This document provides a historical perspective on nursing and computers from the 1960s to present day. It discusses how computer technology initially emerged in response to changes in healthcare and was used for basic office functions. Over time, computers became integrated into various areas of nursing including practice, administration, education, and research. The document outlines several standards and initiatives that helped define the role of informatics in nursing and healthcare more broadly. Landmark events that advanced nursing and computers over the past 35 years are also categorized.

1. HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVES OF
NURSING AND THE
COMPUTER
Prepared by:
Group 2 Members
Atoc, Jonel
Agusto, Jhoanne Aynrand
Cassanillo, Marilou
Castillo, Ceddron
Pasok, Marie Antoniette
Tapanan, Cherry Love

2. Computer is the most powerful technological tool to transform
the nursing profession prior to the new century.
Today and tomorrow the computer and internet are essential
for all settings were nurses function-hospitals, ambulatory
care centers and schools of nursing.

3. M AJOR HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
OF NURSING AND COMPUTERS
 Computer technology emerge in nursing in
response to the changing and developing
technologies in the health care industry and in
nursing practice.

4. H OW IT STARTED ?
• Prior to 1960s
- there were only a few experts who formed a cadre of
pioneers that attempted to adapt computers to health
care and nursing.
- the image of nursing was improving
- computers were used for basic business office functions
- used punch cards to store data and card readers to read
computer programs, sort, and prepare data for processing.

5.  1960s
-uses of computer technology in health care setting
began to be questioned.
-nurses station in the hospital was viewed as the hub
of information exchange.
-during this period, computer technology advanced,
while the number of health care facilities increased.

6. - introduction of cathode ray tube terminals, online data
communication, and real time processing added important
dimensions to the computer system.
- hospital information systems were developed primarily to
process financial transactions and serve as billing and
accounting systems.

7. - vendors of computer systems were beginning to enter the
health care field.

8.  1970s
- continued integration of computers into nursing.
- improvement of documentation (nurses chart, vital
signs, etc.)
- mainframe HIS were designed and develop
management of care

9. - during this period, several states and large
community health agencies developed.

10. • 1980s
- the field of informatics emerged in the health care
industry and nursing.
- updates on practice standards
- mainframe HISs emerged with nursing subsystems.
- discharged planning system were developed and
used as referrals to community health care facilities.

11. - microcomputer or personal computer (PC)
emerged.

12. • 1990s
computer technology became an integral part of
health care settings, nursing practice, and the nursing
profession.
during 1992, NI was approved by the American Nurses
Association (ANA) as a new nursing specialty.
smaller and faster computers-laptops and notebooks
arise

13. - workstations, local area networks (LANs) and wide area
networks (WANs) were developed.
- introduction of internet

14. • Post 2000
- torrid pace of hardware and software development
and growth
- wireless point-of-care developed
- clinical information systems became individualized in
the electronic patient record (EPR) and lifelong
longitudinal record or the electronic health record (EHR)

15. - personal digital assistance (PDA) and smart cellular
telephones continued to advanced
- use of Voice over internet protocol (VoIP)
- critical care units are monitored remotely by health care
provides (eICU)
- Telenursing is increasing in popularity and providing patient
care in an efficient and expeditious fashion.

16. - health insurance portability and Accountability Act of
1996 (HIPAA) was enacted.

17. F OUR MAJOR NURSING AREAS
 Nursing practice
 Nursing administration
 Nursing education
 Nursing research

18. N URSING PRACTICE
 It become a integral part of the EHR
 Emerged with the introduction of several nursing
terminologies that were recognized by the ANA .
 They are use to assess problems, document care
and etc.

19. N URSING ADMINISTRATION
 Nursing administration has also changed with the
introduction of the computers that links nursing
department together.
 Internet is being used by nurses to accessed
digital libraries, online resources and research
protocols at bedside

20. N URSING EDUCATION
Most universities and schools of nursing offer
computer in enhancing courses, online courses
and or distance education
Live classroom lectures via digital telephone lines
arise.

21. N URSING RESEARCH
 Provides the impetus to used the computer for
analyzing nursing data.
 Software programs are available for processing
both quantitative and qualitative research data.
 Computer technology data bases supporting
nursing research emerged

22. S TANDARDS INITIATIVES
 Nursing practice
 Nursing data
 Health care data standards

23. N URSING PRACTICE
STANDARDS
 Developed and recommended by the ANA
 They recommended that nursing process serve as
a conceptual framework for the documentation
of nursing practice.
 Joint commission on accreditation of hospital
organizations which stressed the need for
adequate records on patients in hospitals
practice standards

24. N URSING DATA STANDARD
 Emerged as a new requirements for EHR
 13 nursing terminologies that have been
recognized by the ANA
 Critical care classification system
 Nursing information classification

25. H EALTH CARE DATA
STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
 It is a critical review the standards organizations
that have emerged to either develop or
recommend health care data standards that
should be recommended to the federal
government as required health care data
standards

26. L ANDMARK EVENTS IN
NURSING AND COMPUTERS
• Introduced 35 years ago
• The landmark events were describe by the following
categories:
 early conferences, meetings
 Early academic initiatives
 Initial ANA initiatives
 Initial national league for nursing initiatives
 Early international initiatives
 Initial educational resources
 Significant collaborative events