2. Unemployment as defined by the ILO :
It occurs when people are without jobs and
they have actively looked for work within
the past four weeks.
Unemployment (or joblessness)
occurs when people are without work
and actively seeking work

3.  The incidence of unemployment is much higher in urban
areas than in rural areas.
 Unemployment rates for women are higher than those for
men.
 The incidence of unemployment among the educated is
much higher than the overall unemployment.
 There is greater unemployment in agricultural sector than
in industrial and other major sectors.

6.  Voluntary : In this type of unemployment a
person is out of job because of his own desire to
not work on the prevalent or prescribed wages.
 Involuntary : A person is separated from
remunerative work and devoid of wages although
he is capable of earning his wages and is also
anxious to earn them.

7.  Cyclic Unemployment
 Part of the capitalist system and a result of trade cycle.
 There is greater unemployment and when there is recession, a large
number of people are rendered unemployed
 Disguised Unemployment
 Unemployment that does not affect aggregate output.
 Common in overpopulated countries
 Low/zero marginal productivity of labour
 Underemployment due to underdevelopment
 Sudden Unemployment
 Prevalent in industries. Trades and business where people are employed for a
job and suddenly when the job has ended or due to some changes they are
asked to go.

8.  Structural unemployment
Occurs when labour market is unable to
provide jobs for everyone who wants one
because there is a mismatch between the
skills of the unemployed workers and the
skills needed for the
available jobs
•Technological unemployment
It occurs due to replacement of labour due
to new trends in technology.

9.  Seasonal unemployment
Certain industries and traders engage
workers for a particular season.
When the season has ended the workers are
rendered unemployed.
 Frictional unemployment
It is the time period between jobs when a
worker is searching for, or transitioning
from one job to another.

10.  Help Avert Inflation - excess labourers,
keep wages in check
 Generally increases existing
labourers productivity

11. 

13. 

15.  On Individual
Mental stress,
loss of self esteem
Directly linked to poverty and
malnutrition
 On Society
 Civil unrest, law and order e.g.
Naxalites, thefts.
 trade barriers/protectionism in
case of high unemployment, for immigrants

16.  Effects of unemployment on Economy
When unemployment is high, consumer spending
is low and economic growth is slow. This can lead
to a recession. During times of low
unemployment, consumer spending is high and
the economy is growing at a rapid pace, which
often leads to inflation.
 Effects of unemployment on Banking
If there is high unemployment people might
withdraw the deposits which reduces the money
supply of the bank. Also there is an increased risk
that people who have taken loan will default . In
short high unemployment will lead to low
revenues.

17.  Primarily two main issues..

 How to provide employment to the new entrants??
 How to improve quality of employment??

18.  For issue 1.
 Economic growth and employment growth are correlated. More
GDP growth more the employment opportunities.
 Government planned initiatives i.e. five year plan focuses on
employment generation targets.
 Some initiatives are MGNREGA, PMEGP, SJSRY, SGSY.
 For issue 2
 Provide skill training to the new entrants to the labour force.
 Improving skill level of existing work force.
 Formal and informal skill level of training.

19.  A Change in the pattern of investment.
 Encouragement to small enterprises as against big
enterprises.
 Problem of Choice of technology.
 Encouragement of New Growth Centers in Small
Towns and Rural Areas.
 Subsidies on the Basis of Employment.
 Reorientation of Educational Policy.

21. Presented By: -
Anurag Joseph
Chandra Mohan Dubey
Jatin Kaushal
Nitin Kant
Partha Pratim Rai
Ravi Pal
Shrinath Nimje