The document discusses parenteral nutrition for critically ill patients. It begins by noting the high prevalence of malnutrition in ICUs and challenges in predicting metabolic needs. It then covers the indications for and types of parenteral nutrition, including total and peripheral parenteral nutrition. Practical considerations for intravenous site selection and formulations are discussed. The requirements and recommendations for energy, fluids, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, electrolytes, trace elements and vitamins are provided. Finally, preparations of single and multi-nutrient parenteral nutrition solutions are described.
This document provides guidance on calculating nutritional requirements and formulations for enteral and parenteral nutrition. It discusses factors to consider such as a patient's caloric needs, protein and fluid requirements, and osmolality of formulas. Commercial formulas are available for enteral or parenteral use, and can be modified as needed to meet a specific patient's nutritional needs. Proper administration of enteral and parenteral nutrition requires calculating appropriate formula volume, infusion rates, and timing of delivery.
How is COPD and Nutrition Overlapped and Affecting Each Other
How to Solve the Problem as a Part of Pulmonary Rehabilitation
The Presentation is Discussing these items in the form of Problem Solving
Presentation by Sam Blamires, registered dietician and Senior Medical Affairs Advisor at Nutricia. Part of the PLAN Summer meeting 2016. A review of the latest evidence and guidelines on supporting nutrition in COPD, including the causes and consequences of malnutrition in COPD, the use of screening tools, the NICE guidelines on supplementation, and putting theory into practice.
Intensive care patients are deprived of enteral or parenteral nutrition. This article gives you detailed information of all your queries regarding Nutrition in ICU patients
COPD can cause malnutrition due to difficulty eating and breathing, increased calorie needs, and side effects from medications. Nutritional management for COPD involves increasing protein and fluid intake, limiting carbohydrates and salt, and choosing nutrient-dense, easy to chew foods high in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Small, frequent meals and remaining upright after eating can help promote comfort and digestion.
Cystic Fibrosis Nutritional Case Study PresentationMary Rodavich
The document discusses cystic fibrosis and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), outlining their causes, symptoms, and treatment, including medical nutrition therapy. It also provides details of a specific 24-year-old female patient's history and condition, including her diagnosis of CFRD, and outlines her nutrition assessment, diagnosis, and prescribed nutrition interventions and monitoring.
Importance of nutritional management during hospitalizationBushra Tariq
The document discusses the importance of nutritional management for hospitalized patients. It notes that up to 50% of hospitalized patients experience some degree of malnutrition. Providing adequate nutrition support through enteral or parenteral nutrition can improve patient outcomes, reduce recovery time, and lower healthcare costs. The document provides guidelines for estimating caloric and protein needs for critically ill patients and recommends early enteral nutrition within 24-48 hours when possible to support gut health and integrity.
The document discusses parenteral nutrition for critically ill patients. It begins by noting the high prevalence of malnutrition in ICUs and challenges in predicting metabolic needs. It then covers the indications for and types of parenteral nutrition, including total and peripheral parenteral nutrition. Practical considerations for intravenous site selection and formulations are discussed. The requirements and recommendations for energy, fluids, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, electrolytes, trace elements and vitamins are provided. Finally, preparations of single and multi-nutrient parenteral nutrition solutions are described.
This document provides guidance on calculating nutritional requirements and formulations for enteral and parenteral nutrition. It discusses factors to consider such as a patient's caloric needs, protein and fluid requirements, and osmolality of formulas. Commercial formulas are available for enteral or parenteral use, and can be modified as needed to meet a specific patient's nutritional needs. Proper administration of enteral and parenteral nutrition requires calculating appropriate formula volume, infusion rates, and timing of delivery.
How is COPD and Nutrition Overlapped and Affecting Each Other
How to Solve the Problem as a Part of Pulmonary Rehabilitation
The Presentation is Discussing these items in the form of Problem Solving
Presentation by Sam Blamires, registered dietician and Senior Medical Affairs Advisor at Nutricia. Part of the PLAN Summer meeting 2016. A review of the latest evidence and guidelines on supporting nutrition in COPD, including the causes and consequences of malnutrition in COPD, the use of screening tools, the NICE guidelines on supplementation, and putting theory into practice.
Intensive care patients are deprived of enteral or parenteral nutrition. This article gives you detailed information of all your queries regarding Nutrition in ICU patients
COPD can cause malnutrition due to difficulty eating and breathing, increased calorie needs, and side effects from medications. Nutritional management for COPD involves increasing protein and fluid intake, limiting carbohydrates and salt, and choosing nutrient-dense, easy to chew foods high in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Small, frequent meals and remaining upright after eating can help promote comfort and digestion.
Cystic Fibrosis Nutritional Case Study PresentationMary Rodavich
The document discusses cystic fibrosis and cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD), outlining their causes, symptoms, and treatment, including medical nutrition therapy. It also provides details of a specific 24-year-old female patient's history and condition, including her diagnosis of CFRD, and outlines her nutrition assessment, diagnosis, and prescribed nutrition interventions and monitoring.
Importance of nutritional management during hospitalizationBushra Tariq
The document discusses the importance of nutritional management for hospitalized patients. It notes that up to 50% of hospitalized patients experience some degree of malnutrition. Providing adequate nutrition support through enteral or parenteral nutrition can improve patient outcomes, reduce recovery time, and lower healthcare costs. The document provides guidelines for estimating caloric and protein needs for critically ill patients and recommends early enteral nutrition within 24-48 hours when possible to support gut health and integrity.
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) involves infusing nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. It is indicated for patients with severe gastrointestinal dysfunction who cannot maintain adequate intake enterally. TPN provides all essential nutrients, including glucose or lipid for energy, amino acids for protein, electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements, and water. It requires central venous access and careful monitoring for complications like infection, metabolic disturbances, and mechanical issues. TPN aims to meet nutritional goals while avoiding risks, with the ultimate goal of transitioning patients back to enteral feeding when possible.
The document discusses parenteral and enteral nutrition for critically ill patients. It recommends early enteral nutrition within 48 hours for critically ill patients without contraindications to reduce infections and mortality. For patients who cannot tolerate enteral nutrition, initiating parenteral nutrition within the first few days may be considered for malnourished patients, though the effects are unknown. The complications, formulations, administration methods, and monitoring of both enteral and parenteral nutrition are also covered.
- Critically ill patients are at high risk of malnutrition due to poor nutrient intake and increased metabolic demands.
- Early enteral nutrition within 48 hours is recommended to improve outcomes when possible. Parenteral nutrition may be considered after 1 week if enteral nutrition is not feasible.
- Nutrition support aims to meet caloric and protein goals to reduce catabolism and support anabolism while avoiding overfeeding. Standard enteral formulas are preferred over specialty formulas.
- Careful monitoring is needed to optimize delivery of nutrition and minimize risks like aspiration while the patient's condition and ability to tolerate feeds is changing.
NFMNT Chapter 16 Provide Nutrition EducationKellyGCDET
This document discusses providing nutrition education. It covers developing learning objectives using the SMART criteria of being specific, meaningful, achievable, reasonable and timely. It also discusses conducting group instruction, using visual aids and evaluating the effectiveness of education at different levels from client reaction to behavioral changes. The overall goal of nutrition education is to help clients better manage their diets through lifestyle and behavior changes.
The document discusses enteral and parenteral nutrition support. Enteral nutrition involves tube feedings directly into the stomach or small intestine and is preferred over parenteral nutrition which provides nutrients intravenously. Tube feedings are used when patients cannot consume a normal diet due to conditions like swallowing disorders or impaired GI motility. Parenteral nutrition is used when the GI tract cannot be used, such as in cases of intestinal fistulas or short bowel syndrome. Complications can be reduced by appropriate selections of feeding route, formula, and delivery method.
This document discusses nutritional support for ICU patients. It begins with a brief history of ICU nutrition and outlines the basis for nutritional support. Providing nutrition is important to prevent the physiologic effects of malnutrition, which can lead to organ dysfunction and poor outcomes. The nutritional requirements of ICU patients, including calories, protein, fluids and micronutrients are described. Enteral and parenteral routes of feeding administration are covered, along with their indications. Guidelines for initiating feeding, monitoring for complications, and calculating nutritional needs are provided. The goal of nutritional support is to improve patient outcomes by preventing and treating critical illness-related malnutrition.
Carbohydrate Counting for insulin dose adjustmentltejas86
Carbohydrate counting is the method of estimating carbohydrates from your meal and adjusting insulin dose to keep blood sugar levels under control. It is easy and very effective specially for children with type 1 diabetes. It offers variety and flexibility in the diet at the same time improves blood sugar profile.
A 22-year-old female student and CNA reports exercising 1.5 hours per day 5 days a week through running and HIIT to gain lean muscle and lose weight, but has seen no major weight changes in the past 6 months. Her diet analysis showed a low calorie intake of 1360 kcals per day that was high in carbohydrates but low in important vitamins and minerals. The assessment determined her very low calorie intake was due to consuming foods from only one or two food groups and eating small portions of low calorie foods. The intervention plan focuses on behavior modification to increase her calorie intake to recommended levels, dedicate more time to food preparation, and consume foods from all major food groups
This document discusses carbohydrate counting for managing diabetes. Carb counting involves following a meal plan that specifies grams of carbs per meal and snack, and using an insulin-to-carb ratio to determine insulin dosage. For those with type 1 diabetes, carb counting helps control blood sugar levels. Those with type 2 diabetes also need to count carbs to control portions and support weight loss through a balanced, limited sugar diet with regular physical activity. Common carb foods are listed along with serving size guidelines to estimate grams of carbohydrates from labels.
Daily minimum nutritional requirements of the critically illRalekeOkoye
The document discusses the daily minimum nutritional needs of critically ill patients. It defines key terms like critically ill patient and malnutrition. It describes the nutritional changes, assessment of nutritional state, and predictors of outcome during critical illness. It provides guidelines for calculating nutritional requirements including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It discusses enteral nutrition as the preferred route of administration when possible, and provides guidelines for safe enteral feeding including early initiation and proper tube positioning.
Chapter 15 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support KellyGCDET
The document discusses enteral and parenteral nutrition support. Enteral nutrition involves tube feedings directly to the stomach or small intestine, while parenteral nutrition provides nutrients intravenously. Enteral is preferred when possible due to lower risks of infection and maintaining gut function. Tube feeding routes include nasogastric, nasoduodenal and gastrostomy tubes. Formulas are selected based on a patient's condition and needs. Administration involves gradually increasing delivery rates until goal is reached. Complications can be prevented by proper selection and delivery of feedings. Parenteral nutrition is considered when enteral is not possible due to conditions like short bowel syndrome.
NFMNT Chapter 13 Apply Standard Nutrition CareKellyGCDET
The document discusses the steps involved in developing a comprehensive care plan for clients. It explains that the care plan is created by an interdisciplinary team based on a client assessment to identify needs and objectives. The care plan aims to support the client's highest level of functioning and well-being. It also outlines the roles of nutrition professionals like registered dietitians in assessing clients, identifying nutrition problems, setting goals, and communicating as part of the care planning process.
This document discusses medical nutrition therapy for diabetes mellitus using a case study. It provides an overview of diabetes, outlines the nutrition care process used for a patient with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes and a foot infection. Key interventions included education on carbohydrate counting and menu planning. Evaluation found improved intake and understanding of carbohydrate counting concepts. The summary emphasizes uncontrolled diabetes can lead to complications and the importance of nutrition therapy like carbohydrate counting to help manage blood glucose levels.
The document discusses nutrition support and the conditions that require specialized nutrition through enteral or parenteral means. It covers the indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages of enteral nutrition support through various tube feeding routes and administration methods. The roles and responsibilities of nutrition support dietitians in implementing individualized nutrition care plans are also outlined.
1. For Case 1 (COPD patient with BMI 25 and no weight loss), the nutritional program will focus on oral diet and nutrition education with oral nutritional supplements twice daily if needed.
2. For Case 2 (COPD patient with pneumonia, BMI 17, and fever), the program will provide enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube at 20-25 kcal/day initially, increasing as tolerated. Micronutrients including antioxidants and vitamins will be supplemented.
3. For Case 3 (mechanically ventilated COPD patient in shock), the program will start enteral nutrition within 24-48 hours at a rate of 25-30 kcal/day, increasing as tolerated. The formula will
Update on diabetes treatment strategies 2017Indhu Reddy
This document discusses strategies for treating type 2 diabetes, including lifestyle changes and medication options. It provides guidelines on initiating treatment at diagnosis, individualizing treatment based on patient characteristics, and adjusting therapy over time to achieve glycemic targets. Intensive control is recommended to reduce microvascular and macrovascular complications, though treatment needs to be tailored based on each patient's situation to minimize risks like hypoglycemia. Both oral medications and insulin therapy are covered, along with considerations for renal function.
Dr. Sharanya Rajan's document defines obesity and discusses its epidemiology. Key points include:
- Obesity is defined as a BMI ≥ 30 and is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure.
- Over 1.6 billion adults are overweight globally, with 400 million obese. Obesity is more common in women and increasingly affects poorer populations.
- Hypothalamic and genetic factors contribute to obesity development. Conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome, leptin/leptin receptor deficiencies, and POMC/MC4R mutations can cause monogenic obesity.
- Adipokines like leptin and resistin, as well as gut and pancreatic hormones, help regulate
Intermittent fasting is an Interventional strategy where in individuals are subjected to varying periods of fasting.
It doesn’t specify which foods you should eat but rather when you should eat them.
Intermittent fasting (IF) is an eating pattern that cycles between periods of fasting and eating.
It’s currently very popular in the health and fitness community.
Recently attracted attention because:
1- Its Evidence-Based Health Benefits
2- Its potential for correcting metabolic Abnormalities
3- Better adherence than other methods
The document summarizes a randomized study comparing basal-bolus insulin therapy to sliding scale regular insulin for managing hyperglycemia in non-critically ill patients. The study found that 66% of patients treated with basal insulin glargine plus bolus insulin glulisine were within the glucose target of 140 mg/dL, compared to 38% of patients treated with sliding scale regular insulin. Basal-bolus therapy provides more effective glycemic control with no increase in hypoglycemia. The document then provides details on calculating and adjusting basal and bolus insulin doses.
This document discusses cystic fibrosis, including its epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, and management. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a defect in the CFTR gene resulting in abnormal mucus production. It most commonly affects the lungs and digestive system. Diagnosis involves newborn screening, genetic testing, and sweat chloride tests. Treatment requires airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, nutrition management, and may include lung transplantation in severe cases. Advances in care have improved life expectancy but daily management remains challenging.
This document discusses cystic fibrosis, including its epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, and management. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a defect in the CFTR gene resulting in abnormal mucus production. It most commonly affects the lungs and digestive system. Diagnosis involves newborn screening, genetic testing, and sweat chloride tests. Treatment requires airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, nutrition management, and may include lung transplantation in severe cases. Advances in care have increased life expectancy but daily management remains challenging.
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) involves infusing nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. It is indicated for patients with severe gastrointestinal dysfunction who cannot maintain adequate intake enterally. TPN provides all essential nutrients, including glucose or lipid for energy, amino acids for protein, electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements, and water. It requires central venous access and careful monitoring for complications like infection, metabolic disturbances, and mechanical issues. TPN aims to meet nutritional goals while avoiding risks, with the ultimate goal of transitioning patients back to enteral feeding when possible.
The document discusses parenteral and enteral nutrition for critically ill patients. It recommends early enteral nutrition within 48 hours for critically ill patients without contraindications to reduce infections and mortality. For patients who cannot tolerate enteral nutrition, initiating parenteral nutrition within the first few days may be considered for malnourished patients, though the effects are unknown. The complications, formulations, administration methods, and monitoring of both enteral and parenteral nutrition are also covered.
- Critically ill patients are at high risk of malnutrition due to poor nutrient intake and increased metabolic demands.
- Early enteral nutrition within 48 hours is recommended to improve outcomes when possible. Parenteral nutrition may be considered after 1 week if enteral nutrition is not feasible.
- Nutrition support aims to meet caloric and protein goals to reduce catabolism and support anabolism while avoiding overfeeding. Standard enteral formulas are preferred over specialty formulas.
- Careful monitoring is needed to optimize delivery of nutrition and minimize risks like aspiration while the patient's condition and ability to tolerate feeds is changing.
NFMNT Chapter 16 Provide Nutrition EducationKellyGCDET
This document discusses providing nutrition education. It covers developing learning objectives using the SMART criteria of being specific, meaningful, achievable, reasonable and timely. It also discusses conducting group instruction, using visual aids and evaluating the effectiveness of education at different levels from client reaction to behavioral changes. The overall goal of nutrition education is to help clients better manage their diets through lifestyle and behavior changes.
The document discusses enteral and parenteral nutrition support. Enteral nutrition involves tube feedings directly into the stomach or small intestine and is preferred over parenteral nutrition which provides nutrients intravenously. Tube feedings are used when patients cannot consume a normal diet due to conditions like swallowing disorders or impaired GI motility. Parenteral nutrition is used when the GI tract cannot be used, such as in cases of intestinal fistulas or short bowel syndrome. Complications can be reduced by appropriate selections of feeding route, formula, and delivery method.
This document discusses nutritional support for ICU patients. It begins with a brief history of ICU nutrition and outlines the basis for nutritional support. Providing nutrition is important to prevent the physiologic effects of malnutrition, which can lead to organ dysfunction and poor outcomes. The nutritional requirements of ICU patients, including calories, protein, fluids and micronutrients are described. Enteral and parenteral routes of feeding administration are covered, along with their indications. Guidelines for initiating feeding, monitoring for complications, and calculating nutritional needs are provided. The goal of nutritional support is to improve patient outcomes by preventing and treating critical illness-related malnutrition.
Carbohydrate Counting for insulin dose adjustmentltejas86
Carbohydrate counting is the method of estimating carbohydrates from your meal and adjusting insulin dose to keep blood sugar levels under control. It is easy and very effective specially for children with type 1 diabetes. It offers variety and flexibility in the diet at the same time improves blood sugar profile.
A 22-year-old female student and CNA reports exercising 1.5 hours per day 5 days a week through running and HIIT to gain lean muscle and lose weight, but has seen no major weight changes in the past 6 months. Her diet analysis showed a low calorie intake of 1360 kcals per day that was high in carbohydrates but low in important vitamins and minerals. The assessment determined her very low calorie intake was due to consuming foods from only one or two food groups and eating small portions of low calorie foods. The intervention plan focuses on behavior modification to increase her calorie intake to recommended levels, dedicate more time to food preparation, and consume foods from all major food groups
This document discusses carbohydrate counting for managing diabetes. Carb counting involves following a meal plan that specifies grams of carbs per meal and snack, and using an insulin-to-carb ratio to determine insulin dosage. For those with type 1 diabetes, carb counting helps control blood sugar levels. Those with type 2 diabetes also need to count carbs to control portions and support weight loss through a balanced, limited sugar diet with regular physical activity. Common carb foods are listed along with serving size guidelines to estimate grams of carbohydrates from labels.
Daily minimum nutritional requirements of the critically illRalekeOkoye
The document discusses the daily minimum nutritional needs of critically ill patients. It defines key terms like critically ill patient and malnutrition. It describes the nutritional changes, assessment of nutritional state, and predictors of outcome during critical illness. It provides guidelines for calculating nutritional requirements including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. It discusses enteral nutrition as the preferred route of administration when possible, and provides guidelines for safe enteral feeding including early initiation and proper tube positioning.
Chapter 15 Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Support KellyGCDET
The document discusses enteral and parenteral nutrition support. Enteral nutrition involves tube feedings directly to the stomach or small intestine, while parenteral nutrition provides nutrients intravenously. Enteral is preferred when possible due to lower risks of infection and maintaining gut function. Tube feeding routes include nasogastric, nasoduodenal and gastrostomy tubes. Formulas are selected based on a patient's condition and needs. Administration involves gradually increasing delivery rates until goal is reached. Complications can be prevented by proper selection and delivery of feedings. Parenteral nutrition is considered when enteral is not possible due to conditions like short bowel syndrome.
NFMNT Chapter 13 Apply Standard Nutrition CareKellyGCDET
The document discusses the steps involved in developing a comprehensive care plan for clients. It explains that the care plan is created by an interdisciplinary team based on a client assessment to identify needs and objectives. The care plan aims to support the client's highest level of functioning and well-being. It also outlines the roles of nutrition professionals like registered dietitians in assessing clients, identifying nutrition problems, setting goals, and communicating as part of the care planning process.
This document discusses medical nutrition therapy for diabetes mellitus using a case study. It provides an overview of diabetes, outlines the nutrition care process used for a patient with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes and a foot infection. Key interventions included education on carbohydrate counting and menu planning. Evaluation found improved intake and understanding of carbohydrate counting concepts. The summary emphasizes uncontrolled diabetes can lead to complications and the importance of nutrition therapy like carbohydrate counting to help manage blood glucose levels.
The document discusses nutrition support and the conditions that require specialized nutrition through enteral or parenteral means. It covers the indications, contraindications, advantages, and disadvantages of enteral nutrition support through various tube feeding routes and administration methods. The roles and responsibilities of nutrition support dietitians in implementing individualized nutrition care plans are also outlined.
1. For Case 1 (COPD patient with BMI 25 and no weight loss), the nutritional program will focus on oral diet and nutrition education with oral nutritional supplements twice daily if needed.
2. For Case 2 (COPD patient with pneumonia, BMI 17, and fever), the program will provide enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube at 20-25 kcal/day initially, increasing as tolerated. Micronutrients including antioxidants and vitamins will be supplemented.
3. For Case 3 (mechanically ventilated COPD patient in shock), the program will start enteral nutrition within 24-48 hours at a rate of 25-30 kcal/day, increasing as tolerated. The formula will
Update on diabetes treatment strategies 2017Indhu Reddy
This document discusses strategies for treating type 2 diabetes, including lifestyle changes and medication options. It provides guidelines on initiating treatment at diagnosis, individualizing treatment based on patient characteristics, and adjusting therapy over time to achieve glycemic targets. Intensive control is recommended to reduce microvascular and macrovascular complications, though treatment needs to be tailored based on each patient's situation to minimize risks like hypoglycemia. Both oral medications and insulin therapy are covered, along with considerations for renal function.
Dr. Sharanya Rajan's document defines obesity and discusses its epidemiology. Key points include:
- Obesity is defined as a BMI ≥ 30 and is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure.
- Over 1.6 billion adults are overweight globally, with 400 million obese. Obesity is more common in women and increasingly affects poorer populations.
- Hypothalamic and genetic factors contribute to obesity development. Conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome, leptin/leptin receptor deficiencies, and POMC/MC4R mutations can cause monogenic obesity.
- Adipokines like leptin and resistin, as well as gut and pancreatic hormones, help regulate
Intermittent fasting is an Interventional strategy where in individuals are subjected to varying periods of fasting.
It doesn’t specify which foods you should eat but rather when you should eat them.
Intermittent fasting (IF) is an eating pattern that cycles between periods of fasting and eating.
It’s currently very popular in the health and fitness community.
Recently attracted attention because:
1- Its Evidence-Based Health Benefits
2- Its potential for correcting metabolic Abnormalities
3- Better adherence than other methods
The document summarizes a randomized study comparing basal-bolus insulin therapy to sliding scale regular insulin for managing hyperglycemia in non-critically ill patients. The study found that 66% of patients treated with basal insulin glargine plus bolus insulin glulisine were within the glucose target of 140 mg/dL, compared to 38% of patients treated with sliding scale regular insulin. Basal-bolus therapy provides more effective glycemic control with no increase in hypoglycemia. The document then provides details on calculating and adjusting basal and bolus insulin doses.
This document discusses cystic fibrosis, including its epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, and management. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a defect in the CFTR gene resulting in abnormal mucus production. It most commonly affects the lungs and digestive system. Diagnosis involves newborn screening, genetic testing, and sweat chloride tests. Treatment requires airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, nutrition management, and may include lung transplantation in severe cases. Advances in care have improved life expectancy but daily management remains challenging.
This document discusses cystic fibrosis, including its epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, and management. Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder caused by a defect in the CFTR gene resulting in abnormal mucus production. It most commonly affects the lungs and digestive system. Diagnosis involves newborn screening, genetic testing, and sweat chloride tests. Treatment requires airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, nutrition management, and may include lung transplantation in severe cases. Advances in care have increased life expectancy but daily management remains challenging.
This document provides an overview of cystic fibrosis, including its epidemiology, genetics, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, complications, and management. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by a defective CFTR protein that results in thick mucus production in the lungs, pancreas and other organs. It is diagnosed through newborn screening, sweat chloride tests or genetic testing. Treatment requires airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, nutrition support and other therapies to manage symptoms and exacerbations. Advances in care have improved life expectancy but daily management remains challenging and impacts a patient's quality of life.
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs and digestive system. It is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene that result in abnormal ion transport in epithelial cells. This causes very thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. The most common mutation is F508del. Symptoms include issues with digestion, lung function decline, and infections. Diagnosis is made through sweat chloride tests, genetic testing, and evaluation of clinical features. Treatment focuses on airway clearance, antibiotics, nutrition support, and newer CFTR modulator drugs that target specific mutations. With advances in care, people with cystic fibrosis now live well into adulthood.
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs and digestive tract. It is most common in Caucasians and affects the lungs, pancreas, liver, and intestines. The main symptoms include salty-tasting skin, chronic lung infections, and poor growth due to problems with digesting and absorbing food. It is diagnosed via a sweat test and treated with airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, enzymes, and a high-calorie diet. With improvements in treatment, life expectancy for those with cystic fibrosis has increased but lung disease remains the primary cause of mortality.
This document discusses nutrition in surgical patients. It begins with the basics of nutrition including definitions of malnutrition and nutritional requirements. The importance of proper nutrition for surgical patients is described along with methods for nutritional assessment. Both enteral and parenteral nutrition are covered, including indications, contraindications, administration methods, and potential complications. The document emphasizes the importance of a multidisciplinary approach and initiating nutrition support early to optimize surgical outcomes.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by a defective CFTR gene that codes for a chloride channel protein. This leads to thick, sticky mucus production throughout the body. The mucus clogs lungs and pancreas, causing chronic infection, inflammation, and organ damage. While treatments aim to clear mucus, fight infection, and improve nutrition, lung disease remains the main cause of mortality. New drugs called CFTR modulators target the defective protein and may transform treatment by improving symptoms and slowing disease progression.
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene that result in a defective chloride channel protein. This leads to thick, sticky mucus in the lungs and other organs. In the lungs, the mucus clogs the airways and traps bacteria, causing chronic lung infections. While treatments can help manage symptoms, the only cure would be gene therapy to replace the defective gene or provide the normal protein before damage occurs. The goal of treatment is to clear the lungs of mucus and control infections.
- An 8-month-old girl presented with cough, shortness of breath, and diarrhea since birth. She had recurrent lung infections and was failing to thrive.
- Testing found a sweat chloride level above normal, indicating cystic fibrosis. Genetic testing found a homozygous mutation in the CFTR gene.
- She was treated with antibiotics, pancreatic enzymes, airway clearance techniques, and nutritional supplementation. Her weight improved with treatment but she continued to have pulmonary exacerbations requiring hospital admissions. Future treatments may include gene and cell therapies as cystic fibrosis management continues to advance.
This document provides an overview of nutrition in surgical patients. It discusses the basics of nutrition including caloric and protein requirements. The importance of nutrition for surgical patients is described along with the complications of malnutrition like infection and poor wound healing. Methods of nutritional assessment involving history, exams, and labs are outlined. Both enteral and parenteral nutrition are covered, including indications, contraindications, administration methods, and potential complications. The take home messages emphasize the importance of meeting caloric needs to avoid complications, using enteral nutrition when possible, and closely monitoring patients on nutrition support.
- An 8-month-old girl presented with cough, shortness of breath, and diarrhea since birth. She had recurrent lung infections and was failing to thrive.
- Initial workup found low albumin and elevated sweat chloride. Genetic testing found a homozygous mutation in the CFTR gene.
- She was diagnosed with cystic fibrosis and started on airway clearance techniques, pancreatic enzymes, vitamins, antibiotics, and nutritional support.
- Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene resulting in thick mucus in the lungs and pancreas. Management focuses on airway clearance, nutrition, and treatment of infections to improve quality and length of life.
Nutrition is increasingly recognized as contributing to chronic disease development and progression. For COPD patients, weight loss, low body weight, and muscle wasting are common in advanced disease and associated with worse outcomes. Malnutrition in COPD can be caused by the inflammatory process, energy imbalance, medications, and reduced physical activity. The Mediterranean diet may benefit COPD as it is high in antioxidants from fruits and vegetables and anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids. Nutritional supplements can help COPD patients gain weight and increase muscle strength. For acute COPD exacerbations, small, frequent doses of oral nutritional supplements are recommended to avoid discomfort and improve compliance.
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands. It causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in these areas. This leads to frequent lung infections, issues digesting and absorbing food, and salty sweat. While there is no cure, treatments aim to clear mucus from the lungs, prevent infections, and ensure adequate nutrition. Nursing care focuses on airway clearance techniques, administering enzymes to aid digestion, monitoring for complications, and supporting patients and their families.
This document summarizes medical nutrition therapy for various pulmonary diseases. It discusses the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system and mechanics of breathing. It then covers several chronic pulmonary diseases including asthma, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis. For each condition, it describes nutritional implications, recommended nutritional assessments, and medical nutrition therapy goals and strategies.
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder characterized by thick, sticky mucus buildup in the lungs, pancreas, and other organs. It is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene that result in defective or too few chloride channels at the surface of epithelial cells. This leads to dehydrated mucus and mucus plugging of various organs. Common manifestations include chronic lung infections and pancreatic insufficiency. Treatment involves airway clearance techniques, antibiotics, nutritional support, and other therapies to target specific organ involvement. Management requires a multidisciplinary team approach and focuses on optimizing growth, delaying lung disease progression, and treating complications to improve quality of life.
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) provides complete nutrition to patients intravenously when they cannot eat or absorb enough nutrients from food. It is used when the enteral route is unable to sustain sufficient caloric intake. TPN can be administered peripherally through arm veins for short term use or centrally through larger veins for longer term needs. While enteral nutrition is preferred when possible due to its benefits, TPN is important for patients who cannot or should not eat to prevent complications from malnutrition. Careful monitoring is needed with TPN to address nutrient needs and avoid potential complications.
This document provides information on respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), including its definition, etiology, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, investigations, management, nursing diagnoses, and nursing interventions. RDS is a disease in newborns related to deficiency of surfactant in the lungs, leading to respiratory distress. Key factors that can decrease surfactant and contribute to RDS include prematurity, hypothermia, asphyxia, and having a diabetic mother. Management involves supportive care like oxygen supplementation and ventilation support if needed, as well as more aggressive treatments like surfactant replacement therapy for very preterm infants.
Nutritional assessment is a comprehensive approach completed by a registered dietitian to define a person's nutritional status using medical, nutrition, and medication histories, physical exams, measurements, and lab data. It provides the foundation for a nutrition diagnosis by comparing this information to standards. Nutrition affects the pulmonary system through its role in metabolism and the need for oxygen, and malnutrition can negatively impact lung function and structure. Proper nutritional assessment and treatment are important for respiratory health.
Necrotizing enterocolitis is a disease that primarily affects premature infants, causing necrosis of the bowel. It has a multifactorial pathogenesis involving intestinal ischemia, impaired host defenses, enteral feeding, and bacterial colonization in the immature gut. Clinical features include feeding intolerance and abdominal symptoms. Diagnosis is supported by imaging findings like pneumatosis intestinalis. Management involves bowel rest, antibiotics, monitoring for complications. Outcomes range from complete recovery to death depending on severity.
This document discusses nutrition support for critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). It provides a brief history of ICU nutrition and outlines the basis for nutritional support. Nutritional support is important to address the catabolism and malnutrition that often develops in critically ill patients. Enteral nutrition is preferred over parenteral nutrition when possible due to lower risks of infection and preservation of gut function. The document reviews nutritional requirements, supplementation, routes of administration including enteral and parenteral options, and potential complications of nutrition support.
Similar to Nutrition Therapy in Pulmonary Diseases.pptx (20)
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One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
2. CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic condition. It's caused by a gene mutation in [cystic fibrosis
transmembrane conductance regulatory gene CFTR/ chromosome no.7].
The gene mutation affects the movement of salt and water in and out of cells.
This, along with recurrent infections, can result in a build-up of thick, sticky mucus in
the body's tubes and passageways – particularly the lungs and digestive system.
• Inherited autosomal recessive disorder
• CF incidence of 1:2500 live births
• Survival is improving; median age of patients has exceeded 30 years
• Epithelial cells and exocrine glands secrete abnormal mucus (thick)
• Affects respiratory tract, sweat, salivary, intestine, pancreas, liver, reproductive tract
5. Symptoms
• The dysfunctional CFTR protein channel is found all over GI tract
• It causes elevated Sweat- Electrolyte balance.
• A persistent cough that produces thick mucus (sputum)
• Wheezing
• Exercise intolerance
• Repeated lung infections
• Inflamed nasal passages or a stuffy nose
• Recurrent sinusitis
6. DIAGNOSIS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• Neonatal screening provides opportunity to prevent malnutrition in CF
infants
• Sweat test (Na and Cl >60 mEq /L)
• Chronic lung disease
• Malabsorption
• Family history
7. Complications of CF
• Damaged airways
• Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
• Chronic infections
• Pneumothorax
• Respiratory failure
8. NUTRITIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF CF
• Infants born with meconium ileus are highly likely to have CF.
• 85% of persons with CF have pancreatic insufficiency Plugs of mucus
reduce the digestive enzymes released from the pancreas causing mal-
digestion of food and malabsorption of nutrients.
• Decreased bicarbonate secretion reduces digestive enzyme activity.
• Decreased bile acid reabsorption contributes to fat malabsorption.
• Excessive mucus lining in the GI tract prevents nutrient absorption by
the microvilli.
9. GASTROINTESTINAL COMPLICATIONS
• Bulky, foul-smelling stools
• Cramping and intestinal obstruction
• Pancreatic damage causes impaired glucose tolerance
• (50% of adults with CF) and development of diabetes
10. COMMON TREATMENTS
Pancreatic enzyme replacement
• Adjust macronutrients for symptoms
• Nutrients for growth
• Meconium ileus causes the intestinal obstruction So, enzymes, fiber, fluids, exercise,
stool softeners are given.
Digestive Enzymes:
• Enteric-coated enzyme microspheres withstand acidic environment of the stomach,
they release enzymes in the duodenum, where they digest protein, fat and
carbohydrate.
11. NUTRITIONAL CARE GOALS
• Control malabsorption.
• Provide adequate nutrients for growth or maintain weight for
height or pulmonary function.
• Prevent nutritional deficiencies.
12. In children energy requirement should be based on the weigh gain and
growth.
Energy need for CF children without ventilation are comparable to
healthy children (100 – 110% of RDA).
In case of significant lung disease, malabsorption, ER increase 120 -
150% of RDA
Medical Nutrition Therapy
13. Protein Requirement:
Protein needs are increased in CF due to malabsorption
If energy needs are met, protein needs are usually met by
following 15-20% protein or use RDA
Or 2.2/kg b/w
14. Fat Requirement:
• Fat intake 35-40% of calories (in fat malabsorption), as tolerated
• Helps provide required energy, essential fatty acids and fat-soluble
vitamins.
• Limits volume of food needed to meet energy demands and improves
palatability of the diet
• Essential Fatty Acids deficiency sometimes occurs in CF patients
despite intake and pancreatic enzymes.
• Fat restriction is not recommended
• Important energy sources, fat used = MCT oil, fish oil.
15. CHO Requirement :
• Eventually intake may need to be modified if glucose intolerance
develops.
• Some patients develop lactose intolerance.
Vitamins requirement:
• With pancreatic enzymes, water soluble vitamins usually adequately
absorbed with daily multivitamin will need high potency
supplementation of fat soluble vitamins (A, D, K, E)
16. FEEDING STRATEGIES: INFANTS
• Breast feeding with supplements of high-calorie formulas and
pancreatic enzymes.
• Calorie dense infant formulas (20-27 kcals/oz) with enzymes.
• Protein hydrolysate formulas with MCT oil if needed.
17. FEEDING STRATEGIES: CHILDREN
ANDADULTS
• Regular mealtimes
• Large portions
• Extra snacks
• Nutrient-dense foods
• Nocturnal enteral feedings
• Intact or hydrolyzed formulas
• Add enzyme powder to feeding or take before and during
18. PNEUMONIA
It is a infection in the lungs caused by the microbe invasion in lungs. It causes
inflammation of air sacs.
Bacterial Pneumonia
• Streptococcus Pneumoniae
• Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
• Staphylococcus Aureus
Viral Pneumonia
• Haemophilus Influenzae
22. Hospital Acquired
Pneumonia
(Nosocomial)
• A person gets it when he
is admitted in the hospital
with any other disease
condition.
• Microbes in hospitals are
more antibiotic resistant.
• Example: MRSA
Community Acquired
Pneumonia
• A person gets it outside a
hospital setting, either from
the environment.
• The infection causes
deterioration of lung
resulting in fluid
accumulation and breathing
difficulties.
Types and Occurrence of Pneumonia
23. Ventilator Acquired
Pneumonia
• It is a subset of
Hospital acquired
pneumonia.
• It happens when a
person is on ventilator.
Aspiration Pneumonia
• Aspiration is when a Food,
Drugs, Gastric Content
passes into the trachea.
• Material like, saliva, nasal
secretion, bacteria, foods.
• The food items have
microorganisms on it that
causes infection which
ultimately leads to
pneumonia.
26. NUTRITION IMPLICATION
Patients admitted to the hospital due to CAP (community acquired
Pneumonia), most important risk factor associated to mortality.
• Low serum albumin (<3.0 g/dl)
• The depress albumin is associated to the inflammation response rather
than malnutrition.
Other indices of poor nutrition status associate to death are low triceps
skinfold (TSF) and low BMI.
27. Medical Nutrition Therapy
• Energy required is based on the underlying diseases (often hypermetabolic/ Elevate
Resting Energy Expenditure), 1.2 – 1.4 x BEE.
REMEMBER do not over feed the patient.
• Overfeeding Increase CO2 production.
• The provision 25 kcal/kg appears to be adequate to most pt.
• Protein requirement: 1.2 – 1.5 g/kg.
• CHO may be given according to pt. needs.
• Fluid balanced should be monitor closely as pulmonary effusion can occur.
• Pulmonary edema, the use of fluid restricted enteral formulation (1.5 – 2 kcal/cc)
may be helpful, for those need for fluid restriction.
• Supplementation of potassium, calcium, and magnesium may be administered as
these are lost in the urine.
28. • Among the pulmonary infections with nutritional implications is pneumonia.
The role of vitamin A in treating pneumonia yields some possible results.
• Because of their role in inflammation and immunity, epidemiologic researches
investigating the role of EFAs. Such research shows a possible protective effect
against pneumonia by the ingestion of a-linolenic and linoleic acids.
• Pneumonia usually occurs as a nosocomial infection or as a consequences of
aspiration of food, fluid, or secretions such as saliva.
• Optimal nutrition status and proper feeding techniques aid in preventing this
pulmonary infection. Aspiration is common in infants, children, and adults who
are frail, have frequent coughing spasms, are unable to effectively chew or
swallow their foods and beverages or have inadequate head and neck control
during eating.
29. RESPIRATORY FAILURE
In respiratory failure, the gas exchange between the air and circulating blood is severely impaired,
resulting in abnormal levels of tissue gases that can be life threatening.
The normal value of arterial partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide is,
PAO2: 10.6 -13.3kPa
PACO2: 4.7 -6.0 kPa
Hypoxemia: PAO2: < 10.6 kPa
Hypercapnia: PACO2: >6 Kpa
Respiratory failure
PAO2: <8kPa
PACO2: >6.7 kPa
30. Causes Of RF:
Any of a large number of conditions that cause lung injury or impair lung function can be the
underlying cause of failure; examples include infection (such as pneumonia or sepsis), physical
trauma, neuromuscular disorders, smoke inhalation, and airway obstruction.
Occur when the respiratory system is no longer able to perform its normal function.
It result from long standing chronic lung disease like COPD, CF or as a result of an acute abuse
to the lung such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
Categories of acute respiratory distress syndrome:
• Directly cause injured to the lung e.g. Pneumonia, aspiration or inhalation injury.
• Indirectly cause injury precipitated by event outside the lung e.g. sepsis, trauma, or
pancreatitis.
31. Medical Nutrition Therapy
• Energy required is based on the underlying diseases (often hypermetabolic) 1.2 – 1.4
x BEE
* REMEMBER do not over feed the patient as it increases CO2 production
• Increase ventilator demand associated with overfeeding;
• Excess glucose administration (>5 mg/kg per min).
• The provision 25 kcal/kg appears to be adequate to most patient
• Fluid balanced should be monitor closely
• Protein requirement: 1.2 – 1.5 g/kg (to promote nitrogen retention without being
excessive)
• Pulmonary edema, the use of fluid restricted enteral formulation (1.5 – 2 kcal/cc)may
be helpful, for those need for fluid restriction.
32. •Acute respiratory distress is associate with production of oxygen free radical and
inflammatory mediators, recent study shows:
• EPA in fish oil and GLA in borage oil can reduce the severity of inflammatory injury.
• High level of antioxidant: α-tocopherol, β-carotene and vit C at higher level than
DRI
• Increase serum α-tocopherol, β-carotene & prevent further oxidative damage.
• Phosphate is essential for optimal pulmonary function and normal diaphragm
contraction.
• Hypophosphatemia increase hospital stay and dependence to ventilation. Need to
monitor phosphate and supplementation should be initiated in hypophosphatemia
37. Nutritional factors that increase risk of TB:
• Many patients are developing drug-resistant TB
• Nutritional factors that increase risk of TB:
• Protein-energy malnutrition: affects the immune system;
debate whether it is a cause or consequence of the disease
• Micronutrient deficiencies that affect immune function
(vitamin D, A, C, iron, zinc)
38. Nutritional consequences:
• Increased energy expenditure
• Loss of appetite and body weight
• Increase in protein catabolism leading to muscle breakdown
• Malabsorption causing diarrhea, loss of fluids, electrolytes
39. Medical Nutrition Therapy
• Energy: 35-40 kcals/kg of ideal body weight
• Protein: 1.2-1.5 grams/kg body weight, or 15% of energy or 75-100
grams/day
• Multivitamin-mineral supplement at 100-150% DRI.
• Provide energy dense foods to overcome overfeeding.
• Provide colorful fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants.
• Foods rich in Vitamin A, C and E and Zinc.
CFTR gene codes CFTR protein – which is a chloride channel – It help the ions to move in and out.
Epithelial cells are the cells that covers inside and outside surface of body
Inflammation and infection of sinus. As it effects the Epithelium layer in upper respiratory tract.
The mucous blocks the digestive enzymes from reaching the intestines. So Fats and proteins are not digested properly. Pancreas and Intestines cant work properly
Whistling sounds while breathing
The dark green substance forming the first faeces of a newborn infant.
Meconium ileus is a bowel obstruction that occurs when the meconium in your child's intestine is even thicker and stickier than normal meconium, creating a blockage in a part of the small intestine called the ileum. Most infants with meconium ileus have a disease called cystic fibrosis.
Fat soluble vitamins.
Inflammatory response– WBS, protein, fluid and WBC
Inflammation can cause fluid retention in alveoli
Alveoli are tiny air sacks in grape like structure that has capillaries in it. The gas exchange occurs in alveoli.
With the air we inhale certain microorganisms. Mucociliary escalator has tiny villi that structure that prevents the micrograms. Macrophages engulfs the microorganisms.
sthethoscope
Protein needs are increased in patients with lung inflammation or Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.
For mild or moderate lung injury, protein recommendations range from 1.0 to
1.5 grams of protein per kilogram body weight per day
a-linolenic and linoleic acids is present in sunflower seeds, nuts, soybean, canola oil.
EFAs [essential fatty acids]
The rate of oxygen diffusion across the alveoli capillary membrane with respect to elimination of co2
Movement of substance from higher concentration to a lower conc.
ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS TEST
Protein needs are increased in patients with lung inflammation or ARDS.
For mild or moderate lung injury, protein recommendations range from 1.0 to
1.5 grams of protein per kilogram body weight per day
Gama Linoleic acid
Goazban
Alpha tocopherol: prevents blood clotting, anti oxidant [free radical damage]
Beta carotene : Anti oxidant