This document outlines different types of research designs used in quantitative and qualitative research. It discusses experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. Experimental designs involve manipulation and random assignment to groups. Quasi-experimental designs lack random assignment. Non-experimental designs do not involve manipulation. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches are covered, including phenomenological, ethnographic, case study, grounded theory, and historical qualitative designs. Threats to internal and external validity such as maturation, attrition, and experimenter effects are also summarized.

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RESEARCH DESIGN

2.  Quantitative
 Associated with quantity
 Can perform mathematics
 And can be:
 EXPERIMENTAL
 QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL
 NON-EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
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3.  Experimental Research Design
 An inquiry about the cause and effect relationship, and is
conducted in a specialized setting such as laboratory,
experimental unit, or research center and possess the
following characteristics
 MANIPULATION – the researcher subjects the respondents of
the study to a particular situation
 RANDOMIZATION – every subject has an equal chance of being
assigned to experimental or control group
 CONTROL – the researcher imposes certain conditions over the
experimental situation by assigning groups
RESEARCH DESIGN
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4.  Experimental Research Design
 TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
 PRE-TEST POST-TEST CONTROL GROUPDESIGN
 POST-TEST ONLY CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
 SOLOMON FOUR GROUP DESIGN
• Pre Experimental
 ONE SHOT CASE STUDY
 ONE GROUP PRE-TEST POST-TEST DESIGN
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5.  Experimental Research Design
 TRUE EXPERIMENTAL
 Subjects are randomly assigned to the experimental
group and the control group to achieve treatment
equality of the group
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6.  Experimental Research Design
 PRE-TEST POST-TEST CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
 Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental and control
group, and both groups are exposed to both pre- test and
post-test
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7.  Experimental Research Design
 POST-TEST ONLY CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
 Subjects are randomly assigned to experimental and control
group, and both groups are exposed to post-test alone
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8.  Experimental Research Design
 SOLOMON FOUR GROUP DESIGN
 Subjects are randomly assigned to 2 experimental and 2
control group. 1 group from experimental and 1 group from
control group are pre-tested, the 2 experimental groups
receives treatment, and all the groups are given post-test
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9.  Pre-experimental Research Design
 ONE SHOT CASE STUDY
 A single group is exposed to an experimental treatment
and observed after the treatment
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10.  Pre-experimental Research Design
 ONE GROUP PRE-TEST POST-TEST DESIGN
 Comparison between a group before and after the
experimental treatment
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11.  Quasi-Experimental Research Design
 One of the elements of true experimental research is
missing
 NON-EQUIVALENT CONTROL GROUP DESIGN – like pre-test
post-test control group design
 TIME SERIES DESIGN – conducts repeated
observation before and after the intervention
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12.  Non-Experimental Research Design
 No manipulation of variables and can be:
 DESCRIPTIVE – observe and describe a situation
 CORRELATIONAL – examine the strength of relationship
 COMPARATIVE – examine the difference between groups
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13.  Non-Experimental Research Design
 CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
 Involves the collection of data at one point in time
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14.  Non-Experimental Research Design
 LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
 Studies designed to collect data at more than one point in
time over an extended period of time
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15.  Qualitative Research Design
 PHENOMENOLOGICAL
 Deals with experiences of individuals within their lives,
the interpretations and meanings of individual
experiences
 LIVED EXPERIENCES OF CALL CENTER AGENTS
WITH HIV
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16.  Qualitative Research Design
 ETHNOGRAPHIC
 Deals with the holistic view of the culture, mapping the
cognitive world of a culture, and the culture‟s shared
meanings
 THE LIFESTYLE, BELIEFS, AND HEALTH HABITS OF
THE AETAS OF MT. PINATUBO
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17.  Qualitative Research Design
 HISTORICAL
 Description and interpretation of historical events
 NURSES PERFORMING SURGICAL ASEPSIS DURING
WORLD WAR II
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18.  Qualitative Research Design
 GROUNDED THEORY – involving the discovery of
theory through the analysis of data
 SYNTHESIS OF FINDINGS OF 14 STUDIES, WITH THE GOAL
OF IDENTIFYING COMMON ELEMENTS OF INDIVIDUAL
EFFORTS TO CHANGE A VARIETY OF UNHELTHY EFFORTS.
IDENTITY SHIFT WAS DISCOVERED AS A PROCESS
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19.  Qualitative Research Design
 CASE STUDY
 An in-depth study or extensive study of a person
individual and group
 CASE STUDY OF THE NEEDS AND PROBLEMS OF PATIENT X
WITH CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
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20.  Validity
 The degree to which an instrument measures what it is
supposed to measure.
 INTERNAL VALIDITY – the degree to which changes in the
dependent variable can be attributed to the independent variable
 EXTERNAL VALIDTY – concerns the degree to which study results
can be generalized to other people and other settings
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21.  INTERNAL VALIDITY
 The degree to which changes in the dependent variable can
be attributed to the independent variable
 MATURATION – changes that occur within the subjects
during an experimental design
 ATTRITION – dropout of subjects
 MORTALITY – different dropout rate in experimental
and control group
 BIAS –when results are attributed to experimental
treatment but is already present before the treatment
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22.  INTERNAL VALIDITY
 INTRUMENTATION CHANGE – concerns the difference
between the pretest and post test due to difference of
instrument
 TESTING – refers to the influence of the pretest or
knowledge of baseline data on post-test scores
 HISTORY – occurs when some event besides the
experimental treatment occurs during the course of a study
and this event influences the dependent variable
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23.  EXTERNAL VALIDTY
 Concerns the degree to which study results can be
generalized to other people and other settings
 HAWTHORNE EFFECT – occurs when participants respond
in a certain manner because they know they are being
observed
 EXPERIMENTER EFFECT – when researcher
characteristics influence subject behavior
 ROSENTHAL EFFECT – changes in response due to
presence of higher authority
 HALO EFFECT – changes in treatment due to positive
perception of researcher
 HORNS EFFECT – due to negative perception
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