The document discusses unemployment, including its definition, measurement, causes, and types. Unemployment is defined as when a person is not gainfully employed in any productive activity. It is typically measured by the unemployment rate, which is the number of unemployed workers divided by the total labor force. Some causes of unemployment mentioned include high population growth, lack of employment opportunities, and slow development of industries. The types of unemployment discussed include rural (seasonal, disguised), urban (educated, technological, frictional, cyclical, structural). The document provides details on each type.

1. SHAIKH GUFRAN MOHAMMED GAFFAR.
*XI-B COMMERCE-18*
OBSERVE SOME UNEMPLOYED PEOPLE AND
LIST DOWN THEIR DAILY ROUTINE.
NAME OF THE GUIDE
PREETI
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2. WHAT IS
UNEMPLOYMENT ?
.A person who is not
gainfully employed in any
productive activity is called
as unemployed and
collectively it is called as
Unemployment.
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3. MEASUREMENT
 Economists typically focus on the
unemployment rate . The unemployment
rate is expressed as a percentage, and is
calculated as follows:
 Unemployment rate =unemployed
worker/total labour force.
 As defined by the International Labour
Organization, unemployed worker’s are
those who are currently not working but
are willing and able to work for pay,
currently available to work, and actively
searching for work.
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4. CAUSES OF
UNEMPLOYMENT
 High population growth.
 Absence of employment
opportunities.
 Seasonal unemployment.
 Joint family system.
 Increasing turnout of students from
Indian Universities.
 Slow developing of Industries.
 Insufficient Rate of Economic
Progress.
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5. TYPES OF
UNEMPLOYMENT
 1.Rural unemployment.
 A)Seasonal unemployment.
 B)Disguised unemployment.
 2.Urban unemployment.
 A)Educated unemployment.
 B)Technological unemployment.
 C)Frictional unemployment.
 D)Cyclical unemployment.
 E)Structural unemployment.
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6. RURAL UNEMPLOYMENT
 About 58.7 percent of labourers,
in Indian villages, are engaged in
primary sector. Most of them are
engaged in non-farm sector.
Those rural labourers work in
cottage industries as iron-Smiths,
carpenters, etc. and in different
kinds of services.
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7. SEASONAL
EMPLOYMENT
Occurs when industries
slow or shutdown for a
season or make seasonal
shift in their production
schedules.
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8. Disguised Unemployment
 When some workers have zero
marginal productivity so that their
removal will not affect the volume of
total output.
 Disguised unemployment implies
underemployment of labour.
 This kind of unemployment is a
common feature of under developed
economies especially of their rural
sector.
 In short, overcrowding in an
occupation leads to disguised
unemployment.
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9. URBAN UNEMPLOYMNET
 Unemployed persons, in urban areas,
are quite often registered
with employment exchanges. It is so
the urban employment, unlike
disguised unemployment of rural
areas, is more like an open
unemployment.
 The number of registered unemployed,
between 1961 and 2008, has soared
up more than eight-fold.
Unemployment in urban areas can
further be separated into two broad
categories.
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10. EDUCATED
UNEMPLOYMENT
 The problem among educated persons in India has touched an
alarming point as it has spread across all parts of the
country indicating a serious threat to social peace and harmony.
Major factors contributing to educated unemployment are:
 It has been recorded that the number of educated persons has
increased substantially due to the expansion of educational
institutions such as universities, college and schools.
 It is important to take note of the fact that quite often degree
holders fail to acquire a job, because the education system in
India is not job-oriented; it is rather degree-oriented.
 Enhancement in employment opportunities has lagged behind in
comparison with the enhancement in the volume of educated
labour force. It is obvious from the fact that in recent years the
number of educated unemployed registered with employment
exchanges has shown the tendency of swelling up.
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11. TECHNOLOGICAL
UNEMPLOYMENT
 In urban areas the factory owners
prefer machines to worker, so as to be
in a better position to complete. This is
done to reduce the cost of production,
increase the productivity of workers
and hereby increase profits. When new
or superior technique of production or
use of capital – intensive methods,
which displaces the worker and results
in technological unemployment.
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12. FRICTIONAL
UNEMPLOYMENT
 Frictional unemployment occurs
when a worker moves from one job
to another. It is a result of imperfect
information in the labour market,
because if job seekers knew that
they would be employed for a
particular job vacancy, almost no
time would be lost in getting a new
job, eliminating this form of
unemployment.
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13. CYCLICAL
UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment that rises
during economic
downturns and fall when
the economy improves
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14. STRUCTURAL
EMPLOYMENT
Occurs when workers,
skills do not match the jobs
that are available.
Technological advances
are one cause of structural
employment.
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15. CONCLUSION
 In conclusion, another erupting challenge standing
before Pakistan is wide-spread unemployment.
Thousands of educated graduates are jobless.
Hundreds of thousands of unemployed workers are
forced to lead their lives below their status. Large
scale unemployment has serious effect’s on the
country’s production also, Moreover, the country’s
population has drastically increased during recent
years. Therefore every step taken to improve the
living standard of common man proves to be futile
and ineffective.
 We conclude that there are two major elements,
which can reduce the unemployment i.e., use of
labour intensive industries and adoption of self-
reliance policy. Progress and prosperity is
impossible without the reduction in unemployment.
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16. THE END
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