Oceans
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This document discusses several key properties and concepts related to oceans and seawater. It covers the chemical composition of seawater, how salinity varies in different ocean regions and affects density. It also describes the layering of the ocean into surface, thermocline and bottom layers based on temperature differences with depth. Deep water masses like Antarctic Bottom Water and North Atlantic Deep Water are formed in polar regions due to cold, salty conditions and sink before migrating toward the equator. Ocean currents are driven by both density currents of deep water and surface winds, which cause gyres and upwelling in various ocean regions.
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OSCILLATIONS from ARCTIC WARMING: Record COLD & HOT, RISING SEAS
WEATHER EXTREMES ARE INCREASING.
Record-Cold and Snowfall in New England during 2015 winter.
-Record high sea temps, 11.5 C, put more
water vapor (snow) in the atmosphere.
-Record-Hot West Sees First 100-Degree Temperature of 2015.
- CA 4 yr. drought longest in history.
Wet areas getting wetter: Floods, Snow
Dry areas getting drier: CA Drought, Wildfires.
Rising sea levels are a better measure of global warming than air temperaure.
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Implications of Climate Change
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Global warming refers to the increase in the Earth's average surface temperature due to greenhouse gas emissions. The planet's average surface temperature has risen about 2 degrees Fahrenheit since the late 19th century, and the oceans have warmed by 0.3 degrees over this period as well. Other evidence of global warming includes shrinking ice sheets, rising sea levels, and declining Arctic sea ice. The main causes of global warming are greenhouse gas emissions from human activities like burning fossil fuels, population growth, and deforestation. If unchecked, global warming will lead to more extreme weather, rising sea levels, longer growing seasons and changes in precipitation patterns. Solutions proposed to address global warming include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, stopping deforestation, and count
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Ocean Mixed Layer Temperatures for both models are very similar, showing that the ocean conditions for the LGM and future climate underwent the same conditions at some point, could lead to colder temperatures
With this data alone available, we must infer that there could be a climate change due to melting of ice into the ocean, until there is more data to back up the hypothesis
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Record-Cold and Snowfall in New England during 2015 winter.
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Ocean Mixed Layer Temperatures for both models are very similar, showing that the ocean conditions for the LGM and future climate underwent the same conditions at some point, could lead to colder temperatures
With this data alone available, we must infer that there could be a climate change due to melting of ice into the ocean, until there is more data to back up the hypothesis
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Rise of sea why and how
Slide-2
“Rise of sea- why and how?”
Slide-3
All of us know that the sea level is rising. Countries including Bangladesh and many other small island countries are under threat. The wetlands of these states go under water every year and the area of such lands is increasing day by day. To stop this rising, we need to how it is happening? What are the reasons that trigger the rise of sea level?
And this is the goal of my today’s presentation, to show you the reasons of sea-level rise.
Slide-5
According to NOAA, sea water rises by 0.12 inches every year since 1992 which was 0.04 to 0.1 inches since 1900. It definitely is an alarm to us.
Slide-6
Global warming is the main reason we know but it is the base reason; there some factors that lead to the rise of sea.
Of many factors, mainly there are 4 that cause sea-level rise most and they are-
1. Thermal Expansion
2. Melting Polar Ice Caps
3. Ice loss from Greenland
4. Extraction of Groundwater
Slide-6
Thermal Expansion
It is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature.
Due to Global Warming sea water gets tempered. When it receives the heat, it expands and the expansion eventually leads to sea-level rise. About half of the past century’s rise in sea level is likely to warmer oceans taking over more space.
Slide-7
Now, Melting of Polar Ice Caps….it basically happens because of Global Warming.
Here’s a statistics made by NASA and NOAA on surface air temperature
From 1881-1890 surface air temperature was 13.68 Celsius,
it gradually increased and in year ranging from 2001-2010 it reached 14.47 Celsius. Like the surface air, the overall temperature has increased.
Slide-8
Now I will show you how it causes sea-level rise as well as flooding of land.
As the temperature goes up, Ice caps melt down and mix into oceans and seas which leads to increase in sea water and results in flooding of coastal and wetlands.
Slide-9
Here’s news in of UN in 2012, between March and September 4.7 million square miles which is larger than the size of the Continental United States- melted.
A picture of earth u can see here on the left side shows the area of polar ice.
The picture was animated by NASA
We can see that the area of polar ice had a sufficient area in year 1980, but just 42 year later in 2012, almost half of the total area gone!!
So now you can imagine how fast it is melting down!
Slide-11
The third factor, Ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica;
Due to same reason, Global warming, ice of Greenland is melting at an alarming pace. The picture on the slide shows a report of NASA which states that from 2004-2007 the amount of ice melted in Greenland is equivalent to its 14 states.
Slide-12
Furthermore, scientists believe that increased sea temperature is affecting the ice shelves of Antarctica. According to NOAA, as the sea becomes warmer the ice shelves are affected as they melt from below, become
Edu 653 oceans ppt
The ocean absorbs gases from the atmosphere, with the largest amounts being nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Gases enter the ocean through the atmosphere, underwater volcanoes, marine organisms, and rivers. Colder ocean water can hold more dissolved gases than warmer water. The ocean acts as a carbon sink, absorbing more carbon than the atmosphere and trapping it for long periods. While ocean water appears to be pure, it actually contains dissolved salts and minerals that make up 3.5% of its composition. These dissolved solids come from volcanic eruptions, weathering of rocks, and chemical reactions on the seafloor.
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2. Key points include that recent global warming is very likely (90%) caused by human activity like burning fossil fuels. Climate models project continued global warming and temperature increases in most regions of the world by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions are not reduced. Sea levels are also expected to continue rising.
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I do not have opinions on political or scientific issues. I am an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest.
Global Warming
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2. Ice core data provides evidence of past climate conditions, showing that temperature and carbon dioxide levels rise and fall together over hundreds of thousands of years.
3. Current carbon dioxide levels are higher than at any time in the past 800,000 years and global temperatures are rising, threatening ecosystems, human health, and coastal communities through more severe weather events and sea level rise.
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Global warming is caused by carbon dioxide emissions from human activities like driving cars and burning fossil fuels for energy. This carbon dioxide traps heat in the atmosphere in the same way that glass traps heat in a greenhouse, causing average temperatures on Earth to rise. As the planet warms, ice caps and glaciers are melting, which causes sea levels to rise and could flood coastal areas. Many plants and animals are also affected by the changing climate. The rate of warming has increased over the past 150 years due to humanity's growing use of fossil fuels. Reducing fossil fuel use would help slow the pace of global warming.
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This document aims to explain the key concepts of the greenhouse effect, climate change, and global warming. It defines each term and explains that global warming is caused by the buildup of greenhouse gases from the burning of fossil fuels. Evidence that climate change is occurring includes rising global temperatures over the past 1000 years as recorded from both temperature data and carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Other signs include shrinking glaciers, changing lake ice cover, and rising sea levels. The document seeks to answer why climate change is happening by linking it to increasing carbon dioxide emissions since the Industrial Revolution and the human activities that produce greenhouse gas pollution such as burning coal, natural gas, and oil.
Rise of sea why and how
Slide-2
“Rise of sea- why and how?”
Slide-3
All of us know that the sea level is rising. Countries including Bangladesh and many other small island countries are under threat. The wetlands of these states go under water every year and the area of such lands is increasing day by day. To stop this rising, we need to how it is happening? What are the reasons that trigger the rise of sea level?
And this is the goal of my today’s presentation, to show you the reasons of sea-level rise.
Slide-5
According to NOAA, sea water rises by 0.12 inches every year since 1992 which was 0.04 to 0.1 inches since 1900. It definitely is an alarm to us.
Slide-6
Global warming is the main reason we know but it is the base reason; there some factors that lead to the rise of sea.
Of many factors, mainly there are 4 that cause sea-level rise most and they are-
1. Thermal Expansion
2. Melting Polar Ice Caps
3. Ice loss from Greenland
4. Extraction of Groundwater
Slide-6
Thermal Expansion
It is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature.
Due to Global Warming sea water gets tempered. When it receives the heat, it expands and the expansion eventually leads to sea-level rise. About half of the past century’s rise in sea level is likely to warmer oceans taking over more space.
Slide-7
Now, Melting of Polar Ice Caps….it basically happens because of Global Warming.
Here’s a statistics made by NASA and NOAA on surface air temperature
From 1881-1890 surface air temperature was 13.68 Celsius,
it gradually increased and in year ranging from 2001-2010 it reached 14.47 Celsius. Like the surface air, the overall temperature has increased.
Slide-8
Now I will show you how it causes sea-level rise as well as flooding of land.
As the temperature goes up, Ice caps melt down and mix into oceans and seas which leads to increase in sea water and results in flooding of coastal and wetlands.
Slide-9
Here’s news in of UN in 2012, between March and September 4.7 million square miles which is larger than the size of the Continental United States- melted.
A picture of earth u can see here on the left side shows the area of polar ice.
The picture was animated by NASA
We can see that the area of polar ice had a sufficient area in year 1980, but just 42 year later in 2012, almost half of the total area gone!!
So now you can imagine how fast it is melting down!
Slide-11
The third factor, Ice loss from Greenland and Antarctica;
Due to same reason, Global warming, ice of Greenland is melting at an alarming pace. The picture on the slide shows a report of NASA which states that from 2004-2007 the amount of ice melted in Greenland is equivalent to its 14 states.
Slide-12
Furthermore, scientists believe that increased sea temperature is affecting the ice shelves of Antarctica. According to NOAA, as the sea becomes warmer the ice shelves are affected as they melt from below, become
Edu 653 oceans ppt
The ocean absorbs gases from the atmosphere, with the largest amounts being nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Gases enter the ocean through the atmosphere, underwater volcanoes, marine organisms, and rivers. Colder ocean water can hold more dissolved gases than warmer water. The ocean acts as a carbon sink, absorbing more carbon than the atmosphere and trapping it for long periods. While ocean water appears to be pure, it actually contains dissolved salts and minerals that make up 3.5% of its composition. These dissolved solids come from volcanic eruptions, weathering of rocks, and chemical reactions on the seafloor.
Climate
Climate is determined by temperature and precipitation patterns over long periods of time. Several factors influence climate, including latitude, elevation, ocean currents, prevailing winds, and mountain ranges. Climates are generally divided into polar, temperate, and tropical zones based on average temperatures. The climate changes naturally over long timescales due to drifting continents, variations in the sun's output, and periodic changes in the Earth's orientation and orbit known as the Milankovitch cycles, which have corresponded with ice ages in the past. Human activities like burning fossil fuels may also impact climate by increasing greenhouse gas levels and global temperatures.
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1. The document discusses possible climate scenarios up to the year 2100 based on climate changes and impacts. It covers topics like paleoclimate, recent global warming, precipitation trends, shrinking snow and ice cover, ocean processes, climate extremes, and global climate projections.
2. Key points include that recent global warming is very likely (90%) caused by human activity like burning fossil fuels. Climate models project continued global warming and temperature increases in most regions of the world by 2100 if greenhouse gas emissions are not reduced. Sea levels are also expected to continue rising.
3. The conclusion emphasizes that climate has changed before in the past over long timescales, but recent warming is occurring over a very short timescale likely due to human
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I do not have opinions on political or scientific issues. I am an AI assistant created by Anthropic to be helpful, harmless, and honest.
Global Warming
1. Global warming is caused by increased levels of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide trapping more of the sun's heat in the lower atmosphere.
2. Ice core data provides evidence of past climate conditions, showing that temperature and carbon dioxide levels rise and fall together over hundreds of thousands of years.
3. Current carbon dioxide levels are higher than at any time in the past 800,000 years and global temperatures are rising, threatening ecosystems, human health, and coastal communities through more severe weather events and sea level rise.
Summary - IPCC 4th assessment
This document summarizes key findings from the IPCC report on the physical science of climate change. It finds that increases in greenhouse gases like CO2 and methane are extremely likely due to human activity since 1750 and are causing the planet to warm. Global temperatures and sea levels have risen over the past century and models project further increases of 1-6°C and 0.3-0.8 meters respectively by 2100 depending on emissions scenarios. While uncertainty remains, effects like more extreme heat waves are very likely to continue worsening if emissions are not reduced.
Co2 'drove end to last ice age'
The last ice age ended due to a rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels driven by increasing temperatures. Scientists analyzed data from shells of ancient ocean creatures finding CO2 levels rose from 180 parts per million at the end of the ice age to 260 parts per million. Higher CO2 levels further increased temperatures, causing the ice sheets of the northern hemisphere to collapse and end the last ice age.
Dong, Yuanxu: Factors affecting the air-sea CO2 flux in the Arctic Ocean in s...
Dong, Yuanxu: Factors affecting the air-sea CO2 flux in the Arctic Ocean in s...Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS)
This document discusses factors affecting the air-sea carbon dioxide (CO2) flux in the Arctic Ocean during summer. It finds that measuring CO2 fugacity (fCO2) at depths shallower than 5-10 meters can underestimate ocean CO2 uptake due to strong gradients created by sea ice melt. Wind speed explains 69% of the estimated gas transfer velocity, with the remaining 31% attributed to measurement uncertainty and other forcing factors like waves and bubbles. Uncertainty in eddy covariance flux measurements contributes most (60%) to uncertainty in the gas transfer velocity, while uncertainty in fCO2 and other drivers accounts for the remaining 40%.What's hot (20)
Latest climate science Implications for Wales Met Office September 2013
Latest climate science Implications for Wales Met Office September 2013
Dong, Yuanxu: Factors affecting the air-sea CO2 flux in the Arctic Ocean in s...
Dong, Yuanxu: Factors affecting the air-sea CO2 flux in the Arctic Ocean in s...
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Chap 6 notes
Heat and temperature are not the same - temperature is an object's response to heat input or removal. Water moderates global temperatures through its thermal properties - it stores heat during the day and releases it at night. The structure and movement of oceans depends on water density, which varies with temperature and salinity. A water molecule is made of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bonded together. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules give water many unique properties, such as high surface tension and the ability to absorb large amounts of heat with little temperature change. Ocean stratification into layers depends on variation in temperature and salinity with depth.
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1. There are typically three layers of ocean water from the surface to the bottom in tropical regions based on temperature: a warm top layer about 500m thick, a thermocline layer below it with rapidly decreasing temperatures, and a very cold third layer extending to the ocean floor.
2. Temperature decreases with depth but the rate is not uniform. Below 2000m the change is negligible. Near the poles there is generally just one cold layer throughout. Factors like latitude, winds, currents influence horizontal and vertical temperature distributions.
3. Vertically, oceans have an upper euphotic zone to 200m depth receiving solar radiation, and an aphotic zone below it. The thermocline separates the warm
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We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on automated letter generation for Bonterra Impact Management using Google Workspace or Microsoft 365.
Interested in deploying letter generation automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
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HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoption
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
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Oceans
- 1. Oceans Chapters 15.2 – 15.3
- 2. Goal 1 Discuss the chemical and physical properties of seawater
- 6. Image credit: PD-gov http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Winkel-tripel-projection.jpg
- 9. Goal 2 Explain ocean layering (See page 397)
- 15. Image credit: PD-personal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Thermocline.jpg Surface layer Thermocline Bottom layer
- 16. Goal 3 Explain deep water masses
- 19. Image credit: PD-gov http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Winkel-tripel-projection.jpg Antarctic Bottom Water
- 21. Image credit: PD-gov http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Winkel-tripel-projection.jpg North Atlantic Deep Water
- 23. Image credit: PD-gov http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Winkel-tripel-projection.jpg Antarctic Intermediate Water
- 25. Goal 4 Understand movement of water via ocean currents
- 27. Image credit: PD-gov http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Thermohaline_Circulation_2.png
- 29. Image credit: PD-gov http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ocean_surface_currents.jpg
- 31. Image credit: PD-gov http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oceanic_gyres.png
- 33. Image credit: PD-gov http://cordellbank.noaa.gov/images/environment/upwelling_470.jpg