This study analyzed the determinants of unemployment in Pakistan from 1999-2010. It found that foreign direct investment, GDP growth, and inflation had negative relationships with unemployment, while population growth had a positive relationship. The model showed that 86% of changes in unemployment could be explained by these variables. It concluded that population growth is a key determinant of unemployment in Pakistan and recommended policies to attract FDI, control inflation, and reduce population growth to lower unemployment.
Factors affecting employment during crisis in private businesses in Kurdistan IJAEMSJORNAL
The main aim of this study is to investigate the critical factors that effecting employment during crisis in private businesses in Kurdistan. An empirical quantitative technique utilized to analyze the present research. The researcher applied a random sampling method, where all respondents had equal chances of being selected for the sample. The research was carried out at 18 private businesses in Erbil. The population of this research was approximately 341 employees, accordingly to cover the entire research population; 100 surveys were distributed but 84 forms were collected that were accomplished accurately. The results showed that the highest value was for economic factor this means that economic is strongly related to employment and has strong influence on employment during crisis in private businesses in Kurdistan.
Abstract:
Data from 70 large export-oriented garment manufacturers in Bangladesh show that gender wage gaps are similar to those found in higher-income countries. Women’s wages are 20 percent lower than men’s and are 8 percent lower among narrowly-defined production workers; a gap remains even after controlling for very precisely measured skills. Longer careers of men in the sector explain around half of the wage gap, with the other half due in roughly equal parts to differences in internal and across-factory promotions. Our results are most consistent with broader gender norms, beyond gendered household responsibilities, driving the gap.
Factors affecting employment during crisis in private businesses in Kurdistan IJAEMSJORNAL
The main aim of this study is to investigate the critical factors that effecting employment during crisis in private businesses in Kurdistan. An empirical quantitative technique utilized to analyze the present research. The researcher applied a random sampling method, where all respondents had equal chances of being selected for the sample. The research was carried out at 18 private businesses in Erbil. The population of this research was approximately 341 employees, accordingly to cover the entire research population; 100 surveys were distributed but 84 forms were collected that were accomplished accurately. The results showed that the highest value was for economic factor this means that economic is strongly related to employment and has strong influence on employment during crisis in private businesses in Kurdistan.
Abstract:
Data from 70 large export-oriented garment manufacturers in Bangladesh show that gender wage gaps are similar to those found in higher-income countries. Women’s wages are 20 percent lower than men’s and are 8 percent lower among narrowly-defined production workers; a gap remains even after controlling for very precisely measured skills. Longer careers of men in the sector explain around half of the wage gap, with the other half due in roughly equal parts to differences in internal and across-factory promotions. Our results are most consistent with broader gender norms, beyond gendered household responsibilities, driving the gap.
This paper investigates the extent and determinants of employer demand for part-time work in the three Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland and Sweden) by making a distinction between establishments’ two main reasons for introducing part-time work, i.e. establishment needs and wishes of employees. We study the importance of different characteristics (such as e.g. size, industry, sector, share of female workers) of establishment to the probability of employerbased and of employee-based part-time work. We also put under scrutiny whether different motivations for part-time work also have different outcomes for companies and workers, and how these reasons shape the nature of part-time work. In the analyses we use the Establishment Survey on Working Time and Work-Life Balance (ESWT) in 21 EU Member States including Finland, Sweden and Denmark.
Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan henkilön taustaominaisuuksien vaikutuksia päätyä julkisen sektorin työntekijäksi. Tarkastelu tehdään suomalaisella kaksosaineistolla, jonka avulla voidaan ottaa huomioon perhetaustaan ja genetiikkaan liittyvien muuten havaitsemattomien tekijöiden vaikutus. Tutkimuksessa käytetty aineisto kattaa vuodet 1990–2009. Tutkimusaineiston paneeliominaisuutta hyödynnetään tarkastelemalla henkilön siirtymiä yksityisen sektorin palveluksesta julkisen sektorin palvelukseen. Tulosten mukaan korkeampi koulutus ja ammatilliset preferenssit ovat yhteydessä henkilöiden päätymiseen julkisen sektorin palkkalistoille. Perheen perustaminen on myös positiivisesti yhteydessä henkilön todennäköisyyteen siirtyä yksityiseltä sektorilta julkiselle sektorille. Perheen perustamisen myötä riskin karttaminen kasvaa ja hakeutuminen vakaampiin ja vähemmän riskialttiisiin työsuhteisiin lisääntyy. Ekstrovertit henkilöt päätyvät myös muita todennäköisemmin julkisen sektorin työpaikkoihin. Myös palkka vaikuttaa siirtymiin. Korkeammilla palkkaluokilla työskentelevät jäävät todennäköisemmin yksityisen sektorin palvelukseen, koska julkisella sektorilla maksetaan näillä palkkaluokilla pienempää palkkaa.
Purpose:
Investigate and analyze the marriages in Bulgaria, through a regression. The main purpose is to investigate how independent macro variables (social and economic) influence the number of marriages in the country through the last years.
This paper aims to clarify the social process of unemployment, in Algeria. Anchored in sociological methodology, it stands on the descriptive method which combines historical approach with the quantitative instrument majorly. Its tool is the documental research. The problematic question here is: What are the social strata affected by unemployment in Algeria? The hypothesis studied here is: (a) Unemployment in Algeria affected women. (b) All social strata are affected by unemployment in Algeria. Our findings suggest that this study has shown areas of excellence and areas that need from the government improvement and focus, because the government efforts have contributed little to reducing high rates of unemployment. Despite the enormous potential of Algeria, successive governments didn’t adopt an economy relying on productivity which would benefit the population. The broad movements in unemployment across Algeria explain the shifts in labor market institutions which have a direct significant impact on unemployment because of their broad impact on real labor costs.
Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan persoonallisuuden vaikutuksia pitkän aikavälin ansioihin ja työllisyyteen. Tarkastelu perustuu suomalaiseen kaksosaineistoon, jonka avulla on mahdollisuus ottaa huomioon perhetaustaan ja genetiikkaan liittyvien muuten havaitsemattomien tekijöiden vaikutus aikaisempia tutkimuksia paremmin. Tutkimuksessa käytetään faktorianalyysia mittaamaan latentteja persoonallisuuden piirteitä vuodelta 1981. Näitä ovat sosiaalisuus, miellyttävyys, suorituskeskeisyys, järjestelmällisyys, aktiivisuus ja rehellisyys. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään lisäksi tietoa neuroottisuudesta. Työmarkkinatulemia (työllisyyskuukausia ja ansiotasoa) mitataan vuosien 1990-2009 keskiarvolla. Tulosten mukaan suorituskeskeisten henkilöiden ansiotaso on selvästi korkeampi muihin ryhmiin verrattuna 20-vuoden seurantajakson aikana. Suorituskeskeisyys on myös positiivisessa yhteydessä korkeampiin pääomatuloihin. Tulokset eivät muutu, vaikka henkilöiden koulutus, aiempi terveydentila, negatiiviset elämäntilanteet ja terveyskäyttäytyminen otetaan huomioon.
Ikääntyneiden työntekijöiden irtisanomissuoja on Ruotsissa poikkeuksellisen vahva, sillä yritykseen viimeksi tulleet työntekijät täytyy irtisanoa ensimmäiseksi. Suomessa ikääntyneiden työsuhdeturvaa koskevat määräykset ovat oleellisesti löyhempiä. Tutkimuksessa Ruotsin ja Suomen irtisanomissuojaa koskevan eron vaikutuksia tarkastellaan muodostamalla ylikansallinen työntekijä- ja työnantaja-aineisto. Se perustuu Suomen ja Ruotsin työnantajajärjestöjen kokoamien palkkarekisteriaineistojen yhdistämiseen vuosina 2000–2011. Ruotsissa ja Suomessa toimivia saman emoyrityksen yksiköitä käsitellään yhtenä yrityksenä. Tulokset osoittavat, että Suomessa ikääntyneet työntekijät irtisanotaan taloudellisten vaikeuksien myötä herkemmin kuin Ruotsissa. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös irtisanomisjärjestystä koskevien lausekkeiden vaikutuksia työntekijöiden palkkoihin. Pisimpään yrityksessä työskennelleet saavat suuremman palkkapreemion Ruotsissa. Mahdollinen selitys tälle ilmiölle on irtisanomisjärjestystä koskevien säännösten aikaansaama parempi työsuhdeturva ja tästä seuraava neuvotteluvoiman kasvu.
Effect of social capital on agribusiness diversification intention in the eme...Nghiên Cứu Định Lượng
This is the first study to explore the comprehensive effect of the facets of social capital on behavioral intention through behavioral goals and determinants of the TPB under the premises of the RBV. The findings will help emerging economies, for example, Vietnam, where most farmers are family business owners or microscaled entrepreneurs in agriculture.
We examine the effect of job displacement on regional mobility using linked employer-employee panel data for the 1995-2014 period. We also study whether displaced movers obtain earnings and employment gains compared to displaced stayers. The results show that job displacement increases the migration probability by ~70%. However, social capital in a region and housing characteristics decrease the propensity to move, indicating that people do not make the migration decisions solely based on short-term economic incentives. Migration has an immediate negative relationship with earnings, but the link diminishes as time passes and eventually turns positive for men. The link between migration and employment is nevertheless positive and persistent for both genders.
In this paper, we analyze the demographic and economic consequences of endogenous migrations flows over the coming decades in a multi-regions overlapping generations general equilibrium model (INGENUE 2) in which the world is divided in ten regions. Our analysis offers a global perspective on the consequences of international migration flows. The value-added of the INGENUE 2 model is that it enables us to analyze the effects of international migration on both the destination and the origin regions. A further innovation of our analysis is that international migration is treated as endogenous.
In a first step, we estimate the determinants of migration in an econometric model. We show, in particular, that the income differential is one of the key variables explaining migration flows. In a second step, we endogenize migration flows in the INGENUE 2 model. In order to do so, we use the econometrically estimated relationships between demographic and income developments in the INGENUE model, which enables us to project long-run migration flows and to improve on projections of purely demographic models.
Authored by: Vladimir Borgy, Xavier Chojnicki, Gelles Le Garrec, Cyrille Schwellnus
Published in 2009
We examine the employment effects of international outsourcing by using firm- level data from the Finnish manufacturing sector. A major advantage of our data is that outsourcing is defined based on firms’ actual use of intermediate inputs from foreign trade statistics. The estimates show that intensive outsourcing (more than two times the 2-digit industry median) does not reduce employment nor have an effect on the share of low-skilled workers.
Women Leading Growth: An Empirical Analysis on the Effects of Women in Leader...Avril Espinosa-Malpica
UBC Economics 490: Seminar In Applied Economics Research Essay
250 years ago the wealthiest country was at most four times richer than the poorest country. Today the richest country is almost 100 times richer than the poorest. In this seminar, I tried to answer this question: Why have some countries grown so quickly over the long run while others have stagnated? To answer this, I focused on understanding and interpreting the effects of women in leadership positions on GDP through economics.
How does hotel employees’ satisfaction with the organization’s COVID-19 respo...Nghiên Cứu Định Lượng
Bài nghiên cứu của thành viên Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Định lượng tham gia trong dự án về Covid-19
This research examines the role of hotel employees’ satisfaction with their organization’s COVID-19 responses in reducing their perceived job insecurity (PJI) and maintaining their job performance (JP). We conducted two studies using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. The results indicated that employees’ satisfaction with organization COVID-19 responses (SOCV19R) positively influences JP and moderates (1) the positive association between perceived health risk associated with COVID-19 (PHRCV19) and PJI and (2) the negative link between PJI and JP. Unexpectedly, PHRCV19 was found to positively affect JP, and the moderating effect of SOCV19R on the relationship between PHRCV19 and JP was significant and positive. We also found that PJI has a mediating role in the PHRCV19–JP relationship. This study fills a significant gap in hospitality research by exploring the role of the organization’s crisis responses in tempering the impact of perceived health risk of a global health crisis on hotel employees. Theoretically, this research revealed that employees’ SOCV19R helps raise JP, mitigate the positive influence of PHRCV19 on PJI and the negative impact of PJI on JP, and strengthen the positive effect of PHRCV19 on JP.
The Impact of Monetary Policy on Financial Performance: Evidence from Banking...Muhammad Arslan
Interest rate an important indicator of monetary policy always has major impact on financial sector performance.
The purpose of this paper is to enlightened the monetary policy effect on banking sector stability and performance
by investigating the casual relationship between interest rate imposed by state bank of Pakistan and bank financial
performance taken as ROA and ROE. Highlighting the importance of monetary policy in banking sector, this study
shall focus in depth over its impact on performance of banking industry of Pakistan by studying monetary
transmission over the past five year (2007-2011), using interest rate as its measure. Using correlation analysis
followed by ordinary Least Square regression carries the empirical analysis of the study. Firm size is taken as
control variables for the study as firm size have significant impact on financial performance of banks. The finding of
study reveal that interest rate taken as measure for monetary policy has significant inverse relationship on firm
financial performance measured, which is measured by ROA and ROE.
Effects of Pre-Announced Product Characteristics on Customer’s Purchase Inten...Muhammad Arslan
The purpose of this paper is to analyze that which attributes of NPP effect on the customer decision-making
regarding the purchase intention of the customer. As in the customer decision making process, persuasion stage
have most influencing effect in which the attributes of the new product seems to be have a strong impact on the
purchase intention; this paper aims to empirically verify the effects of the attributes of the new product on the
customer’s purchase intention for the new preannounced product. Adopted questioners were used as primary
source for data collection and cross tabulation method is used to analyze the data. The finding of this paper
shows the positive impact of relative advantage, compatibility, obserbility and triablity on the customer’s
purchase intention while the complexity has the negative relation to the purchase intention. By having these
aspects in view it will be helpful to get succeed the new product. This paper provide a framework that how new
products can be more successful and more quickly diffused in the market and let consumers to post pond their
needs until the arrival of the product. This can also be helpful to increase the percentage of the innovators in the
diffusion cycle of the innovation.
This paper investigates the extent and determinants of employer demand for part-time work in the three Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland and Sweden) by making a distinction between establishments’ two main reasons for introducing part-time work, i.e. establishment needs and wishes of employees. We study the importance of different characteristics (such as e.g. size, industry, sector, share of female workers) of establishment to the probability of employerbased and of employee-based part-time work. We also put under scrutiny whether different motivations for part-time work also have different outcomes for companies and workers, and how these reasons shape the nature of part-time work. In the analyses we use the Establishment Survey on Working Time and Work-Life Balance (ESWT) in 21 EU Member States including Finland, Sweden and Denmark.
Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan henkilön taustaominaisuuksien vaikutuksia päätyä julkisen sektorin työntekijäksi. Tarkastelu tehdään suomalaisella kaksosaineistolla, jonka avulla voidaan ottaa huomioon perhetaustaan ja genetiikkaan liittyvien muuten havaitsemattomien tekijöiden vaikutus. Tutkimuksessa käytetty aineisto kattaa vuodet 1990–2009. Tutkimusaineiston paneeliominaisuutta hyödynnetään tarkastelemalla henkilön siirtymiä yksityisen sektorin palveluksesta julkisen sektorin palvelukseen. Tulosten mukaan korkeampi koulutus ja ammatilliset preferenssit ovat yhteydessä henkilöiden päätymiseen julkisen sektorin palkkalistoille. Perheen perustaminen on myös positiivisesti yhteydessä henkilön todennäköisyyteen siirtyä yksityiseltä sektorilta julkiselle sektorille. Perheen perustamisen myötä riskin karttaminen kasvaa ja hakeutuminen vakaampiin ja vähemmän riskialttiisiin työsuhteisiin lisääntyy. Ekstrovertit henkilöt päätyvät myös muita todennäköisemmin julkisen sektorin työpaikkoihin. Myös palkka vaikuttaa siirtymiin. Korkeammilla palkkaluokilla työskentelevät jäävät todennäköisemmin yksityisen sektorin palvelukseen, koska julkisella sektorilla maksetaan näillä palkkaluokilla pienempää palkkaa.
Purpose:
Investigate and analyze the marriages in Bulgaria, through a regression. The main purpose is to investigate how independent macro variables (social and economic) influence the number of marriages in the country through the last years.
This paper aims to clarify the social process of unemployment, in Algeria. Anchored in sociological methodology, it stands on the descriptive method which combines historical approach with the quantitative instrument majorly. Its tool is the documental research. The problematic question here is: What are the social strata affected by unemployment in Algeria? The hypothesis studied here is: (a) Unemployment in Algeria affected women. (b) All social strata are affected by unemployment in Algeria. Our findings suggest that this study has shown areas of excellence and areas that need from the government improvement and focus, because the government efforts have contributed little to reducing high rates of unemployment. Despite the enormous potential of Algeria, successive governments didn’t adopt an economy relying on productivity which would benefit the population. The broad movements in unemployment across Algeria explain the shifts in labor market institutions which have a direct significant impact on unemployment because of their broad impact on real labor costs.
Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan persoonallisuuden vaikutuksia pitkän aikavälin ansioihin ja työllisyyteen. Tarkastelu perustuu suomalaiseen kaksosaineistoon, jonka avulla on mahdollisuus ottaa huomioon perhetaustaan ja genetiikkaan liittyvien muuten havaitsemattomien tekijöiden vaikutus aikaisempia tutkimuksia paremmin. Tutkimuksessa käytetään faktorianalyysia mittaamaan latentteja persoonallisuuden piirteitä vuodelta 1981. Näitä ovat sosiaalisuus, miellyttävyys, suorituskeskeisyys, järjestelmällisyys, aktiivisuus ja rehellisyys. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään lisäksi tietoa neuroottisuudesta. Työmarkkinatulemia (työllisyyskuukausia ja ansiotasoa) mitataan vuosien 1990-2009 keskiarvolla. Tulosten mukaan suorituskeskeisten henkilöiden ansiotaso on selvästi korkeampi muihin ryhmiin verrattuna 20-vuoden seurantajakson aikana. Suorituskeskeisyys on myös positiivisessa yhteydessä korkeampiin pääomatuloihin. Tulokset eivät muutu, vaikka henkilöiden koulutus, aiempi terveydentila, negatiiviset elämäntilanteet ja terveyskäyttäytyminen otetaan huomioon.
Ikääntyneiden työntekijöiden irtisanomissuoja on Ruotsissa poikkeuksellisen vahva, sillä yritykseen viimeksi tulleet työntekijät täytyy irtisanoa ensimmäiseksi. Suomessa ikääntyneiden työsuhdeturvaa koskevat määräykset ovat oleellisesti löyhempiä. Tutkimuksessa Ruotsin ja Suomen irtisanomissuojaa koskevan eron vaikutuksia tarkastellaan muodostamalla ylikansallinen työntekijä- ja työnantaja-aineisto. Se perustuu Suomen ja Ruotsin työnantajajärjestöjen kokoamien palkkarekisteriaineistojen yhdistämiseen vuosina 2000–2011. Ruotsissa ja Suomessa toimivia saman emoyrityksen yksiköitä käsitellään yhtenä yrityksenä. Tulokset osoittavat, että Suomessa ikääntyneet työntekijät irtisanotaan taloudellisten vaikeuksien myötä herkemmin kuin Ruotsissa. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös irtisanomisjärjestystä koskevien lausekkeiden vaikutuksia työntekijöiden palkkoihin. Pisimpään yrityksessä työskennelleet saavat suuremman palkkapreemion Ruotsissa. Mahdollinen selitys tälle ilmiölle on irtisanomisjärjestystä koskevien säännösten aikaansaama parempi työsuhdeturva ja tästä seuraava neuvotteluvoiman kasvu.
Effect of social capital on agribusiness diversification intention in the eme...Nghiên Cứu Định Lượng
This is the first study to explore the comprehensive effect of the facets of social capital on behavioral intention through behavioral goals and determinants of the TPB under the premises of the RBV. The findings will help emerging economies, for example, Vietnam, where most farmers are family business owners or microscaled entrepreneurs in agriculture.
We examine the effect of job displacement on regional mobility using linked employer-employee panel data for the 1995-2014 period. We also study whether displaced movers obtain earnings and employment gains compared to displaced stayers. The results show that job displacement increases the migration probability by ~70%. However, social capital in a region and housing characteristics decrease the propensity to move, indicating that people do not make the migration decisions solely based on short-term economic incentives. Migration has an immediate negative relationship with earnings, but the link diminishes as time passes and eventually turns positive for men. The link between migration and employment is nevertheless positive and persistent for both genders.
In this paper, we analyze the demographic and economic consequences of endogenous migrations flows over the coming decades in a multi-regions overlapping generations general equilibrium model (INGENUE 2) in which the world is divided in ten regions. Our analysis offers a global perspective on the consequences of international migration flows. The value-added of the INGENUE 2 model is that it enables us to analyze the effects of international migration on both the destination and the origin regions. A further innovation of our analysis is that international migration is treated as endogenous.
In a first step, we estimate the determinants of migration in an econometric model. We show, in particular, that the income differential is one of the key variables explaining migration flows. In a second step, we endogenize migration flows in the INGENUE 2 model. In order to do so, we use the econometrically estimated relationships between demographic and income developments in the INGENUE model, which enables us to project long-run migration flows and to improve on projections of purely demographic models.
Authored by: Vladimir Borgy, Xavier Chojnicki, Gelles Le Garrec, Cyrille Schwellnus
Published in 2009
We examine the employment effects of international outsourcing by using firm- level data from the Finnish manufacturing sector. A major advantage of our data is that outsourcing is defined based on firms’ actual use of intermediate inputs from foreign trade statistics. The estimates show that intensive outsourcing (more than two times the 2-digit industry median) does not reduce employment nor have an effect on the share of low-skilled workers.
Women Leading Growth: An Empirical Analysis on the Effects of Women in Leader...Avril Espinosa-Malpica
UBC Economics 490: Seminar In Applied Economics Research Essay
250 years ago the wealthiest country was at most four times richer than the poorest country. Today the richest country is almost 100 times richer than the poorest. In this seminar, I tried to answer this question: Why have some countries grown so quickly over the long run while others have stagnated? To answer this, I focused on understanding and interpreting the effects of women in leadership positions on GDP through economics.
How does hotel employees’ satisfaction with the organization’s COVID-19 respo...Nghiên Cứu Định Lượng
Bài nghiên cứu của thành viên Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Định lượng tham gia trong dự án về Covid-19
This research examines the role of hotel employees’ satisfaction with their organization’s COVID-19 responses in reducing their perceived job insecurity (PJI) and maintaining their job performance (JP). We conducted two studies using an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design. The results indicated that employees’ satisfaction with organization COVID-19 responses (SOCV19R) positively influences JP and moderates (1) the positive association between perceived health risk associated with COVID-19 (PHRCV19) and PJI and (2) the negative link between PJI and JP. Unexpectedly, PHRCV19 was found to positively affect JP, and the moderating effect of SOCV19R on the relationship between PHRCV19 and JP was significant and positive. We also found that PJI has a mediating role in the PHRCV19–JP relationship. This study fills a significant gap in hospitality research by exploring the role of the organization’s crisis responses in tempering the impact of perceived health risk of a global health crisis on hotel employees. Theoretically, this research revealed that employees’ SOCV19R helps raise JP, mitigate the positive influence of PHRCV19 on PJI and the negative impact of PJI on JP, and strengthen the positive effect of PHRCV19 on JP.
The Impact of Monetary Policy on Financial Performance: Evidence from Banking...Muhammad Arslan
Interest rate an important indicator of monetary policy always has major impact on financial sector performance.
The purpose of this paper is to enlightened the monetary policy effect on banking sector stability and performance
by investigating the casual relationship between interest rate imposed by state bank of Pakistan and bank financial
performance taken as ROA and ROE. Highlighting the importance of monetary policy in banking sector, this study
shall focus in depth over its impact on performance of banking industry of Pakistan by studying monetary
transmission over the past five year (2007-2011), using interest rate as its measure. Using correlation analysis
followed by ordinary Least Square regression carries the empirical analysis of the study. Firm size is taken as
control variables for the study as firm size have significant impact on financial performance of banks. The finding of
study reveal that interest rate taken as measure for monetary policy has significant inverse relationship on firm
financial performance measured, which is measured by ROA and ROE.
Effects of Pre-Announced Product Characteristics on Customer’s Purchase Inten...Muhammad Arslan
The purpose of this paper is to analyze that which attributes of NPP effect on the customer decision-making
regarding the purchase intention of the customer. As in the customer decision making process, persuasion stage
have most influencing effect in which the attributes of the new product seems to be have a strong impact on the
purchase intention; this paper aims to empirically verify the effects of the attributes of the new product on the
customer’s purchase intention for the new preannounced product. Adopted questioners were used as primary
source for data collection and cross tabulation method is used to analyze the data. The finding of this paper
shows the positive impact of relative advantage, compatibility, obserbility and triablity on the customer’s
purchase intention while the complexity has the negative relation to the purchase intention. By having these
aspects in view it will be helpful to get succeed the new product. This paper provide a framework that how new
products can be more successful and more quickly diffused in the market and let consumers to post pond their
needs until the arrival of the product. This can also be helpful to increase the percentage of the innovators in the
diffusion cycle of the innovation.
Impact of Firm Size on Capital Budgeting Techniques: An Empirical Study of Te...Muhammad Arslan
This study examines the type of capital budgeting methods used by textile firms in Pakistan and impact of firm
size on these methods. This study also investigates the relationship between the total assets of the firm and
annual turnover of the firm according to primary capital budgeting technique used. Questionnaire method is used
as a source of gathering primary data. SPSS is used as tool for analysis of data. Cross tabulation is applied on
each variable. Chi square test is also applied to investigate the relationship between total assets of firm and total
turnover of the firm according to primary capital budgeting technique used. Findings of this study reveal that net
present value method and internal rate of return are two mostly used methods. Findings also show that there is no
relationship between the total assets of the firms and turnover of the firm according to capital budgeting
technique used by firms. These results are well supported by the literature.
Intellectual Capital and Its Impact on Financial Performance: A Study of Oil ...Muhammad Arslan
The study examines the Intellectual Capital (IC) performance of oil and gas sector of Pakistan over the period of 2007 to 2011 and its impact on corporate financial returns. The study uses value added intellectual coefficient (VAICit™) to measure IC performance and its various components of VAICit™ like (HCEit, SCEit and CEEit) and its impact on financial performance (ROEit, ROIit and EPSit). Micro panel data of oil and gas sector registered in KSE-100 index is collected from their consolidated annual reports over the period of 2007 to 2011. The IC performance is measured by Ante Pulic Model (VAICit™) and its effect on corporate returns (ROEit, ROIit and EPSit) is tested by Random Effect Model estimation. Hausman test suggests that study accepts null hypothesis (Chi2. Prop > 0.05) where for ui is uncorrelated with regressor means that random effect is preferred versus alternative fixed effect in all the proposed research models. The study reveals that VA is considered an important component for measuring the VAICit™ performance and it has positive and significant relationship with firm’s profitability (EPSit) and HCEit and SCEit have positive and significant relationship with firm’s financial performance (ROEit and ROIit) respectively. So, this study explores that Intellectual Capital Efficiency (ICE) has relatively larger contribution for measuring the VAICit™ performance where HCEit and SCEit execute substantive role to accelerate the financial performance of oil and gas sector of Pakistan as compare to tangible assets.
Impact of Brand Image and Service Quality on Consumer Purchase Intention: A S...Muhammad Arslan
The objective of this research is to determine the relationship between brand image, service quality and price on
consumer purchase intention. Normative and informative susceptibility has indirect effect on consumer purchase
intention. The empirical analysis were determined by collecting data from sample of 301 consumers of large
retail stores. The findings of study reveal the positive effect of brand image and service quality on consumer
purchase intention. Results reveal the insignificant relationship between price and consumer purchase intention.
The findings also documented that consumers in large retail stores don’t bother prices because consumers
consider that the stores charge reasonable prices. Most of consumer’s purchases depend upon the brand image
and service quality. Normative and informative susceptibility have positive effect on brand image. The
recommendations and suggestions are very helpful for managers and operators of large stores. Brand image
depends on informative and normative susceptibility.
Impact of Social Media on Organizational Culture: Evidence from PakistanMuhammad Arslan
This paper investigates the impact of social Media on Organizational culture. The approach used in this paper
was to give the application and significance of development of Social media for organizations. With an
introduction to social media, organizational culture is focused by studying communication, business focus,
workplace harmony, workplace behaviors, and business discipline. A self-administered survey is used to collect
responses from employees working at different organizations through e-mail and various social media tools. The
main result of the research is the validation of the research framework of employees operating in the SME’s of
Pakistan. It has been found that organizational culture is considerably affected by development and application
of social media for business related activities in organizations.
Unemployment and Its Determinants:A Study of Pakistan Economy (1999-2010)Muhammad Arslan
This study has been conducted to determine the determinants which cause the unemployment in economy of
Pakistan for the period of 1999-2010. Unemployment is political and social issue in all the countries. In this
foreign direct investment, gross domestic product rate, CPI based inflation rate and population growth rate is
taken as explanatory variables. In this study ordinary least square model is used for determining the results.
Findings of this paper shows that foreign direct investment, gross domestic product rate and CPI based inflation
rate has negative impact on unemployment. Population growth rate has positive relationship with unemployment
and it contributes to unemployment. This study also confirmed the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
Improving Productivity through Appropriate Performance Appraisal in Pakistan ...Muhammad Arslan
The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of performance appraisal on productivity. Appraisal tools are
used to measure the output of workers which are compared with the given tasks with specific working
environment in designing these tools there is three step process define the job, appraise the performance and
providing the relative feedback. The manager should take keen in designing. Cross tabulation methods is used to
analyze this phenomenon. Face to face interview and questionnaire will be the research strategy and this will be
cross sectional study i.e. one time study; data collection method will be secondary data, primary data through
random sampling will be collected from the contractors of transport companies of Pakistan State Oil Limited
and general analytical method will be used for data analysis. The finding of study suggests that performance
appraisal system has significant effect on personal skill and by using the combination of two methods; rating and
narrative method leads us improvement in productivity of the organization.
Effect of Parenting Style on Child Behavior: A Qualitative AnalysisMuhammad Arslan
Parting styles and its impact of child behavior is core phenomena of behavioral science that needs specific
attention from researcher and practitioner around the globe. The purpose of present qualitative study is to explore
the new trend of parenting style emerging in the society and their impact on child behaviors by using
unstructured interviews trough homogeneous sampling of parents located in Islamabad and native areas. The
data gathered from unstructured interviews was transcribed and processed through thematic analysis using NVivo
10 software. The findings of study reveal the notion that ultimately behavior of child depends upon
parenting style and many factors contribute in shaping parenting style that may be external environment, support,
love, affection and opportunities. Effective communication is the ultimately outcome that is effective among
majority of parents and that can be used by parents in accessing their child behavior and adjusting their parenting
strategies
Impact of Social Media on Organizational Culture: Evidence from PakistanMuhammad Arslan
This paper investigates the impact of social Media on Organizational culture. The approach used in this paper
was to give the application and significance of development of Social media for organizations. With an
introduction to social media, organizational culture is focused by studying communication, business focus,
workplace harmony, workplace behaviors, and business discipline. A self-administered survey is used to collect
responses from employees working at different organizations through e-mail and various social media tools. The
main result of the research is the validation of the research framework of employees operating in the SME’s of
Pakistan. It has been found that organizational culture is considerably affected by development and application
of social media for business related activities in organizations.
Effect of Employee Satisfaction on Intrapreneurship: An Analysis from Service...Muhammad Arslan
This paper seeks to investigate the relationship between employee satisfaction and intrapreneurship in the service
industry of Pakistan. In the competitive global environment, innovativeness in the products and services along
with new technology advancements is key for the success of firms. In existing firms, the new idea generation and
new business expansions in existing markets is a very crucial element. For achieving this objective,
organizations rely upon their employees because the intrapreneurs are employees of the firm. Employee plays an
important role in entrepreneurial activities. For getting the best out of the employees employee satisfaction with
the job is a crucial element which may depend on several factors. Organizational characteristics ,values and
employee related factors can lead an organization toward internal advancements like technology development,
generation of ideas or self-renewal process and innovativeness in products/services and new business expansions
that all will ultimately lead organization toward the more productivity and firm growth and business
development. Survey based study has been done and the data has been collected through a survey Questionnaire.
Sample of the study is 150 employees from the service sector of Pakistan. To check the relationship between the
variables the multiple response method has been used. With the help of statistical software SPSS cross tabs
tables has been generated. The findings of study reveal that role clarity and role conflict among the employees or
the relationship between the employees along with remuneration, general satisfaction with the work and job
stability of the employee decide about the employee satisfaction. Employee satisfaction has a positive
relationship with the intrapreneurship.
Corporate Governance and Firm Performance: The Role of Transparency & Disclos...Muhammad Arslan
Purpose: This purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the relationship between transparency and disclosure and firm performance. Highlighting the importance of corporate governance in banking sector, the paper has focused in depth over its role, level and its impact on performance in banking industry of Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach: The paper access this purpose by constructing transparency and disclosure index for the past five year 2007-2011, using proxies for three sub-categories which are board and management structure disclosure, ownership structure disclosure and financial transparency disclosure. The paper also investigated structural changes of T&D Index and its effect on bank financial performance over the sample of 30 banks operating in Pakistan. Findings: Empirical analysis results by using ordinary least square regression model, reveals that financial performance is positively related to the transparency and disclosure and their sub levels except ownership structure disclosure which has negative relation with both ROA and ROE. Furthermore the average T&D level in Pakistani banking sector is above average. Practical implications: The current research paper aims for important policy implementation to reduce information asymmetry and improve corporate governance and firm performance in banking sector of Pakistan.
This study aims to analyze the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on new job creation, and pays attention to factors interrelated to employment by using the case of Afghanistan. Using time series data form 2003 to 2017, this paper explore the driving forces and reduction potentials of employment in Afghanistan with consideration for dynamic changes within the traditional OLS and standardize OLS model. The results show that exchange rate plays a dominant role in increasing employment in Afghanistan. And exports and inflation rate plays a dominant role in decreasing employment in Afghanistan. All variables are co-integrated and the analysis of the impulse response function and variance decomposition turns out to be synchronous. Furthermore, in the short run export and inflation rate are more critical in reduction potentials of employment in Afghanistan. Policies should be advised to control inflation rate and illegal export and improve the investment projects to attract more FDI into the economy for quick adjustment purpose in case of the shock to the system.
One of the most pressing problems facing the Kenyan economy is the high rates of unemployment,
which has been erratic over the past few years. To examine the existing relationship between unemployment and
economic growth, this paper employed Johansen Cointegration, error correction mechanism (ECM),
Impact of Exchange rate volatility on FDI in PakistanIOSR Journals
The main objective of our study is to determine the relationship of FDI with exchange rate volatility exchange rate and inflation. There are large numbers of FDI determinants but exchange rate is one of reflective determinant. Exchange rate extremely volatile due to its frailty to adopt the changes in international and domestic investment. In our study, we use time series data for FDI, exchange rate volatility, exchange rate, government consumption and domestic credit from 1980 to 2011 for Pakistan. Different time series econometrics techniques (volatility analysis, normality test, PP, unit root test) have been used for analysis. Results demonstrate that exchange rate volatility and inflation deter FDI while exchange rate has positive relationship with it.
This study is about the impact of selected macroeconomic variables on economic growth of Bangladesh. Economic growth of Bangladesh is measured in terms of annual nominal GDP growth rate. Least squared regression model has been employed considering exchange rate, export, import and inflation rate as independent variables and gross domestic product as the dependent variable in this study. The results reveal that export and import have significant positive impact on GDP growth rate. The other variables (exchange rate and inflation) are not significant, indicating that there exists no significant relationship among the variables. The findings will help the policy makers to make policies concerning the country’s economic growth to remain robust in the near future.
This paper examine the impact of macroeconomic factors on firm level equity premium. Following
the concept of macro-based risk factor model, we consider macroeconomic variable set of equity premium
determinant. The macroeconomic variables include interest rate, money supply, industrial production, inflation
and foreign direct investment. The macroeconomic variables are not in control of the firm's management. These
are the external factors which affect the company as well as the overall market returns. The Macro-based
Multifactor Model is estimated for the whole sample. It is found that the market premium and the selected five
macroeconomic factors significantly affect the firm level equity premium of non-financial firms. Increase in
market premium, money supply, foreign direct investment and industrial production positively affect the firm
level equity premium while increase in interest rate and inflation negatively affects the firm level equity
premium. These findings are beneficial for the common shareholders, institutional investors and policy makers
to find more specific insight about the relationship between macroeconomic variables and equity premium of
non-financial sectors.
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has been seen as an important factor influencing economic growth directly and indirectly in both developed and developing countries. This study assesses the impact of FDI on growth in Ghana since the return to constitutional rule in 1993. The study uses time series data from 1993 to 2016. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged model (ARDL), the study finds a positive impact of FDI on growth both in the short-run and long-run. However, there is a lag period of two. The study equally finds that Gross Saving has a positive impact on growth. On the other hand inflation has a negative effect on growth both in the short and long run. The study also discovered that FDI granger causes growth but GDP does not granger cause FDI. Post-election years with incidence of political uncertainty slow down FDI inflow into Ghana. The study recommends the adoption of stringent fiscal and monetary policies to keep inflation low. It also recommends maintaining and improving the liberal market environment to attract investors, policies to encourage saving, and improving on political transitions to avoid uncertainties for investors.
Human capital development and economic growth in nigeria
Uidaspe
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.5, No.13, 2014
20
Unemployment and Its Determinants:A Study of Pakistan
Economy (1999-2010)
Muhammad Arslan (Corresponding Author)
Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan,PO box 440000, E-8, Islamabad, Pakistan
Email: MuhammadArslan73@Gmail.com
Rashid Zaman
Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan,PO box 440000, E-8, Islamabad, Pakistan
Abstract
This study has been conducted to determine the determinants which cause the unemployment in economy of
Pakistan for the period of 1999-2010. Unemployment is political and social issue in all the countries. In this
foreign direct investment, gross domestic product rate, CPI based inflation rate and population growth rate is
taken as explanatory variables. In this study ordinary least square model is used for determining the results.
Findings of this paper shows that foreign direct investment, gross domestic product rate and CPI based inflation
rate has negative impact on unemployment. Population growth rate has positive relationship with unemployment
and it contributes to unemployment. This study also confirmed the tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.
Keywords: Unemployment, Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Domestic Product, Inflation Rate
1.Introduction
Unemployment is one of the big and vital problems in all over the world. It is the common issue in developed as
well as underdeveloped countries. It is the consistent problem facing by all industrially advance and as well as
poor countries. Unemployment occurs when people are without jobs. Unemployment means people are able to
work and actively finding job but fail to get a job.According to neoclassical economic, unemployment occurs
when rigidities are imposed on labor market from the outside. But according to Keynesian economics,
unemployment is due to in efficiency of markets and ineffective demand for goods and services.
According to IMF report (2008) ‘unemployment is measured annually as percentage of that labor force which
can’t find job’. International labor Organization (2001) defines unemployment as a situation of being out of work
or need a job and searching for it continuously in the last four week or remained unemployed at age 16 or above
but available to join work in the next two weeks. People who reject low wage jobs or who don’t want to work,
like full time student, retired persons and children are not included in the unemployment.Involuntary
unemployment is that which includes firing of workers due to an economic crisis, industrial decline, company
bankruptcy or due to organizational restructuring.
Although, a lot of work has been done on the relationship between unemployment and other sets of
macroeconomic variables but less attention is paid on the determinants of unemployment. In Pakistan, GDP fall
in1990s and in 2000 it touched the lower point. Unemployment is the major issue in history of Pakistan. This
paper determined the determinants of unemployment i.e. Population growth rate, inflation rate, Foreign Direct
Investment and Gross Domestic Product growth rate in context of Pakistan economy. Population growth,
inflation rate, foreign direct investment and gross domestic product taken as independent variables and
unemployment were taken as dependent variable. In this the Linear Regression Model was used for analyzing of
determinants of unemployment. In this paper the data is obtained from economic survey of Pakistan and IFS for
the period of 1999-2010. Unemployment rate was quite high in 2000-20006. The second section deals with the
literature review, theoretical framework and hypothesis. Third section deals with methodology and model
specification. Section fourth presents empirical results of foreign direct investment, gross domestic product,
inflation rate, population growth and unemployment. Conclusions and recommendations are in section 5 of paper.
2. Literature Review
Unemployment is becoming the most important and critical issue in Pakistan. Dramatic increase in growth of
high level of unemployment is big headache for less-developed as well as developed countries. High level of
unemployment can create number of social problems. There are various studies that investigated the
determinants of unemployment. In these studies the determinants were investigated form micro as well as from
macro perspectives in both less developed and developed countries. Different theoretical models are used in
these studies. Buffie(1993) determined the impact of foreign direct investment on unemployment and capital
accumulation in two sector dual economy model. His findings showed that foreign direct investment in high
wage sector packed out domestic capital. Some of researchers presented a commonly chosen framework of job
search model (Lippman & McCall, 1976; Mortensen, 1970). According to this model when people became
unemployed then their duration of unemployed depends upon the probability of accepting and receiving job
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offers. Unemployment gave rise to crime, suicides and also the poverty rates. Unemployment affects workers,
their families and even the country because no job means:no income at individual level as well as national level.
Some researchers used the information contained in nationally representative survey to analyze unemployment
duration in Russia during early years of transitions (Foley, 1997). The findings of these researches indicate that
married women were found to experience longer unemployment compared to their males. The findings also
showed that older individual expected to be longer unemployed than that of younger
individuals.Lipsey,et.al.(1997) argued that rivalry for markets was the one of the main reasons for a positive
relationship between foreign direct investment and the domestic employment opportunities.
Elmeskov,et.al.(1998) focused on the relationship between unemployment and taxation in OCED countries for
the period of 1983-1994. In this study the researcher used Hausman specification test and concluded that taxation
has positive and exogenous impact on unemployment in short as well as long run. Findings showed that in long
run, taxation as the major determinants of unemployment.Kingdon,et.al. (2001) studied the unemployment in
South Africa by using theProbit model. In this study two national household surveys for the mid-1990s were
used. The findings of this study indicated that unemployment in South Africa is determined by race, age, home,
ownership and location.Izraeli and Murphy (2003) studied influence of degree of industrial diversification on
unemployment rates and per capita income in seventeen states. The finding of this study showed that a state with
more diversified base has lower unemployment rate. But the evidence on the relationship between per capita
income and industrial diversification remained inconclusive. Kupets(2005) studied the determinants of
unemployment in Ukraine between 1997-2003. In this study Ukrainian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey 2003
was used to investigate an individual conditional probability about leaving unemployed to employ. Chang (2006)
studied the relationship between the economic growth, trade, unemployment and foreign direct investment in
Taiwan. He applied VAR method of variance decomposition and also used impulse response function analysis.
Findings showed that export and economic growth positively affected FDI inflow but export expansion was
affected negatively onn FDI out flow. Study also determined that there were no relationship between FDI and
unemployment. Negative relationship between economic growth and unemployment was confirmed and
obvious.Bhorat(2007) studied number of social choice and labor economic theories and also identified variables
that can determined the chance of somebody to be employed or not. Marika,et.al. (2007)studied the labor market
to find the relationship between capital stock and unemployment. In this, researchers used indirect channels of
transmission of capital stock for estimation of single equation unemployment model. Interest rates and
investment ratios were used as major variables. They found that capital stock is key determinant of
unemployment.Wright,et.al.(2009) analyzed the long term relationship between interest rates money supply and
unemployment. They findings showed that these variables were positively related but at low frequencies. They
also provided a unified theory for analysis of labor and goods markets.Akhtar,et.al.(2009) used comprehensive
approach to unemployment by using VAR. Their main interest was in determining the interrelationship between
Foreign Direct Investment, Export, Gross Domestic product and unemployment in Turkey. They used 2000-2007
period data. Their findings showed that foreign direct investment did not reduce unemployment in Turkey. Gross
domestic product is positively affected by variations in exports but it is insignificant. They found no evidence
that export led to growth in Turkey.Iqbal,et.al(2010)investigated the relationship between growth and
unemployment for the period of 1972-2006. Researcher argued that GDP growth was the major source to
minimize unemployment. They used ADF test. Their findings showed that for reducing unemployment there is
need to accelerate growth. Sustained growth is key requirement for reducing unemployment.
Theoretical Framework
Independent Variables Dependent Variable
Unemployment rate
• Population Growth rate
• Foreign Direct Investment
• Gross Domestic Product growth
rate
• Inflation rate
Source: Adapt from (Khan, et.al. 2009)
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Variables Description
Population growth means the average annual percentage change in population, resulting from surplus or deficit
of births over deaths and balance of migrants entering and leaving a country (United & Population Division,
2010).
Foreign direct investments mean investments directly into production in a country. In this paper the data of FDI
was in dollar million.Gross domestic product growth rate is on annual basis and it is adjusted for inflation and
expressed as percent.Inflation rate is also in percentage on annual basis.Unemployment rate is percent of labor
force that is without jobs.
Hypothesis
H1: Population growth is negatively related with unemployment.
H2: Foreign direct investment is negatively related with unemployment.
H3: Gross domestic product is negatively related with unemployment.
H4: Inflation and unemployment are negatively related with each other.
3. Research Methodology
It is well established from literature that unemployment has significant impact on foreign direct investment,
population growth, gross domestic product and inflation rate.In this study we examined whether variation in
unemployment is associated with foreign direct investment, population growth, gross domestic product and
inflation rate.
3.1 Secondary Data
Secondary data refer to information thatis collected by individuals, agencies and institutions other than by the
researcher Welman et.al.(2005). Secondary data is data which is collected for previous projects other than
current project. In this paper the sample were consisted of 12 years of data from 1999-2010. Data on each issue
was taken from different economic survey of Pakistan. Some data is taken from IFS. E-view 6 was used for
empirical work.Unemployment rate, inflation rate, population growth rate, foreign direct investment and gross
domestic productgrowth rate were taken as variables.
3.2 Model Specification
The simple linear regression model was used in the study is given below:
Y = βº + βF + ℧
In above equation Y is the presenting the unemployment rate and it is dependent variable. It is constant. β is the
coefficient of independent variables. ℧ , is the error term and it is assumed to have zero mean and independent
across time period.
By adopting the above model, the equation for this paper evolves:
Unemployment Rate = βº + β₁PG + β₂FDI + β₃INR + β₄GDP + ℧
In this equation the PG means population growth, FDI means foreign direct investment, INR means inflation rate
and GDP means the gross domestic product. There were few studies by taking population growth, foreign direct
investment and inflation rate (Chang, 2006; khan,et.al. 2009; Ozturk & Akhtar, 2009). GDP growth rate was
included in addition and data was from 2000-2010 for authenticating results. FDI was in millions of dollars and
rest of variables was measured in growth or percentage change.
4. Empirical Results
The table 1 showed that FDI has inversely relationship with unemployment. And this relationship is significant.
As the FDI inflows increases in a country then unemployment reduces because FDI provides new opportunities
and thus helping in reducing the unemployment. The t-test is used for supporting null hypothesis and it shows
that null hypothesis should reject because value of t-test is greater than 2. These results are consistent with
previous studies Khan,et.al(2010; Walterskirchen, 2008). GDP has negative relationship with unemployment and
this relationship is significant because the probability is less than 5 %. The t- stats show that null hypotheses
should reject because the value of t is greater than 2. According to Okun’s Law higher the GDP lower the
unemployment. These findings are supported by previous literature (M.Rafiq, et al., 2010; Rizvi & Nishat, 2009;
Iqbal,et.al.2010; Walterskirchen, 2008).
Table shows that inflation and unemployment are inversely related with each other. T stats show that we should
reject the null hypothesis. It means if inflation increases the unemployment decreases. There is significant
negative relationship between inflation and unemployment(M.Rafiq, et al., 2010). These findings are supported
by Phillip (1958). According to Phillips curve (1958) there is inverse relationship between inflation and
unemployment. There are tradeoff between inflation and unemployment in short run. But in long run this
tradeoff has not been observed. Empirical findings showed that population growth has significant positive
relationship with unemployment. If population growth rate increases then the unemployment also increases. In
previous studies many researches showed that high level of population growth erode the economy. And has
negative impact on macroeconomic variables (Kalim, 2003; M.Rafiq, et al., 2010). Findings of this study show
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that Pakistani population is growing annually by 1.8 %, which is very high. This high rate of population is key
determinants of unemployment.
The value of R-square is 0.86 which indicate very well fit to data. It means that 86% change in
dependent variable is due to these explanatory variables i.e. foreign direct investment, gross domestic product,
population growth and Inflation rate. Rest of change is due to other variables which are unexplained. The value
of Durbin Watson stats shows that there is perhaps minimum auto correlation between the variables because
value is near 2. The probability in f stats shows that the model is significant and related to our study.
5.Conclusions and Recommendations
Unemployment is one of the common issues in all over the world. It is becoming a major problem for less
developed and also for developed countries. It is very consistent problem and for many countries it remains
difficult to manage. Unemployment can be analyzed by different dimensions. But this paper focuses on the
determinants of unemployment. Results of this paper showed that H1 is rejected and H2, H3 and H4 are
accepted.Paper showed that foreign direct investment, inflation rate, and gross domestic product have negative
relationship with unemployment. Population growth has positive relationship with unemployment and it
contributes to unemployment. According to findings of this paper population growth is the key determinants of
unemployment. In this paper the tradeoff between the inflation and unemployment in Pakistan economy is also
observed. But there is need to do more research to check whether this tradeoff is short run or long run.
It is recommended that government should focus on foreign direct investments. Government should adopt
policies for attracting foreign investors to come and invest. Government should also control the inflation rates for
controlling the unemployment. Policy makers should know that which rate of Gross domestic product can
benefited in bringing down unemployment. Government should apply policies to control population growth rate.
Future Research
More variables can be added i.e. exports, labor market policies, capital stock etc. The data can be increased for
getting more authenticated research. This research can be done in other countries.
References
Aleksander, B., Guido Menzio, & Wright, R. (2009). Inflation and Unemployment in the Long Run.
Bhorat, H. (2007). Unemployment in South Africa: Descriptors and Determinants. Washington DC.: World
Bank.
Blomström, M., Fors, G., & Lipsey, R. E. (1997). Foreign Direct Investment and Employment: Home Country
Experience in the United States and Sweden. The Economic Journal, 107 1787-1797.
Buffie. (1993). Direct Foreign Investment, Crowding Out, and Underemployment in the
Dualistic Economy. Oxford Economic Papers, 45(4), 639-667.
Chang, S.-C. (2006). The dynamic interactions among foreign direct investment, economic growth, exports and
unemployment: evidence from Taiwan. Economic Change(38), 235-256.
Elmeskov, J., Martin, J. P., & Scarpetta, S. (1998). Unemployment and Labor Market Rigidities in OECD
Countries – The Impact of Taxes. Swedish Economic Policy Review, 5(2), 207-258.
Foley, M. C. (1997). Determinants of Unemployment in Russia
University. Center Discussion Paper. Yale.
Kalim, R. (2003). Population and Unemployment: A Dilemma to Resolve. The IUP Journal of Applied
Economics, 2(3), 7-15.
Kingdon, G., & Knight, J. (2001). Race and the Incidence of Unemployment in South Africa. Centre for the
Study of African Economies Working Papers.
Kupets, O. V. (2005). Determinants of unemployment duration in Ukraine-Moscow. : EERC.” Economics
Education and Research Consortium.
Lippman, S., & McCall, J. (1976). The Economics of Job Search: A Survey (Vol. 14, pp. 155-189): Economic
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M.Rafiq, Ahmad, I., ullah, A., & Khan, Z. (2009). DETERMINANTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT: A CASE
STUDY OF PAKISTAN ECONOMY (1998-2008)
Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences, 3(1).
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STUDY OF PAKISTAN ECONOMY (1998-2008)
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Marika Karanassou, Hector Sala, & Salvador, P. F. (2007). Capital Accumulation and Unemployment: Capital
Accumulation and Unemployment: new insights on the Nordic, experience. Economics review, 90(2),
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Ozturk, L., & Akhtar, I. (2009). Can Unemployment be Cured by Economic Growth and Foreign Direct
Investment in TURKEY? International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 27, 1450-2887.
Rizvi, S. Z. A., & Nishat, D. M. (2009). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Employment Opportunities:
Panel Data Analysis,Empirical Evidence from Pakistan, India and China.
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Unemployment: An Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. International Journal of Human and Social
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Walterskirchen, E. (2008). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROWTH, EMPLOYMENT AND
UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE EU. Vienna: Austrian Institute of Economic Research.
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Town.
Table 1.
Dependent Variable: UNEMPLOYMENT RATE
Method: Least Squares
Included observations: 12
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C 10.95386 1.866403 5.868966 0.0006
FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT -0.000316 0.00013 -2.440649 0.0447
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT -0.200344 0.069745 -2.872521 0.0239
INFALTION RATE -0.098316 0.047112 -2.086869 0.0753
POPULATION GROWTH RATE 2.054178 0.831804 1.949545 0.0429
R-squared 0.864058 Mean dependent var 6.424167
Adjusted R-squared 0.786376 S.D. dependent var 1.04155
S.E. of regression 0.481399 Akaike info criterion 1.670095
Sum squared resid 1.622212 Schwarz criterion 1.872139
Log likelihood -5.020567 F-statistic 11.12311
Durbin-Watson stat 2.165605 Prob(F-statistic) 0.003728
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