Ocular drug delivery systems are specialized formulations designed to efficiently deliver medications to the eye for the treatment of various ocular conditions. These systems overcome the challenges posed by the eye's natural barriers, such as tear dilution and rapid clearance, to ensure optimal drug absorption and efficacy. One common type of ocular drug delivery system is eye drops, which deliver medications directly onto the ocular surface. However, traditional eye drops often suffer from poor bioavailability and require frequent administration due to rapid drainage and clearance. To address these limitations, researchers have developed innovative formulations, including nanoparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels, which can prolong drug retention on the ocular surface and enhance corneal penetration. Another approach involves intraocular implants, such as drug-eluting devices or sustained-release inserts, which can provide controlled release of medication over an extended period. These implants offer the advantage of reducing the need for frequent dosing and improving patient compliance. Additionally, advancements in nanotechnology have led to the development of nanoscale drug delivery systems that can target specific tissues within the eye, such as the retina or the aqueous humor, while minimizing systemic side effects. Overall, ocular drug delivery systems represent a promising area of research aimed at improving the treatment outcomes of various ocular diseases, including glaucoma, macular degeneration, and dry eye syndrome, by optimizing drug delivery efficiency and minimizing adverse effects.

1. Ocular drug
delivery systems
Prepare and presented
by :-
Kishan singh tomar
Under guidance of
Ms. Bhargavi mistry
21-03-2024 1

2. 01..
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09.
10.
Introduction
Mechanism of absorption and
anatomy of eye
CONTENTS
Routes of administration & barriers
Factors affecting bioavailability
Ocular drug delivery system
Types of drug delivery system
Advantage of ODDS
Disadvantage of ODDS
Special condition for ODDS
reference
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3. Introduction
Ocular drug delivery is a
challenging field due to the unique
anatomy and physiology of the
eye.This presentation will discuss
the all basic concept and aspect
in ocular drug delivery systems.
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4. Posterior chamber
Anterior chamber
pupil
lens
cornea
iris
Ciliary muscle
episcleral
sclera
retina
Vitreous humor
Optic blood
Optic nerve
Anatomy of eye
Mechanism of drug absorption
A) Non-corneal absorption:-
• Penetration across sclera &
conjunctiva into intraocular tissues.
• Non productive: because penetrated
drug is absorbed by general circulation.
B) Corneal absorption:-
• Outer epithelium: rate limiting barrier,
with pore size 60a, only access to small
ionic and lipophilic molecules.
• Tran cellular transport: transport
between corneal epithelium and
stroma.
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5. Routes of administration
and barriers
The anatomy of the eye is complex and includes
various structures such as the cornea, sclera, iris,
retina, intravitreal, fornix, Anterior sub-Tenon's,
Suprachoroidal, Posterior sub-Tenon's retina and
subconjuctival . These structures play a crucial role
in ocular drug delivery.
There are various types which can affect the absorption
of drug like tear film barrier, blood retina barrier and
corneal barrier. We also consider barrier thickness is
inversely propositional to absorptivity.
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6. Factors affecting ODDS
• effect of naso-lacrimal drainage.
• interaction of drug with proteins of lacrimal fluid.
• active ion transport transport at cornea.
• dilution with tears.
• corneal barriers.
• viscosity of dosage form.
• thickness of barrier.
• Enviourmental factor.
• microbiological contamination.
• PH
• dry eye
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7. Ocular Drug DeliverySystems
Various ocular drug delivery systems have
been developed,including topical,
intraocular,and periocularroutes of
administration.Each system has its own
advantages and limitations.
An ocular drug delivery system is a method of
delivering medication to the eye for treating
various eye diseases or conditions.
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8. Formulation consideration
for ODDS
• Solvent:- water, alcohol
• Co-solvent:- methanol, glycerin
• Antimicrobial preservation:- paraben, benzalkonium,
chlorhexidine acetate
• pH and buffer:- citrates, acetates, phosphate
• Tonicity adjusters:- NaCl, KCl, PEG, boric acid & glycerin
• Viscosity imparting agent:- PVA, MC, HPMC
• Stabilizer:- Na bisulphide, ascorbic acid, acetyl cysteine
• Surfactant:- tween 80 poloxamer, pluronic
• Emulsifying agent:- SLS, cetyl alcohol, PEG400
• Opacifying agent: titanium dioxide
• Release control polymers:- CMC, HPMC, PLA, PLGA
• Plasticizer:- phthalate ester, phosphate ester and glycol
derivative
• Ointment base:- yellow praffine, liquide paraffin, wool fat
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9. CONVENTIONAL
• Solution
• Suspension
• Emulsion
• Ointment
• Insert
• Gels
CONTROL
RELEASE
• Implants
• Hydrogel
• Dendrimers
• Iontoporesis
• Collagen shield
• Polymeric
solution
• Contact lenses
• Cyclodextrin
• Micro needle
• Microemmulstion
• Nano suspention
VASICULAR
• Liposome
• Noisome
• Discomes
• Pharmacosomer
PARTICULATE
• Micro particle
• Nanoparticle
ADVANCED
• Sclera
plugs
• Gene
delivery
• Si RNA
• Stem cell
• ECT
(encapsul
ated cell
therapy)
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10. Conventional ODDS
Types of control release ocular drug delivery
system:
1. Suspension
2. Emulsion
3. Ointment
4. Insert
5. Gels
Solution is also can be classified as
• Aqueous eye drops
• Oily eye drop
Ophthalmic solutions are often placed into
categories, such as:
Antibiotic eye drops: Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin
Topical antihistamines: Pataday eye drops
Lubricating eye drops: Lifitegrast (Xiidra)
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11. Eye drop
Drugs which are active at eye or eye surface are
widely administered in the form of Solutions,
Emulsion and Suspension.
Various properties of eye drops like hydrogen ion
concentration, osmolality, viscosity and instilled
volume can influence retention of a solution in
the eye.
Less than 5% of the dose is absorbed after
topical administration into the eye.
The dose is mostly absorbed to the systemic
circulation via the conjunctival and nasal blood
vessels.
Eye drops marketed formulation:
Brand Name: Drugs
Minocin Capsules Inderal LA
Capsules
Minocycline Dihydrochloride
Inderal LA Capsules extended
release
Propranolol
Testopel Pellet Testosterone
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12. Control release ODDS
An implant is an object is an object or material
that is inserted or grafted in the body for certain
specific purpose.
Types of conventional ocular drug delivery
system:
Implants is also can be classified as
• Biodegradable implant
• Non biodegradable implant
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Types of formulation Drug contained Brand name
Implants Ranibizumab Susvimo and lucentis
Hydrogel Hydro propyl methacellulose Optimoist gel
Dendrimers poly(amidoamine) rivela
Iontophoresis Dexamethasone phosphate Eye gate
Collagen shield Gatifloxacin zymar
Polymeric solution Moxifloxacin vigamox
Contact lenses Ketotifen Acuvue
Cyclodextrin Remdesivir Veklury
Microemulsion chloramphenicol Renicol
Nano suspension Nepafenac Micronac

13. Control release ODDS
Implants:- For chronic ocular diseases like glaucoma,
implants are effective drug delivery system. Earlier
non biodegradable polymers were used but they
needed surgical procedures for insertion and removal.
Presently biodegradable polymers such as Poly Lactic
Acid (PLA) are safe and effective to deliver drugs in
the vitreous cavity and show no toxic signs.
Contact lenses
Types of contact lenses
- Hard contact lenses Made of rigid plastic resin
polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA). Impermeable to
oxygen and moisture
- Soft contact lenses Made of hydrophilic, transparent
plastic hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA). Contain 70-
80% water, therefore oxygen permeable.
- Rigid gas permeable(RGP) contact lenses are
made from more polarizable and oxygen permeable
materials such as cellulose acetate butyrate, t-butyl
styrene, or silicone polymers or copolymers and
oxygen passable.
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14. Vascular system for ODDS
Vascular system is a system in which drug is
incorporated into to small vessels for increasing
safety and efficacy of drugs.
Types of vascular system
• Liposome
• Noisome
• Discomes
• Pharmacosomer
Medicine which is entrapped in vessels
Liposomes:
For controlled rate of encapsulated drug and
protection of drug from metabolic enzymes
liposomes are used as drug carriers for ocular
delivery.
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Drug name Brand name
Verteporfin Visudyne
Rostaporfin Nephilet
Acetazolamine Diamox
Tacrolimus Astagraf XL

15. Vascular release ODDS
• They accumulate variety of drugs with differing
properties due to their amphiphilic nature.
• Liposomes also increase precorneal residence of
drugs due to their vesicular nature.
• However their use is limited due to short shelf life,
limited loading capacity and sterilization.
• Niosomes: are nonionic surfactant vesicles that
have potential applications in the delivery of
hydrophobic or amphiphilic drugs.
• Discomes: may act as potential drug delivery
carriers as they released drug in a sustained
manner at the ocular site. Discosomes are giant
niosomes (about 20 um size) containing poly-24-
oxyethylene cholesteryl ether or otherwise known
as Solulan 24.
• Pharmacosomes: This term is used for pure drug
vesicles formed by the amphiphilic drugs. The
amphiphilic prodrug is converted to
pharmacosomes on dilution with water.
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16. Particulate system for ODDS
Microparticle:- are the particle which at list one
dimension fall in 0.1 to 100 սm in size range
diameter.
Nanoparticle:- are the particle which at list one
dimension fall in 1 to 100nm size range of
diameter.
Types of nanoparticle
• Nanocapsules
• Nanospheres
• Nanotube
• Nanocrystals
• Nanowire
• Nanobots
• Polymeric nanoparicle
• Solid lipid
• Nanoshells coated
Methods for prepration for nanoparticles
•Polymeric micelles
•solvent evaporation method
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17. Nanoparticle in ODDS
Methods for preparation for nanoparticles
• Polymeric micelles
• solvent evaporation method
• Spontaneous emulsification method
• Solvent evaporation method
• Salting out
• Emulsion diffusion method
• Ionic gelation method
• Spray drying method
• Nanoparticle production by supercritical fluid method
• laser method
In the laser method the nano particle is prepare by
the principle of electronic resonance.
Marketed nanoparticle formulation
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Drug contained Brand name
Triamcinolone acetonide Aurocort
Y-cyclodextrin Ciprom-D
Dexamethasone Dexawell
Nepafenac Nepafin

18. Advance system for ODDS
This is type of delivery system which is made for
specific purpose and made from advance and
sophisticated method of preparation.
• Sclera plugs
• Gene delivery
• Si RNA
• Stem cell
• Encapsulated cell therapy (ECT)
Certainly Ocular plugs, also known as punctal plugs,
are tiny devices that are placed in the eye's tear
ducts, called puncta.
The plugs are about the size of a grain of rice and help
block tears from draining from the eye, keeping the
eye's surface moist and comfortable.
They can relieve symptoms such as itchy, burning,
and red eyes.
There are two types of punctal plugs:
temporary/dissolving plugs and semi-permanent
plugs.
Temporary plugs: eye from a few days to months.
semi-permanent plugs: longer-lasting medical plastic
stay in the eyelid for years.
They can be removed by your ophthalmologist if
needed.
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Advantages of ODDS
• The major advantage of the ocular route of drug administration is
that it provides direct application to the site of action.
• The ocular route has faster drug absorption and less systemic and
visual side effects.
• By avoiding the pulsed doses of conventional systems, it offers
accuracy and uniformity in dose rate.
• There is no issue with the unpleasant taste and odor of the drug as
it is not meant to be swallowed (bypasses the first-passmetabolism).
• It is also suitable for all patients (child and elderly also).
• The ophthalmic route can improve patient compliance, provide
comfort and enhance the therapeutic performance of the drug.
• Targeting within the ocular globe is done to prevent loss of ocular
tissue.
• It does not produce any type of pain that is produced by the
paternal route (intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous
route).
• It is a simple process that makes the self-administration of drugs
possible.
• It requires a small amount of drug in the formulation.
• It is possible to achieve sustained and controlled release of
the medication using the ocular route.
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20. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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ODDS
Disadvantages of ODDS
• The major disadvantage of the ocular route of drug administration is
that the rapid and extensive elimination of traditional eye drops which
can cause extensive loss of drug resulting in poor retention of the drug at
the site of action.
• The quick elimination of the medication through tear flow and eye blink
results in a short period of therapeutic effect, which can lead to frequent
dosing.
• After application of the ointment, drops, and other medication may be a
temporary blurring of vision.
• Limited drugs are suitable to formulate for the ocular route.
• It has limited permeability to the cornea resulting in reduced absorption
of ophthalmic drugs.
• The pharmaceutical industries need special processes, equipment, and
requirements (sterile) to manufacture ophthalmic dosage forms, which
make them more costly than oral dosage forms.
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21. Conclusion
Ocular drug delivery is a complex field that requires
innovative solutions to overcome the challenges of poor drug
absorption, rapid clearance, and toxicity. Advancements in
nanoparticle, hydrogel, and microemulsion drug delivery
systems show promise in improving drug bioavailability and
reducing side effects.
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22. Reference
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23. Reference
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24. Thanks!
You may now ask your question.
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