This document summarizes recent advances in ocular drug delivery systems. It describes the anatomy of the eye and various barriers to drug delivery. It discusses both conventional and advanced delivery methods including topical drops, intravitreal injections, implants, nanoparticles, and contact lenses. It also covers factors that influence drug absorption and challenges with ocular drug delivery such as short contact time, drainage, and barriers to posterior segment delivery. Polymeric systems, mucoadhesives, and penetration enhancers are presented as approaches to overcoming these challenges.
This document summarizes a student presentation on novel approaches to ophthalmic drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy of the eye, barriers to ocular drug delivery, various classifications and types of ocular drug delivery systems including inserts, nanoparticles and liposomes. It also covers evaluation methods, advances in delivery systems like in-situ gels and iontophoresis, marketed products, and concludes that the goal is to increase ocular residence time and bioavailability while reducing side effects.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing the challenges with conventional eye drop formulations and how ocular drug delivery aims to increase bioavailability. It then describes the key parts of the human eye and various approaches to ocular drug delivery classification including inserts, nanoparticles, gels and more. Evaluation methods are also summarized such as drug content uniformity, in vitro diffusion testing and more. The document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery approaches and considerations.
They are specialized dosage forms designed to be instilled onto the external surface of the eye(topical), administered inside(intraocular) or adjacent(periocular) to the eye, or used in conjunction with an ophthalmic device.
The novel approach of drug delivery system in which drug can instill on the cull de sac cavity of the eye is known as ocular drug delivery system.
APPROACHES TO IMPROVE OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY:
Viscosity enhancer
Eye ointments
Prodrugs
Penetration enhancer
Mucoadhesives
In-situ gel
Nanoemulsion
Implants
Microemulsion
Liposomes
Niosomes
Nanoparticles
This document provides an introduction to ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS). It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the eye, challenges with conventional ophthalmic dosage forms, and advantages of new drug delivery systems. Various types of ocular drug delivery systems are described, including inserts, contact lenses, and vesicular systems like liposomes, niosomes, and pharmacosomes. Routes of ocular drug administration and mechanisms of drug absorption through the eye are also summarized. Common eye infections that can be treated with these drug delivery systems are listed.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to why these systems were developed to treat eye diseases locally without causing irritation. It then describes the physiology and common diseases of the eye. Various ocular drug delivery systems are outlined, including viscous solutions, hydrogels, mucoadhesive formulations, liposomes, nanoparticles, and implants. The advantages of these systems are that they increase contact time, allow accurate dosing and controlled drug release to reduce side effects. In conclusion, these novel delivery systems provide more effective treatment of eye diseases.
Recent Advancements in Ocular Drug Delivery SystemsKSRathore4
The ocular drug delivery system is one of the very important drug delivery systems, in this ppt, I tried to add all-important recent advancements of ocular drug delivery systems. ocular drug delivery system involves the entrapment of immunologically isolated cells with hollow fibers or microcapsules. Certainly, further considerations should be made with the most efficacious combinations of optimal drugs, dose, route, and drug release pattern (sustained-release, pulsatile-release, or controlled-release responding to a trigger) according to the pathophysiology and progressive courses of the targeted disease.
The document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery systems. It discusses the challenges of delivering drugs to the eye due to protective barriers. It summarizes advances in conventional topical formulations for anterior delivery as well as novel nanoformulations and drug-releasing devices for posterior delivery. The document then describes the anatomy and barriers of the eye, including the cornea, conjunctiva, tear film, and blood-ocular barriers that restrict drug permeation into the eye.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS), which are specialized dosage forms designed to deliver drugs to different areas of the eye. ODDS can be administered topically to the eye surface, intraocularly inside the eye, or preocularly adjacent to the eye. Common examples are solutions, suspensions, and ointments. ODDS provide advantages like sustained drug delivery, increased ocular bioavailability by bypassing protective barriers, and ease of self-administration. However, they also have disadvantages such as poor bioavailability, the need for preservatives, interference with vision, and short drug residence time in the eye. The document then discusses various intraocular barriers and methods to overcome them, including viscous eye
This document summarizes a student presentation on novel approaches to ophthalmic drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy of the eye, barriers to ocular drug delivery, various classifications and types of ocular drug delivery systems including inserts, nanoparticles and liposomes. It also covers evaluation methods, advances in delivery systems like in-situ gels and iontophoresis, marketed products, and concludes that the goal is to increase ocular residence time and bioavailability while reducing side effects.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing the challenges with conventional eye drop formulations and how ocular drug delivery aims to increase bioavailability. It then describes the key parts of the human eye and various approaches to ocular drug delivery classification including inserts, nanoparticles, gels and more. Evaluation methods are also summarized such as drug content uniformity, in vitro diffusion testing and more. The document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery approaches and considerations.
They are specialized dosage forms designed to be instilled onto the external surface of the eye(topical), administered inside(intraocular) or adjacent(periocular) to the eye, or used in conjunction with an ophthalmic device.
The novel approach of drug delivery system in which drug can instill on the cull de sac cavity of the eye is known as ocular drug delivery system.
APPROACHES TO IMPROVE OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY:
Viscosity enhancer
Eye ointments
Prodrugs
Penetration enhancer
Mucoadhesives
In-situ gel
Nanoemulsion
Implants
Microemulsion
Liposomes
Niosomes
Nanoparticles
This document provides an introduction to ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS). It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the eye, challenges with conventional ophthalmic dosage forms, and advantages of new drug delivery systems. Various types of ocular drug delivery systems are described, including inserts, contact lenses, and vesicular systems like liposomes, niosomes, and pharmacosomes. Routes of ocular drug administration and mechanisms of drug absorption through the eye are also summarized. Common eye infections that can be treated with these drug delivery systems are listed.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to why these systems were developed to treat eye diseases locally without causing irritation. It then describes the physiology and common diseases of the eye. Various ocular drug delivery systems are outlined, including viscous solutions, hydrogels, mucoadhesive formulations, liposomes, nanoparticles, and implants. The advantages of these systems are that they increase contact time, allow accurate dosing and controlled drug release to reduce side effects. In conclusion, these novel delivery systems provide more effective treatment of eye diseases.
Recent Advancements in Ocular Drug Delivery SystemsKSRathore4
The ocular drug delivery system is one of the very important drug delivery systems, in this ppt, I tried to add all-important recent advancements of ocular drug delivery systems. ocular drug delivery system involves the entrapment of immunologically isolated cells with hollow fibers or microcapsules. Certainly, further considerations should be made with the most efficacious combinations of optimal drugs, dose, route, and drug release pattern (sustained-release, pulsatile-release, or controlled-release responding to a trigger) according to the pathophysiology and progressive courses of the targeted disease.
The document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery systems. It discusses the challenges of delivering drugs to the eye due to protective barriers. It summarizes advances in conventional topical formulations for anterior delivery as well as novel nanoformulations and drug-releasing devices for posterior delivery. The document then describes the anatomy and barriers of the eye, including the cornea, conjunctiva, tear film, and blood-ocular barriers that restrict drug permeation into the eye.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS), which are specialized dosage forms designed to deliver drugs to different areas of the eye. ODDS can be administered topically to the eye surface, intraocularly inside the eye, or preocularly adjacent to the eye. Common examples are solutions, suspensions, and ointments. ODDS provide advantages like sustained drug delivery, increased ocular bioavailability by bypassing protective barriers, and ease of self-administration. However, they also have disadvantages such as poor bioavailability, the need for preservatives, interference with vision, and short drug residence time in the eye. The document then discusses various intraocular barriers and methods to overcome them, including viscous eye
This document discusses advances in ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to the challenges of delivering drugs to the eye due to protective barriers. It then covers ocular anatomy, barriers to absorption like the cornea, and general pathways for ocular absorption. The rest of the document details various advanced delivery systems including mucoadhesives, nanoparticles, ocular inserts, liposomes and future trends in targeted and novel delivery methods.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on ocular drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the eye, mechanisms of ocular drug absorption, various ocular dosage forms including conventional and advanced delivery systems. It also describes some marketed ocular drug products and methods to evaluate ocular drug delivery systems. The presentation concludes that novel advanced systems can provide more targeted localized delivery but further development is needed to address limitations.
Ophthalmic drug delivery systems aim to enhance drug bioavailability in the eye. Topical eye drops are commonly used but have poor bioavailability due to barriers like tear turnover and drainage. Various approaches can improve ocular drug delivery, such as using viscosity enhancing polymers to prolong precorneal residence time, penetration enhancers to increase corneal permeability, and particulate systems like liposomes, niosomes and nanoparticles that can encapsulate drugs. In situ forming gels are also used, which are liquid on instillation and form a gel in the eye to increase retention time. Overall, optimizing ophthalmic formulations can help overcome barriers to improve drug absorption and efficacy.
Eye diseases are commonly encountered in day to day life, which are cured or prevented through the conventionally used dosage forms. Delivery to the internal parts of the eye still remains troublesome due to the anatomical and protective structure of the eye. Drugs may be delivered to the eye through the application of four primary modes of administration: topical, systemic, intravitreal, and periocular.
This document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery. It begins with describing the anatomy and physiology of the eye, dividing it into anterior and posterior segments. The anterior segment includes structures like the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, while the posterior segment comprises the retina, vitreous humor, and choroid. It then discusses the challenges of drug delivery to different parts of the eye via various routes of administration. Various barriers to ocular drug delivery are described, along with strategies to enhance drug absorption like prodrugs, colloidal drug delivery systems, and implants. Recent advances in ocular drug delivery technologies including nanoparticles, dendrimers, gene therapy are also summarized.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on ocular drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy of the eye, mechanisms of ocular absorption, formulations for ocular drug delivery including solutions, suspensions, ointments and inserts, and evaluation methods for ocular drug delivery systems like in vitro diffusion and dissolution testing. Marketed ophthalmic formulations are also briefly highlighted.
This document discusses strategies for subconjunctival drug delivery to the eye. It begins by covering the anatomy and barriers of the eye, and then discusses various drug delivery systems including implants, dendrimers, iontophoresis, microemulsions, microneedles, and contact lenses. It also covers formulation considerations and strategies to improve drug delivery such as using viscosity enhancers, penetration enhancers, prodrugs, and mucoadhesives. Specific delivery systems like Ocusert, inserts, liposomes, niosomes, and pharmacosomes are also summarized.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems (OCDDS) that aim to prolong drug release in the eye. It introduces various approaches for controlled release, including polymeric solutions, phase transition systems, mucoadhesive dosage forms, collagen shields, and ocular inserts. Specific examples are provided, such as Ocusert which releases pilocarpine at controlled rates over 4-7 days to treat glaucoma. The document outlines the ideal characteristics of OCDDS and mechanisms of controlled drug release via diffusion, osmosis and bioerosion. It also reviews factors influencing ocular drug penetration and absorption.
The document summarizes key aspects of ocular drug delivery systems. It discusses the structure of the eye including layers, cavities, and barriers that prevent drug delivery. It describes mechanisms of drug absorption through blood vessels, conjunctiva, and the transcorneal route. Barriers like the cornea and tear film are explained. Concepts covered include bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and barriers to effective ocular drug delivery like the conjunctiva and blood-retinal barrier.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to ocular drug delivery and the need for such systems given barriers to drug permeation in the eye. It then covers eye anatomy and physiology, classification of various ocular drug delivery systems including conventional and vesicular systems, methods to overcome barriers like penetration enhancers, and ideal characteristics of ocular delivery systems. Evaluation of these systems is also mentioned.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing the need for ocular drug delivery and routes of administration to the eye. It then describes the anatomy and barriers of the eye. The document outlines various traditional and advanced ocular drug delivery systems including solutions, suspensions, ointments, inserts, and vesicular systems like liposomes and niosomes. It discusses factors influencing drug absorption in the eye and characteristics of ideal ocular drug delivery formulations. The trends in ocular drug delivery include controlled release systems like implants and iontophoresis.
ADVANCED APPROACHES OF OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSyeda Amena
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction and overview of eye anatomy and physiology. It then covers the mechanisms of ocular absorption and barriers to drug delivery in the eye. Various routes of administration and types of ocular drug delivery systems are described, including advantages and disadvantages. Recent formulation trends include particulate systems, iontophoresis, and dendrimers. Evaluation methods both in vitro and in vivo are also discussed. The document concludes with the potential of combining drug delivery technologies to improve ocular drug absorption.
This document summarizes various ocular drug delivery systems including conventional eye drops and novel controlled release systems. It discusses the need for controlled delivery to overcome issues with frequent dosing from drops and increase ocular bioavailability. Approaches to optimization include improving contact time, permeability and site specificity. Recent controlled delivery systems described are polymeric solutions, phase transition, mucoadhesive, collagen shields, pseudolattices, penetration enhancers and iontophoresis. Matrix, capsular and implantable pump devices are also summarized.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to ocular anatomy and barriers to drug delivery in the eye. It then covers ideal requirements for ophthalmic formulations and mechanisms of ocular drug absorption. Various types of ophthalmic dosage forms are classified including liquids, semisolids, solids, and intraocular inserts. Ocular inserts are discussed in more detail, including marketed examples like Ocuserts, contact lenses, Lacriserts, and Minidiscs. Methods for evaluating ocular inserts like drug content, in vitro diffusion studies, and eye irritancy testing are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS). It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of ODDS, ideal characteristics, formulations, classifications like Ocuserts, barriers to ocular absorption, evaluation methods, and reasons for poor bioavailability. Ocuserts are described as elliptical drug delivery devices that continuously release drugs like pilocarpine for 7 days when placed in the eye. Barriers to absorption include the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, aqueous humor, and retinal barriers. Evaluation methods covered include thickness, drug content, weight variation tests, moisture absorption tests, in vitro diffusion tests, in vivo studies in animals, and accelerated stability studies.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery methods. It begins with an introduction and overview of eye anatomy and factors affecting drug absorption by the eye. It then describes various barriers to drug delivery in the eye. The document classifies and describes different ocular drug delivery systems including inserts, implants, nanoparticles, and nanostructured films. It discusses challenges with current delivery methods and the need for further in vitro and in vivo testing of novel approaches to optimize ocular drug delivery.
Ocular drug delivery aims to administer drugs to the eye, which can target either the anterior (front) or posterior (back) segments. Traditional eye drops lack bioavailability and patient compliance. Recent advances in ocular drug delivery include polymers, nanoparticles, liposomes, and ocular inserts. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness where intraocular pressure increases, damaging the optic nerve. Current glaucoma treatments include prostaglandins, beta-blockers, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. New areas of research are investigating sustained release inserts, dendrimers, travoprost extended release, gene therapy, and continuous monitoring devices to better treat glaucoma.
This document summarizes ophthalmic drug delivery systems. It discusses how absorption of eye drugs depends on physicochemical properties and tear drainage. Frequent dosing of short half-life drugs can cause irritation and side effects. One approach to improve effectiveness is prolonging drug contact with the cornea. The best known system is the ocular insert or ocusert, which provides controlled drug delivery over 7 days through rate-limiting membranes, in contrast to eye drops dosed 3-4 times daily.
The document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with the objectives and introduction, then covers anatomy and physiology of the eye, mechanisms of ocular absorption, and factors affecting drug bioavailability. It describes various approaches to improve drug delivery, including viscosity enhancers, penetration enhancers, and mucoadhesive polymers. The document classifies ocular drug delivery systems and concludes by discussing conventional systems like eye drops and ointments as well as vesicular and implant-based controlled delivery systems.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to eye anatomy and factors affecting drug absorption in the eye. It then describes various ophthalmic formulations like solutions, suspensions, and ointments. It discusses advances in controlled release ocular systems including inserts, contact lenses, and nanoparticles to prolong drug release. Finally, it outlines new approaches in ocular drug delivery research focusing on combining technologies for targeted and sustained drug delivery to the eye.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS). It begins with an introduction to ODDS and describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It then discusses common eye diseases, factors affecting ocular drug absorption, and barriers to intraocular drug delivery. Methods to overcome these barriers through novel ocular formulations are presented, including ocular inserts, which can enhance drug residence time and bioavailability. Examples of both non-erodible and erodible ocular insert systems are provided. The document concludes with a discussion of how novel formulations can improve ocular drug delivery.
This document discusses advances in ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to the challenges of delivering drugs to the eye due to protective barriers. It then covers ocular anatomy, barriers to absorption like the cornea, and general pathways for ocular absorption. The rest of the document details various advanced delivery systems including mucoadhesives, nanoparticles, ocular inserts, liposomes and future trends in targeted and novel delivery methods.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on ocular drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the eye, mechanisms of ocular drug absorption, various ocular dosage forms including conventional and advanced delivery systems. It also describes some marketed ocular drug products and methods to evaluate ocular drug delivery systems. The presentation concludes that novel advanced systems can provide more targeted localized delivery but further development is needed to address limitations.
Ophthalmic drug delivery systems aim to enhance drug bioavailability in the eye. Topical eye drops are commonly used but have poor bioavailability due to barriers like tear turnover and drainage. Various approaches can improve ocular drug delivery, such as using viscosity enhancing polymers to prolong precorneal residence time, penetration enhancers to increase corneal permeability, and particulate systems like liposomes, niosomes and nanoparticles that can encapsulate drugs. In situ forming gels are also used, which are liquid on instillation and form a gel in the eye to increase retention time. Overall, optimizing ophthalmic formulations can help overcome barriers to improve drug absorption and efficacy.
Eye diseases are commonly encountered in day to day life, which are cured or prevented through the conventionally used dosage forms. Delivery to the internal parts of the eye still remains troublesome due to the anatomical and protective structure of the eye. Drugs may be delivered to the eye through the application of four primary modes of administration: topical, systemic, intravitreal, and periocular.
This document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery. It begins with describing the anatomy and physiology of the eye, dividing it into anterior and posterior segments. The anterior segment includes structures like the cornea, conjunctiva, iris, while the posterior segment comprises the retina, vitreous humor, and choroid. It then discusses the challenges of drug delivery to different parts of the eye via various routes of administration. Various barriers to ocular drug delivery are described, along with strategies to enhance drug absorption like prodrugs, colloidal drug delivery systems, and implants. Recent advances in ocular drug delivery technologies including nanoparticles, dendrimers, gene therapy are also summarized.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on ocular drug delivery systems. It discusses the anatomy of the eye, mechanisms of ocular absorption, formulations for ocular drug delivery including solutions, suspensions, ointments and inserts, and evaluation methods for ocular drug delivery systems like in vitro diffusion and dissolution testing. Marketed ophthalmic formulations are also briefly highlighted.
This document discusses strategies for subconjunctival drug delivery to the eye. It begins by covering the anatomy and barriers of the eye, and then discusses various drug delivery systems including implants, dendrimers, iontophoresis, microemulsions, microneedles, and contact lenses. It also covers formulation considerations and strategies to improve drug delivery such as using viscosity enhancers, penetration enhancers, prodrugs, and mucoadhesives. Specific delivery systems like Ocusert, inserts, liposomes, niosomes, and pharmacosomes are also summarized.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems (OCDDS) that aim to prolong drug release in the eye. It introduces various approaches for controlled release, including polymeric solutions, phase transition systems, mucoadhesive dosage forms, collagen shields, and ocular inserts. Specific examples are provided, such as Ocusert which releases pilocarpine at controlled rates over 4-7 days to treat glaucoma. The document outlines the ideal characteristics of OCDDS and mechanisms of controlled drug release via diffusion, osmosis and bioerosion. It also reviews factors influencing ocular drug penetration and absorption.
The document summarizes key aspects of ocular drug delivery systems. It discusses the structure of the eye including layers, cavities, and barriers that prevent drug delivery. It describes mechanisms of drug absorption through blood vessels, conjunctiva, and the transcorneal route. Barriers like the cornea and tear film are explained. Concepts covered include bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and barriers to effective ocular drug delivery like the conjunctiva and blood-retinal barrier.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to ocular drug delivery and the need for such systems given barriers to drug permeation in the eye. It then covers eye anatomy and physiology, classification of various ocular drug delivery systems including conventional and vesicular systems, methods to overcome barriers like penetration enhancers, and ideal characteristics of ocular delivery systems. Evaluation of these systems is also mentioned.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing the need for ocular drug delivery and routes of administration to the eye. It then describes the anatomy and barriers of the eye. The document outlines various traditional and advanced ocular drug delivery systems including solutions, suspensions, ointments, inserts, and vesicular systems like liposomes and niosomes. It discusses factors influencing drug absorption in the eye and characteristics of ideal ocular drug delivery formulations. The trends in ocular drug delivery include controlled release systems like implants and iontophoresis.
ADVANCED APPROACHES OF OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSyeda Amena
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction and overview of eye anatomy and physiology. It then covers the mechanisms of ocular absorption and barriers to drug delivery in the eye. Various routes of administration and types of ocular drug delivery systems are described, including advantages and disadvantages. Recent formulation trends include particulate systems, iontophoresis, and dendrimers. Evaluation methods both in vitro and in vivo are also discussed. The document concludes with the potential of combining drug delivery technologies to improve ocular drug absorption.
This document summarizes various ocular drug delivery systems including conventional eye drops and novel controlled release systems. It discusses the need for controlled delivery to overcome issues with frequent dosing from drops and increase ocular bioavailability. Approaches to optimization include improving contact time, permeability and site specificity. Recent controlled delivery systems described are polymeric solutions, phase transition, mucoadhesive, collagen shields, pseudolattices, penetration enhancers and iontophoresis. Matrix, capsular and implantable pump devices are also summarized.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to ocular anatomy and barriers to drug delivery in the eye. It then covers ideal requirements for ophthalmic formulations and mechanisms of ocular drug absorption. Various types of ophthalmic dosage forms are classified including liquids, semisolids, solids, and intraocular inserts. Ocular inserts are discussed in more detail, including marketed examples like Ocuserts, contact lenses, Lacriserts, and Minidiscs. Methods for evaluating ocular inserts like drug content, in vitro diffusion studies, and eye irritancy testing are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS). It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of ODDS, ideal characteristics, formulations, classifications like Ocuserts, barriers to ocular absorption, evaluation methods, and reasons for poor bioavailability. Ocuserts are described as elliptical drug delivery devices that continuously release drugs like pilocarpine for 7 days when placed in the eye. Barriers to absorption include the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, aqueous humor, and retinal barriers. Evaluation methods covered include thickness, drug content, weight variation tests, moisture absorption tests, in vitro diffusion tests, in vivo studies in animals, and accelerated stability studies.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery methods. It begins with an introduction and overview of eye anatomy and factors affecting drug absorption by the eye. It then describes various barriers to drug delivery in the eye. The document classifies and describes different ocular drug delivery systems including inserts, implants, nanoparticles, and nanostructured films. It discusses challenges with current delivery methods and the need for further in vitro and in vivo testing of novel approaches to optimize ocular drug delivery.
Ocular drug delivery aims to administer drugs to the eye, which can target either the anterior (front) or posterior (back) segments. Traditional eye drops lack bioavailability and patient compliance. Recent advances in ocular drug delivery include polymers, nanoparticles, liposomes, and ocular inserts. Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness where intraocular pressure increases, damaging the optic nerve. Current glaucoma treatments include prostaglandins, beta-blockers, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. New areas of research are investigating sustained release inserts, dendrimers, travoprost extended release, gene therapy, and continuous monitoring devices to better treat glaucoma.
This document summarizes ophthalmic drug delivery systems. It discusses how absorption of eye drugs depends on physicochemical properties and tear drainage. Frequent dosing of short half-life drugs can cause irritation and side effects. One approach to improve effectiveness is prolonging drug contact with the cornea. The best known system is the ocular insert or ocusert, which provides controlled drug delivery over 7 days through rate-limiting membranes, in contrast to eye drops dosed 3-4 times daily.
The document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with the objectives and introduction, then covers anatomy and physiology of the eye, mechanisms of ocular absorption, and factors affecting drug bioavailability. It describes various approaches to improve drug delivery, including viscosity enhancers, penetration enhancers, and mucoadhesive polymers. The document classifies ocular drug delivery systems and concludes by discussing conventional systems like eye drops and ointments as well as vesicular and implant-based controlled delivery systems.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to eye anatomy and factors affecting drug absorption in the eye. It then describes various ophthalmic formulations like solutions, suspensions, and ointments. It discusses advances in controlled release ocular systems including inserts, contact lenses, and nanoparticles to prolong drug release. Finally, it outlines new approaches in ocular drug delivery research focusing on combining technologies for targeted and sustained drug delivery to the eye.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems (ODDS). It begins with an introduction to ODDS and describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It then discusses common eye diseases, factors affecting ocular drug absorption, and barriers to intraocular drug delivery. Methods to overcome these barriers through novel ocular formulations are presented, including ocular inserts, which can enhance drug residence time and bioavailability. Examples of both non-erodible and erodible ocular insert systems are provided. The document concludes with a discussion of how novel formulations can improve ocular drug delivery.
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of human eye
Ocular delivery system
Optimum characters of ophthalmic drugs
Routes of ophthalmic drugs
Mechanism of ocular drug absorption
Barriers and fate of ocular drug delivery
Formulation consideration of ocular dosage forms
Evaluation tests
References
This document discusses ocular (eye) drug delivery systems. It begins by providing an overview of the anatomy of the eye and challenges of delivering drugs to the eye, such as barriers like the cornea and blood-ocular barriers. It then describes various routes of ocular drug administration including topical, subconjunctival, and intravitreal delivery. Novel drug delivery approaches aimed at overcoming ocular barriers are also outlined, such as nanoparticles, liposomes, dendrimers, drug-loaded contact lenses, and intraocular implants. The document concludes that developing safe and effective ocular drug delivery strategies remains an ongoing challenge that researchers are addressing through nanotechnology and novel techniques.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by noting the importance of the eye and challenges in delivering drugs to it. Topical eye drops and ointments are commonly used but much of the drug is quickly drained away. Novel delivery systems aim to increase drug absorption and targeting to the front and back segments of the eye. These include microemulsions, nanosuspensions, nanoparticles, and liposomes, which can help prolong drug residence time and enhance permeability. The document also reviews challenges in ocular delivery and strategies to improve bioavailability such as viscosity enhancers, gels, prodrugs, and bioadhesive polymers.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery and barriers to drug permeation in the eye. It describes the anatomy of the eye and mechanisms of drug absorption through corneal and non-corneal routes. The major barriers to ocular drug delivery are precorneal drainage, blinking, lacrimation, and barriers posed by the cornea, conjunctiva, sclera, blood-ocular barriers, and physiological factors. Methods to overcome these barriers include alternative delivery routes like intravitreal injections and novel drug delivery systems providing controlled release and improved permeability. Conventional systems like solutions, suspensions, and ointments have limitations like poor bioavailability and frequent dosing that novel particulate and vesicular systems aim to address.
Challenges in trancorneal drug deliveryBibin Mathew
Ophthalmic drug delivery is one of the challenging endeavors which is being faced by the pharmaceutical scientist, owing to the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the eye, that renders it impervious to foreign substances. Topical administration of ophthalmic medications is the most common method for treating conditions that affect the exterior parts of the eye. The unique anatomy and physiology of the eye makes it difficult to achieve an effective drug concentration at the target site. Therefore, the major challenge remains to efficiently deliver a drug past the protective ocular barriers accompanied with a minimization of its systemic side effects.Conventional eye drops currently account for more than 90% of the marketed ophthalmic formulations. However, after instillation of an eye drop, only a small amount of the applied drug penetrates the cornea and reaches the intraocular tissues, which is due to the rapid and extensive precorneal loss caused by drainage and high tear fluid turn-over. Tear drainage leads to absorption of the administered dose by the nasolacrimal duct, leading to side effects. As a consequence of the precorneal loss, the ocular bioavailability is usually less than 10%. Furthermore, rapid elimination of the eye drops administered often results in a short duration of action which leads to increase in frequency of administration.
A medication is applied to the eye to treat the diseases on the surface of the eye such as conjunctivitis, blepharitis, and keratitis sicca, as well as to provide intraocular treatment through the cornea for diseases such as glaucoma and uveitis. Topical administration of antibacterial medication to the conjunctival sac is usually an effective avenue for treating bacterial conjunctivitis.[2]
An ideal topical drug delivery system should possess the following characteristics:
1. Good corneal and conjunctival penetration.
2. Prolonged precorneal residence time.
3. Easy instillation.
4. Appropriate rheological properties.
Ocular drug delivery systems are designed to administer drugs onto or inside the eye. Conventional systems include eye drops, emulsions, suspensions, and ointments. However, only a small portion of the drug reaches the eye's interior using these methods. Novel nanotechnology-based systems like micelles, nanoparticles, liposomes, and dendrimers can more effectively target internal ocular tissues and increase drug residence in the eye. These novel systems may help improve treatment of diseases affecting the eye's anterior and posterior segments.
ocular drug delivery systems in drug delivery systemsArun Pandiyan
DEFENITION:
Drug delivery systems are designed to enhance the targeted delivery of medications, improving their effectiveness while minimizing side effects. Various approaches include nanoparticles, liposomes, and implantable devices, offering controlled release or targeted delivery to specific tissues. These systems aim to optimize therapeutic outcomes and patient compliance.
CLASSIFICATION OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Oral Drug Delivery:- Tablets, capsules, and liquids are commonly used for systemic drug delivery. Controlled-release formulations provide sustained drug release over time
Injectable Drug Delivery:- Intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injections allow rapid drug delivery into the bloodstream. Depo injections provide sustained release over weeks or months.
Transdermal Drug Delivery:- Patches and topical formulations deliver drugs through the skin. Ensures a controlled and prolonged release of medication.
Inhalation Drug Delivery:- Aerosolized medications for respiratory conditions. Rapid absorption through the lung's extensive surface area.
Implantable Drug Delivery:- Devices like pumps or reservoirs placed under the skin for continuous drug release. Common for long-term conditions requiring a steady dosage.
Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery:- Nanocarriers (liposomes, micelles, nanoparticles) enhance drug solubility and improve targeted delivery. Effective for delivering drugs to specific cells or tissues.
Targeted Drug Delivery:- Ligand-based systems use specific molecules to target drugs to particular cells or tissues. Minimizes side effects by focusing on diseased areas.
Gastrointestinal Drug Delivery:- Drug formulations designed for specific release in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Examples include enteric-coated capsules.
Intrathecal Drug Delivery:- Direct delivery of drugs into the spinal canal. Often used for pain management or neurological conditions.
Ocular Drug Delivery:- Eye drops, ointments, or implants for treating ocular conditions. Ensures targeted drug delivery to the eyes.
These systems cater to diverse medical needs, offering tailored solutions for optimal therapeutic outcomes.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an agenda that outlines the objectives and topics to be covered, including the anatomy and physiology of the eye, factors affecting intraocular bioavailability, and various approaches and classifications of ocular drug delivery systems. The document then provides details on the anatomy of the eye, mechanisms of ocular absorption, factors that influence drug availability in the eye, and different approaches to improve ocular bioavailability such as using viscosity enhancers, penetration enhancers, prodrugs, and mucoadhesives. It also describes various types of ocular delivery systems including solutions, suspensions, gels, ointments, inserts, and intraocular implants and injections.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by describing the anatomy of the human eye and then discusses mechanisms of ocular absorption. There are various pathways and factors that can affect intraocular bioavailability. Controlled release systems are then described as they can provide accurate dosing, increased shelf life, and prolonged drug delivery. Various types of ocular controlled release systems are classified including non-erodible, erodible, nanoparticle, and liposome systems. Recent advances in ocular drug delivery technologies are also mentioned such as gels, prodrugs, and mucoadhesive polymers.
This document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction and then covers topics such as eye anatomy, drug absorption, elimination from the eye, pharmacokinetics of ocular drug administration, factors affecting bioavailability, conventional and controlled release ocular formulations, delivery devices, and evaluation methods. The goal of ocular drug delivery systems is to effectively deliver medications to the eye for treating ophthalmic diseases while overcoming barriers like rapid drug elimination from the eye.
This document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing different methods of administering drugs to the eye and the goals of an ideal ocular drug delivery system. It then describes the barriers to effective ocular drug delivery, including anatomical barriers like the cornea and physiological barriers like tear drainage. Novel drug delivery systems aim to overcome these barriers and provide sustained drug release through methods like inserts, nanoparticles, and liposomes. The document concludes by stating that advances in ocular drug delivery research aim to develop safer and more effective formulations.
INTRODUCTION :
Ocular administration of drug is primarily associated with the need to treat ophthalmic diseases.
Eye is the most easily accessible site for topical administration of a medication.
Ideal ophthalmic drug delivery must be able to sustain the drug release and to remain in the vicinity of front of the eye for prolong period of time.
The bioavailability of ophthalmic drugs is very poor due to efficient protective mechanisms of the eye.
Blinking, reflex lachrymation, and drainage rapidly remove drugs, from the surface of the eye.
To overcome these, two approaches can be followed.
The first involves using alternate delivery routes to conventional ones allowing for more direct access to intended target sites.
Second approach involves development of novel drug delivery systems providing better permeability, treatability and controlled release at target site.
Combination of both these approaches are being utilized and optimized in order to achieve optimal therapy with minimal adverse effects.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins by outlining the composition of tear fluid and how drugs administered via the eye are typically absorbed. It then categorizes various ocular drug delivery systems including conventional, vesicular, particulate, and implant-based systems. Specific examples like liposomes, niosomes, ocular inserts and implants are described in further detail. Key advantages and disadvantages of different systems are provided. Testing parameters for ocular thin films are also listed.
This document provides an overview of ocular drug delivery systems. It discusses the composition of the eye, mechanisms of ocular absorption, factors affecting drug bioavailability, and barriers to drug delivery. Various traditional and advanced dosage forms are described, including solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, inserts, and particulate systems. Recent formulation trends involve vesicular, controlled release, and in-situ gelling systems to improve precorneal residence time and drug absorption. Inserts like Ocuserts, Lacriserts, and Minidiscs provide sustained drug release while in-situ gels transform from liquid to gel upon instillation in the eye.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye and factors that influence drug absorption through the cornea. Various ocular drug delivery formulations are discussed including solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, polymeric solutions, and particulate/vesicular systems. Recent advances include bioadhesive systems, collagen shields, pseudolatices, and penetration enhancers. Ocular inserts provide sustained drug release and increased bioavailability. Evaluation methods for these systems include in vitro drug release and in vivo studies in animals.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It begins with an introduction to ocular drug delivery and the challenges associated with it. It then describes the anatomy and structures of the eye. The main routes of ocular drug delivery are topical, subconjunctival, and intravitreal administration. Barriers to delivery include physiological barriers like tear turnover and anatomical barriers like tight corneal cell junctions. Various ocular drug delivery systems are outlined including conventional, vesicular, controlled release, and particulate systems. Emerging advanced systems like scleral plugs, gene therapy, and stem cell therapy are also summarized. Evaluation methods for different ocular formulations and some examples of marketed ophthalmic products are provided.
The document discusses ocular drug delivery systems. It outlines two approaches to overcoming barriers in ocular drug delivery: alternative delivery routes and novel drug delivery systems. It then describes various alternative delivery routes like intravitreal injection, subconjunctival injections, and intracameral injections. It also discusses conventional and novel ocular drug delivery systems like solutions, suspensions, emulsions, ointments, gels, liposomes, niosomes, inserts, implants, and particulate systems. The document provides details on various types of inserts and factors affecting drug release from ocuserts.
ocular drug delivery system (ODDS) barriers, rought of administrationkishan singh tomar
Ocular drug delivery systems are specialized formulations designed to efficiently deliver medications to the eye for the treatment of various ocular conditions. These systems overcome the challenges posed by the eye's natural barriers, such as tear dilution and rapid clearance, to ensure optimal drug absorption and efficacy.
One common type of ocular drug delivery system is eye drops, which deliver medications directly onto the ocular surface. However, traditional eye drops often suffer from poor bioavailability and require frequent administration due to rapid drainage and clearance. To address these limitations, researchers have developed innovative formulations, including nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels, which can prolong drug retention on the ocular surface and enhance corneal penetration.
Another approach involves intraocular implants, such as drug-eluting devices or sustained-release inserts, which can provide controlled release of medication over an extended period. These implants offer the advantage of reducing the need for frequent dosing and improving patient compliance.
Additionally, advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems that can target specific tissues within the eye, such as the retina or the aqueous humor, while minimizing systemic side effects.
Overall, ocular drug delivery systems represent a promising area of research aimed at improving the treatment outcomes of various ocular diseases, including glaucoma, macular degeneration, and dry eye syndrome, by optimizing drug delivery efficiency and minimizing adverse effects.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
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The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
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3. Non-Corneal
Absorption
• Penetration across Sclera & Conjuctiva into Intra Ocular tissues
• Non-Productive: because penetrated drug is absorbed by
general circulation
Corneal
Absorption
• Outer Epithelium: rate limiting barrier, with pore size 60A,
Only access to small ionic & lipohilic molecules
• Trans cellular transport: transport between corneal epithelium
& stroma.
5. Factors Affecting Intraocular Bioavailability:
• 1. Inflow & Outflow of Lachrymal fluids.
• 2. Efficient naso-lachrimal drainage.
• 3. Interaction of drug with proteins
of Lachrimal fluid.
• 4. Dilution with tears.
Role of Polymer in ODDS.
Solution Viscosity : Solution Drainage.
Polymer Mucoadhesive Vehicle: Retained in the eye
due to non-covalent bonding between with conjuctival
mucine.
Mucine is capable of picking of 40-80 times of
weight of water.
7. Route of
Administration
Advantages Limitations
Topical Convenient to deliver drugs Inefficient delivery to the
posterior segment, nasolacrimal
drainage, short contact time of
drug on the ocular surface
Systemic Convenient to deliver large amounts as compared to
eye drops
Poor bioavailability of drug in the
retina and systemic absorption
Intravitreal Drug delivered directly to the vitreous and retina in
the form of injections and implants
Problems such as cataract,
endophthalmitis, retinal
detachment and hemorrhage
Subconjunctival Both anterior and vitreous level of the drug can be
achieved and act as common route of
administration
Difficult to deliver drugs to the
retina due to the presence of
retinal pigment epithelium
Retrobulbar Provide medication to the posterior segments for
the treatment of posterior diseases
Effect provide by this route is very
less as drug may enter the globe
of the eye
Intracameral Deliver drugs directly to the anterior and vitreous
chamber
Difficult to deliver the drugs to the
posterior segment
Subretinal Deliver drugs to the retina Retinal detachment occurs as a
result of sub retinal delivery
Ocular Routes for Delivery of Bioactives
8. Common Ocular Disorders Associated with Various
Tissues of Eye
Conjunctiva
(Conjunctivitis)
Cornea
(Keratitis)
Sclera
(Scleritis)
Miscellaneous
Infective Conjunctivitis,
Allergic Conjunctivitis
Ulcerative Keratitis,
Non Ulcerative Keratitis
Glaucoma,
Diabetic Retinopathi,
AMD
Episcerates
Scleritis(anterior,
posterior)
9. Principles and practices of various drug delivery
systems to eye
DRUG CATEGORIES
H1 Receptor antagonists
Anti glaucoma drugs
Anti fibrotic drugs
Anti inflammatory drugs
Anti viral drugs
Anti fungal agents
Immunomodulators
Antibiotics
10. Requisites of Controlled Ocular Delivery Systems
• Polymeric solutions e.g.: MC, PVA, HPC& PVP
• Phase transition systems
e.g.: Lutrol FC-127& Polaxomer 407 viscosity
increases when its temperature raised to 37oC
CAP pH sensitive
• Mucoadhesive/Bioadhesive dosage forms
e.g.: Polycarbophil(acrylic acid based polymer)
• Collagen shields, Collasomes
e.g.: antibiotic impregnated soft contact lenses
• Polymeric colloidal dispersions (o/w type emulsion)
• Ocular penetration enhancers
• Ocular Iontophoresis
11. OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY
SYSTEMS
ADVANCED
DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Scleral plugs
Gene therapy
Stem cell
CONTROLLED
DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Implants
Hydrogels
Dendrimers
Iontophorosis
Polymeric solution
Penetration enhanc
Contact lenses
Nano suspensions
Micro emulsions
Cyclodextrins
Phase transition
systems
Mucoadhesives
PARTICULATE
SYSTEMS
Nanoparticles
Microparticles
VESICULAR
DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Liposomes
Niosomes
Pharmacosomes
discomes
RETRO METABOLIC
DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Softdrug Approach
Chemical Delivery Systems
SOLUTIONS
GELS
OINTMENTS
SUSPENSIONS
EYE DROPS
CONVENTIONAL
DOSAGE FORMS
14. Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Delivery Systems to Eye
S.No. Delivery/Dosage
Form
Advantages Disadvantages
1 Drops -easy to apply
-good patient acceptance
-Poor ocular bioavailability
-short duration of action
2 Systemic
administration
-more effective to treat diseases of the
posterior segment of the eye than drops
-do not bypass blood ocular
barriers
-side effects: systemic toxicity
3 Intravitreal,
Periocular,
Subconjuctival
injections
-improve drug absorption
-no systemic toxicity
-deliver to target site of the eye
-inj. Display 1st order kinetics
-short half life
-poor acceptance by patients
4 Implants -The biodegradable implants do not need
to be removed
-stabilization of the drug
-side effects increased risk
-uncontrollable release of
drug to eye
5 Microparticles,
Nanoparticles ,
Liposomes
-increase half life
-decrease peak conc.
-localized drug delivery
-side effects
-risk associated drug delivery
6 Cell encapsulation -patient compliance
-limitations of toxicity
-side effects
-risk of operation
7 Iontophoresis -non invasive easy method
-may use in combination
-more patient compliance
-No sustained half-life
-risk of side effects
-frequent administration
required
15. OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY DEVICES
MATRIX-TYPE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
• Hydrophilic soft contact lenses
• Soluble ocular inserts
• Scleral buckling materials
CAPSULAR TYPE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
• Ocusert
• Implantable silicone rubber device
IMPLANTABLE DRUG DELIVERY PUMPS
• Osmatic mini pump and implantable infusion system
OTHER DELIVERY DEVICES
• Ocufit, BioCor® and Lacrisert
• Minidisk ocular therapeutic systems
16. Contact Lens
Hydrophilic soft contact lenses
• Made up of hydrogels
• Marketed products are
Bionite was developed by Griffin Lab.
Soflens was developed by Bausch& Lomb
here the drug is fluorescein
• Other drugs: antiviral idoxuridine(IDU)
polymyxin B, pilocarpine
• Ability of presoaked hydrophilic lens
• Contact lenses made from PHP(Hefilcon-A)
copolymer(80% 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate &
20% N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)
diameter 16mm, thickness 0.3mm&
their hydration was 40-45%
Modern system classifies contact lens into three major types such as (i) soft
(ii) semi soft
(iii) hard contact lens
17. Contact lens hydrogel containing molecular
sites with drug affinity
Liposomes on the surface of a contact lens
hydrogel(left), liposomes with in a contact
lens hydrogels(right)
Drug polymer film coated by a contact lens
hydrogel
18. Ocular Inserts
Ophthalmic inserts
Soluble Bioerodable Insoluble
natural polymer collagen shields reservoir
systems
E.g.:SODI E.g.:Lacrisert,
PVAI minidisc
•Diffusion
based(ocusert)
•Osmatic based
•Soft (presoaked)
contact lenses
Sterile preparations with a thin, multilayered , drug
impregnated solid or semi solid consistency devices
placed into cul-de-sac (or) conjunctival sac
19. Soluble Ocular Inserts
1) Poly Vinyl Alcohol Inserts(PVAI)
• Thin, elastic & oval plates
• Impregnated with antibiotics, sulfonamides, pilocarpine, atropine
etc.
Limitations : poor patient compliance & difficulty of self insertion
2) Soluble Ophthalmic Drug Inserts(SODI)
• Thin, elastic & oval plates
• Composition: polymers and copolymers of polyacryl amide, Vinyl
pyrolidone, ethyl acrylate.
• Weight 15-16mg
• In 10-15 sec softens
• In 10-15 min turns in viscous liquids
• After 30-90 min becomes polymeric solution
Advantage:
• Single SODI application: replaces 4-12 eye drops
• Ones a day treatment of Glaucoma & Trachoma
20. Advantages of ocular inserts
• Increased ocular residence
• Releasing drugs at a
slow,constant rate
• Acurate dosing
• Reduction of systemic absorption
• Better patient compliance
Disadvantages of
ocular inserts
•A capital disadvantage of
ocular inserts resides In
their solidity
•The occasional inadvertent
loss during sleep or while
•Their interference with vision
•Difficult placement of the
ocular inserts
Desired Criteria For Control Release Ocular Inserts.
The following have to be evaluated for
ocular inserts:
1.Uniformity of thickness.
2.Uniformity of weight.
3.Drug content
4.Percentage moisture absorption.
5.Percentage moisture loss.
6.Surface pH.
7.Eye irritancy test.
8.Stability studies.
9.In vitro drug release study.
10.In vivo drug release study.
11.Microbiological studies.
21. Scleral Buckling Material
• Two types 1) Gelatin Film
2) Solid Silicone Rubber
• Antibiotic preparations are
chloramphenicol & lincomycin
• Immersing the devices into aqueous antibiotic
solution and then dried. They found sustained
release of the antibiotic from these devices
Use: To prevent postoperative infections after
retinal detachment surgery
22. Ocusert:
• Capsular-type drug delivery systems
• Developed by ALZA corporation
• Oval, flexible ocular insert
• Anular ring impregnated with Ti02 for flexibility
• Dimensions:major axis:13.4mm; minor axis:5.7mm,
thickness:0.3mm
• Two types of ocusert are available, ocusert pilo-20& pilo-40
Part Material
Drug reservoir Pilocarpine
Carrier material Alginic acid
Rate controller Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer
membrane
Energy source Conc. Of pilocarpine
Flux enhancer Di(2-ethyl hexyl) phthalate
23. Advantages of pilocarpine ocuserts over drops :
The ocusert exposes the patient to a lower amount of the drug leading to
reduced side effects
The ocusert provide a continuous control of the intra-ocular pressure
The ocusert is administered only once per week & this will imporve patient
compliance
The ocusert contain no preservative so they will be suitable for patients sensitive
to preservatives in opthalmic solutions
Disadvantages of pilocarpine ocuserts:
They are more expensive than drops
It may be inconvenient for the patient to retain the ocusert in the eye for the full 7 days
The ocusert must be checked periodically by the patient to see that the unit is still in
place
24. Implantable Silicone
Rubber Devices
• Drug delivery device for hydrophobic drugs
e.g.:-BCNU(1,3-bis(2-chloro ethyl)-1-nitroso
urea)---- an intraocular malignancy agent
• The device consists of two sheets of silicone
rubber glued together only at the edges with
silicone adhesive
• A tube of the same material extends from
device
• The device released BCNU at a constant rate
about 200-400mcg/hr
25. Implantable Drug Delivery Pumps
• Osmatic mini pump(ALZET)
Constant drug delivery rate with a
pumping duration of up to 2 weeks
• Implantable infusion
system(Infusaid)
Permitted long term infusion via
refilling
• A drug pellet coated with polyvinyl
alcohol and ethylene vinyl acetate
• A polysulfone capillary fiber
26. Lacrisert
• Sterile , rod shaped device
• Composition: HPC without preservative
• The devices have long retention(2 weeks
or more) and sustained release features
• Weight: 5 mg
• Dimension: diameter 12.7mm, length
3.5mm
Use:- dry eye treatment, keratitis
27. Minidisk
• It shaped like contact lens, with convex
front & concave back surface in contact
with eye ball
• 4-5mm in diameter
• Composition: silicon based polymer
• Hydrophilic or hydrophobic
• Drug release from 170hr
28. Retrometabolic delivery system
• Combination of SAR and SMR Retrometabolic drug design (RMDD)
• Metabolic activation of inactive delivery forms: chemical delivery systems
CDS Drug
inactive active
Alkyl oxime datives oximes(enzymes located in iris-celiary body)
• Metabolic deactivation of specifically designed active species: soft drugs
SD Mi
Active inactive metabolites
hydrocortisone spirothiazolidine
• RMDD represent novel, systemic approach to achieve these goals include
two distinct methods aimed to increase the therapeutic index
SOFT DRUG design
CHEMICAL DELIVERY SYSTEM design
29. The chemical delivery systems(CDSs)- chemical compounds – produced by synthetic chemical
reaction(s) forming covalent bonds between the drug(D) and specifically designed ‘carrier ’
and other moieties. At least one chemical bond needs to be broken for active compound (D)
to be released. The release of active compound from CDSs takes pace by enzymatic or
hydrolytic cleavage.
The basic principle of retrometabolic drug design approaches is that the drug metabolism
considerations should actually be involved at a very early stage of the design process- not as
an after thought in order to explain some of the behaviours of the drug
SAR+SMR=RETROMETABOLIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Drug targeting by CDS’s
1.enzymatic physical chemical
based targeting
2.site specific-enzyme activated
targeting
3.receptor based chemical
targeting
Drug targeting by soft drugs
1.soft drug analogs
2.activated soft compounds
3.active metabolite type soft drugs
4.controlled release of endogenous
soft compounds
5.Inactive metabolic approach
30. Nanoparticles
• The drug absorption in the eye is enhanced significantly in
comparison to eye drop solutions
• Poly alkyl cyano acrylate(PACA) nanoparticles and
nanocapsules improve corneal penetration of hydrophilic
and lipophilic drugs
Limitation: disruption of corneal epithelium cell membrane
• Poly- ԑ-caprolactone(PECL) nanocapsules increase ocular
penetration of lipophilic drugs such as metipranolol,
betaxolol.
• PECL taken up by the corneal epithelium cells without
damaging the cell membrane
• Colloidal nature of the carrier is the main factor responsible
for favorable corneal transport of drugs
PARTICULATE SYSTEM FOR OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY
31. Liposomes
• non-toxic, non irritant Biodegradable in nature
• Ability to incorporate almost any type of the drug regardless of the
solubility
• Intimate contact with cornea and conjunctival surfaces
• Protect the drug from metabolic enzymes
• Phospholipids used are: phosphotidylcholine, phosphotidic acid,
sphingomyline, phosphotydyleserine, cardiolipine
• 4 fold increase in passage of penicillin G across rabbit cornea & 10 fold
enhancement of indoxole passage across rat cornea were observed when
the formulations compared with solutions
VESICULAR SYSTEM FOR OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY
32. Niosomes are non-ionic surfactant based multilamellar(>0.05µm),small
unilamellar(0.025-0.05µm) or large unilamellar vesicles(>0.1µm) in which an
aqueous solution of solute(s) is entirely enclosed by a membrane resulted from
organization of surfactant macromolecules as bilayers
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS USED
• Surfactants (dialkyl polyoxy ethylene ether non ionic surfactant)
• Cholesterol
CHOLESTROL:
1. Cannot form bilayers, but bring changes in fluidity and permeability to bilayers.
2. Can be used in high molar concentrations.
3. Stabilize and prevent leak from vesicles.
ADVANTAGES:
•The vesicle suspension being water based offers greater patient compliance over oil
based systems
•Since the structure of the niosome offers place to accommodate hydrophilic, lipophilic as
well as ampiphilic drug moieties, they can be used for a variety of drugs.
•The characteristics such as size, lamellarity etc. of the vesicle can be varied depending on
the requirement.
•The vesicles can act as a depot to release the drug slowly and offer a controlled release.
•They are osmotically active and stable.
•They increase the stability of the entrapped drug
•Improves therapeutic performance of the drug by protecting it from the biological
environment and restricting effects to target cells, thereby reducing the clearance of the
drug.
DISADVANTAGES
• Physical instability, Aggregation, Leaking of entrapped drug, Fusion,
Niosomes
33. PHARMACOSOMES
• The vesicle formation takes place not only just by association of
phospholipids but also by amphiphilic molecular association
• Since many drugs are also amphiphiles, they can form the vesicles
Advantages:
• Drug metabolism can be decreased
• Controlled release profile can be achieved
DISCOMES
• Soluble surface active agents when added in critical amount to
vesicular dispersion leads to solubilization or breakdown of vesicles
& translates them into mixed micellar systems
e.g.: Egg yolk phosphotidyl choline liposomes by the addition of
non ionic surfactants of poly oxy ethylene cetyl ether till the lamellar
and mixed lamellar coexist
Advantages:
• Minimal opacity imposes no hindrance to vision
• Increased patient compliance
• Zero order release can be easily attained
34. Advantages of Vesicular Systems
1. No difficulty of insertion as in the case of ocular
inserts
2. No tissue irritation and damage as caused by
penetration enhancers
3. Provide patient compliance as there is no difficulty of
insertion as observed in the case of inserts
4. The vesicular carriers are biocompatible and have
minimum side effects
5. Degradation products formed after the release of
drugs are biocompatible
6. They prevent the metabolism of drugs from the
enzymes present at tear/corneal epithelium interface
7. Provide a prolong and sustained release of drug
35. Conclusion
• Quality, Efficacy and Safety should be the
optimal parameters for drug delivery to
eye in this context, more clinical studies
are necessary to provide further
information and insight in to new ocular
drug delivery system.
36. References
• Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System: Challenges and Approaches
PB Patel, DH Shastri, PK Shelat, AK Shukla
•Ocular Transporters in Ophthalmic Diseases and Drug Delivery;
Edited by Joyce Tombran-Tink, Colin J. Barnstable.
• Targeted & Controlled Drug Delivery Novel Carrier Systems by
S.P.Vyas, R.K.Khar
•Anatomy and Physiology: Tora Tora
• Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems--recent Advances:
Dr.K.S.Rathore
Web searched:
•http://www.google/images/eye/anatomy&physiology
http://pharmaxchange.info
Editor's Notes
These are the different drug delivery systems which are used for the ocular therapy