.
Oil: History & Outlook
The oil industry has a history spanning over 5,000 years. Major events include the first structured oil well being built in the Gulf of Mexico and oil crises in the 1970s causing price fluctuations. Currently, world oil consumption is around 85 million barrels per day with the top producers being Middle Eastern countries. Factors like OPEC decisions, geopolitical conflicts, and economic conditions influence global oil prices. While oil remains crucial as a non-renewable resource, peak oil production may be reached by 2030, highlighting the need for alternatives.
What's hot (20)
Fossil resources - Fossil fuel market presentation
Fossil resources - Fossil fuel market presentation
What's the difference between WTI and Brent Crude Oil? [PPT]
What's the difference between WTI and Brent Crude Oil? [PPT]
Understanding the Major Happenings in the Oil Market. A slippery path!
Understanding the Major Happenings in the Oil Market. A slippery path!
"Peak Oil - Myth or Reality?" by Jean Laherrère - ASPO France
"Peak Oil - Myth or Reality?" by Jean Laherrère - ASPO France
Viewers also liked
biodiesel (Arabic)
what is biodiesel? what makes it a good power source? a translated doc for Damascus university
Api Gravity
API gravity is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. It uses a scale of degrees where higher numbers mean less dense and lighter. Crude oil is classified based on its API gravity into light, medium, and heavy. Oil in the 40-45 degree range is most desirable as it yields more gasoline and diesel fuel. Lighter or heavier crudes are penalized similarly because they produce less of these desirable products for refineries.
TankerCalc for Bunker Surveyors
This software is designed for Marine Bunker Surveyors to minimize time in bunker quantification following API-MPMS guidelines. It also contains some other conversion tools which are really important to calculate the fuel characteristics like Shell CCAI, BP CII, Net and Gross Specific Energy, Injection, Temperature based on measured viscosity, density conversion tools and much more.
Petroleum Properties - Density and relative density
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the density and API gravity of kerosin and gas oil samples using two methods: a hydrometer and a pycnometer.
2. The results found the API gravity of kerosin to be 48.53 using the hydrometer method but 35.56 using the pycnometer method, showing a difference between the methods.
3. The pycnometer method is considered more accurate as it is less affected by factors like temperature, bubbles, and alcohol content that influence the hydrometer readings.
Viewers also liked (6)
Petroleum Properties - Density and relative density
Petroleum Properties - Density and relative density
Similar to Oil Factor
Scenario energetico mondiale ed EROEI
This document summarizes an article predicting that global production of conventional oil will begin declining sooner than most experts believe, probably within the next 10 years. It argues that commonly cited statistics on oil reserves are unreliable and inflated. Using its own analysis techniques, the document estimates there are about 1,000 billion barrels of conventional oil still remaining to be extracted globally. Applying a modeling technique, it predicts that world oil production will peak sometime in the first decade of the 21st century, as production from most major regions has already peaked or will do so soon. The prediction is robust even under more optimistic estimates of remaining oil.
Lesson7oil
1. The document discusses global energy trade and how there has been a significant increase in the export of fuels from the Middle East and former Soviet Union as well as increases in imports by Europe, Asia, and other regions.
2. It also discusses peak oil theory which states that oil production follows a bell curve and will eventually peak and decline as it is a finite resource. Many argue global peak oil production has already occurred or will soon.
3. After peak oil, annual production is expected to decline by 3% each year, exacerbating the growing gap between supply and rising demand, leading to high oil prices and economic impacts.
Crude Oil Presentation.pdf
Crude oil is a naturally occurring unrefined petroleum product composed mainly of hydrocarbons that is extracted from geological formations beneath the Earth's surface. It has a long history of use dating back to the 18th century and is a finite resource with current reserves expected to last 53 more years. The price of crude oil is influenced by production and consumption levels globally, as well as geopolitical and economic factors. It is traded on commodities exchanges and its price impacts various industries and global markets.
ARMY ENERGY STRATEGY FOR THE END OF CHEAP OIL
ARMY ENERGY STRATEGY FOR THE END OF CHEAP OIL
Kip P. Nygren, Darrell D. Massie*, Paul J. Kern
United States Military Academy.
Peak Oil & Peak Oilers
The document discusses the concept of peak oil, which refers to the point at which the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production enters terminal decline. It notes that while the exact timing of the global peak is uncertain, many estimates place it as having already occurred or in the near future between 2005-2025. Views on the potential impacts range from beliefs that alternative energy sources and technologies can avoid serious effects, to more dire predictions of economic crisis and population collapse as oil supplies dwindle.
Assignment on FoPE
The document provides information on the global oil and gas industry and India's upstream oil and gas sector. It discusses the formation and accumulation of oil and natural gas over millions of years. It then outlines India's history of oil exploration, beginning in the late 19th century in Assam. It describes the development of India's upstream sector, including the role of national oil companies ONGC and OIL. It also summarizes India's oil and gas production, consumption, and sedimentary basins with exploration potential.
WORLD PETROLEUM RESERVES
Global discovered resource and yet-to-find, OPEC Countries; Conventional oil and Unconventional oil, UNCONVENTIONAL PROSPECTIVE RESOURCES, Heavy crude oil, Bitumen, Oil sand, Oil shale, Deepwater oil , Polar (ARCTIC) oil , Fractured source rock, Coal liquefaction or Gas to liquids
Qnb group the US could become energy independent by 2030
This document discusses how the US could become energy independent by 2030 due to increased production of tight oil and shale gas from unconventional reserves. New extraction techniques like fracking have led to soaring production of tight oil, particularly from the Bakken shale formation, and the US is projected to overtake both Russia and Saudi Arabia in oil production by 2017. The US is also expected to become a net exporter of natural gas by around 2017. These developments from unconventional sources could allow the US to meet its energy needs domestically and become energy independent as soon as 2030, a significant change from relying on imports for 45% of its needs in 2011. However, tight oil production is costly and unlikely to substantially lower global oil prices
U.S. Petrochemical Industry Future - Upstream - Crude Oil - Logic Versus Fai...
This document provides data on major tight oil plays in the United States, including estimated reserves and production levels from various sources such as the EIA and J. David Hughes. It notes that total US tight oil production is expected to peak around 4.5 million barrels per day by 2017 according to the EIA, but other estimates predict lower ultimate recovery levels. The data presented suggests there are enough technically recoverable reserves for over 85 years of production, but there are practical constraints that may significantly limit what can actually be produced.
U.S. Petrochemical Industry Future - Upstream - Crude Oil - Logic Versus Fai...
- U.S. crude oil production fell from 1970 to a low in 2008 not seen since 1950, while gasoline prices rose sharply from 1995 to 2005 and 2008, reducing driving.
- The shale oil boom, starting in 2006 in North Dakota's Bakken formation and expanding to Texas' Eagle Ford shale in 2008, increased U.S. oil production and made the U.S. a top producer again. However, much Eagle Ford production was condensate, not crude oil.
- While the shale boom promised U.S. energy independence and hundreds of thousands of jobs, low oil prices since 2015 have called the sustainability of this production into question, as drillers face mounting debt and may not be able to
Research Paper: How much oil remains for the world to produce? Comparing asse...
Research Paper: How much oil remains for the world to produce? Comparing asse...Energy for One World
ABSTRACT
This paper assesses how much oil remains to be produced, and whether this poses a significant constraint to
global development. We describe the different categories of oil and related liquid fuels, and show that public-
domain by-country and global proved (1P) oil reserves data, such as from the EIA or BP Statistical Review, are
very misleading and should not be used. Better data are oil consultancy proved-plus-probable (2P) reserves.
These data are generally backdated, i.e. with later changes in a field's estimated volume being attributed to the
date of field discovery. Even some of these data, we suggest, need reduction by some 300 Gb for probable
overstatement of Middle East OPEC reserves, and likewise by 100 Gb for overstatement of FSU reserves. The
statistic that best assesses ‘how much oil is left to produce’ is a region's estimated ultimately recoverable resource
(URR) for each of its various categories of oil, from which production to-date needs to be subtracted. We use
Hubbert linearization to estimate the global URR for four aggregate classes of oil, and show that these range from
2500 Gb for conventional oil to 5000 Gb for ‘all-liquids’. Subtracting oil produced to-date gives estimates of
global reserves of conventional oil at about half the EIA estimate. We then use our estimated URR values,
combined with the observation that oil production in a region usually reaches one or more maxima when roughly
half its URR has been produced, to forecast the expected dates of global resource-limited production maxima of
these classes of oil. These dates range from 2019 (i.e., already past) for conventional oil to around 2040 for ‘all-
liquids’. These oil production maxima are likely to have significant economic, political and sustainability con-
sequences. Our forecasts differ sharply from those of the EIA, but our resource-limited production maxima
roughly match the mainly demand-driven maxima envisaged in the IEA's 2021 ‘Stated Policies’ scenario. Finally,
in agreement with others, our forecasts indicate that the IPCC's ‘high-CO2’ scenarios appear infeasible by
assuming unrealistically high rates of oil production, but also indicate that considerable oil must be left in the
ground if climate change targets are to be met. As the world seeks to move towards sustainability, these per-
spectives on the future availability of oil are important to take into account.ase for critical thinkingScenarioplanningatRoyalDu.docx
ase for critical thinking
Scenario
planning
at
Royal
Dutch
Shell
On 16 October 1973, a great oil crisis began when Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) raised the price of oil by 70 per cent and reduced production. This was in response to the decision by the United States to re-supply the Israeli military during the Yom Kippur war, lasting until March 1974. As a consequence, the market price of oil rose substantially — from $3 a barrel to $12. The trend of recessions and high inflation in the world financial systems until the 1980s meant that the price of oil continued to increase
198
until 1986.
24
This, according to Shell, meant that ‘An era of cheap energy had come to an end and oil was no longer a buyer’s market’.
25
However, when the oil shock came in October 1973 after the Yom Kippur war, Shell was the only oil major prepared for it. In the early 1970s, Pierre Wack was a planner in Royal Dutch Shell in London, and had calculated the impact of a possible rise in the oil price and a likely increase in the world’s appetite for oil. He and his colleagues had mapped out a scenario in which the OPEC demanded much higher prices for their oil following the 1967 Arab–Israel six-day war. In effect, Shell’s managers were able to plan for this eventuality and apply this planning to the crisis following the Yom Kippur war while other oil companies struggled.
26
In order to survive, Shell adopted a policy of diversification, branching out into the areas of coal, nuclear power and metals. Firstly, in 1970 Shell purchased Billiton, an established metals mining company (which it later sold). In 1973, the company moved into nuclear power by forming a partnership with Gulf Oil to manufacture gas-cooled reactors and their fuels. Shell’s success in coal was limited. In the 1970s, the company also continued its work in developing the oil fields in the North Sea. While a huge investment was required due to the adverse weather conditions and the instability of the sea bed, the cost was justified due to the sheer size of the oil fields in the North Sea, as well as the fact that supply from the Middle East was reduced at the time.
27
Royal
Dutch
Shell
became a leader in profitability, and continues to use
scenario
planning
as an aid to opportunity-framing and strategy formulation.
28
With the world making commendable efforts to limit its consumption of fossil fuels in the face of ‘peak oil’ (the time when demand exceeds supply) and increasing its reliance on wind and solar power, the long-established ‘legacy expectations’ of enduring access to easily accessible oil remain stubbornly fixed in the minds of both developed and developing nations.
Scenario
planning
is using careful research inputs to examine the prejudices of policy-makers and the demands of populations to arrive
at
sustainable solutions to energy needs, and to avoid the catastrophe of a war over oil. Is such a crisis likely, or even possible? Consider the following .
Why Hubbert's Peak Oil Theory Fails?
This document discusses why M. King Hubbert's peak oil theory fails to accurately predict future oil production trends. Hubbert's theory, which used a logistic growth curve model to predict peak U.S. oil production in the 1970s, did not account for continuous growth in discovered oil resources, advances in extraction technology, or external economic and geopolitical factors that influence production. As a result, actual production has deviated from Hubbert's predictions, with U.S. production rebounding in the late 1970s and again in the late 2000s due to new oilfield discoveries and technologies like hydraulic fracturing. While Hubbert made an important early contribution, his theory is limited because the many variables affecting production change over time
Case for critical thinkingScenarioplanningatRoyalD.docx
Case for critical thinking
Scenario
planning
at
Royal
Dutch
Shell
On 16 October 1973, a great oil crisis began when Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) raised the price of oil by 70 per cent and reduced production. This was in response to the decision by the United States to re-supply the Israeli military during the Yom Kippur war, lasting until March 1974. As a consequence, the market price of oil rose substantially — from $3 a barrel to $12. The trend of recessions and high inflation in the world financial systems until the 1980s meant that the price of oil continued to increase
198
until 1986.
24
This, according to Shell, meant that ‘An era of cheap energy had come to an end and oil was no longer a buyer’s market’.
25
However, when the oil shock came in October 1973 after the Yom Kippur war, Shell was the only oil major prepared for it. In the early 1970s, Pierre Wack was a planner in Royal Dutch Shell in London, and had calculated the impact of a possible rise in the oil price and a likely increase in the world’s appetite for oil. He and his colleagues had mapped out a scenario in which the OPEC demanded much higher prices for their oil following the 1967 Arab–Israel six-day war. In effect, Shell’s managers were able to plan for this eventuality and apply this planning to the crisis following the Yom Kippur war while other oil companies struggled.
26
In order to survive, Shell adopted a policy of diversification, branching out into the areas of coal, nuclear power and metals. Firstly, in 1970 Shell purchased Billiton, an established metals mining company (which it later sold). In 1973, the company moved into nuclear power by forming a partnership with Gulf Oil to manufacture gas-cooled reactors and their fuels. Shell’s success in coal was limited. In the 1970s, the company also continued its work in developing the oil fields in the North Sea. While a huge investment was required due to the adverse weather conditions and the instability of the sea bed, the cost was justified due to the sheer size of the oil fields in the North Sea, as well as the fact that supply from the Middle East was reduced at the time.
27
Royal
Dutch
Shell
became a leader in profitability, and continues to use
scenario
planning
as an aid to opportunity-framing and strategy formulation.
28
With the world making commendable efforts to limit its consumption of fossil fuels in the face of ‘peak oil’ (the time when demand exceeds supply) and increasing its reliance on wind and solar power, the long-established ‘legacy expectations’ of enduring access to easily accessible oil remain stubbornly fixed in the minds of both developed and developing nations.
Scenario
planning
is using careful research inputs to examine the prejudices of policy-makers and the demands of populations to arrive
at
sustainable solutions to energy needs, and to avoid the catastrophe of a war over oil. Is such a crisis likely, or even possible? Consider the following .
Crude oil
Crude oil is a black liquid extracted from underground that consists of hydrocarbon compounds from ancient animal and plant matter. It remains liquid under normal temperatures and can be distilled into products like gasoline. The top crude oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States. Crude oil is the world's most important commodity and is used across many industries and economies.
Libya - Natural resources 2005
Libya has significant oil and natural gas reserves. Its proven oil reserves are 39 billion barrels and natural gas reserves are 52 trillion cubic feet. Oil production is around 1.6 million barrels per day, with over 90% exported to European countries like Italy. Libya depends on foreign investment and expertise to develop its oil and gas resources. It has recently begun allowing more foreign companies like Occidental Petroleum and ChevronTexaco to operate in Libya and boost production. Libya also aims to increase its domestic refining capacity and natural gas exports to Europe.
Petroleum energy.ppt
This document provides an overview of petroleum energy, including its formation from fossil fuels, history of usage, refining process, reserves and supply sources, demand trends, and factors that influence oil stock levels and prices. It discusses how oil is formed from ancient plant and animal remains over millions of years, the beginnings of the modern oil industry in Pennsylvania in 1859, and how crude oil is refined into useful products like gasoline and plastics. The largest oil reserves and production are centered in the Middle East, while North America has the highest consumption. Stocks of 7-8 billion barrels worldwide help stabilize prices by balancing supply and demand.
Oil & gas = economy economy = oil &gas february 2016
The document discusses the history of oil and gas production and prices from the 1970s to present. It notes that US oil production peaked in the 1970s and OPEC gained power, leading to the 1973 and 1979 oil crises. While OPEC's power waned in the 1980s as prices fell, tight oil and shale gas temporarily boosted US production in the 2000s. However, the document warns that many OPEC countries are now in decline and future oil production may not reach 2015 levels, possibly leading to supply shortages this decade. Low oil prices are a sign of declining demand rather than a cause, as the economy slows. Severe deflation and debt reduction may cause a depression before commodity production re
Oil Shale Economics
This document summarizes the economics, barriers, and risks of developing the large oil shale resources in the United States. It discusses the significant oil shale deposits located primarily in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming, totaling over 1.8 trillion barrels of recoverable oil. Several emerging technologies are described for both surface and in-situ extraction of oil from shale, including those being tested in the Bureau of Land Management's Research, Development, and Demonstration leasing program by companies like Chevron, Shell, and EGL Resources. The document analyzes the economic viability and impacts of a potential future oil shale industry in the US.
Oil Prices :The past
The document discusses the history of oil prices from the 1800s to the present. It notes that the modern oil industry began in Baku in 1837. In the late 1800s, the first commercial oil refinery was established and a single oil field in Baku accounted for over 90% of the world's oil production. The document then outlines major events and discoveries that impacted oil prices such as the Gulf Wars, the Iranian Revolution, and the increased shale oil production in the US that helped reduce prices in recent years. Political events and shifts in demand are cited as largely explaining major oil price fluctuations over the past few decades.
Similar to Oil Factor (20)
Qnb group the US could become energy independent by 2030
Qnb group the US could become energy independent by 2030
U.S. Petrochemical Industry Future - Upstream - Crude Oil - Logic Versus Fai...
U.S. Petrochemical Industry Future - Upstream - Crude Oil - Logic Versus Fai...
U.S. Petrochemical Industry Future - Upstream - Crude Oil - Logic Versus Fai...
U.S. Petrochemical Industry Future - Upstream - Crude Oil - Logic Versus Fai...
Research Paper: How much oil remains for the world to produce? Comparing asse...
Research Paper: How much oil remains for the world to produce? Comparing asse...
ase for critical thinkingScenarioplanningatRoyalDu.docx
ase for critical thinkingScenarioplanningatRoyalDu.docx
Case for critical thinkingScenarioplanningatRoyalD.docx
Case for critical thinkingScenarioplanningatRoyalD.docx
Oil & gas = economy economy = oil &gas february 2016
Oil & gas = economy economy = oil &gas february 2016
Recently uploaded
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
Explore the fascinating world of the Gemini Zodiac Sign. Discover the unique personality traits, key dates, and horoscope insights of Gemini individuals. Learn how their sociable, communicative nature and boundless curiosity make them the dynamic explorers of the zodiac. Dive into the duality of the Gemini sign and understand their intellectual and adventurous spirit.
Building Your Employer Brand with Social Media
Presented at The Global HR Summit, 6th June 2024
In this keynote, Luan Wise will provide invaluable insights to elevate your employer brand on social media platforms including LinkedIn, Facebook, Instagram, X (formerly Twitter) and TikTok. You'll learn how compelling content can authentically showcase your company culture, values, and employee experiences to support your talent acquisition and retention objectives. Additionally, you'll understand the power of employee advocacy to amplify reach and engagement – helping to position your organization as an employer of choice in today's competitive talent landscape.
Mastering B2B Payments Webinar from BlueSnap
B2B payments are rapidly changing. Find out the 5 key questions you need to be asking yourself to be sure you are mastering B2B payments today. Learn more at www.BlueSnap.com.
Industrial Tech SW: Category Renewal and Creation
Every industrial revolution has created a new set of categories and a new set of players.
Multiple new technologies have emerged, but Samsara and C3.ai are only two companies which have gone public so far.
Manufacturing startups constitute the largest pipeline share of unicorns and IPO candidates in the SF Bay Area, and software startups dominate in Germany.
HOW TO START UP A COMPANY A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE.pdf
How to Start Up a Company: A Step-by-Step Guide Starting a company is an exciting adventure that combines creativity, strategy, and hard work. It can seem overwhelming at first, but with the right guidance, anyone can transform a great idea into a successful business. Let's dive into how to start up a company, from the initial spark of an idea to securing funding and launching your startup.
Introduction
Have you ever dreamed of turning your innovative idea into a thriving business? Starting a company involves numerous steps and decisions, but don't worry—we're here to help. Whether you're exploring how to start a startup company or wondering how to start up a small business, this guide will walk you through the process, step by step.
Digital Marketing with a Focus on Sustainability
Digital Marketing best practices including influencer marketing, content creators, and omnichannel marketing for Sustainable Brands at the Sustainable Cosmetics Summit 2024 in New York
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Indian satta Matka Dpboss Matka Kalyan Chart Matka Boss otg matka Guessing Satta Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challenges
Holger Mueller of Constellation Research shares his key takeaways from SAP's Sapphire confernece, held in Orlando, June 3rd till 5th 2024, in the Orange Convention Center.
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
Buy Verified Payoneer Account: Quick and Secure Way to Receive Payments
Buy Verified Payoneer Account With 100% secure documents, [ USA, UK, CA ]. Are you looking for a reliable and safe way to receive payments online? Then you need buy verified Payoneer account ! Payoneer is a global payment platform that allows businesses and individuals to send and receive money in over 200 countries.
If You Want To More Information just Contact Now:
Skype: SEOSMMEARTH
Telegram: @seosmmearth
Gmail: seosmmearth@gmail.com
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.
This letter, written by Kellen Harkins, Course Director at Full Sail University, commends Anny Love's exemplary performance in the Video Sharing Platforms class. It highlights her dedication, willingness to challenge herself, and exceptional skills in production, editing, and marketing across various video platforms like YouTube, TikTok, and Instagram.
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto RicoCorey Perlman, Social Media Speaker and Consultant
Social media for business 2024-6-01-IMPACTSilver-Corp-Presentation.pdf
IMPACT Silver is a pure silver zinc producer with over $260 million in revenue since 2008 and a large 100% owned 210km Mexico land package - 2024 catalysts includes new 14% grade zinc Plomosas mine and 20,000m of fully funded exploration drilling.
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb Platform
BriansClub.cm, a famous platform on the dark web, has become one of the most infamous carding marketplaces, specializing in the sale of stolen credit card data.
Easily Verify Compliance and Security with Binance KYC
Use our simple KYC verification guide to make sure your Binance account is safe and compliant. Discover the fundamentals, appreciate the significance of KYC, and trade on one of the biggest cryptocurrency exchanges with confidence.
Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Kalyan panel Chart
Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Kalyan panel Chart➒➌➎➏➑➐➋➑➐➐Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matka Kalyan Chart Indian Matka
SATTA MATKA SATTA FAST RESULT KALYAN TOP MATKA RESULT KALYAN SATTA MATKA FAST RESULT MILAN RATAN RAJDHANI MAIN BAZAR MATKA FAST TIPS RESULT MATKA CHART JODI CHART PANEL CHART FREE FIX GAME SATTAMATKA ! MATKA MOBI SATTA 143 spboss.in TOP NO1 RESULT FULL RATE MATKA ONLINE GAME PLAY BY APP SPBOSSTaurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
Dive into the steadfast world of the Taurus Zodiac Sign. Discover the grounded, stable, and logical nature of Taurus individuals, and explore their key personality traits, important dates, and horoscope insights. Learn how the determination and patience of the Taurus sign make them the rock-steady achievers and anchors of the zodiac.
Recently uploaded (20)
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
Unveiling the Dynamic Personalities, Key Dates, and Horoscope Insights: Gemin...
HOW TO START UP A COMPANY A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE.pdf
HOW TO START UP A COMPANY A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE.pdf
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka
Dpboss Matka Guessing Satta Matta Matka Kalyan Chart Satta Matka
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challenges
Event Report - SAP Sapphire 2024 Orlando - lots of innovation and old challenges
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
3 Simple Steps To Buy Verified Payoneer Account In 2024
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.
Anny Serafina Love - Letter of Recommendation by Kellen Harkins, MS.
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
Authentically Social by Corey Perlman - EO Puerto Rico
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb Platform
The Genesis of BriansClub.cm Famous Dark WEb Platform
Easily Verify Compliance and Security with Binance KYC
Easily Verify Compliance and Security with Binance KYC
Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Kalyan panel Chart
Satta Matka Dpboss Matka Guessing Kalyan Chart Indian Matka Kalyan panel Chart
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
Taurus Zodiac Sign: Unveiling the Traits, Dates, and Horoscope Insights of th...
Oil Factor
- 2. geographic location sulfur content API gravity( measure density) ex: West Texas , Brent , or Oman If its API gravity is greater than 10 , it is lighter and floats on water; if less than 10, it will sink. Light: API>31.1 Medium:22.3<API<31.1 Heavy : API<22.3 , 40-45 higher price L>H Sweet: relative less sulfur Sour: more sulfur Sweet >Sou r
- 3. known as Texas Light Sweet , is a type of crude oil used as a benchmark in oil pricing and the underlying commodity of New York Mercantile Exchange 's oil futures contracts . NYMX CL=WTI? a very high-quality, sweet, light oil delivered at Cushing, Oklahoma for North American oil Delivery F.O.B. seller's facility, Cushing, Oklahoma,
- 4. comprising 15 oils from fields in the Brent and Ninian systems in the East Shetland Basin of the North Sea . The oil is landed at Sullom Voe terminal in the Shetlands . Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off the price of this oil, which forms a benchmark ICE Brent >Wti
- 9. US prediction Hubbert's upper-bound estimate, which he regarded as optimistic, accurately predicted that US oil production would peak in 1970. Forty years later , the upper-bound estimate has also proven to be very accurate in terms of cumulative production, less so in terms of annual production. For 2005, the upper-bound Hubbert model predicts 178.2 Gb cumulative and 1.17 Gb current production; actual US production was 176.4 Gb cumulative crude oil + condensate ( 1% lower than the upper bound estimate ), with annual production of 1.55 Gb (32% higher than the upper bound estimate).
- 10. Widespread application It also used for the predictions of Natural gas , Coal , Fissionable materials, Metals, Phosphorus , Peak water , Fisheries . Norway's oil production and a Hubbert curve approximating it.