Yemen has faced political instability and conflict in recent years. The country was previously divided into northern and southern regions but unified in 1990. Southerners later complained of marginalization, fighting a civil war in 1994. Currently, Iran-backed Houthi rebels have expanded their control, opposing the government of President Hadi. A Saudi-led coalition supports Hadi and has carried out airstrikes against the Houthis. India has evacuated over 2,000 citizens from Yemen since the conflict began.
The document discusses the conflict in Yemen between Houthi rebels and the Saudi-led coalition supporting the Yemeni government. It provides background information on the geography and militaries of Yemen and Saudi Arabia. It describes how Houthi rebels took control of Yemen's capital in 2014 and outlines the key events that led Saudi Arabia to form a coalition and launch airstrikes against the Houthis in Yemen. The document also discusses Iran's role in supporting the Houthis and Pakistan's decision to remain neutral in the conflict.
The Houthis began as a religious group in the 1990s but have since become rebels engaged in an ongoing conflict with the Yemen government. They have taken control of the capital Sanaa and large swaths of the country. Other competitors in the war include Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, Al-Islah political movement, and the secessionist Al-Hirak movement in Southern Yemen. The U.S. is involved due to threats from Al-Qaeda affiliates in Yemen. The first war between Yemen and the Houthis erupted in 2004. The Houthis have demanded fuel subsidies be reinstated and that the government reflect political groups' representation from a national conference. Saudi Arabia led an Arab coalition
Kofi Annan was the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1997 to 2006. He was born in 1938 in Ghana and received degrees from universities in Ghana and Switzerland before joining the UN in 1962. As Secretary-General, Annan worked to establish the Millennium Development Goals and the Global Fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. He also served as a UN envoy to Syria in 2012 but resigned when peace efforts there stalled. Annan was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001 for his work with the UN.
Nelson Mandela was a revolutionary South African leader who fought against apartheid. He was president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, being the first black South African to hold the office. Mandela helped establish the African National Congress youth league in 1944 and its armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, in 1961 to combat the ruling apartheid government through acts of sabotage. He was arrested and spent 27 years in prison before being released in 1991. After his release, Mandela became president of the ANC and was elected President of South Africa in 1994, helping dismantle the country's apartheid system.
The document summarizes the key events in Yemen's recent political conflict and transition. It outlines periods from 2000-2015 where Al-Qaeda gained prominence and carried out attacks; protests in 2011 inspired by Tunisia led to a power transfer; and a critical transition phase from 2013-2014 saw Houthi rebels overrun the capital and plunge the country into civil war, prompting military intervention by a Saudi-led coalition to stop the Houthis from gaining more ground. The document also lists the main players involved as the Republic of Yemen, Houthis, Islamic State, UK, US, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Spain.
The Mali peacekeeping mission (MINUSMA) aims to stabilize Mali after conflict between rebel groups and the government. MINUSMA has over 9,000 uniformed personnel to protect civilians, support political processes, and help establish state authority. While security has improved since French intervention against rebels, violent incidents still occur and armed groups remain active. MINUSMA works to restore stability and facilitate a peaceful transition, but challenges securing lasting peace remain.
Yemen has faced political instability and conflict in recent years. The country was previously divided into northern and southern regions but unified in 1990. Southerners later complained of marginalization, fighting a civil war in 1994. Currently, Iran-backed Houthi rebels have expanded their control, opposing the government of President Hadi. A Saudi-led coalition supports Hadi and has carried out airstrikes against the Houthis. India has evacuated over 2,000 citizens from Yemen since the conflict began.
The document discusses the conflict in Yemen between Houthi rebels and the Saudi-led coalition supporting the Yemeni government. It provides background information on the geography and militaries of Yemen and Saudi Arabia. It describes how Houthi rebels took control of Yemen's capital in 2014 and outlines the key events that led Saudi Arabia to form a coalition and launch airstrikes against the Houthis in Yemen. The document also discusses Iran's role in supporting the Houthis and Pakistan's decision to remain neutral in the conflict.
The Houthis began as a religious group in the 1990s but have since become rebels engaged in an ongoing conflict with the Yemen government. They have taken control of the capital Sanaa and large swaths of the country. Other competitors in the war include Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, Al-Islah political movement, and the secessionist Al-Hirak movement in Southern Yemen. The U.S. is involved due to threats from Al-Qaeda affiliates in Yemen. The first war between Yemen and the Houthis erupted in 2004. The Houthis have demanded fuel subsidies be reinstated and that the government reflect political groups' representation from a national conference. Saudi Arabia led an Arab coalition
Kofi Annan was the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1997 to 2006. He was born in 1938 in Ghana and received degrees from universities in Ghana and Switzerland before joining the UN in 1962. As Secretary-General, Annan worked to establish the Millennium Development Goals and the Global Fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. He also served as a UN envoy to Syria in 2012 but resigned when peace efforts there stalled. Annan was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001 for his work with the UN.
Nelson Mandela was a revolutionary South African leader who fought against apartheid. He was president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999, being the first black South African to hold the office. Mandela helped establish the African National Congress youth league in 1944 and its armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe, in 1961 to combat the ruling apartheid government through acts of sabotage. He was arrested and spent 27 years in prison before being released in 1991. After his release, Mandela became president of the ANC and was elected President of South Africa in 1994, helping dismantle the country's apartheid system.
The document summarizes the key events in Yemen's recent political conflict and transition. It outlines periods from 2000-2015 where Al-Qaeda gained prominence and carried out attacks; protests in 2011 inspired by Tunisia led to a power transfer; and a critical transition phase from 2013-2014 saw Houthi rebels overrun the capital and plunge the country into civil war, prompting military intervention by a Saudi-led coalition to stop the Houthis from gaining more ground. The document also lists the main players involved as the Republic of Yemen, Houthis, Islamic State, UK, US, Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Spain.
The Mali peacekeeping mission (MINUSMA) aims to stabilize Mali after conflict between rebel groups and the government. MINUSMA has over 9,000 uniformed personnel to protect civilians, support political processes, and help establish state authority. While security has improved since French intervention against rebels, violent incidents still occur and armed groups remain active. MINUSMA works to restore stability and facilitate a peaceful transition, but challenges securing lasting peace remain.
Keep Your Eyes on the Middle East- Spotlight Yemen!Beth Frisby
Yemen is a country in crisis. How does this area in the Arabian Peninsula fit into Bible prophecy. Take a look at the "Cliff" notes and keep your eyes on Yemen!
The document summarizes the conflict in northern Mali between rebel groups seeking independence and the Malian government from 2012-2013. It describes how rebel groups like the MNLA and Ansar Dine took control of northern cities in early 2012 and declared independence. In response, the UN authorized a peacekeeping mission called AFISMA and later established MINUSMA in 2013 to stabilize the country and support the transitional government. MINUSMA aims to protect civilians and support humanitarian efforts, but continues to face challenges from sporadic violence and shortfalls in resources.
Yemen has been devastated by a war between Houthi rebels and forces loyal to the Yemeni government since 2015. Over 7,600 people have been killed and 42,000 injured in the ongoing conflict, which has triggered a major humanitarian crisis leaving 70% of Yemen's population of 24 million in need of aid. The capital and largest city is Sanaa, and Islam is the dominant religion, though there are small Christian and Jewish populations.
I was fascinated by the Arab Spring phenomenon (2011-2014) which reveals how complex the social-political situation in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) had been. Many of my countrymen don't understand the realities there, instead believing conspiracy theories which simplified things to merely "US/Israel/Zionist vs Islam/muslims".
This presentation is my attempt to summarize the history and geopolitical complexities and to debunk some conspiracy theories related to Arab Spring.My sources are multiple articles in CNN, TIME, Al-Jazeera, Al-Monitor, Stratfor, Foreign Policy, among others.
I closed this ever expanding presentation in the beginning of 2014 since it became obvious that the revolution season was over and multiple failures manifested in many countries.
A Report in Soc. Sci. 417 (Selected Topics in Social Science) under Dr. Vima Olivares in Filamer Christian University, Roxas City, Philippines (Summer 2014)
The document provides background information on Afghanistan, including its geography, ethnic groups, and history. It outlines how Afghanistan has experienced decades of conflict and instability due to invading forces, civil war, and the rise of the Taliban regime in the 1990s. The Taliban imposed strict Sharia law and severely persecuted ethnic and religious minorities like the Hazara people. Thousands of Hazaras were massacred by the Taliban in the late 1990s in atrocities aimed at eliminating Hazara ethnic nationalism. While the Taliban were removed from power in 2001, conflict and instability have continued in Afghanistan.
This document discusses the Kurdish minority population in Germany. It begins by providing background on the Kurdish people and their historical homeland across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. It then discusses the large Kurdish diaspora population in Germany, estimated at 1.15 million people, making it the largest Kurdish community outside the Kurdish regions. The document outlines the history of Kurdish immigration to Germany since the 1960s and issues facing the community, such as honor killings. It profiles notable Kurds in Germany and discusses the Kurdish struggle for independence and their complex relationship with regional powers over the decades.
Ottoman rule over Syria ended in 1918 and Emir Feisal briefly ruled as King of Syria until 1920 when France took control under a mandate. French rule faced nationalist uprisings and protests for independence which Syria achieved in 1946. However, political instability continued and Hafez al-Assad seized power in 1970, establishing an authoritarian Ba'athist regime that favored the Alawite minority. When Bashar al-Assad succeeded his father in 2000, he initially allowed some reforms but soon returned to the repressive status quo. Anti-government protests in 2011 demanding democratic change and end to emergency law sparked a violent crackdown and eventual civil war as the opposition took up arms.
Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. In 1985, Stevie Wonder dedicated his song "I Just Called To Say I Love You" to Mandela after winning an Oscar for it. Mandela spent 27 years in prison for fighting against apartheid before being elected president in South Africa's first democratic election in 1994. He passed away in 2013 at the age of 95.
The Arab Spring began in 2010 as a wave of protests and uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East. It started in Tunisia when a fruit seller set himself on fire after police confiscated his goods, sparking anger against the corrupt government. This led to protests that spread online and grew large enough to overthrow the Tunisian president. Inspired by Tunisia's success, protests erupted in Egypt in 2011 and eventually led to the resignation of Hosni Mubarak after 18 days. As the Arab Spring continued, other countries like Libya faced growing protests, with Gaddafi launching a violent crackdown until the UN authorized international intervention against his forces. The UN sought to promote peace, rights, and development in response, but faced challenges interven
The document discusses the origins and evolution of al Qaeda stemming from the Soviet-Afghan war in the late 1970s and 1980s. It describes how the US supported mujahideen groups to fight the Soviets, which later morphed into terrorist groups like al Qaeda. The US then invaded Afghanistan after 9/11 and also invaded Iraq, though Iraq was not related to 9/11 and did not possess WMDs as claimed. This gave jihadists more incentive to fight. Over time al Qaeda became decentralized and countries like Kenya faced threats from other local jihadist networks in Africa.
The document discusses the differences between the Arab world, Middle East, and Muslim world. It notes that the Arab world consists of 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa, while the Muslim world has 55 member states, and only Egypt is an Arab country among the top 10 countries by Muslim population. Most Arabs are Muslim, but most Muslims are not Arab. There are also Christian and Jewish Arabs.
This document summarizes four major refugee crises around the world:
Rohingya refugees in India, where thousands have arrived amid rising nationalism creating humanitarian fatigue. India hosts the largest refugee population in South Asia after Bangladesh.
The refugee crisis in Syria, exemplified by the tragic death of three-year-old Alan Kurdi whose body washed up on a Turkish beach in 2015, prompting international attention to the crisis.
The refugee crisis in Afghanistan starting with the 1979 Soviet invasion, which caused the first wave of Afghans fleeing as refugees to Pakistan and Iran.
The refugee crisis in South Sudan, where conflict and environmental problems have led to violence, famine and large numbers of South Sudanese
Algeria is located in North Africa, bordering Tunisia, Libya, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali and Niger. It has a population of around 38 million and was a French colony until independence in 1962 after a long war. Algeria has a semi-presidential republic system and its economy relies heavily on oil and gas exports, though it also faces challenges of diversifying its economy and ensuring political reforms are continued.
The document provides background on the origins of the War on Terror leading up to 9/11. It discusses the Cold War between the US and USSR, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan which led to the US training mujahideen fighters like Osama Bin Laden. After the Soviets withdrew, Afghanistan descended into civil war. Bin Laden formed Al Qaeda and the Taliban rose to power in Afghanistan, hosting Al Qaeda training camps. Al Qaeda launched several attacks against US interests in the 1990s, leading up to the 9/11 attacks where they hijacked and crashed four planes in a coordinated terrorist attack that killed nearly 3,000 people.
The Arab Spring was a wave of pro-democracy protests and uprisings that began in December 2010 in Tunisia and spread across the Middle East and North Africa. Citizens protested against authoritarian regimes, government corruption, lack of human rights, poverty, and high unemployment. Protests led to the overthrow of dictators in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen. Other countries saw regime changes and reforms, but some protests were violently suppressed. Social media helped activists organize and spread awareness of non-violent resistance through protests, strikes and civil disobedience.
The document discusses the Arab Spring uprisings that began in late 2010 and 2011 across several Middle Eastern and North African countries. Key events and causes discussed include:
- Widespread protests in Egypt led to the overthrow of President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011 after 18 days of demonstrations against corruption, unemployment, and censorship.
- In Libya, civil war broke out as rebel groups fought against Gaddafi's regime, resulting in NATO intervention and Gaddafi's death by October 2011.
- Syria experienced brutal government repression of protests demanding democratic reforms, with thousands of civilian deaths as the conflict escalated.
- Bahrain saw protests crushed by government forces with the help of Saudi troops, drawing international criticism of Western in
The civil war between northern and southern Sudan led to conflict in the Darfur region. The Sudanese government armed Arab militias called the Janjaweed to attack ethnic African groups. Nearly 400,000 people were killed and over 2 million displaced as villages were burned and wells poisoned. The U.S. declared this a genocide. International efforts have sought to stop the violence and aid refugees, but attacks continue against African groups in Darfur.
History of Arabs in Singapore - Salah Mhamdi - Afikra presentation - March...Salah Mhamdi
The Arab community in Singapore traces its ancestral roots to Yemen's Hadhramaut Valley. Hadhrami Arabs began migrating to Southeast Asian countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore in large numbers in the mid-19th century due to famine and economic hardships in Yemen. One of the earliest and most prominent Hadhrami settlers in Singapore was Syed Omar Aljunied, who arrived in 1820 and became a successful businessman and trader. The Hadhrami Arabs influenced Singapore through their commercial activities, spreading of Islam, establishment of Arabic schools, and contributions as landlords and philanthropists. However, their population and influence have declined over time due to land acquisitions and disruptions from the war in
Unity as African pathway to Greatness; A vision and possibility.Samtito Bolatito
The document discusses the importance of African unity and analyzes obstacles that have prevented its achievement. It outlines the vision of early pan-African leaders for a united Africa but notes their dreams were betrayed by loose organization under OAU and dictatorships that emerged. Continued division and dependence have threatened Africa's greatness. The document proposes prospects like overcoming colonial borders, neo-colonialism, and promoting intra-African cooperation and infrastructure to unite the continent.
Keep Your Eyes on the Middle East- Spotlight Yemen!Beth Frisby
Yemen is a country in crisis. How does this area in the Arabian Peninsula fit into Bible prophecy. Take a look at the "Cliff" notes and keep your eyes on Yemen!
The document summarizes the conflict in northern Mali between rebel groups seeking independence and the Malian government from 2012-2013. It describes how rebel groups like the MNLA and Ansar Dine took control of northern cities in early 2012 and declared independence. In response, the UN authorized a peacekeeping mission called AFISMA and later established MINUSMA in 2013 to stabilize the country and support the transitional government. MINUSMA aims to protect civilians and support humanitarian efforts, but continues to face challenges from sporadic violence and shortfalls in resources.
Yemen has been devastated by a war between Houthi rebels and forces loyal to the Yemeni government since 2015. Over 7,600 people have been killed and 42,000 injured in the ongoing conflict, which has triggered a major humanitarian crisis leaving 70% of Yemen's population of 24 million in need of aid. The capital and largest city is Sanaa, and Islam is the dominant religion, though there are small Christian and Jewish populations.
I was fascinated by the Arab Spring phenomenon (2011-2014) which reveals how complex the social-political situation in MENA (Middle East and North Africa) had been. Many of my countrymen don't understand the realities there, instead believing conspiracy theories which simplified things to merely "US/Israel/Zionist vs Islam/muslims".
This presentation is my attempt to summarize the history and geopolitical complexities and to debunk some conspiracy theories related to Arab Spring.My sources are multiple articles in CNN, TIME, Al-Jazeera, Al-Monitor, Stratfor, Foreign Policy, among others.
I closed this ever expanding presentation in the beginning of 2014 since it became obvious that the revolution season was over and multiple failures manifested in many countries.
A Report in Soc. Sci. 417 (Selected Topics in Social Science) under Dr. Vima Olivares in Filamer Christian University, Roxas City, Philippines (Summer 2014)
The document provides background information on Afghanistan, including its geography, ethnic groups, and history. It outlines how Afghanistan has experienced decades of conflict and instability due to invading forces, civil war, and the rise of the Taliban regime in the 1990s. The Taliban imposed strict Sharia law and severely persecuted ethnic and religious minorities like the Hazara people. Thousands of Hazaras were massacred by the Taliban in the late 1990s in atrocities aimed at eliminating Hazara ethnic nationalism. While the Taliban were removed from power in 2001, conflict and instability have continued in Afghanistan.
This document discusses the Kurdish minority population in Germany. It begins by providing background on the Kurdish people and their historical homeland across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria. It then discusses the large Kurdish diaspora population in Germany, estimated at 1.15 million people, making it the largest Kurdish community outside the Kurdish regions. The document outlines the history of Kurdish immigration to Germany since the 1960s and issues facing the community, such as honor killings. It profiles notable Kurds in Germany and discusses the Kurdish struggle for independence and their complex relationship with regional powers over the decades.
Ottoman rule over Syria ended in 1918 and Emir Feisal briefly ruled as King of Syria until 1920 when France took control under a mandate. French rule faced nationalist uprisings and protests for independence which Syria achieved in 1946. However, political instability continued and Hafez al-Assad seized power in 1970, establishing an authoritarian Ba'athist regime that favored the Alawite minority. When Bashar al-Assad succeeded his father in 2000, he initially allowed some reforms but soon returned to the repressive status quo. Anti-government protests in 2011 demanding democratic change and end to emergency law sparked a violent crackdown and eventual civil war as the opposition took up arms.
Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. In 1985, Stevie Wonder dedicated his song "I Just Called To Say I Love You" to Mandela after winning an Oscar for it. Mandela spent 27 years in prison for fighting against apartheid before being elected president in South Africa's first democratic election in 1994. He passed away in 2013 at the age of 95.
The Arab Spring began in 2010 as a wave of protests and uprisings across North Africa and the Middle East. It started in Tunisia when a fruit seller set himself on fire after police confiscated his goods, sparking anger against the corrupt government. This led to protests that spread online and grew large enough to overthrow the Tunisian president. Inspired by Tunisia's success, protests erupted in Egypt in 2011 and eventually led to the resignation of Hosni Mubarak after 18 days. As the Arab Spring continued, other countries like Libya faced growing protests, with Gaddafi launching a violent crackdown until the UN authorized international intervention against his forces. The UN sought to promote peace, rights, and development in response, but faced challenges interven
The document discusses the origins and evolution of al Qaeda stemming from the Soviet-Afghan war in the late 1970s and 1980s. It describes how the US supported mujahideen groups to fight the Soviets, which later morphed into terrorist groups like al Qaeda. The US then invaded Afghanistan after 9/11 and also invaded Iraq, though Iraq was not related to 9/11 and did not possess WMDs as claimed. This gave jihadists more incentive to fight. Over time al Qaeda became decentralized and countries like Kenya faced threats from other local jihadist networks in Africa.
The document discusses the differences between the Arab world, Middle East, and Muslim world. It notes that the Arab world consists of 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa, while the Muslim world has 55 member states, and only Egypt is an Arab country among the top 10 countries by Muslim population. Most Arabs are Muslim, but most Muslims are not Arab. There are also Christian and Jewish Arabs.
This document summarizes four major refugee crises around the world:
Rohingya refugees in India, where thousands have arrived amid rising nationalism creating humanitarian fatigue. India hosts the largest refugee population in South Asia after Bangladesh.
The refugee crisis in Syria, exemplified by the tragic death of three-year-old Alan Kurdi whose body washed up on a Turkish beach in 2015, prompting international attention to the crisis.
The refugee crisis in Afghanistan starting with the 1979 Soviet invasion, which caused the first wave of Afghans fleeing as refugees to Pakistan and Iran.
The refugee crisis in South Sudan, where conflict and environmental problems have led to violence, famine and large numbers of South Sudanese
Algeria is located in North Africa, bordering Tunisia, Libya, Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali and Niger. It has a population of around 38 million and was a French colony until independence in 1962 after a long war. Algeria has a semi-presidential republic system and its economy relies heavily on oil and gas exports, though it also faces challenges of diversifying its economy and ensuring political reforms are continued.
The document provides background on the origins of the War on Terror leading up to 9/11. It discusses the Cold War between the US and USSR, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan which led to the US training mujahideen fighters like Osama Bin Laden. After the Soviets withdrew, Afghanistan descended into civil war. Bin Laden formed Al Qaeda and the Taliban rose to power in Afghanistan, hosting Al Qaeda training camps. Al Qaeda launched several attacks against US interests in the 1990s, leading up to the 9/11 attacks where they hijacked and crashed four planes in a coordinated terrorist attack that killed nearly 3,000 people.
The Arab Spring was a wave of pro-democracy protests and uprisings that began in December 2010 in Tunisia and spread across the Middle East and North Africa. Citizens protested against authoritarian regimes, government corruption, lack of human rights, poverty, and high unemployment. Protests led to the overthrow of dictators in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen. Other countries saw regime changes and reforms, but some protests were violently suppressed. Social media helped activists organize and spread awareness of non-violent resistance through protests, strikes and civil disobedience.
The document discusses the Arab Spring uprisings that began in late 2010 and 2011 across several Middle Eastern and North African countries. Key events and causes discussed include:
- Widespread protests in Egypt led to the overthrow of President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011 after 18 days of demonstrations against corruption, unemployment, and censorship.
- In Libya, civil war broke out as rebel groups fought against Gaddafi's regime, resulting in NATO intervention and Gaddafi's death by October 2011.
- Syria experienced brutal government repression of protests demanding democratic reforms, with thousands of civilian deaths as the conflict escalated.
- Bahrain saw protests crushed by government forces with the help of Saudi troops, drawing international criticism of Western in
The civil war between northern and southern Sudan led to conflict in the Darfur region. The Sudanese government armed Arab militias called the Janjaweed to attack ethnic African groups. Nearly 400,000 people were killed and over 2 million displaced as villages were burned and wells poisoned. The U.S. declared this a genocide. International efforts have sought to stop the violence and aid refugees, but attacks continue against African groups in Darfur.
History of Arabs in Singapore - Salah Mhamdi - Afikra presentation - March...Salah Mhamdi
The Arab community in Singapore traces its ancestral roots to Yemen's Hadhramaut Valley. Hadhrami Arabs began migrating to Southeast Asian countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, and Singapore in large numbers in the mid-19th century due to famine and economic hardships in Yemen. One of the earliest and most prominent Hadhrami settlers in Singapore was Syed Omar Aljunied, who arrived in 1820 and became a successful businessman and trader. The Hadhrami Arabs influenced Singapore through their commercial activities, spreading of Islam, establishment of Arabic schools, and contributions as landlords and philanthropists. However, their population and influence have declined over time due to land acquisitions and disruptions from the war in
Unity as African pathway to Greatness; A vision and possibility.Samtito Bolatito
The document discusses the importance of African unity and analyzes obstacles that have prevented its achievement. It outlines the vision of early pan-African leaders for a united Africa but notes their dreams were betrayed by loose organization under OAU and dictatorships that emerged. Continued division and dependence have threatened Africa's greatness. The document proposes prospects like overcoming colonial borders, neo-colonialism, and promoting intra-African cooperation and infrastructure to unite the continent.
This document provides an overview of Africa from 1000-1700 CE. It discusses the spread of Islam throughout the continent and the establishment of empires in the Sahel region including Ghana, Mali, Songhai, and Kanem-Bornu. It also describes the Swahili culture and trade networks in East Africa as well as the arrival of Europeans on the coasts of West and Central Africa which led to the Atlantic slave trade. The document contains learning objectives, maps, and summaries of the major political and cultural developments during this time period across North, West, Central, East, Southern, and North Africa.
The document discusses several issues related to conflicts in Southeast Asia, including oppressive regimes in Myanmar and other countries, sovereignty disputes between countries in the region, and intra-state conflicts within countries. It describes human rights abuses and oppression of minority groups by the military regime in Myanmar. It also outlines territorial disputes between Indonesia and East Timor, the Philippines and Malaysia, and Malaysia and Singapore. Civil conflicts within Myanmar and other Southeast Asian countries over separatist and autonomy issues are also summarized.
Uganda faces many problems that inhibit development, such as civil war and corruption. Joseph Kony's Lord's Resistance Army has abducted tens of thousands of children and committed brutal acts of violence. While the US initially did not want to get involved, citizen advocacy groups helped pressure the US to send troops to Africa to try to stop Kony, though his attacks continue today. Idi Amin's regime from 1971-1979 was also very brutal, killing thousands of citizens, and his mismanagement weakened Uganda economically and internationally.
The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), also known as the Islamic State (IS), or by its Arabic acronym, Daesh, is a radical Islamist militant group and self-proclaimed caliphate.
African Politics & Challenges since IndependenceIndepe.docxnettletondevon
African Politics & Challenges since Independence
Independence was followed by optimism, great expectations; constitutions were democratic, attempts to forge nation-states, etc.
Search for legitimacy, aid from western nations,- Europe, etc. Voluntary Service Overseas from GB, Peace Corps from US, etc. Little from Russia and Easter Europe; not much from China, explain
Nkrumah’s united states of Africa- didn’t gain traction
OAU established in 1963- objectives, replace by African Union in 2002
Within a few years, most nations moved from multiparty system to one-arty rule; and others to military rule
Little attempt to break down linguistic and tribal barriers
Boundaries of nations were artificial, people didn’t have a common historical experience, and heritage; and so divisions remained
Colonial divisions created to serve colonial interests remained in place; hence conflicts: Nigerian Civil War (1967-1970); Katanga in the Congo (1960-1963); etc.
Nigeria: -secession, Lt. Colonel Ojukwu, governor of eastern state, proclaimed new state of Nigeria. Lt. Gen. Gowon, new leader of Nigeria led war to reinstate Biafra—explain context of conflict
1967-70- civil war
Congo, Moise Tshombe secession of Katanga from Congo, UN intervention, etc., eventual Mobutu
Concentration of political power: explain how many leaders have remained in power; one man rule became the order of the day
Soldier-politicians: military stepped in and out of politics, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Uganda, Ghana, etc, etc
1961-67, military take-overs in Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, etc.
Muammar Gadhafi seized power in 1969, explain activities—intervened in several nations including Sudan, Egypt, Morocco, Chad, etc. overthrown in 2011
1970s: some of the worst abuses came to an end; Idi Amin in Uganda, Francisco Macias Nguema in Equatorial Guinea was overthrown in 1979; Jean-Bedel Bokassa (self-proclaimed emperor) was deposed
Horn of Africa, many problems. From 1962– Eritreans called for independence from Ethiopia, and was obtained in 1994
1974- Haile Selassie was overthrown and leadership eventually fell into the hands of Mengistu Haile Marian, who was himself ousted in 1991
Somalia– Siad Barre maintained power until country began to disintegrate—he fled from power in 1991, contextualize within events of end of Cold War, etc.
Collapse of Berlin Wall, and rising expectations, call for National Conference, collapse of many regimes, Kaunda, Hastings, Mobutu, etc.
Economic decline and increasing dependence: countries are heavily dependent on imported goods, limited industrialization translates into heavy importation of manufactured goods
By the mid-1980s, economic decline had near crisis proportion—Decade of lost development
IMF & WB imposed severe conditions on loans: devalue currency, increase in price of staple foods, freeze wages, etc; focus on programs such as Structural Adjustment Program, etc.
Political crises: near anarchy in the 1980s & 1990s, Li.
Chapter 5 discusses the independence movements in Africa in the 1950s and 1960s as countries transitioned from colonial rule to independent nations. It also examines the challenges of development that the new countries faced, including issues of government organization, economic struggles, urbanization, and overpopulation. Chapter 6 focuses on regional organizations in Africa, global issues such as debt and disease, the end of apartheid in South Africa, and African literature, arts, drama, film and music.
United for a Cause - On the Crisis in HararHCDC_Dallas
The Dallas Harar Crisis Committee presented March 9, 2019 in Richardson, TX on the current state of affairs in Harar and what their recommendations would be for the Dallas Harari community to take action.
The document discusses challenges facing the Somali National Army in neutralizing Al-Shabaab. It notes that the army faces issues like tribal differences, lack of ideology, extremism, and lack of equipment. Specifically, it lacks basic force multiplier equipment like vehicles and communication technologies. Continued financial support from sources like charcoal sales and foreign donors has allowed Al-Shabaab to sustain operations and limit the army's ability to accomplish its mission.
Togo's development plan aims to improve education. It will build schools in the capital Lome to provide general education, as well as vocational academies for construction, farming, medicine, and cooking. This will create jobs, businesses, and healthcare workers while taking people off the streets. The plan also provides adult education to earn diplomas. However, Togo faces environmental issues like deforestation, water pollution, and a lack of access to clean water that the government has not adequately addressed and that threaten public health.
1) The South African Native National Congress (SANNC) was formed in 1912 in reaction to the formation of the Union of South Africa and drew together traditional leaders and the educated elite to defend African rights and freedoms. It was later renamed the African National Congress (ANC).
2) The 1913 Native Land Act severely restricted African land rights and forced most black South Africans into overcrowded reserves comprising just 13% of land.
3) After World War 2, the ANC and its youth league adopted more militant tactics influenced by the Atlantic Charter's promotion of self-government. Returning black soldiers also boosted demands for equal rights.
The document discusses the rise of African nationalism in South Africa in three parts:
1) It describes early organizations that resisted racial discrimination like the African People's Organization in the early 1900s and the formation of the South African Native National Congress in 1912.
2) It discusses how the Union of South Africa was formed in 1910 which denied voting rights to black citizens, and how the 1913 Land Act restricted land ownership for black South Africans.
3) It outlines how World War II influenced growing African nationalism with ideas like the Atlantic Charter, and how returning black soldiers rejected their continued second-class status after fighting for South Africa in the war.
The document discusses several topics related to Africa, including economic dependence, urbanization, and South Africa. It notes that colonialism left many African nations economically dependent on Western countries. It recommends that Africa focus on developing agriculture with non-cash crops, limit imports, and export more than is imported. The document also addresses population growth in Africa and the need for family planning to slow birth rates. It provides statistics on urbanization and the percentage of Africans living in cities.
1) Ethiopia has invaded Somalia twice, first in 2006 to overthrow an Islamic government and again in 2011 to fight against the Islamist rebel group Al-Shabab.
2) The 2006 invasion led to high civilian casualties in Somalia and reprisal attacks against Somali refugees in Ethiopia.
3) Al-Shabab has imposed harsh rule over areas of Somalia, banning aid organizations during a famine, destroying cultural sites, and imposing a strict interpretation of Sharia law, turning local populations against them.
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Similar to OGADEN past present and Way Forward 2015 B (20)
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OGADEN: Past, Present
and Way Forward
Ogaden Present 1884-2014
Ahmed Mohamud
5/31/2015
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Ogaden: Past, Present and Way Forward
Past (Ogaden and Original Horn of Africa [Somali Peninsula] - before 1884)
Credit: Adan Makina – October 2014
Present (1884-1916, 1916-1954, 1954-1984, 1991-1994, 1995-2006, 2007-2014)
A. Ogadeni leader, Ugaas Xaashi Ugaas Faarax in Qoraxay plateau – before 1916:
Ugaas Xaashi, based in Qoraxay, was among key Ogadeni leaders of late 19th to early of 20th century;
and was very instrumental for challenging the then-Abyssinia, empowered modern weaponry offered by
the then-European colonial powers. Ugaas Xaashi had been assassinated in 1916 through poisoning by
Haile Selasse, who was Crown-Prince of Menelik II Palace, and then assigned as the Governor-General
of Harar town, where his father - Ras Mekonen used to organize raids and brutal expeditions against
Somalis, including those living the Garlogube and WaranDhaab of Qoraxay - deep interior of Ogaden.
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B. Ogadeni Leaders and Scholars’ (alleged) Protest Letter [ annexing Ogaden to Ethiopia] - 1948:
C. Ogadeni leader, Ugaas Muxumed Ugaas Xaashi [sons and nephew] in Rome –1961:
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D. ONLF founded by Abdulahi M Sa’di – with more five colleagues in 1984; operational in 1992:
1. President of Region 5 [Ogaden], Abdulahi M Sa’di – 1992/93
2. Dr. Sarhaye, M Ugas & colleagues for setting “Academic curriculum of Ogaden -1992/93
.
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3. Pro-freedom activists and supporters of ONLF – 1993/94:
4. Officials and fighters of ONLF, inside Ogaden – 1994/95:
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E. After almost a decade since 1994, Ogaden had scored uncoordinated growth in the year 2006:
1. Education development and human capital growth for Somali Regional State, Ethiopia.
2. Field activities in Godey town by staffs of Somali Region Water Bureau - 2007
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3. Number and Structural growth for fighters of Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF).
4. As refugees from Horn of Africa, Ogadeni Diaspora exposed to their respective residence
countries:
Jjj
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F. Post-2007, a period [2007-2014] where Ogaden experienced most suffering - just equivalent
when Menelik 2nd
and his Harar governor, Ras Mokonen were raiding Ogaden in 1901.
1. Ethiopian government’s Counter-Insurgency Operation Launched; SRS Administration
Dismantled – 2007/2008
2. As part of the Counter-insurgency operation, both human lives & livelihoods were deliberately
targeted – 2007/2014
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G. New Ogadeni refugees Influx into Neighboring countries, including Kenya – 2007/2014:
1. Kenya’s Dadaab camp, one of world’s largest refugee camps, hosts thousands of Ogadenis:
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2. ONLF’s [alleged] officials and sympathizers were assassinated or kidnapped while in Kenya
– 2011/2014.
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H. 2013 [ONLF Origin] Development in Kenya; Extremists belonged upper hand while managing
[ONLF Fake] Affairs:
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I. Extremists branded ENOUGH influence on Ogaden and the region – February, March,
September 2014:
J. February 2014 World shows its position on Osman; March 2014 Extremists show their exploit
on Osman
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K. Agenda IV takes itself out of exploitation – October 1 2014;
a. ONLF/Ogaden activists, Ahmed Ugas & Ahmed Mohamud on August 2013.
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Future & Way Forward [Post-2015]
A. May 2015 and Status of Ogaden [Agenda IV, ONLF, SRS/SPDP and Extremists]:
1. Extremist ONLF Figure attempting to exploite “fellow active sympathizers” of Ogaden-in-Kenya
2. Ex-Admiral of Somali Navy, Osman plays over “the desire for struggle by fellow active ONLF
Diaspora-in-Europe”.
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3. Abdi Omar [Abdi Ilay] of SPDP sits QabriDahar tea café, with humiliated elders -May 23, 2015
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4. Extremist scholar [Kenya resident] tours South Africa, and hosted sympathetically by active
sympathizers of Ogaden; Ex-Admiral of Somalia Navy, still proud enough to deceive all,
including Ogaden & Somalia.
5. Ahmed Madobe of Somalia Jubba administration, escorted by UWSLF fighter who [along
colleagues] ran away from Jigjiga recently; and Map of Somali clans’ geographical settlements
of Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti and Kenya.
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6. Ahmed Mohamud of Agenda IV - having a book written by Extremists; but dressed ONLF flag &
symbols while writing about Ogaden through corrupted means, and in photo shop on May 11
2015 – Extremist ONLF Figure does top-above activity.
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B. Agenda IV Finalizes Way Forward
a. Founder & Founding Partner/Executive Director; Ahmed Ugas & Ahmed Mohamud
b. Political Solutions, Sanctioned by support of international community
Finally, we remain deeply concerned that Ogaden people, both home and exile, do still suffering from
the deceiving/abusive Diaspora figures [influenced by extremists] who polluted Ogaden refugees’
rightful services; and prolonged Abdi Omar’s brutality of crushing Ogaden honor and desire, through
extremely abusive means and militias – the Liyu Police.
Therefore, to end that abusive drama, peoples’ suffering and avoid political leadership vacuum, we ask
that international and U.S. government and allies make efforts for a purpose of reaching political solution
over Ogaden crises; while asking international community speeds its efforts of ending Failed Osman’s
abusive activities under the guise of innocent ones’ loyalty.
Moreover, despite Ethiopia’s fallacies historically, we see that fellow members of international
community endorsed Ethiopia [including Ogaden] as Sovereign State, since World War Two. We also see
that both Agenda Four and EPRDF government enjoyed the support of international community as latter
might have enjoyed U.S. government’s FID/IDAD strategies as Host Nation or other activities including
that of Somalia-Eritrea Monitoring Group (UN), which might have diminished threats from armed
Ethiopian opposition groups.
We further remain confident that Agenda Four [supported by U.S., allies and partners] shall overcome
not only Ogaden suffering – but also help solutions of the intra-related crises of Horn of Africa –
including Somali refugees’ impasse, defeating terrorism, Ethiopia’s dissent [critic] repression and
Somalia’s state-building.